INFORMATION

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
These notes are more simplified to enable learners in the advanced level pass
paper 1 of the information and communication technology with ease

4/24/2022
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS ....................................................... 1

SUB-TOPIC 1: World of ICT .................................................................................. 5

SUB-TOPIC 2: Implications of using ICT ............................................................ 10

TOPIC 2: COMPUTER MANAGEMENT ............................................................... 14

SUB TOPIC 1: THE BOOTING PROCESS ......................................................... 14

SUB-TOPIC 2: Common Utilities .......................................................................... 17

SUB-TOPIC 3: Print management ......................................................................... 18

TOPIC 3: COMPUTER LABORATORY CARE AND MAINTENANCE ............. 19

SUB-TOPIC 1: Computer literacy .......................................................................... 19

SUB-TOPIC 2: Security lab environment ............................................................. 19

SUB-TOPIC 3: SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE OF COMPUTER ........... 27

TOPIC 4: COMPUTER WORD PROCESSING 1 ................................................... 31

TOPIC 5: COMPUTER HARDWARE..................................................................... 39

It‘s a general term used to describe all the various physical or tangible parts of a computer

like monitor, printer, keyboard etc. Hardware is divided into four main components:39

TOPIC 6: COMPUTER SOFTWARE ...................................................................... 53

Sub topic 1. Introduction to software ..................................................................... 53

i
TOPIC 7: ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEETS 1....................................................... 67

TOPIC 8: INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB ................................................ 67

TOPIC 9: COMPUTER WORD PROCESSING II .................................................. 79

TOPIC 10: ELECTRONIC PRESENTATION ......................................................... 79

TOPIC 11: DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING ............................ 79

TOPIC 12: ELECTRONIC PUBLICATION ........................................................... 98

TOPIC 13: ELECTRONIC SPREDSHEETS II ........................................................ 98

TOPIC 14: DATABASES.......................................................................................... 98

TOPIC 15: SYSTEM SECURITY, ICT ETHICAL ISSUES AND EMERGING

TECHNOLOGIES ..................................................................................................... 98

ii
 TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

A computer is an electronic multi – purpose machine that is capable of accepting data,

storing data, processing data and finally outputting information through its output devices
in a form that is usable by humans.

PARTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

PARTS OF A COMPUTER

1. The monitor: This is a device which shows/gives the soft copy of the
data/information in the computer screen. There are two basic types of monitors: CRT
(cathode ray tube) monitors and LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors. Both types
produce sharp images, but LCD monitors have the advantage of being much thinner and
lighter. CRT monitors, however, are generally more affordable.

2. Keyboard. It‘s an input device that converts letters and other characters into electric
signals readable by the processor. It has a type writer area, function keys, cursor
movement keys and numerical keypad. It‘s a device which enables a computer user
to communicate to the computer system.

3. Mouse. This is a hand held pointing device which is used to point, select, move
and draw object in the computer screen. Examples of mice include: codeless, touch
pad (touch tone pad), mouse stick/wired.

4. Printers. These are devices which gives a hard copy of the soft copy of the data or
information held in the computer. Printers are output devices that produce text and
graphics on paper. The two main types of printers are; impact printers (dot matrix,

1
 Daisy wheel) and non-impact printers (laser jet, ink-jet, thermal printers etc.)

5. Speakers. Speakers are output devices used to play sound. They may be built into the
system unit or connected with cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear
sound effects from your computer.

6. System unit; is an enclosure that contains most the computer components. Or is a casing
/box that houses the internal electronic components

7. CD/DVD Drive. This a computer hardware device that reads compact discs and DVDs

8. Hard drive. This is the storage media of a computer. It is categorized into two; internal
and external.
9. The computer system. A computer system is the set of interrelated elements working
together in an integrated way to achieve a set objective.
There are four main components of a computer system are;
i. Computer hardware; this refers to the physical or tangible parts of a
computer.
ii. Computer software; these are instructions or programs a computer must follow
to accomplish a task.
iii. Data; these are raw material that are fed into the computer to be processed.
iv. Human ware or live ware; this is the user or a person who operates the
computer.
REASONS FOR STUDYING COMPUTER
 To acquire general knowledge and skills in the use of computers and related
technologies
 To use the acquired knowledge in computer studies to enhance learning other
subjects
 To understand important issues of a technology based society and exhibit them
using computers
 To acquire knowledge as a foundation for further studies in computer technology
 To use a variety of computer technologies to assess, analyze and interpret
information
 Jobs
 Passing exams

COMPUTER MODELS

Dell, A c e r , C o m p a q , M a c i n t o s h , IB M ( International business ma c h i n e ),

2
Toshiba, Samsung, Hp, Sony, apple etc.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN COMPUTERS

 Speed: computer is quite fast in their operations in that their speed is measured in
millions instructions per second i.e. the computer is capable of processing 15
million instructions per second

 Accuracy: computers are known to be accurate that they hardly make any
mistake. So for computers if wrong data is fed in it then expect wrong
information as the principle of GIGO

 Storage: for a computer to work it must have a work area or work space where
data is stored before and after processing. The space is known as memory

 Diligence. Ability of computers to perform related tasks repeatedly without getting

tired or bored.

 Artificial intelligence: computers are artificially intelligent as they can respond

to requests given to them and provide solutions. This is done by its
programmability i.e. can be taught to make decisions and functions accordingly

 Automation: computers also work automatically; they do not need to be

reminded to perform any of the instructions when executing a programmed
routine. E.g. making a routine daily alarm at specific times

 Versatility: computers can be able to do many tasks at the same time e.g.
playing music, typing a document and browsing internet at the same time

COMPUTER SPECICFICATIONS

There are several computer systems available on the market that can be acquired as
office or personal computers. However, depending on the purpose and period for which
the computer will be used then care should be taken when choosing such a computer.

What to consider when purchasing a computer

 The computer platform. Here you consider which type of

microcomputer would you like to buy it Toshiba, Macintosh, hp or IBM

 Hard disk size. The choice of a hard disk mainly depends on several factors
i.e. the tasks that the computer will be used whether the operations will keep on
increasing requiring more memory or will be constant.

3
  Display device. Currently there are two types of displays i.e. CRT and LCD.
CRT occupies bigger space and consumes a lot of power whereas LCD is
better.

 Expansion slots. Expansion slots are found on desktop computers which provide
space for expansion cards (add-on-cards) that might have ports for additional
peripheral components like TV cards.

 Sound Card. When planning to work with multimedia packages, especially sound,
an appropriate card has to be sought of.

 Modems. These are used to transmit data to and from the computer. So you
have to consider whether the modem is capable of both wireless and wire internet
connection

 PC Casing. This refers to the physical structure of the box that contains and
shields the working components of a computer i.e. do you need a tower casing or
standard desktop casing.

 PC case molding. Which sharp and design do you want

 Cost

Ways of acquiring computers

 Direct purchase of a computer

 Hiring of a computer

 Lease of a computer

Distinction between data and information

Data: These are basic facts of any event in life such as costs, prices, date time etc.
(unorganized facts) e.g. a list of students in a school irrespective of their classes, sex or
age. Or Data can be defined as the raw materials we feed into the computer to be
processed into information. E.g. typed names that have not been sorted Information: This
is data that has been turned into a more meaningful form that would make immediate
sense to any user i.e. processed data (organized facts). E.g. formatted document etc.

Qualities of good information

 It should be complete

 It should be clear
4
  Should be available whenever needed

 Relevant to its purpose

Information processing cycle

The sequence of events in processing information, which includes input, processing,

storage and output

They are 4 stages of the information processing cycle:

 Input

 Processing

 Storage

 Output

Data is entered into the computer through input devices like the keyboard, then it is
received by the main memory (RAM) which stores it temporarily as it awaits to be
processed, it is then sent bit by bit to the central processing unit for processing and
finally it is output through the output devices like a printer or stored on secondary storage
devices like a hard disk.

SUB-TOPIC 1: World of ICT

ICT (information and communications technology - or technologies) is an umbrella

term that includes any communication device or application, encompassing: radio,
television, cellular phones, computers and network hardware and software, satellite
systems and so on, as well as the various services and applications associated with them,
such as videoconferencing, distance learning, Email and www etc.

ICT‘s can also be defined as diverse set of technological tools and resources used
to communicate and create, disseminate, store and manage information. These
technologies include; computers, the internet, broadcasting technologies (radio and TV)
and telephones

Or

ICT refers to the technologies that provide access to information focusing mainly on
communication technologies such as internet, wireless networks, cell phones, personal

5
computers and other communication mediums.

Examples of old technologies before the coming of ICTs

 News papers

 Film

 Recordings

 Paper printed photographs

Examples of new technologies that came due to ICT

 E-mail

 Video conferencing

 Internet

 Cellular phones

 Optical disks (CDs DVDs etc.)

 Databases

 Satellites etc.

Use of ICT’s in society

o Business

1. Electronic Commerce: E-commerce is the use of telecommunications or the

Internet to carry out business of any type. Common examples of e- commerce
a r e b u s i n e s s -to-business e -commerce, o n l i n e s h o p p i n g , online
banking, online stock trading etc. One of the advantages of e- commerce is the
reduction of transaction costs.

2. Translation services which are a key to a business wishing to expand overseas

are offered. A business industry which is international, translation in terms of the
written words and literature is extremely important. Translation software is used.

3. Direct mailing is a way in which production companies send material/ product

information directly to potential customers. The aim is to focus on real
customers rather than sending information to people who have very little interest
in the product.

6
4. Tele-marketing is often used by media companies especially sales
departments to generate appointments with potential customers. Often
electronic versions of customer database lists are purchased allowing sales to
contact potential customers directly.

5. Facilitating activities in the business sector such as manufacturing. There has

been a shift from the old production system to a new mode which is facilitated
by information and Communication technology. While the old production and
manufacturing system is energy- intensive, standardized and departmentalized
the new manufacturing system facilitated by ICT‘s is information intensive,
customized, networked and integrated.

o Education

1. The online learning system is another web-based application that is

revolutionalizing the learning platform of education. This system compliments
the traditional face-to face teaching and learning format. In the o n -line
s y s t e m , s t u d e n t s c a n access c l a s s n o t e s , s u b m i t assignment and also
join a discussion group with other learners.

2. The education sector is arguably one major area that ICT‘s are playing
remarkable role. These technologies are widely used in education as teaching
aids and in research; they are used to access reference materials thus
helping in facilitating learn ship and exchange of educational materials.

3. ICT‘s are helping library professionals store and manage academic

information. Libraries have migrated from the traditional Dewey cataloguing
system to an on-line system, which is a web-based cataloguing and search
application.

4. The more commonly used internet communication is email. Used around

workplaces and schools all across the world, this simple way of communication
seems a necessity in today‘s society. Being able to send and receive messages,
images and files in seconds, is now one of the most important systems of
communication and without it work places, schools and companies may not be
able to function properly.

o Health

7
 Medical automation by the use of ICT‘s offers a great assistance in the areas
of:

 Automated diagnosis

 Electro-cardiogram screening and monitoring

 ICT‘s allow for access to otherwise inaccessible and expensive foreign expertise
or labor and make it possible for hospitals in our country to use consultants or
even surgeons in another country thereby saving patients from traveling.

 They s u p p o r t e f f i c i e n t e x c h a n g e o f i n f o r m a t i o n b e t w e e n
h e a l t h professionals, they enable transfer of patient records between sites and
they can improve clinical effectiveness, continuity, and quality of care by health
professionals.

 ICT‘s offer Special Needs (for the Physically Challenged). For many people
with physical disabilities, ICTs can be extremely useful in providing access to
communication, education and open up opportunities for them. Most
telecommunications infrastructures are now being designed with the capabilities
of meeting the special needs of the physically challenged. For instance, the Short
Message Service (SMS) can be used to send and receive messages by the hearing
impaired; the voice activated dialing service can be used by visually impaired.

o Security

 Computers keep law and order, fight crime and offer security and defense.
Police are now able to keep databases of fingerprints which are automatically
analyzed by computers. The police use this database to keep track of all
investigations.

 In addition, it also holds information about criminal records and previous

convictions. When information is needed about specific criminal, information
could travel from one police station on one side of the country to another police
station on the other side of the country in a matter of seconds thanks to the internet
communication.

 Also computers based on face recognition and analysis, help the police force in
leading to arrest of traffic offenders and criminals.

 In defense, ICT‘s such as computers are used in electronic intelligence gathering,

8
 efficient communication, detection and tracking of targets, radar systems warning
systems and military laser guided missile systems etc.

o Politics and governance

 ICT‘s are used as sources for obtaining information. For example, political
candidates provide statements of their policies on their websites, and possibly, a
link to their full manifesto, free access to information on a particular political
issue is a pre-requisite for engaging in public debate, and such debate is
desirable prior to political action like mass demonstrations.

 Participating in decision making. The most obvious way in which citizens

participate in political decision-making is when they cast their vote for their
government representative. ICTs could make the voting process more convenient
by enabling electronic voting over the Internet from anywhere. This would also
speed up vote counting.

 ICT‘s are heavily used in many government ministries such as finance, planning,
education etc. to store government records and improve the efficiency within the
civil services.

o Leisure and entertainment

 There is entertainment information for those looking for leisure as well as

host games for youngsters.

 Computers have been programmed to play games such as prince and chess.

o Communication industry

 Communication is possibly the most regularly used area of ICT; it is used by

millions every day. From social networks to email, Internet communication is vital
in today‘s society. Social networks such as Face book and Twitter are used by
billions of people each day; the sites can be used to keep in touch with friends and
relatives, to display photos or pictures or just to tell the world what you are up to.

 Still In communication industry, every telephones exchange today relies on

computers to switch incoming and outgoing calls.

 Railway corporations rely heavily on ICT‘s to co-ordinate the movement of their

wagons and goods

9
 In the airline industry, computers are heavily used in air traffic control and
surveillance of air space using radar equipment as well as for reservation purposes.

 Shipping and cruise liner industries utilize computers to speed up cargo handling
and passenger booking.

 This has been one of the most recognized uses of the ICTs. Various
communication technologies, ranging from broadcasting to telecommunications and
to the Internet are playing effective roles in the a c q u i s i t i o n and s h a r i n g of
i n f o r m a t i o n . The c o n c e p t s of t h e information r e v o l u t i o n and information
s o c i e t y are d r i v e n b y enormous advancements in ICTs and their
application. The Internet for e x a m p l e , h a s p r o v i d e d p l a t f o r m s f o r
s h a r i n g i n f o r m a t i o n i n applications such as the E-Mail and The World Wide
Web.

SUB-TOPIC 2: Implications of using ICT

Social

Positives

 Ease of access and availability

 Look at how modern ICT allows citizens today to communicate and

participate in society. We use text messaging to vote on TV shows, enter
competitions and have our opinions broadcast on national TV and radio. We use
digital TV to order goods, vote on TV shows etc.

 We can have access to the Internet in our social lives as well with libraries
having Internet access points and Internet cafes still being popular. Restaurants
often have Internet access points and if you have stayed in a ‗big‘ hotel lately
you will find that the rooms have Internet access points for your laptop to plug
into.

Information rich/information poor

There is some concern that the widespread use of computers is dividing society
into two kinds of people – the ‗information rich‘ and ‗information poor‘.
The information rich have easy access to computers and electronic
communications. They get information and news from the Internet and buy the
latest products through on-line shopping. They are able to follow computer-
10
 based learning and skills training courses at home, and look for jobs that are
advertised solely on the Internet. They tend to find it easier to get well-paid jobs
and will enjoy a more comfortable and secure life-style.

The information poor don‘t have easy access to computers and don‘t have the IT
skills and confidence to take part in teleshopping, telebanking, and Internet chat
and news groups. As corporations like the BBC seek public opinion on current
matters increasingly via the Internet, the voices of the information poor may not
be heard. The jobs on offer to them will be less skilled, paid less and much more
insecure.

One effect of high levels of unemployment has been that families feel more
secure with two wages coming into the family. This has meant that more and
more mothers have careers. As a result, they may not have any children till they
are thirty or older and even then they may only have one child because they do
not want, or are afraid, to interrupt their careers.

More and more families enjoy television, computers and electronic games in
their homes. Father may be watching television; mother may be teleshopping
over the Internet while the children are in their bedrooms playing arcade games.
Research has shown that families are spending less and less time together.

In addition, with the growth of teleworking, fewer people are meeting with
colleagues to discuss business matters during the day. Computers are having an
adverse effect on human communication skills and relations within the family
and in society in general.

Educational qualifications and ICT; There have been qualifications in computing

since the early 1960s, but these were solely in universities and colleges. Now
there are many different courses offered at degree and NC level all related to ICT.

o Economic

Another less obvious effect of computers and IT on the family is the change that
banks have made to our lives. Before banks were computerized, most workers
were paid weekly and in cash, and they did not need a bank account. With t h e
i n t r o d u c t i o n o f c o m p u t e r i z a t i o n , ban ks s t a r t e d t o p e r s u a d e
companies, government and local authorities to pay employees by cheque. As a
result, very little cash is in circulation now compared with the 1950s and 60s
11
 because now people work with ‗plastic money.

o Political

 Environmental (green computing) the study and practice of designing,

manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated
subsystems—such as monitors, printers, storage devices, networking and
communications systems efficiently and effectively with minimal or no
impact on the environment.

 ICT‘s such as internet are used to predict and track climate changes in
agriculture, the incidence of forest fires, flood and drought patterns, the
movement of invasive species just to name a few and develop appropriate
management and adaptation strategies, and plot a course toward better
environmental management.

 ICT‘s applications can be used to impart information directly to farmers and the
farming community. There are expert system designed to handle agricultural
issues such as water utilization and management, pest control, harvest
management and so forth.

Other positive implications of ICT

 Increased interactions or collaborations through emails, chat rooms, video

conferencing etc.

 Increased inventions innovations such as wireless keyboards, wires mouse

 Improved and sustained quality goods and services due to automated

production

 Improved corporate image i.e. firms use ICTs to create logos and headed letters

 Many IT products for the disabled are being created i.e. Baillie Keyboards

 Increased investment opportunities in commercial telephone centers, internet

cafes, chat room

 Creation of jobs that require high skills e.g. IT technicians, computer

operators, website designers, software developers

Negative implications of ICT

 Widens the gap between the information rich and the information poor as the rich
12
 produce products faster on the market than the poor

 Isolates older people since they do not find it easy to learn and use ICT gadgets
very fast

 ICT avails people with lots of good and bad information from the internet

 Increased learning instability as people are compelled to learn new technologies

that come up every now and then

 Reduced physical activities which in turn creates lots of health problem e.g. eye
strain, back problems etc.

 Erosion of individual privacy as more and more people‘s private data is being
stored in databases was others can access any time.

 Increased unemployment as less skilled people get retrenched and their jobs taken
over by more effective ITs like Robots in factories

 Addiction to computer usage (internet, music, Games etc.) is on increase

 The initial maintenance and ICT facilities is very high e.g. internet access bills

 Virus threats as there is easy spread of virus through networking

 Increased computer crimes i.e. hacking, phishing, software piracy etc.

13
 TOPIC 2: COMPUTER MANAGEMENT

TERMS USED IN COMPUTER MANAGEMENT

1. File is a piece of information created by any computer software or program e.g. a

document file, music file, photo file etc.

2. Folder is a virtual storage area of a file, a program etc. on a computer

3. Icons are small graphic images or pictures that represent a file, program, web page
or a command

4. Desktop is the first computer screen display before any program is opened. It
consists of different icons i.e. my computer.

5. Booting This means starting/restarting of a computer. There are two main ways of
booting a computer i.e. cold booting and warm booting.

6. Cold booting is the starting of a computer from its off state from the mains.
Involves switching on a computer right from the main power supply, stabilizer or
uninterruptible power supply (UPS), the system unit and the monitor.

7. Warm booting is the restarting of a computer by either the restart button or

pressing the following keys together and then releasing them at the same time
Ctrl+Alt+Delete. Normally, a computer is warm booted after it hanged i.e. not
responding to any command

SUB TOPIC 1: THE BOOTING PROCESS

 Power on and access the BIOS.

 The BIOS runs the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) on the
motherboard. CMOS helps to keep track of the current date and time (system
time)

 The BIOS the runs Power-On self-Test (POST). POST checks whether all the
basic hardware (RAM, Disk Drives, keyboard) are working properly.

 Once the above operation is complete, BIOS looks for an OS to load.

 The operating system is then loaded.

FILE MANAGEMENT

 A folder. It‘s an object that can contain multiple documents.

14
 A folder is a collection of files.

 A file or document is a collection of data that has a name and is stored in a

computer. For example excel, Ms. Word, picture file.

Practical questions about a file

 Creation of a folder on a storage medium of a computer.

 Moving a folder to a desired location

 Deleting a folder

Practical questions about a file

 Identifying a file

 Saving a file in a desired location.

 using folders and sub folders to effectively categorize files

 Describing how to customize the desktop

 Explaining the major icons on the desktop

Types of files

 Text files, data files, program files, directory files etc. program files store files
whereas text files store text.

 S ys te m files. These are sets of files that instruct the computer how to function.
They usually have a file extension of .sys

 Program files; these are files that contain instructions which a computer carries
out while performing a task. They usually carry an extension of .exe or .com

 Data files; these are files that contain text or numeric information and are
created during the execution of a task using a specific computer program by the
computer.

 Batch files; these are text files that contains a sequence of commands for a
computer‘s operating system. They contain an extension of .Bat

File extension. Refers to the last three/four/five characters after the period (.) that
make up the entire file name.

The file extension indicates what kind of file it is. For example, Myfile.docx is a file

15
with name Myfile and file extension .docx.

Some common file extensions include:

.doc - Microsoft office word 2003 document

.docx - Microsoft office word 2007 document

.xls Microsoftsoft office excel 97-2003

.xlsx - Microsoft office excel 2007

.rtf - rich text format

.pdf - portable digital format

.txt - plain text document like notepad

.jpg - an image file

.gif - an image file

.exe - an executable file, meaning an application/program/piece of software

.MP3, .WMA, .WAV, .AU, .AIF - Audio files

.ppt, .pptx, .pps - Presentation document

.htm/.html - a plain text document with added code that enables it to read on
World Wide Web

Importance of a file extension

 Helps to identify the file type

 To identify the software type used to prepare the document

File path. It‘s a notation that indicates the location of a file on your computer.

Or

A group of letters occurring after a period (.) in a file name indicating the type of file

Example D:\TextBook\ICT Essentials.docx

-D: is the drive name

-Textbook is the folder on drive D

-ICT Essentials is the name of the file

-.docx is the file extension for Ms. Office word 2007.

16
 In case the Textbook folder had a sub folder called notes in which the file is placed, the
file path would appear as: D:\TextBook\Notes\ICT Essentials.docx

HOW TO RECOVER ACCIDENTLY DELETED WORK IN A COMPUTER

 You can restore from the recycle bin

 Use the undo command

 Use recovery software

CUSTOMIZING THE DESKTOP

This is the process of changing the different settings of how your computer screen
display will look like i.e. setting screen saver, changing the wall paper, mouse pointer
and setting different icons to appear on the screen

Practical questions

 How to set a screen saver

 How to set a wall paper

 How to change the mouse pointer

 How to disable some icons from being displayed on the screen

Major icons found on the desktop

When a computer starts, it displays different icons that work differently as explained
below;

Recycle bin icon. It‘s an icon that represents a container for all deleted items from the
computer or this is where deleted items are stored

My computer; It‘s the icon that represent computer hard disks i.e. local disk (D), local
disk (C)

SUB-TOPIC 2: Common Utilities

Utility programs are system programs that are used to support and enhance the
proper performance of an operating system.

Utility programs include:

1. Backup programs. These programs let you protect your files by making copies
of them.

17
2. Data recovery. These are programs used to restore data that has been physically
damaged or corrupted.

3. Data compression programs are utilities which are used to remove

redundant elements, gaps and unnecessary data from a computer‘s storage
space. Due to very large sizes of files used in multimedia (graphics, sound and
video files) data compression is used to reduce the storage space required
and the time needed to transmit large files over a network. Debuggers. These are
programs which correct errors in a computer program. A bug is an error in a
computer program and to debug means to correct errors in a program

4. Defragmenters. Are programs which bring fragments of a file together for

storage in one location in the computer memory?

5. Anti-virus programs. This software protects your system from viruses. They
include; Mac fee, Avira, Avast etc.

6. Disk maintenance utilities l i k e N o r t o n d i s k d o c t o r , s c a n d i s k e t c . Are

programs that detect errors on a computer disk and fix them

SUB-TOPIC 3: Print management

 Selecting a printer

 Print a document

MODES OF PRINTING

1. Multiple page printing. This is where a user prints more than one page of the
same document on a single sheet of paper

2. Multiple copies printing. This is where a user prints more than one copy of the
same document

3. Handout printing. This is the mode of printing where multiple slides are
printed on one page

4. Slide printing. This is the mode of printing where a single slide is printed
covering the whole page

18
 TOPIC 3: COMPUTER LABORATORY CARE AND MAINTENANCE

SUB-TOPIC 1: Computer literacy

Computer literacy is the knowledge and ability to use computers and related
technology efficiently.

 Describe the booting process

 Start a computer system

 Open applications programs and using them effectively

 Assembling

SUB-TOPIC 2: Security lab environment

A computer laboratory is a room that is specially designed and prepared to

facilitate the installation of computers and to provide a safe and conducive
environment for using the computers.

Basic requirements for setting up a computer laboratory

a. UPS- Uninterruptible Power Supply

 If the power goes off, computer equipment must keep running. Even home
computers need the time to shut down properly. Damage to devices and data
can occur when there is sudden power loss or fluctuation.

 UPS, or Uninterruptible Power Supplies, provide power for devices in the

event of a failure or other electrical problems.

 A UPS is essentially a small battery that keeps the power supply on for long
enough for you to switch off the computer safely when there is a sudden
blackout.

b. Air conditioner

 Air conditioning units monitor and maintain the temperature, air distribution

19
 and humidity in a computer room.

 An Air conditioning unit is a device used for cooling and controlling the
humidity and purity of the air circulating in a space.

c. Fire extinguisher

 Fire extinguishers are a critical component of saving property and lives in the
case of a fire emergency.

 Owning a fire extinguisher is a form of ensuring safety.

 All computer rooms need it just in case a fire starts.

 It can save our property from burning because the use of the device will help
prevent it from spreading and can even stop the flame in no time.

d. Security camera

 Security cameras act as a deterrent to theft and other crimes. Cameras monitor
data centers or blind spots outside of doors / Surveillance

20
 Play back for reference purposes

e. Blower

Used to blow/remove dust that may have entered inside the computer

f. Antiglare screens Regulate excess light from monitors especially CRT

monitors

g. Water proof covers. Protect computers from moisture, water and liquids.

h. First aid box

A first aid kit is a box or bag that contains the necessary items for providing
emergency care. It is important to have first aid kits, because they allow
someone who is injured, to be rapidly treated with basic first aid, before they
can be properly treated at the local hospital.

21
 i. Wool carpet

The wool carpet is used to trap dust that enters in the computer laboratory.

Prevent damage of devices when they fall down. Trap dust

Absorb moisture

Prevent electric shock

j. Internet gateway

An internet gateway is your modem or router or any other peripheral which

allows you to access the internet.

k. Burglar proofing

Burglar proofing provides protection against any forced physical entry into
the computer laboratory. Burglar proofing involves fitting metal grills in
windows and doors.

SECURE COMPUTER LABORATORY ENVIRONMENT

 Protection against fire. Have gaseous fire extinguishers like those filled with
carbon dioxide. Water based or powder extinguishers should be avoided since
they can cause damage to computer components.

 Computers should not share the same power line with other office machines to
avoid overloading the power units.

 Cable insulation. All power cables must be properly insulated and laid away
from pathways in the room.

Lay them along the walls in trunks. This prevents electric shock and power
disconnections caused by stumbling on cables.

 Stable power supply

Protect computers from being damaged and data loss due to power instabilities
by having:

22
  Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

 Power s stabilizers maintain power at required voltages

 A surge protector can be used to protect computer equipment against under

voltage and over voltage.

 Burglar proofing

 Consider installing security alarms at strategic access points that would alert the
security personnel in case of a break-in.

 Fit strong metallic grills and locks on doors, windows and strengthen the roof
incase the roofing is weak.

 Use Desktop locks, system unit enclosures and laptop locks.

 AIR CIRCULATION

 Have good air circulation in the computer room since users and computers emit
heat energy.

 This is possible through having enough ventilation points like windows, installing
an air conditioning system.

23
  Avoid overcrowding of machines and users.

 All the above prevent suffocation and overheating.

 Lighting. A computer laboratory must be well lit with appropriate wall paints to avoid
eye strain, headaches, stress and fatigue and always fit radiation filter screens to
reduce light that reaches the eyes

 Standard furniture. Have standard furniture so that the tables are wide enough and
strong to bear the weight of the computers and accommodate all peripherals. The seat
for the user must be comfortable and have a straight backrest that allows someone to
sit upright.

AREAS OF COMPUTER LAB SECURITY

a) Physical security. While setting up lab one should consider the following
security measures.

 Employ security guards to keep watch over data and information centers.

 Apply burglar proof for the computer laboratory by reinforcing weak access
points like windows, doors, roofing with metal grills and strong padlocks.

 Limiting access to computer ports where necessary

 Set up alarms to alert you in case of break-ins.

 Use system locks (locked key systems) to make it difficult to access internal
components like hard disks and memory sticks.

 Use cables to lock the equipment to desk, cabinet or floor.

 Electronic locking mechanism with keys, swipe cards, finger print recognition.

 CCTV Cameras to keep watch over computer systems and centers.

b) Software security measures

 Computers shared by multiple users in a computer center should have security

software installed to limit and block certain activities for example deep freeze.

24
 Remote administration software should be considered with high number of
computers in a computer center.

 Computer management software to monitor and limit web browsing should be

installed for example K9 web protection.

 Group policy or security software to prevent malicious software from being

executed and installed.

 Assigning unique authorized log-in for authentication before granting network

access.

 Computer covers

 Installation of alarm systems

c) Electric power security. One should use uninterruptible power supply and surge
protectors to protect your computers from electric shocks

d) Security cameras. Install surveillance cameras/CCTV cameras that can help to

record all happenings in the Lab in the absence of the in charge.

e) Software based security. This involves the use of unique authorized logins
( IDs a n d p a s s w o r d s ), p r e v e n t i o n s ys t e m s o f t w a r e , a n t i v i r u s ,
firewalls etc.

f) First Aid Boxes. This provides first aid to users in the Lab in case of an
accident.

g) Air conditioner. This helps to cool the computers as they generate heat when
working

h) Fire extinguisher. This is used to put off fire in case of any accident.

i) Installation of smoke detectors which can be used to detect smoke and alert
member before the outbreak of fire

HOW CAN A COMPUTER LAB CAN BE USED SAFELY

Computer laboratories give many people access to computer programs, internet and
other resources. Lab computers are used often by people with varying degrees of
computer training. This means they are at risk from viruses, corrupt files, spyware,
malfunction etc. so you have to maintain Lab computers regularly in order to
ensure that they do not crash by doing the following;
25
 Plug all your computer equipment into a surge protector to avoid power
spikes which can damage electrical equipment as well as lose user‘s data

 Set up a network layer firewall that will deny access to sites or programs that
don‘t fit into the acceptable range

 Set up weekly updates or automatic updates for your lab computers i.e. update
your programs regularly

 Install an up-to-date anti-virus program on the computers this will usually stop a
computer from acquiring virus.

 Install an up-to-date anti-spyware program on your computers to stop spyware

programs that install themselves onto a computer to gather personal information

 Back up your computers data on a regular basis so that if your computers become
corrupted by a virus you can return to the previous backup to restore it

 Do not unplug printers, scanners and other connected machines when the
computers are on i.e. eject any USB devices before unplugging them

 Ask your users to always press the Ctrl+Alt+Del buttons whenever their
computers freezes rather than shutting it down with the power button

 Turn off all computers by selecting the shut down option on the desktop. A
void pressing the power button to turn off computers

 Clean your computer lab regularly. The following are effective ways to clean a
computer lab

a) Dust computer screens using a thin soft microfiber cloth. Dedicate one cloth
to be used only on the screen

b) Use compressed air to clean out keyboards or you may use

disinfectant spray to clean your key board

c) Dust all parts that are found inside the system unit using a borrower

COMPUTER LABORATORY RULES AND REGULATIONS

Most institutions in Uganda have computer Labs with safety rules to follow when
using them. There are a lot of machines and other equipment items kept in the
Labs and it‘s absolutely necessary to ensure that no one carries out an action to
damage the equipment. Below are some of the rules
26
 Install fire extinguishers to help in case of fire out break.

 Do not bring any food or drinks near the computers

 Do not use external devices without scanning them for computer viruses

 Ensure that the temperature in the room stays cool since there are many
machines in the lab which can over heat easily.

 Dust can affect computers so ensure that all computers are always clean

Sub-topic 3: Servicing and maintenance of computer

Maintenance of computers

Computer servicing and maintenance is process of maintaining the computer in

good working conditions

Computer cleaning involves physically cleaning the interior and exterior of a

computer, including the removal of dust and debris from cooling fans, power
supplies, and other hardware components. This should be done after certain period
of time (weekly/monthly).

A computer needs to be maintained in order to keep working properly and in good

shape and contributes to keeping computer troubles at bay.

Typical computer maintenance tasks include backing up your files, running

antivirus software, installing software updates, using disk tools to keep your hard
disk in good shape and physical cleaning of your equipment.

 Back Up Your Files. One of the most stressful experiences for a computer user is
data loss. Most computers use a hard disk drive as the primary storage device.
Hard disk drives can function for many years, but at some point, they will crash.

One of the solutions is to create a backup of your files. You can burn a CD or
DVD with your most critical files, copy your files to an external hard disk drive or
use an online backup service. Whatever strategy you use, just make sure you create
a backup copy of your files on a regular basis.

 Use Antivirus Software. Computer systems face a number of security threats. The
most serious threats consist of viruses.

A computer virus is a computer program that can cause damage to a computer's

software, hardware or data. It is referred to as a ―virus‖ because it has the
27
 capability to replicate itself and hide inside other computer files.

The best way to deal with the threat of computer viruses is to use antivirus
software. Antivirus software helps to protect a computer system from viruses
and other harmful programs.

Antivirus software prevents viruses from getting into your computer system,
scans your online activity to make sure you are not downloading infected files
also helps to detect and remove viruses from your computer system if you get
infected.

 Use Disk Tools. Disk tools include a range of different tools to manage hard
disk drives and other storage devices. These are important because a hard disk
drive failure can have disastrous consequences, including losing all your data.
Keeping disks running securely and efficiently is an important part of overall
computer maintenance.

Some of the recommended disk tools you should use on a regular basis are disk
cleaning and disk defragmentation.

 Do not download and install unknown software from Internet. This is the
biggest mistake most of the PC users are doing. Some of this software can
damage the Windows registry, which cause lot of errors.

 Install anti Spyware program to detect Spyware tools.

 Install a Personal Firewall. Most of the antivirus programs are bundled with
Personal Firewalls these days. Personal firewall is a barrier between your PC
and the outside world. This can protect your PC from hackers and Spyware
tools.

 Uninstall unnecessary programs installed in your PC.

 Be very careful when you download music from the Internet. Always stick to
one trustworthy web site.

 Delete temporary Internet files.

 Set-up your PC to Download and install ―Windows Updates" automatically.

Windows updates include Operating System patches for bugs and PC security related
issues. These patches can reduce many unknown computer problems.

28
 Software update is also called a patch because it's 'patching' the software.

 The top reasons computers slow down

 We are often asked to investigate why a computer is running slowly and what
can be done to make it faster. Diagnosing the reason a computer is running
slowly requires checking all of these potential causes, since the symptom alone
is not enough to differentiate or isolate the cause. This list is not comprehensive;
there are some other unusual and rare causes that will make a computer run
more slowly

1. Insufficient RAM to run all programs in memory without swapping to the hard
drive.

Solution: compare commit charge to physical RAM and add RAM memory.

2. Bad hard drive; disk errors creating delays. Solution: test and repair or replace
the hard drive.

3. Low performance CPU. Solution: replace a Celeron CPU with a Pentium CPU for
improved performance.

4. Overheating due to failed fan or excessive dust blocking heat sink. Solution:
clean accumulated dust using compressed air.

5. Bad motherboard due to failed capacitors that is cracked, leaking or bulging.

Solution: replace the motherboard or the system unit.

6. Memory leak; software bug causing a program to use increasing amounts of

RAM until restarted. Solution: upgrade the software causing the excessive
memory usage or restart more frequently.

7. Wrong video driver making the display run slowly. Solution: upgrade the video
driver software in Windows device manager.

8. Low performance wireless connection due to 11mbps wireless B or distant

antenna with a weak signal. Solution: upgrade wireless router or access point.

9. Too many add-ons or excessive toolbars in Internet Explorer or Windows

startup.

Solution: use MS config to remove startup programs, use add-on manager in IE7
and later to remove unused add-ons and toolbars.

29
10. Viruses and spyware stealing memory and processor performance. Solution: use
Malware bytes and other scanning tools to identify and remove extraneous
software.

11. Low performance hard drive with 2mb cache or 5400-rpm spindle motor:
Solution: replace hard drive with faster 8mb cache and 7200-rpm spindle motor or
SSD drive.

30
 TOPIC 4: COMPUTER WORD PROCESSING
Introduction

Microsoft Word is the industry-standard word processing program used on most

computers. With Word, you can create documents and complete a number of other
functions related to word processing. This program carries with it several advantages that
you can benefit from.

Advantages of Microsoft Word

 Availability: One of the advantages of using Microsoft Word is that it is available

practically everywhere. Word comes standard on many PCs. You can typically find it on
your work computer, computers at school and your home PC. This makes it easy to save
documents on a flash drive, take them with you and work on them somewhere else. If you
need to do some work, you can usually find a computer with Word on it.
 Integration with Office Programs: Another benefit of using Microsoft Word is that it
easily integrates with other Microsoft Office programs. For example, if you have a
spreadsheet that you created on Microsoft Excel, you can easily paste it into a Word
document. You can work with programs such as PowerPoint as well. This makes it
possible to complete a wide array of computing tasks without having to spend time
converting documents or files so that they are usable on other programs.
 Instant Help: While you are creating a document, Word also helps you make sure that it is
the best it can be. When you misspell a word, Microsoft Word will immediately underline
it. You can then click on the word and get suggested spellings. If you type a sentence that
has poor grammar, Word will underline the sentence for you. This allows you to change
the document while you are still working on it.
 Navigation Pane: Microsoft Word offers an easy-to-use navigation pane at the top. This
allows you to see visual representations of many of the functions that you might need.
You can simply hold your mouse cursor over an icon to see exactly what it does. Then you
can click on the buttons to initiate certain functions and tasks. Instead of having to scroll
through multiple menus to find something, you can usually find what you need on the
pane.
 Document Flexibility: Word lets you create simple word-processing documents like letters
and reports and make them as basic or as jazzed-up as you wish -- you can add color, use
clip art, write in a variety of fonts and sizes, and use tables, borders and bullet formatting.
Word also offers templates to help you create numerous other documents, such as
calendars and greeting cards. You can also save documents in a variety of formats,
including a Web page.
Getting Familiar with Microsoft Word 2007 for Windows
Microsoft Word is a word processing software package. You can use it to type letters,
reports, and other documents. It gives you the ability to use your home computer as well
as your business computer for desktop publishing. This tutorial teaches Microsoft Word
2007 basics. Although this tutorial was created for the computer novice, because
Microsoft Word 2007 is so different from previous versions of Microsoft Word, even
experienced users may find it useful. This lesson will introduce you to the Word window.
You use this window to interact with Word.
 The Microsoft Office Button
 The Quick Access Toolbar
31
  The Title Bar
 The Ribbon
 The Ruler
 The Text Area
 The Vertical and Horizontal Scroll Bars
 The Status Bar
 Understanding Document Views
 Click
 Understanding Nonprinting Characters
 Create Sample Data and Select Text
 Place the Cursor
 Execute Commands with Keyboard Shortcuts
 Start a New Paragraph
 Exit Word

Microsoft Word 2007 Basic Features

Lesson 1 familiarized you with the Microsoft Word window. You are now ready to learn
how to create a Word document. This lesson covers typing, using the Backspace key,
using the Delete key, inserting text, bolding, underlining, and italicizing.

 Type, Backspace, and Delete

 Insert and Overtype
 Bold, Italicize, and Underline
 Save a File and Close Word

More Basic Features

The features in Word 2007 can make your work easier, make your documents more attractive,
and/or enable you to work more efficiently. This Microsoft Word lesson teaches you how to open
a file, cut, copy, paste, use AutoText, use spell check, use Find and Replace, and change fonts. All
of these features either make your work easier or make your document more attractive.

 Open a File
 Cut and Paste
 Copy and Paste
 Use the Clipboard
 Create AutoText
 Use Spell Check
 Find and Replace
 Change the Font Size
 Change the Font
 Save Your File

Formatting Paragraphs and Working with Styles

When you type information into Microsoft Word, each time you press the Enter key Word
creates a new paragraph. You can format paragraphs. For example, you can indent the first
line of a paragraph, you can set the amount of space that separates paragraphs, and you
can align a paragraph left, right, center, or flush with both margins. Styles are a set of

32
 formats you can quickly apply to a paragraph. For example, by applying a style, you can
set the font, set the font size, and align a paragraph all at once. In this lesson, you will
learn about the various formats you can apply to a paragraph and about styles.

 Open a Blank Document

 Add Sample Text
 Add Space Before or After Paragraphs
 Change Line Spacing
 Create a First-Line Indent
 Indent Paragraphs
 Align Paragraphs
 Create a Hanging Indent
 Choose a Style Set
 Apply a Style
 Change Style Sets

Adding Bullets and Numbers, Undoing and Redoing, Setting Page Layouts and Printing
Documents

If you have lists of data, you may want to bullet or number them. When using
Microsoft Word, bulleting and numbering are easy. The first part of this lesson teaches
you to bullet and number. After you have completed your document, you may want to
share it with others. One way to share your document is to print and distribute it.
However, before you print you may want to add page numbers and tell Word such
things as the page orientation, the paper size, and the margin setting you want to use.
In this lesson you will learn how to layout and how to print your documents.

 Add Bullets and Numbers

 Undo and Redo
 Set the Orientation
 Set the Page Size
 Set the Margins
 Add Page Numbers
 Insert Page Breaks
 Preview and Print Documents

Microsoft Word Training

Lesson 1: Getting Familiar with Microsoft Word 2007 for Windows

Microsoft Word is a word processing software package. You can use it to type letters, reports, and
other documents. This tutorial teaches Microsoft Word 2007 basics. Although this tutorial was
created for the computer novice, because Microsoft Word 2007 is so different from previous
versions of Microsoft Word, even experienced users may find it useful.

This lesson will introduce you to the Word window. You use this window to interact with Word.
To begin this lesson, open Microsoft Word 2007. The Microsoft Word window appears and your
screen looks similar to the one shown here.

33
Note: Your screen will probably not look exactly like the screen shown. In Word 2007, how a
window displays depends on the size of your window, the size of your monitor, and the resolution
to which your monitor is set. Resolution determines how much information your computer
monitor can display. If you use a low resolution, less information fits on your screen, but the size
of your text and images are larger. If you use a high resolution, more information fits on your
screen, but the size of the text and images are smaller. Also, Word 2007, Windows Vista, and
Windows XP have settings that allow you to change the color and style of your windows.

The Microsoft Office Button

In the upper-left corner of the Word 2007 window is the Microsoft Office button. When you click
the button, a menu appears. You can use the menu to create a new file, open an existing file, save
a file, and perform many other tasks.

The Quick Access Toolbar

Next to the Microsoft Office button is the Quick Access toolbar. The Quick Access toolbar
provides you with access to commands you frequently use. By default Save, Undo, and Redo
appear on the Quick Access toolbar. You can use Save to save your file, Undo to rollback an
action you have taken, and Redo to reapply an action you have rolled back.

The Title Bar

Next to the Quick Access toolbar is the Title bar. The Title bar displays the title of the document
on which you are currently working. Word names the first new document you open Document1.
As you open additional new documents, Word names them sequentially. When you save your
document, you assign the document a new name.

34
The Ribbon
You use commands to tell Microsoft Word what to do. In Microsoft Word 2007, you use the
Ribbon to issue commands. The Ribbon is located near the top of the screen, below the Quick
Access toolbar. At the top of the Ribbon are several tabs; clicking a tab displays several related
command groups. Within each group are related command buttons. You click buttons to issue
commands or to access menus and dialog boxes. You may also find a dialog box launcher in the
bottom-right corner of a group. Clicking the dialog box launcher gives you access to additional
commands via a dialog box.

The Ruler
The ruler is found below the Ribbon.

You can use the ruler to change the format of your document quickly. If your ruler is not visible,
follow the steps listed here:

Click the View tab to choose it.

Click the check box next to Ruler in the Show/Hide group. The ruler appears below the Ribbon.

The Text Area

Just below the ruler is a large area called the text area. You type your document in the text area.
The blinking vertical line in the upper-left corner of the text area is the cursor. It marks the
insertion point. As you type, your text displays at the cursor location. The horizontal line next to
the cursor marks the end of the document.

35
The Vertical and Horizontal and Vertical Scroll Bars
The vertical and horizontal scroll bars enable you to move up, down, and across your window
simply by dragging the icon located on the scroll bar. The vertical scroll bar is located along the
right side of the screen. The horizontal scroll bar is located just above the status bar. To move up
and down your document, click and drag the vertical scroll bar up and down. To move back and
forth across your document, click and drag the horizontal scroll bar back and forth. You won't see
a horizontal scroll bar if the width of your document fits on your screen.

The Status Bar

The Status bar appears at the very bottom of your window and provides such information as the
current page and the number of words in your document. You can change what displays on the
Status bar by right-clicking on the Status bar and selecting the options you want from the
Customize Status Bar menu. You click a menu item to select it. You click it again to deselect it. A
check mark next to an item means it is selected.

Understanding Document Views

In Word 2007, you can display your document in one of five views: Draft, Web Layout, Print
Layout, Full Screen Reading, or Online Layout.

Draft View

Draft view is the most frequently used view. You use Draft view to quickly edit your document.

36
Web Layout

Web Layout view enables you to see your document as it would appear in a browser such as
Internet Explorer.

Print Layout

The Print Layout view shows the document as it will look when it is printed.

Reading Layout

Reading Layout view formats your screen to make reading your document more comfortable.

Outline View

Outline view displays the document in outline form. You can display headings without the text. If
you move a heading, the accompanying text moves with it.

You should use Draft view for these lessons. Before moving ahead, make sure you are in Draft
view:

Click the View tab.

Click Draft in the Document Views group. When the Draft option is selected it appears in a
contrasting color.

Click

During the lessons that follow, you will be asked to "click" items and to choose tabs. When asked
to click:

Point to the item.

Press your left mouse button once.

If you are asked to double-click an item:

Point to the item.

Quickly press your left mouse button twice.

If you are asked to right-click:

Point to the item.

37
Press your right mouse button.

If you are asked to choose a tab, click the tab.

38
 TOPIC 5: COMPUTER HARDWARE
It’s a general term used to describe all the various physical or tangible parts of a computer like
monitor, printer, keyboard etc. Hardware is divided into four main components:

 Input devices/ units

 Output devices

 Storage devices

 Processing unit

(i) Input units. These are devices that feed the computer with data and
information. They include; a keyboard, scanner, mouse, digital cameras, joy
stick, smart cards, credit card, automated Teller Machine card (ATM card),
light pen, magnetic ink character reader(MICR), optical mark reader (OCR),
bar code readers, optical character readers, touch screen, digitizer among
others.

OR

These are devices used in entering data and instructions into a computer. Note
that, the input could be text (numbers, letters and formulae) images, sound etc.

Data can be inputted using the following input devices;

1. Keyboard. It‘s an input device that converts letters and other characters into
electric signals readable by the processor. It has a type writer area, function
keys, cursor movement keys and numerical keypad. It‘s a device which
enables a computer user to communicate to the computer system. Advantages
of using the keyboard

- Entering data and instructions with keyboards is generally faster than

pointing devices

- Keyboards are more reliable and usually produce fewer errors than other
input devices such as voice inputs

There is no need to buy additional equipment since computers are

normally supplied with keyboards

Disadvantages of using a keyboard

 It takes a lot of time to practice in order to type quickly and accurately

39
  Typing speed is still very slow when compared with computer speed

2. Mouse. This is a hand held pointing device which is used to point, select,
move and draw object in the computer screen. Examples of mice include:
codeless, touch pad (touch tone pad), mouse stick.

3. Scanner. Is a light sensing input device that converts printed texts and
graphics into a digital form that can be further processed by the computer OR
This is a device that is used to read graphical data or information into a
computer e.g. logos, emblems, photos, pictures etc. scanners are usually used
to capture existing documents in an electronic form for further processing or
incorporating into other documents. Text and graphics can be scanned and
images can be manipulated by changing the colors, the sharpness and contrast
etc.

Types of scanners

 Hand scanners. These are used in scanning small objects e.g. logos,
signatures, emblems, budges, thumb prints etc.

 Flatbed scanner. These are heavy scanners which are used for scanning
commercial photos and pictures.

4. Credit card. It‘s a small plastic card that allows its holder to buy goods and
services on credit and to pay at fixed intervals. It has a strip of magnetic tape
fixed on it containing coded information which is usually the owner‘s code.
The card is inserted into a slot where magnetic data may be picked. Details of
the transaction are then recorded against the credit card number and the
owner‘s account is credited with the transaction.

5. Bar code reader. Most items manufactured are labeled with a Universal
Product Code (UPC), identifying the items .the label code is terms of bars
with coded spacing and thickness. These bars contain information in codes
that a computer can interpret. Most supermarkets today use this system and the
codes can be seen on every item on stock. This enables fast pricing,
identification and accurate stock tracking/taking. A bar code reader is a device
used to read these codes and send request to central computer on which the
database of the organization is stored, the central computer sends a
response about the product details i.e. its price, name, manufactured date etc.
40
 6. Optical mark reader. This is a device which can detect the presence or
absence of a mark on a paper. Light is shown onto the paper and the
reflected light is detected. This device is used for reading answers to questions
in an exam or survey.

7. The magnetic ink character reader. This is used to read characters

written using magnetic ink. They are used in banks to read cheques and at
points of sales in shops.

8. The voice recognition device. This is used to recognize words from a person
and follow the instructions. An example of its use is in a computer which
opens money safe, if the correct password is said.

9. The joystick. It‘s a device connected to a terminal with a control level that
can be moved or titled in various directions for moving the cursor to any
position on the screen. It‘s commonly used in computer graphics and in
playing games.

10. A light pen. It consists of a stylus connected by a cable to the terminal that can
sense the light from a position on the screen and convert it into an electrical
signal transmitted to the computer. It can be used to move or delete images on
the screen or to create new images.

11. Touch screen. With touch screen, users of computers just have to point on a
particular item they want to select from the screen using their fingers.
When a particular part is touched, the screen can sense that part and the item
in that area will be selected.

12. Digital cameras. These take photographs like normal cameras do. The only
difference is that digital cameras do not create an image on a film like
ordinary cameras but instead the image is stored on the camera and after
downloaded onto a computer for editing and printing.

(ii) OUTPUT UNITS

These are external hardware components that transfer information from the
computer‘s central processing Unit (CPU) to the computer user in either soft or
hardcopy format.

They include:

41
  Monitor (VDU) Printers

 The loud speakers

 The communication channel-links the computer through telephone lines

 Plotters projector

1. The monitor. This is a device which converts information generated by the

computer into visual information. Monitors are either based on a cathode- ray
tube (CRT) or LCD (liquid crystal Display)

Advantages of CRT monitors over LCD

 CRT has a wider view angle than the LCDs

 CRT monitors are resistant to harsh conditions like dusty conditions

 CRT monitors are cheaper than LCDs

 CRTs have a very fast response time

 CRTs are not affected by the problem of dead pixels as images are painted
on the screen. Etc.

Disadvantages of CRT over LCDs

 CRTs consumes a lot of power than LCDs

 They consume a lot of space i.e. they are big in size

 They are not portable

Advantages of LCDs over CRT

 They use less power than CRTs

 They are portable

 They emit less radiations than CRTs

Disadvantages of LCDs over CRTs

 LCDs have a small view angle than the CRTs

 LCD monitors are not resistant to harsh conditions like dusty conditions

 LCD monitors are expensive than CRTs

 LCDs are affected by the problem of dead pixels as images are painted on the

42
 screen. Etc.

2. Printers. These are devices which gives a hard copy of the soft copy of the data
or information held in the computer. Printers are output devices that produce
text and graphics on paper. They are connected by a cable to a PC through a
special socket on the computer referred to as a printer port. Types of printers:

They are basically two types of printers i.e. impact and non-impact printers.

Impact printers are the ones which print by physically striking their print heads
on the printing media like paper, cloth etc. e.g. Dot matrix which print using a
set of pins on a print head, Daisy wheel which print using a wheel of characters
etc. Their print heads press the paper with the ribbon to produce the printout.

Non-impact printers are the ones which print by not physically striking their
print heads on the printing media like paper, cloth etc. They use chemicals, laser
or heat to produce the image. They give out high quality printouts. E.g. laser jet
which uses toner contained in toner cartridges and ink jet which uses ink
contained in ink cartridges.

(iii) STORAGE DEVICES (MEMORY)

These are devices that are used in computers to store data. Computer memory
can be divided into three:

o Secondary storage devices

o Primary storage devices (also called main memory & cache)

o Read only memory (ROM)

a. Secondary storage devices or auxiliary storage devices are devices used to

store information/data permanently even when power is switched off (its non-
volatile)

Examples

Hard disks, Floppy diskettes, Compact disks, Digital versatile disks, Flash
disks, Memory cards Etc.

Types of secondary storage devices

(i) Magnetic secondary storage devices

(ii) Solid state secondary storage devices

43
 (iii) Optical secondary storage devices

MAGNETIC SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES

Magnetic tape: is a storage medium that consists of a thin tape with a

coating of a fine magnetic material used for recording digital data.

Magnetic tapes generally transfer data a bit slower than hard drives;
however magnetic tapes are cheaper and are more durable.

Floppy diskette: is secondary storage medium that can be used to store

data in a permanent manner. It stores data in form of tracks and sectors.

But inserting a floppy disk into system we must use a floppy disk drive.
The capacity of the floppy disk is 1.44MB.

Zip disks: is a high capacity floppy disk drive that is slightly larger than a
normal floppy disk. They can hold 100 or 250 MBs of data; they are durable
and good for backing up data Magnetic hard disk: is the main and usually
largest data storage device in a computer. A hard disk is generally the fastest
in all secondary storage devices and has the large data storage capacity.

Advantages of magnetic storage devices

 Inexpensive storage

 There is direct access on any part of a drive

 There is very fast access to data

 Very large amounts of storage space

Disadvantages of magnetic storage devices

 Data can be altered by magnetic fields, dust and mechanical problems

 Gradually lose their charge over time i.e. there is data loss over time

 Hard disks eventually fail which stops the computer from working.

 Cannot transfer the disk to another computer easily

SOLID STATE SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE

This is a data storage device based on electronic circuits with no moving parts.
Solid state devices use a special type of memory called flash memory.

Flash memory is a type of electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only

44
memory. Flash memory is non-volatile but data stored in it can be erased or
changed.

Examples of solid state storage devices

(i) Memory cards

(ii) Flash disks

(iii) Smart cards

Hard disk; This is a round pancake-shaped permanently sealed metallic

magnetic device on which large amounts of data are stored and always
linked or fitted inside a computer

Floppy disk; this is small portable plastic disk used to store data or
information. It utilizes its magnetic properties to keep data or information.

Digital Versatile Disks (DVD’s). They look exactly like CD‘s except that
DVD‘s have got very big storage capacity than CD‘s. CD‘s have the capacity
ranging from 500MB‘s to 700MB‘s but DVD‘s range from 1 GB to 20 GB‘s.

Zip drives. These are related to diskettes but they are bigger than diskettes in
terms of size and storage capacity. They have storage capacity ranging from
100 MB to 2 GB‘s.

Compact Disks (D’s) /Optical disks; they are categorized into

- Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM). With these disks, you just
read what is there but you cannot erase or write on them.

- Compact Disk Recordable (CD-R). This type can be written to but only
once. This means that once you write on this disk, you can‘t erase to write
new information or make changes to the existing one.

- CD Re-writable (CD-W). These disks can be written to as many times as

you want. This means that after writing on this type of disk, you can erase
that data and write on it again.

- Punched card. It‘s a rectangular card used to store data by the presence or
absence of small holes that can be punched in specific locations on the card.
These cards were used with first computers before disks were invented.

PRECAUTIONS MEASURES TAKEN IN KEEPING DISKETTES

45
 Do not fold, spindle or mutilate a disk.

 Do not place a diskette near a magnetic field such as near a radio speaker, on top
of your system unit or near electric motor etc.

 Do not expose a diskette to direct sunlight for long periods.

 Keep a diskette away from intensive heat.

 Always keep it in its jacket so that the exposed surface is covered.

 Do not drop it on a hard surface e.g. on the floor.

 Do not drop water on the exposed surface of the diskette.

 Do not expose it on X-ray.

 Do not insert or remove it from its drive when the drive active light is on.

 Do not force it into its drive. It should slip in with little or no resistance.

 Do not write labels directly on it. Use a felt pen.

Differences between hard disk and floppy disk

Hard disk floppy disk

Stores more information stores less information
Metallic plastic
Fixed flexible
Reads information faster it is slow
Exposed to less risks exposed to more risks

b. The primary memory. This is a type of memory that stores data and
instructions only when the computer is working. It‘s a temporary type of
memory that can lose its contents when power to the computer system is turned
off (volatile memory)

There are two types of primary storage:

- Random Access Memory (RAM)

- Cache memory

RAM Random Access Memory (the main memory of the computer); this is the
working memory and main memory of the computer that temporarily store data

46
 and programs that are being accessed by the computer.

The data and programs that are stored on RAM are volatile i.e. it be lost in case
power in the machine is switched off.

Types of RAM:

 Static RAM (SRAM)

 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

SRAM Static RAM uses a completely different technology. S-RAM retains stored
information only as long as the power supply is on. Static RAM‘s are costlier and
consume more power. They have higher speed than D-RAMs.

It‘s a form of RAM that is more expensive to produce, but is generally faster and
requires less power than DRAM and, in modern computers, is often used as cache
memory for the CPU.

DRAM; this is a form RAM which stores information for a very short time even
when the power supply is on.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RAM

 Its volatile

 RAM is read and write memory

 It can be upgraded i.e. increased in size

 Stores data and instructions temporarily

Cache memory; Cache memory is a small-sized type of volatile computer

memory that provides high-speed data access to a processor and stores
frequently used computer programs, applications and data.

It is the fastest memory in a computer, and is typically integrated onto the

motherboard and directly embedded in the processor

Read Only Memory – Non-volatile primary storage

This is another type of memory that holds information which was put there at
the time of manufacturing. It can‘t be modified and additions can‘t be made. A
computer has a set of in-built instructions it has to know what to do when
turned on.

47
The instructions built into ROM are permanent.

The computer can read or follow instructions in ROM but can‘t change them or
add to them. That is why the memory is called Read Only.

It‘s a stable memory i.e. it‘s not affected by power cut off. An example of
ROM memory is the PC‘s ROM BIOS (Basic Input and Output System) chip.
This ROM chip contains a set of instructions that the microprocessor uses when
the PC is turned on or reset.

BASIC ROM TYPES:

PROM (Programmable Read only Memory)

PROM is read-only memory that can be modified only once by a user. The user
buys a blank PROM and enters the desired contents using a PROM program. It
can be programmed only once and is not erasable.

EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)

The EPROM can be erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for duration of up

to 40 minutes. Usually, an EPROM eraser achieves this function. EEPROM
(Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)

The EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically. It can be erased and

reprogrammed about ten thousand times. Both erasing and programming take
about 4 to 10 ms (millisecond).

CHARACTERISTICS OF ROM

o It keeps data and programs permanently

o Can‘t be upgraded

o Its non-volatile

o It only allows reading of data

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RAM AND ROM

o RAM is volatile and ROM is non-volatile

o RAM is temporary and ROM is secondary

(iv) PROCESSING DEVICE/ PROCESSOR

This is the heart of the computer where the entire processing takes place. It
48
 is sometimes referred to as the brain of the computer. It is the center of
activities in the computer hence referred to as Central Processing Unit.

The microprocessor does the following;

o Carries out commands to make the hardware components perform action

o Processing data. This involves performing logical instructions such as

comparing and performing mathematical instructions such as adding and
subtracting.

A CPU comprises of the following parts;

o The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): performs calculations and decisions

o The control unit: coordinates processing steps

o The registers (temporary storage): small storage area

The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): This is the component in the CPU,
which handles all the arithmetic and logic operations of the computer system. It
is actually the calculator of the computer system.

The control unit; this is a component of the CPU which governs all activities
within the computer. It interprets instructions stored in the main memory and
gives instructions to relevant parts of the computer system.

The control unit performs the four steps carried out by the machine cycle within
the CPU for each machine language instruction. The machine cycle has got four
steps which include;

- Fetching; this is a stage that involves retrieving an instruction from

memory.

- Decoding; this translates the retrieved instruction into a series of computer

commands.

- Executing; this executes/manipulates the computer commands

- Storing; this involves sending and writing the results of execution back to
memory.

Processing terms includes; Multitasking, Multithreading, Time-sharing

- Multitasking; A processing activity that allows a user to run more than

49
 one application at the same time

- Multithreading; A processing activity that is basically multitasking within

a single application

- Time-sharing; A processing activity that allows more than one person to

use a computer system at the same time.

- The registers; this is the component which stores instructions

temporarily in the CPU while awaiting handling by the (ALU).

MEMORY MEASUREMENTS

Memory in computers is measured basing on the basic operations of a

computer. A computer operates in the binary system of measurement. i.e. 0‘s
and 1‘s

A bit is a value of either a 1 or 0 (on or off).

Byte: One byte is eight binary digits (bits), such as 1111001.

A Kilobyte is 1,024 bytes. The smallest file stored on a smartphone, tablet or

PC is typically four kilobytes (4KB) in size.

A Megabyte is 1,048,576 bytes or 1,024 Kilobytes

A Gigabyte is 1,073,741,824 (230) bytes. 1,024 Megabytes or 1,048,576

Kilobytes.

A Terabyte is 1,099,511,627,776 (240) bytes, 1,024 Gigabytes, or 1,048,576

Megabytes.

Terabyte (TB): There are 1024GB in one terabyte (TB)

1000 bytes = 1 kilobyte

1000 kilobytes = 1MB.

1000MB = 1GB

1000GB = 1TB.

Note:

- Information in this memory can be changed, deleted, copied and read.

-This is the working memory and main memory of the computer.

50
 However, RAM is a volatile memory i.e. in case the machine is turned off or
power goes off without saving all the information in the memory is lost.

COMPUTER PERIPHERAL DEVICE INTERFACES

There are five different kinds of port in a system unit. The ports are:

 Serial Port

 Parallel Port

 Universal Serial Bus (USB) Port.

 Fire wire Port

 Special Purpose Ports

a. SERIAL PORT. A serial port is a socket on a computer used to connect a

modem, data acquisition terminal or other serial devices via a slow-speed
serial interface.

A serial port is used to connect a device to the system unit by transmitting data
one bit at a time. Earlier PCs used the serial port for the mouse, and earlier
Macintosh models used the serial port to attach a printer.

Today, the serial port is a legacy interface, having been superseded by the

USB bus; an example of a serial port is the COM (communication) port.

b. PARALLEL PORT; A parallel port is a socket on a computer used to

connect a printer or other parallel devices via the computer's parallel
interface. Unlike a serial port, a parallel port is an interface that connects
devices by transferring information more than one bit at a time. Originally,
parallel ports were developed as an alternative to the slower speed serial
ports. Many printers connect to the system unit using a parallel port.

This parallel port can transfer eight bits of data (one byte) simultaneously
through eight separate lines in a single cable. An example of a parallel port is
the printer port.

c. USB PORT

A USB port is a socket on a computer or peripheral devices into which a

USB cable is plugged in. A USB port, short for universal serial bus port, can
connect up to 127 different peripherals together with a single connector.
51
 It's used to connect all kinds of external devices, such as external hard
drives, printers, mouse and scanner. It can transfer data to a speed of 12
megabits per second. USB ports began to appear on PCs in 1997, and
Windows 98 was the first Windows to support it. Within a few years, the
USB became popular for connecting nearly every external peripheral
device. Now that it is replacing the serial and parallel ports on a PC, at least
four USB ports are standard on every computer.

d. SPECIAL PURPOSE PORTS. There are three special purpose ports,

which are MIDI port, SCSI port and IrDA port.

MIDI port; It is designed to connect the system unit to a musical instrument, such
as an electronic keyboard.

SCSI port; It is a special high-speed parallel port used to attach peripheral

devices such as disk drives and printers

IrDA port

52
TOPIC 6: COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Sub topic 1. Introduction to software

Software is the set of computer programs that provide instructions to computer

hardware.

Software can also be described as a sequence of logical instructions stored in

memory that a computer executes in the processing of data.

Program; This is a series of step-by-step instructs that provide solutions and tell the
computer what to do. They are logical arranged set of programming statement.

Software is broadly divided into (types of software):

- System software and

- Application software

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOFTWARE

a) Correctness: the software should meet all the specifications stated by the customer.
b) Usability/learnability: the amount of effort or time required to learn how to use the
software should be less.
c) Reliability: the software product should not fail while processing a task.
d) Efficiency: the software should make effective use of the storage space and
execute commands as per the desired timing requirements.
e) Security. The software should not have negative effects on data it is processing or
hardware on which it is installed.
f) Safety. The software should not be hazardous to the environment and life. g) Cost.
It should be affordable in terms of cost.
g) Maintainability. Maintenance of the software should be easy for any kind of user.
h) Scalability. Software should be easy to upgrade for more functionality (or for more
number of users).
i) Interoperability. This is the ability of software to change information with other
applications e.g. exporting MS excel data to ms word.
j) Portability. The ability of software to perform same functions across different
environments and platforms, e.g. same performance on dell, Acer and hp
computers.

53
 A. SYSTEM SOFTWARE

System software refers to programs designed to manage the operations of

computers and avail computer resources to the users.

Types of System software:

 The operating system

 Software development tools (programming languages, compilers, interpreters
 The utilities (utility software)
 Data communication software
1. Operating system. These are programs that manage the computer resources. Op
supervises and manages the different activities that take place in the computer like
the way the software uses the hardware. The operating system ensures that the
computer operates in a systematic reliable manner.
a. Types of operating system single programming operating system this is
operating system that can run one program at ago. E.g. MS-DOS (Microsoft
Disk Operating System), CP/M (Control program for micro computers),
XENIX, PC-DOS (Personal computer operating system).
b. Multiple programming operating systems; this is can run a number of
programs at the same time. e.g. UNIX, Zenix, Novel Netware, Ms-windows.

Functions of operating system

 Hardware management. It enables a computer to communicate with

peripheral devices such as a printer, mouse etc. it controls all the
input/output devices and the flow of data or information e.g. telling the
monitor to display the results.
 Software management. It provides a mechanism for initiating processes
that include programs such as Microsoft word, Microsoft Power Point.
 Data management. It manages files stored on a hard disk and other
mass storage devices. It also performs file management tasks like renaming
and deleting.
 It provides memory space to programs for execution.
 Coordinates the flow of data between the various application programs
and users.
 Provides services for obtaining data.

54
  It helps in multi-programming.
 It enables booting a computer.
 Sometimes they have in-built system utilities like debuggers
and defragmenters which help in the maintenance of disks.
 It helps in mediating between the computer user and the computer system in
order to help the user to interact with the computer hardware to obtain
results.
 It coordinates all activities in the various parts of the computer
 It alerts the user and reports errors
 It manages resources such as the CPU and memory.
 It manages multi-tasking (doing many tasks at once e.g. printing, inputting
and processing) and multi-programming (a technique of having more than
one program in the main/ primary storage which programs may be running
or are being processed at the same time). For example, having a word
document and excel spreadsheet open at the same time.
 Ensures automatic update of time and date on the computer
 It determines the interface of the desktop. Some operating systems are
command based and thus require one to type in commands (e.g. DOS) while
others use graphics / pictures (e.g. windows XP)
 Controls system security by maintaining the use of passwords. A password
is a set of system before further access is permitted.
2. Programming Languages: These are coded instructions which are used when
designing computer programs. Programming languages provide a medium used to
write instructions that command computer hardware to perform particular tasks.
These languages are grouped into two major categories:
 Low level languages (L.L.L)
 High level languages (H.L.L)
a. LOW LEVEL:
These are the languages, which the computer can understand. They are machine
dependent and are very difficult for the programmer to understand. Examples
include:
(i) The machine language: this is written in the binary code i.e. the digits 0s and
1s are used. It is also referred to as the first generation languages.
(ii) The Assembly Language: This language use letters to represent a group of
55
 words instead of presenting a binary operation instruction to the computer
as a set of ones and zeros. They use more English-like instructions ―ADD‖.
Each assembly language instruction is eventually translated into one
machine language instruction. The computerized translation program is
referred to as an assembler (The plan language)
b. High Level Languages: these are the languages which the programmer can
easily understand. The computer can not immediately understand these
languages. In these languages, instructions are used like wards and phrases
and they are translated into a low-level language for computer to easily
understand. High level languages are now referred to as third- generation
languages.

Examples include;

- BASIC: In full: beginners all-purpose symbolic instruction code. This

is used for training computer programmers.
- COBOL: in full: Common business Orientated Language. This is an
internationally accepted high level programming language used for
general commercial purposes.
- FORTRAN: In full: Formula Translation. It‘s a high level procedure
orientated programming language used for mathematical and
engineering purposes.
- ALGOL;in full: Algorithmic language. It‘s a high level procedure
oriented programming language used for mathematical purposes.
- PASCAL: This was named after Pascal the mathematician. It‘s used for
fast execution of mathematical problems.
- C language: This is a high level problem oriented programming
language used for software development in a UNIX environment.
- C++ language, LISP, APL, PROLOG, DBASE IV language etc.

TYPES OF PROGRAM TRANSLATOR

 Assembler: this is a program for converting assembly language into machine

code.
 Compiler: This computer program that translates a program or code written in a
high level language into a low level language, usually machine language.

56
 Interpreter. A programming language processor that translates a program line by line
(statement by statement) and carries out the specified actions in sequence

Software Development Tools

These are system programs that assist in the preparation of a program and translate into
machine code for execution. Examples include; language translators, compilers,
assemblers, editors, debug aids.

3. Utility software. These are system programs used to support, enhance or expand
programs in a computer system. They can also be defined as software tools that
are used to carry out organization and maintenance activities e.g. deleting of
unwanted materials, deleting those programs which cause the computer to work
abnormally etc. They are generally programs which perform tasks related to
maintenance in your computer‘s health, hardware and data. They include:
 File viewer, displays and copies the content of a file
 Diagnostic utility. Compiles technical information about computer hardware and
certain system software programs and prepares a report outlining any identified
problems.
 Disk scanner. Detects and corrects both physical and logical problems on a hard
disk or removable drive, searches for and removes unwanted files. Physical
problem is one with the media such as scratch on the surface of the disk.
 Logical problem is one with the data such as a corrupted file allocation table
(FAT)
 Screen saver. Causes the monitors screen to display a moving image or blank
screen if no keyboard or mouse activity occurs for specified time period.
 Uninstaller. Removes an application as well as any associated entries in the system
files.
 Backup up programs. These ones let you protect your files by making copies of
them.
 Data recovery programs. These are used to restore data that has been
physically damaged or corrupted.
 Data compression programs. Reduces the size of the file
 Debuggers. These are programs which correct errors in a computer program.
 A bug is an error in a computer program and to debug means to correct errors in
a program.
57
 Defragmenters. These are programs, which bring fragments of a file together
for storage in one location in the computer memory.
 Disk maintenance. Disk maintenance utilities like Norton disk doctor, scandisk
etc. These programs detect errors on a computer disk and fix them like checking
for bad clusters on a hard disk or diskette and marking faulty ones as bad cluster.
 A bug: An error or defect in software or hardware that causes a program to
malfunction. Often a bug is caused by conflicts in software when applications try
to run in a wrong or unexpected way.
 Debugging is the process of locating and fixing or bypassing bug s (errors) in
computer program code or the engineering of a hardware device.
 Virus protection programs (Anti-virus programs). This is anti-virus software
which protects your system from viruses.
A virus is a program that interferes with the normal running of a computer system.
Anti-virus programs can be used to detect and remove viruses from your
system and any other storage media. Examples of anti-viruses include; central
point anti – virus, Mac fee, Norton anti-virus, Avast etc.
Computer viruses: These are computer programs which silently replicate
(reproduce) themselves on storage media without the computer user realizing it.
A computer virus is a program designed to harm or cause harm on an infected
computer. Its spreads through e-mail attachments, portable devices, websites
containing malicious scripts and file downloads.
A computer virus attaches itself to the host files and always activate whenever you
open the infected files. The virus can replicate itself and then infect the other files
on your computer causing more damage. Below is a list of different types of
computer viruses and what they do.

TYPES OF COMPUTER VIRUSES

Sometimes virus hide in different places on the computer and in the

process, perform various damages to the computer. They include;

a. File virus. This type of virus hides in program files, especially those files
which have extension. EXE and COM.
b. Boot sector viruses. These viruses hide in the boot sector of a disk. This
particular sector contains important information about the disk‘s logical setup.
c. Partition sector viruses. These hide in the primary sector of a hard disk. This
58
 area is where programs which start a computer are stored. When a virus gets to
this area, it at times changes the programs it finds there. In the end, this may
cause a computer not to start.
d. Macro Viruses. These viruses infect the files created using some applications or
programs that contain macros such as doc, pps, xls and mdb. They automatically
infect the files with macros and also templates and documents that are contained in
the file. They hide in documents shared through e-mail and networks.
Macro viruses include: Relax, bablas, Melissa.A, 097M/Y2K
e. Memory Resident Viruses; they usually fix themselves inside the computer
memory. They get activated every time the OS runs and end up infecting other
opened files. They hide in RAM. Memory Resident Viruses Include: CMJ,
meve, randex, mrklunky
f. Overwrite Viruses; these types of viruses delete any information in a file they
infect, leaving them partially or completely useless once they are infected. Once in
the computer, they replace all the file content but the file size doesn‘t change.
Overwrite Viruses Include: Trj.Reboot, way, trivial.88.D
g. Direct Action Viruses; these viruses mainly replicate or take action once they are
executed. These viruses are generally found in the hard disk‘s root directory, but
they keep on changing location. They include; Vienna virus
h. Directory Virus; Also known as cluster virus or file system virus. They infect the
computer‘s directory by changing the path indicating file location. They include;
dir-2 virus
i. Web Scripting Virus; Most web pages include some complex codes in order to
create an interactive and interesting content. Such a code is often exploited to
cause certain undesirable actions. They mostly originate from the infected web
pages or browsers. Web Scripting Viruses Include: JS.Fortnight – a virus that
spreads via malicious emails.
j. Multipartite Virus; These type of viruses spread in many different ways. Their
actions vary depending on the OS installed and presence of certain files. They tend
to hide in the computer‘s memory but do not infect the hard disk.
k. FAT Viruses; These lardy viruses attack the file allocation table (FAT) which is
the disc part used to store every information about the available space, location of
files, unusable space etc. FAT Viruses Include: the link virus
l. Companion Viruses; These types of viruses infect files just like the direct
59
 action and the resident types. Once inside the computer, they ‗accompany‘
other existing files. Companion Viruses Include: Asimov.1539, stator and
terrax.1069
m. Polymorphic Virus; they encode or encrypt themselves in a different way
every time they infect your computer. They use different encryption and
algorithms. This makes it difficult for the antivirus software to locate those
using signature or string searches (since they are very different in each
encryption). Polymorphic Viruses Include: Marburg, tuareg, Satan bug,
elkern
n. Worm; this program is very similar to a virus and has the ability to self-
replicate leading to negative effects on your computer. Worm Viruses
Include: lovgate.F, sobig.D, trile. C, PSWBugbear.B, Mapson
o. Trojans; Trojans can illegally trace important login details of users online.
For example E- Banking is very common among users, therefore,
vulnerability of tracing your login details whenever your PC is working
without any strong powerful antivirus installed. Email Virus
p. This is a virus spread via an email. Such a virus will hide in an email and
when the recipient opens the mail.
q. Browser Hijacker; This virus can spread in many different ways including a
voluntary download. If infects certain browser functions especially in form
of re-directing the user automatically to certain sites. A good example of
Browser Hijackers Include the cool web search

SOURCES OF COMPUTER VIRUSES

 Freeware and share. When infected software is installed on computer, it will

automatically get infected.
 Contaminated diskettes
 Computer games especially. Games downloaded from the internet
 Updates of software distributed via networks

Symptoms of computer viruses

 Executable files changing size for no obvious reason.

 Program taking longer than usual load
 Unusual error messages occurring more frequently
 Programs and files disappearing mysteriously
60
  Access lights turning on for non referred devices
 Computer indicating that storage devices are full when there is still enough
space

Ways of keeping computer virus programs out of your computer

 Getting aware of how computer viruses get into your computer for
example some viruses are written to ride along with another computer
program. When a computer user inserts a disk into a computer with an
infected program on it, the virus is duplicated in the computer.
 If you are aware of how computer viruses are transmitted, you can avoid
them by being careful about which program to use.
 Using special virus detection program. These programs analyze every program
and every disk that is inserted into the computer to make sure that it is not caring
any virus. If it does have a virus, detection program can be used to eliminate a
found virus from a disk. Example of such programs include Norton anti-virus tool
kit, Dr. Solomon‘s anti-virus tool kit etc.
 Avoid external disks especially diskettes as they may be carrying a virus. If you
have an anti-virus program, first check your disks before using them.
 You have to be careful when downloading programs (freeware, shareware,
computer games etc.) from the internet as some of the programs contain
viruses.
 Perform a virus scan on your computer at least once a week and also other
storage media like your diskettes, backup tapes etc.
 Always remember to update your anti-virus software. Every day, new viruses
are created and the designers of these virus programs first look at the
available anti - virus programs so that they can create a strange virus which can
bypass those programs.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE

FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE
The three major functions of system software are allocating system resources,
monitoring system activities, and disk and file management.
 Allocating system resources: The system resources are time, memory, input, and
output. The time in the CPU is divided into time slices. The time slices is measured

61
 in terms of milliseconds. Based on the priority of tasks the time slices are
assigned. Memory is also managed by operating system. Disk space is the part of
main memory. The data flow is controlled by operating system.
 Monitoring system activities: The system security and system performance is
monitored by system software. System performance includes response time and
CPU utilization. System security is a part of operating system. Multiple users can‘t
access without the security code or password.
 File and disk management: The user needs to save, copy, delete, move and
rename the files. The system software will handle those functions. Disk and file
management is the technical task.
B. APPLICATION SOFTWARE.
These are programs designed to solve specific problems of the user.
Or programs designed to enable a user to accomplish a specific task (s)
Application software is divided into two: i.e. off-shelf and Bespoke (custom-made)
software/Tailor made application software.
1. Off-shelf application software; these are already made programs bought ‗off-the
shelves‘ from a software shop or vendor.
It can also be defined as software that is ready-made and available to lots of
people. You usually pay a license fee to use it.
Off- shelf application software can further be divided into Horizontal market
applications (common applications you can find on every office computer) and
vertical market applications also known as specialized application programs.
Horizontal market software; these are software tools that are useful to almost
any one in any job. These are programs you can find on almost every computer in
every office.
Vertical market (specialized applications). It consists of programs developed for a
specific industry. Examples include Computer Aided Designs (CAD), Bakery
recipes, Bridge analysis, airline ticketing, airplane wing structure, robots swivel
control, electronic testing etc.
ADVANTAGES OFF-SHELF APPLICATION
 It is relatively cheap, especially when compared to custom written software
 It is easily available from most computer shops
 It will have been thoroughly tested so there won‘t be any serious problems or bugs
 There will be lots of user support i.e. books, user guides, online help and
62
 discussion forums on the Internet
 Lower training costs. If it is a commonly used package, users and I.T. staff may
already be familiar with it, saving on learning time and training costs. Or, there
may be pre-existing training materials and courses that you can leverage.
 More functionality. Off-the-shelf software often has more functionality, because
the developers try to meet the requirements of as many users as possible. (There
may even be functionality you didn‘t realize you need!)
 Upgrades. The vendor will continue to develop the software, so you will likely get
upgrades for free or at a reduced cost, whereas in bespoke software you don‘t get
anything new unless you pay for it to be built.
DISADVANTAGES OFF-SHELF INCLUDES:
 Limited to perform what they were designed for
 Can easily be pirated
 Vulnerable to virus
 They make you to pay for many applications when you are to use a few.
 Compromise. You may have to compromise on your requirements – it is unlikely
you will find ready-made software that does everything you need it to, exactly how
you want it to.
 May be overly complicated. The software may include functionality that you
don‘t need, as it is trying to meet the different requirements of a number of users.
This can make it more difficult to learn and use.
 You are not in control. The vendor‘s plans for the future may not always fit with
your own. As a single customer amongst many, you may not be able to get the
features you want implemented.
Examples of application software include;
 Microsoft word Microsoft excel Microsoft PowerPoint Microsoft access Microsoft
publisher etc.

CATEGORIES OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE:

 Spreadsheets used for organization and analysis of data in tabular form.

 Word-processors used to produce text documents that are professionally laid out.
 Presentation software used for creating presentations to show to customers or
staff
 Databases used for keeping customer records, sales records, appointments

63
 system
 Desktop publishing packages used for creating leaflets, posters, business
cards
 Graphics packages for manipulating images that can be used at home, school
or a business
 Web design application used for creating personal or business web sites
 Communication software among others.
 Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer systems to assist in the
creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAD software is used
to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve
communications through documentation, and to create a database for
manufacturing.
2. Bespoke (custom-made) software/Tailor made application software; bespoke
software is written especially for you, to meet your specific business requirements.
If very specialized software is needed, a company may decide to write or order its
own software. This software is called custom software. This software is developed
by computer specialists or programmers. Examples may include; report
making software, loan portfolio software for Cairo bank, programming in D-base
dealing in hotel operations etc.

THE ADVANTAGES OF BESPOKE (CUSTOM-MADE) SOFTWARE ARE:

a. Tailored to you. The software is developed and built to meet your specific
requirements, ensuring that you get software that works exactly how you need it to
and delivers the results you want.
b. More flexible. A bespoke system can evolve over time to match your changing
requirements.
c. No per-user fees. If you own the software, you won‘t have to extra per-user fees
as your business grows.
d. Not tied in. You own the intellectual property, so you are not tied to a specific
vendor that could potentially disappear at any time.
e. Competitive advantage. As your competitors won‘t have the same software, it
could give you a competitive edge. An effective software package can make a
company work more efficiently, improve their performance and have a positive
impact on customer satisfaction levels.

64
 The disadvantages are:
 Higher initial costs. It will cost more at the beginning, as you have to pay the
development costs.
 Takes longer. Depending on the size and complexity of the software, it may take
months or even years to develop.

SOFTWARE USER INTERFACE

This is the visual part of a computer application or OS through which a user

interacts with a computer or software.
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)
Is a type of interface that allows a user to use menus and visual images such as
icons, buttons and other graphical objects to issue commands?

ADVANTAGES OF GUI

 It is user friendly because it is easy to learn and work with.

 There is no need to type and memories any command language.
 The interface is similar for any application
 GUI has a colored screen with icons each representing a program which is
appealing to the user.
 It has help documentation.

DISADVANTAGES OF GUI

 They need significantly more memory (RAM) and processing power to run than
other interface types
 It also occupies more disk space to hold all files for different functions.
 It difficult to automate functions for expert users.
 They can be irritating to experienced users when simple tasks require a number of
operations

COMMAND LINE INTERFACE (CLI)

This is a text-based interface that is used to operate software by entering commands.

Advantages f (CLI)
 It uses the fewest system resources in terms of memory and processing power.
 It is faster for expert users because they can quickly access commands.
 Many commands can be grouped together as batch files so that repetitive tasks can

65
 be automated

DISADVANTAGES

 It is difficult to use because some commands are hard to memorize

 Text editing can be strict and tiresome because commands have t be typed
precisely. If there is a spelling error the command will fail.
 It is time consuming because if you miss-type an instruction, it is often necessary
to start from scratch again.
 For efficient use, it requires the user to learn complex commands.

Comparison between GUI and CLI

66
 TOPIC 7: ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEETS 1

TOPIC 8: INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB

THE INTERNET: It‘s the global interconnection of computers to share

information and data.

Internet is an arrangement of connected computers, which lets the computer users

all over the globe exchange data.

Requirements for Connecting to the Internet

 A computer or PDA or cell phone

 An account with an ISP (Internet Service Provider)
 A modem (modulator/demodulator) for dial-up services or a NIC (Network
Interface Card) for DSL/Cable services

Connection Types

 Broadband Services. This is a high speed internet connection method that is

provided through either a cable or telephone companies.
 WAN; LAN (Local Area Network). A network of computers that are in the same
physical location, such as home or building. Usually connected using Ethernet. A
standard on how computers communicate over a shared media (cable)
 WLAN (Wireless LAN)
 Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity). A wireless technology that connects computers without
cables
 Access Point (AP). A device (base station) that connects wireless devices together.
Usually connected to a wired-network
 ESSID (Extended Service Set ID) A ―name‖ for the AP, e.g. mobile net
 Hotspots. These are sites that offer internet access over a wireless local area
network by use of a router that connects to an ISP
 Dial-up Services. This method requires users to link their phone lines to a computer
in order to access the internet
 Modem (Modulator/demodulator) a device that converts analog signal to digital
(modulation) and vice versa (demodulation).
 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network). This allows users to send data, voice
and audio content over digital telephone lines. The installation of ISDN adapters
require at both ends of transmission an ISP.
67
 xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line). A technology that provides digital data
transmission over unused frequencies on traditional telephone lines.
 Cable. A technology that provides digital data transmission over cable TV
infrastructure
 Satellite. A technology that provide digital data transmission over satellites. Need a
satellite dish

ADVANTAGES OF THE INTERNET:

 Communication: By sending an e-mail, we can contact a person who is not

physically present thousand miles away within the fraction of a second‘s time.
 E-commerce is the idea that is implemented for any form of business transactions
that entails transmission of data from one corner of the world to another. E-
commerce has become a fantastic option through which you can shop anything.
 Online Chat: There are many ‗chat rooms‘ on the web.
 Downloading Software: This is one of the most happening and fun things to do via
the Internet.
 Online learning. It facilitates long distance learning.
 Entertainment. A wide variety of entertainment including video games, music,
movies, chat room, news and others can be accessed through the Internet.
 The biggest benefit offered by the Internet is information. It functions as a valuable
resource of information. You can find any type of information on any subject with
the help of the search engines like Yahoo and Google.
 Formation of communities. Internet helps in formation of communities or forums.
Here a number of people can participate in different types of debates and
discussions express their views and gather valuable knowledge.
 A variety of other advantages offered via Internet, include: job searching, online
banking, buying movie tickets, hotel reservations and consultation services etc.

DISADVANTAGES OF THE INTERNET:

 Pornography: This is a very serious issue concerning the Internet, especially when
it comes to young children.
 Spamming: This refers to sending unsolicited e-mails in bulk, which serve no
purpose.
 Virus threat. Virus is a program that interrupts the usual operation of your personal
computer system. PCs linked to the Internet have high probability of virus attacks
68
 and as a result of this your hard disk can crash, giving you a lot of trouble.
 Theft of personal details while using the Internet, there is high probability that your
personal details like name, address and credit card number may be accessed by con
artists and used for fraudulent purposes.
 Some people are getting addicted to the internet and thus causing problems with
their interaction of friends and loved ones
 It provides a lot of wrong information. This is because any one can post anything
and much of it is garbage.

Factors that determine internet speed.

 Internet traffic; the server speed of the site you are visiting determines the speed of
the internet.
 Device hardware; your computer‘s resources like speed, memory etc. also
determine the internet speed i.e. if they are inadequate, the speed will be low.
 Viruses and malware; these consume significant resources like memory and
adversely affect internet speed.
 Number of applications running; multiple programs using internet like
downloading music with ITUNES and surfing the web using Firefox will reduce
the overall speed.
 Number of devices connected; multiple laptops, tablets, smart phones reduce the
overall speed of each device on the internet.
 Internet service provider (ISP). A company that provides internet access to
individuals and business. Examples; Info com, Mai web, communication
companies like MTN, AIRTEL, AFRICELL etc.
Services provided by ISP include; internet access, Domain name registration,
E-mail accounts, web hosting, IP addresses and ranges.
Factors to consider when selecting an ISP
 Price; one should select an ISP whose price is friendly.
 Technical support; be sure the ISP you select provides technical support that meets
your organization's requirements or that can offer help incase things go wrong.
 Viability; when selecting an ISP, do some checking to see how long the company
has been in existence, track of records and whether or not they received an award.
 Performance; whether you are paying for a high speed connection or just using dial
up, you should check the ISP‘s track records for such things as uptime and overall

69
 throughout.

INTERNET COMMUNICATION SERVICES

a. Email Services; Electronic mail (or e-mail) is an Internet service that

allows those people who have an e-mail address (accounts) to send and
receive electronic letters.

Advantages of email:

 Cost .Email is cheap: businesses can save large amounts of money using e-mail, in
lieu of long-distance phone calls and postal deliveries.
 Time .Email will reach its destination across the world in a few seconds as opposed
to days or even weeks with the postal service.
 Convenient .Email doesn't worry about crossing time zones or that colleagues are
not in their offices to take telephone calls.
 Email can be sent to groups of people at the same time. This facilitates
collaborative working and efficient dissemination of information.
 Doesn't use any paper (good for the environment).
 Can attach large documents and other files with a click of a button (and without
using up resources like paper).
 Unlikely to be lost
 Faster to arrive
 Allows sending messages to several people at a time
 Cheaper in terms of costs incurred
 Less prone to illegal access
 Allows sending multimedia format document
 Several documents can be sent at once

Disadvantages of emails:

 User has to open email website or email program to read the message. If you do
not login, unread messages can remain unread forever.
 Socially, writing a letter and talking over a phone is thought to bring you closer to
the recipient compared to writing an email through a computer.
 A lot of unwanted emails from spammers can fill your email inbox and important
emails may not get delivered.
 Email attachments can bring virus into your computer if not scanned by the
70
 network or virus program on your computer.
 Emails cannot really be used for official business documents.
 Less hand-writing practice.
 Can be bad for your eyes if you spend too long sending e-mails on your
computer.
 Messages may be misinterpreted easily.

Components of an e-mail

 Address or to; this is where the address of the person whom you are sending the
message must be typed. E.g. [email protected] to mean the massage is
for siraji belonging to learn online which is an academic institution (ac) of Uganda
(Ug)
 The subject; this is where you type subject or theme of your document e.g.
Inquiry, Application to someone.
 CC; Carbon copy: here you type the addresses of those to whom you are sending
carbon copies. They can be as many addresses for cc as you wish only are
separated by commas e.g. [email protected],[email protected],
[email protected].
 BCC; Blind carbon copies: here you type the addresses as in cc, but the recipients
will not know whether the other has received the copy.

Other internet communication services/tools

b. Instant messaging; this type of online chat which offers real time text
transmission over the internet.
c. Video conferencing; this is a technology that allows users in different
locations to hold face-to-face meetings on the internet. It involves
transmission of audio and video data.

Equipment for video conferencing

 Computers, web cam, a microphone, Skype, speakers, high speed internet,

video conferencing software

Advantages of video conferencing

 It can take place without leaving the office.

 It minimizes travel costs

71
 Meetings can be called instantly
 Delegates can still attend the meeting even if they are physically unable
 It saves time
 Increases productivity by sharing of data.

Disadvantages

# Confidential documents that need to be viewed and signed in person may not
be used.
# It is more expensive
# It is limited to certain number of participants
# Stability of connection requires complex technology
d. Chat room; this is a software application in which participants can engage in
real time discussions about a specific topic with one another.
e. News group. This is an internet based discussion about a particular topic. It
ranges from transport, cars, investments etc.
Cloud computing; in cloud computing a type of Internet-based computing,"
where different services — such as servers, storage and applications — are
delivered to an organization's computers and devices through the Internet.
Or the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the internet to
store and manages resources. Examples include; e-mail communication,
online storage such as Google drive, Drop box, web hosting services etc.
f. Web browser; is a software tool or program that allows you to navigate
through the web. Or its application software that allows users to
access/connect to the internet or it‘s a tool that allows you to view web pages
and interact on the internet. Examples of web browsers include: Google
Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Opera, and Safari, Konqueror,
Flock , etc.
g. Search engine; It’s a program or web site that can be used to search for
keywords on web pages throughout the World Wide Web.
A web search engine is a type of website that helps computer user find
specific information on the Internet. Search engines include: Google, Yahoo!,
Ask.com, Forestle, Bing and Alta Vista. Searches for information from the
Web
h. Website; Web site is the location of a web domain name in a computer
72
 somewhere on the internet.

Types of Websites

Static-Content; in static Websites, the information does not change, and the same
information is displayed to all visitors.
Mostly coded in HTML so easier to build. Most commonly used for simple sites.
Updating is difficult.
Cannot do complex tasks, such as providing user interactivity.
Dynamic-Content: Dynamic website pages are able to accept input data (fill-in
forms) and store that information in a database on the server, allowing a visitor to
create a user profile and personalized experience.
In Dynamic Websites, the information may change at any given time and according
to the visitor. Mostly built in scripting languages like JavaScript, and can be more
difficult to build.
Used for large sites with a lot of content, sites that need extensive updates, use real
time services (e.g. online stores), and/or require automatic changes (e.g. blogs).
Updating is easy.
Can do complex tasks, allowing for user interactivity and providing customized,
personalized information
Personal Websites; A platform for individuals to provide information about
themselves, promote themselves, create an online CV and/or portfolio, keep in touch
with family and friends, share photos and videos, expand hobbies and interests, and
express thoughts and ideas.
Commercial/Business Websites; A platform for companies or organizations to
provide information about themselves, market or sell their products and/or services,
and provide customer support
Informative Websites; these are dedicated to providing information. They may
include news websites, online encyclopedias, educational websites, and websites
providing topic-specific information like sports data, medical information, weather
reports, stock market quotes and analysis, and TV guides.

Search Engines/Directories

These are search engines index material on the web that automatically responds to a

73
 search query with links to relevant websites.
Directories list businesses by different categories and/or locations.
Wiki
A wiki is a specialized form of content-managed web site designed to support the
easy collaborative creation of web pages by groups of users.
Wikis differ from blogs and other cms options in that wikis allow all users to
change the content of the wiki pages, not just to post comments about the content.
Examples of wiki are Wikipedia; online encyclopedia can be publicly accessible
and edited by any user.
Blogs; Web logs, or blogs, are the most popular, inexpensive, and widespread form
of web content management. Blog software such as Blogger, Roller, or Word Press
allows nontechnical users to combine text, graphics, and digital media files easily
into interactive web pages.
Blog – online journal used to express ideas/opinions
E-Commerce website – platform to sell products online
Forum – promotes discussions among people with mutual interests
Media-Sharing Website – where people can share pictures, videos, music, etc.
Review Websites – where people can write and/or view reviews of products,
services, etc.
Social Networking Website – where people can meet, interacts and share multi-
media.
Webmail – provides e-mail services
The World Wide Web; (Abbreviated as WWW commonly known as the web) is a
system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. Or it‘s a vast
collection of linked documents held on computers all over the world and is
accessible via the internet.
Netiquettes; Refers to the do's and don'ts of online communication or rules and
regulations governing online communication

Here are some of the of Netiquette

> Keep messages brief and use proper grammar and spellings
> Never read someone‘s private email
> Respect other people‘s privacy
> Know where you are in cyberspace. Understand the group of people you are
74
 interacting with. When you join a new group, first understand its likes and dislikes
before giving your full contribution
> Post only acceptable information that has no harm to the public
> Minimize use of uppercase in text when sending messages
> Be forgiving of other‘s people‘s mistakes like spelling error, a stupid question or
unnecessary long answers because experts on internet were once beginners.
> Respect other people‘s time and bandwidth. Ensure that time and bandwidth people
spend reading your postings is not wasted. Send a well prepared message and
ensure that it‘s sent to right recipient.
> Make yourself look good online
> Avoid impersonation
> Be ethical and aim at acting within the laws of society and cyberspace
> Don't spam. That is, don't repeatedly post the same advertisement for products or
services. Most sites have strict and specific rules about who is allowed to post ads
and what kind of ads they are.
> Remember that your posts are public. They can be read by your partner, your
children, your parents, or your employer.
> Do not post copyrighted material to which you do not own the rights.
> Treat others as you would like to be treated.

Internet and World Wide Web terms

o Web site is the location of a web domain name in a computer somewhere on the
internet.
o Web page is a document on the web site. A web is composed of a web page or
collection of related web pages.
A web page is a document on the www that can include text, pictures, sound, and
video.
o Home page. This is the first page you see at a web site, it acts like a title page of
a book. It identifies the web site and contains links to other pages at the site.
o Browsing. With internet, it means searching for particular/ specific items.
o Surfing means moving from place to place on the internet searching for topics of
interest.
o Site name: is the name of a web site.
o Web pages: contain formatted text, graphics, sound, animation and video

75
 allowing point and click.
A webpage is a document, typically written in plain text interspersed with
formatting instructions of Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML, XHTML).
o Telnet: a terminal emulation protocol that allows a user to log onto a remote
device.
o FTP (file transfer protocol) is an internet standard that allows users to upload and
download files with other computers.
o TCP/IP is a set of protocols or rules that have been developed to allow computers
to share resources across a network.
TCP/IP manages the transmission of data by breaking it up into packets. The
protocol defines how to break the message into packets, providing routing
information for massage delivery, reassemble the message at the receiving end.
o Hyperlink: colored and underlined text or graphic that you click to go to a file, a
location in a file, an HTML page on the www.
o Website is an electronic page that has links with other pages and contains
information.
Websites are the places where the information is stored in internet.
o Web site address: is a unique name given to the web site to communicate and
collect the information.
o Web browser is a tool (piece of software) that allows you to view and interact on
the internet. Internet explorer, Netscape, Mozilla Fire fox, Opera, Apple's Safari,
and Google Chrome etc. are web browsers.
o Transmission control protocol/internet protocol TCP/IP. It‘s a set of protocols or
rules that have been developed to allow computers to share resources across a
network
o Webmaster: is the person responsible for developing web pages and maintaining
a website.
o URL is an address that uniquely identifies a location on the internet. A URL for
a www site is preceded with http://Examples of URL. http//unebuganda.co.ug
o HTML (Hypertext Mark-Up Language) is a set of formatting codes used to
create hypertext or www based text files.
o Hyperlink. Coloured and underlined text or a graphic that you click to go to a
file allocation in a file,

76
 Computing; The process of utilizing computer technology to complete a task.
Or the use of a computer to process data or perform calculations.

Green computing; also called green technology, is the environmentally

responsible use of computers and related resources.

Green computing is the practice of using computers and other resources efficiently.

ADVANTAGES OF GREEN COMPUTING

 Reduced energy usage from green computing techniques translates into lower
carbon dioxide emissions, stemming from a reduction in the fossil fuel used in
power plants and transportation.
 Conserving resources means less energy is required to produce, use, and dispose
of products.
 Saving energy and resources saves money.
 Green computing even includes changing government policy to encourage
recycling and lowering energy use by individuals and businesses.
 Reduce the risk existing in the laptops such as chemical known to cause cancer,
nerve damage and immune reactions in humans.

Disadvantages of green computing

 Green computing could actually be quite costly.

 Some computers that are green may be considerably underpowered.
 Rapid technology change

Cloud computing; Cloud computing a type of Internet-based computing,"

where different services — such as servers, storage and applications — are
delivered to an organization's computers and devices through the Internet.

Cloud computing is typically defined as a type of computing that relies on

sharing computing resources rather than having local servers or personal devices
to handle applications.

This is the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the internet to
store and manage resources. Examples include; e-mail communication, online
storage such as Google drive, Drop box, web hosting services etc.

Advantages of cloud computing

Its services are flexible. You can easily scale up or down depending on your
77
 requirements

Automatic software updates. The fact that cloud services are online, it‘s easy and
convenient to update software centrally.

It cuts out the high cost of hardware purchase, storage and maintenance.

Increased collaboration; once people can access, edit and share documents
anytime from anywhere, they are able to do more together and do it better
convenience with cloud computing and availability of internet, you can work
from anywhere.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

 Security and privacy in cloud computing is difficult to monitor.

 Cloud applications maybe expensive
 Customers have no control to the backend infrastructure of the cloud services.
 Service outage. The fact that cloud services are internet based, no one is free
from service outage since access depends on internet connection.

78
TOPIC 9: COMPUTER WORD PROCESSING II

TOPIC 10: ELECTRONIC PRESENTATION

TOPIC 11: DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING

Data communication refers to the transmission of digital data between two

or more connected computing devices
COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION
1. Message; this is data/information to be communicated. This can be text,
numbers, audio or video or any combination of these types
2. Sender-encoder. A sender is a device that sends the data message. This
can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera or mobile
phone.
3. Medium; the conduits/channels/media are the physical paths that
telecommunications signals use to move from place to place. The various
types of conduits of data include cables, fiber optics, satellite, and cellular.
4. Receiver-decoder; a device that receives the messages. It is a computer,
workstation, telephone handset, television set or mobile phone.
5. Protocol; is a setoff rules and procedures that govern data communication.
6. Feedback. Feedback can be an oral or a written message, an action or
simply silence.
In data communication four basic terms are frequently used. They are
Data: A collection of facts in raw forms that become information after
processing.
Signals: Electric or electromagnetic encoding of data.
Signaling: Propagation of signals across a communication medium.
Transmission: Communication of data achieved by the processing of
signals.

Data communication tools

These are devices that allow the user to send and receive messages. These
can be electronic or manual. Examples of electronic communication tools
include; computers, mobile phones and internet etc.
Manual communication tools include; manual drums, bells and messengers.

Difference between manual and electronic communication tools are:

79
Manual data communication Electronic data communication

Slow Faster

Does not support sharing Support sharing

Requires less skill to operate Ire quires literacy skills to use

Expensive to exchange information Cheap to exchange information

Communication tools are cheap Communication tools are expensive

Electronic data communication services

 Voice mail
 Global positioning system
 Faxing
 Intranet
 Email
 Extranet
 Instant messaging
 Skype
 Chart rooms
 Short message service
 Video conferencing
 Social networks like twitter, Facebook etc.

Data Transmission Modes; There are three ways for transmitting data from one
point to another.

Simplex: is a mode of transmission where data flows in only one direction between
the two communicating devices e.g. broadcast on radio, TV and transmission
between keyboard and the monitor, fire alarms.

Half-duplex: is a mode of transmission where data signals can flow in both

directions but not at the same time. E.g. walkie talkie communication well known
as radio calls.

Full-duplex: is a mode of data transmission where data signals can flow in both
directions at the same time. E.g. telephone communication.

Use of full-duplex line improves the efficiency as the line turn-around time
80
required in half-duplex arrangement is eliminated. Example of this mode of
transmission is the telephone line.

Digital and Analog Transmission; Data is transmitted from one point to another
point by means of electrical signals that may be in digital and analog form. In
analog signal, the transmission power varies over a continuous range with respect
to sound, light and radio waves. On the other hand a digital signal may assume only
discrete set of values within a given range. Examples are computer and computer
related equipment. Analog signal is measured in Volts and its frequency in Hertz
(Hz).

A digital signal is a sequence of voltage represented in binary form.

When digital data are to be sent over an analog form, the digital signal must be
converted to analog form. So the technique by which a digital signal is converted to
analog form is known as modulation. And the reverse process, that is the
conversion of analog signal to its digital form, is known as demodulation. The
device, which converts digital signal into analog, and the reverse, is known as
modem.

Analog Signal

Digital signal

Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission

Data transmission through a medium can be either asynchronous or synchronous.

In asynchronous transmission, data is transmitted character by character as you go
on typing on a keyboard. Hence there is an irregular gap between characters.
However, it is cheaper to implement, as you do not have to save the data before
sending. On the other hand, in the synchronous mode, the saved data is transmitted

81
block by block. Each block can contain many characters. Synchronous transmission
is well suited for remote communication between a computer and related devices
like card reader and printers

Communication media /Transmission Media

The transmission medium is the physical path by which a message travels from
sender to receiver.

Data communication media can be divided into two categories:

> Physical transmission media (wired)

> Wireless transmission media

Classes of transmission media

PHYSICAL TRANSMISSION MEDIA

It uses wires, cables and other tangible materials to send communication

signals. These include;

> Twisted-pair cable

> Coaxial cable
> Fiber-optic cable

Twisted-pair cable

Twisted pair consists of two conductors (normally copper), each with its
own plastic insulation, twisted together.

Twisted-pair cable comes in two forms: unshielded and shielded

The twisting helps to reduce the interference (noise) and crosstalk.

82
 Unshielded Twisted-pair (UTP) cable

Any medium can transmit only a fixed range of frequencies!

UTP cable is the most common type of telecommunication medium in use

today. The range is suitable for transmitting both data and video.

Advantages of UTP

o it‘s cheaper
o it is flexible and easy to install

Shielded twisted (STP) Cable; STP cable has a metal foil or braided – mesh
covering that enhance each pair of insulated conductors.

The metal casing prevents penetration of electromagnetic noise.

Materials and manufacturing requirements make STP expensive than UTP but
less susceptible to noise

83
Applications

 Twisted-pair cables are used in telephone lines to provide voice and data
channels.
 The DSL lines that are used by the telephone companies to provide high data
rate connections also use the high-bandwidth capability of unshielded twisted-
pair cables.
 Local area networks, such as 10Base-T and 100Base-T, also used UTP cables

Coaxial Cable; A coaxial cable has a single copper conductor at its center. A
plastic layer provides insulation between the center conductor and braided metal
shield.

The metal shield helps block any outside interference from fluorescent lights,
motors and other computers.

Coaxial cables have bandwidths of up to 1GB ps. They are installed in a network
to form the network backbone (link that connects two or more separate local areas
networks.

Advantages

# It is highly resistant to signal interference

# It can support greater cable lengths between network devices than twisted
pair cable.

Disadvantages

# It is difficult to install
Coaxial cable standards:
RG-8, RG – 11 are used in thick Ethernet,
RG – 58 used in thin Ethernet
RG – 59 used for T
Optic fiber cable; optic fiber cable uses light signals to transmit data from
one point to another on the network. The electrical signals from the source
are converted to light signals which are then propagated along the fiber
optic cables. This eliminates the problem of electrical interference.

84
Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of
protective materials.

Advantages of fiber optic cables.

 Can transmit signals over much longer distances than coaxial and twisted pair
 They are not affected by electrical interference such as lighting and power
surges
 They are thinner and lighter than coaxial cable
 They provide greater security because they are difficult to tap into
 They have a high transmission rate and a low error rate
 They can carry a thousand of separate signals

Disadvantages

 They are expensive

 They are difficult to install and modify.

Unshielded media (wireless communication); this is a type of media that is

used to transmit data from one point to another without physical links
established between two or more devices.

Wirelesses are used when it is inconvenient, impractical, or impossible to

install.

Types of wireless transmission media

Infrared rays; this is a wireless transmission medium that send signals using
infrared light waves.

Infrared transmission requires a line of sight transmission that is the sender

and the receiver must be aligned so that nothing obstructs the path of infrared
light wave. Communication devices should be close to each other (about 5
meters)
85
 Radio waves. Radio waves are used to transmit television and radio signals.
They can penetrate through walls and structures alike. The power of radio
waves decreases sharply as they cover long distance unlike micro wave.
Bluetooth technology also uses radio waves.

Micro waves. Microwaves are extremely high frequency radio waves. Unlike
radio waves, microwave signals must be transmitted in a straight line with no
obstructions between microwave antennas. Because micro waves travel in
straight lines, both sender and receiver must be aligned to be strictly in line of
sight.

Advantages of wireless transmission media

 Wireless medium is flexible in operation as compared to wired medium i.e.

devices can be moved around without losing access to the network.
 Wireless network covers large geographical areas easily.
 Can take place via satellite even in very remote areas that do not have high
cost physical infrastructure like telephone lines

Disadvantages

 It is relatively difficult to establish or configure

 The initial cost is very high.
 Signals can be easily blocked by thick material.

COMMUNICATION PROCESSORS

1. Modem; A combined device for modulation and demodulation

Or

A device that translates analog signals to digital signals and vice versa
Modems modulate and demodulate computer data for transmission on telephone
lines.

Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information transmitted over

telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves. A modem converts
86
between these two forms.

2. Multiplexer; Multiplexing is carrying multiple signals/messages on one

medium/channel. E.g. multiple TV stations in air medium, FM radio
broadcasting. Each separate signal is called a channel.
3. Front end processor; a computer that handles communications
processing for a mainframe. It connects to the communications lines on one
end and the mainframe on the other. It transmits and receives messages,
assembles and disassembles packets and detects and corrects errors. It is
sometimes synonymous with a communications controller, although the
latter is usually not as flexible.
4. A duplexer; is a device that allows bi-directional (duplex) communication
over a single channel.
It is a switching device used in radar to permit alternate use of the same antenna
for both transmitting and receiving
They allow transmission and receiving on the same antenna at the same time and
reject unwanted signals
In radar and radio communications systems, it isolates the receiver from the
transmitter while permitting them to share a common antenna.
5. Encoder; An encoder is a device, circuit, transducer, software program that
converts information from one format or code to another, for the purposes of
standardization, speed, secrecy, security, or saving space by shrinking size.
6. A decoder is a device which does the reverse of an encoder, undoing the
encoding so that the original information can be retrieved. The same method used
to encode is usually just reversed in order to decode. Decoding is necessary in
applications such as data multiplexing

An extranet is a private network that uses Internet technology and the public
telecommunication system to securely share part of a business's information or
operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses. An
extranet can be viewed as part of a company's intranet that is extended to users
outside the company. It has also been described as a "state of mind" in which the
Internet is perceived as a way to do business with other companies as well as to
sell products to customers.

87
 7. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

ISDN is an international standard for the digital transmission of both voice and
data. Using ISDN lines, data can be transmitted over one or more separate
channels at up to 2.2 billion bits per second if fiber-optic cables are used. This
higher 64,000-bit transmission system allows full motion video images to be
transmitted.

8. Asynchronous Transfer Mode technology consists of electronic packet switches

to which computers can connect

FACTORS THAT AFFECT DATA TRANSMISSION

1. Frequency: This Refers to the cycle of waves per second. The amount of data
that can be transmitted depends on the wave frequency. Frequency is expressed
in hertz
2. Band width: This is the difference between the highest and lowest frequency
(+max 2 – min).The higher the bandwidth the higher the rate of data
transmission.
3. Transmission impairments: Such as attenuation and electromagnetic
interference

PACKET SWICTHING

This is a technique for dividing electronic messages into packets for transmission
over the network to their destinations through most expedient route.

Advantages

o It can handle high volume traffic in a network

o Allow more users to share the network
o Appropriate for sending messages over long distances such as across the
country.
o It is used in large networks such as telnet

HOW PACKET SWITCHING OPERATES

A sending computer breaks an electronic message in to packets

The various packets are sent through a communication network

The message is sent thru different routes, at different speeds and sand witched

88
 between packets from messages.

Once the packets arrive at their destination, the receiving computer re-assembles
them in to a proper sequence to form a complete message.

NETWORKING

What is computer network? It is an interconnection of computers in order to

share resources. Like files and printers.

A network consists of two or more computers/computing devices that are linked in

order to share resources, exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The
computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio
waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.

TYPES OF NETWORKS

The three basic types of networks include: LAN, MAN and WAN.

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

A network is said to be Local Area Network (LAN) if it is confined relatively to a

small area. It is generally limited to a building or a geographical area expanding
not more than a mile apart to other computers.

LAN configuration consists of:

 A file server - stores all of the software that controls the network, as well as
the software that can be shared by the computers attached to the network.
 A workstation - computers connected to the file server (Mac or PCs). These
are less powerful than the file server
 Cables - used to connect the network interface cards in each computer

Types of LANs / Network models

 Peer-to-Peer
 Client/Server

PEER-TO-PEER

Peer-to-peer network operating systems allow users to share resources and files
located on their computers and to access shared resources found on other computers.
However, they do not have a file server or a centralized management source. (See
figure below)
89
 In a peer-to-peer network, all computers are considered equal; they all have the same
abilities to use the resources available on the network. Peer-to-peer networks are
designed primarily for small to medium local area networks.
AppleShare and Windows for Workgroups are examples of programs that can
function as peer-to-peer network operating systems.

Advantages of peer to peer network

 Less initial expense – no need for a dedicated server

 Set up – an operating system (such as windows 7) already in place may only need
to be configured for peer to peer operations.

Disadvantages

 Decentralized – no central responsibility for files and applications

 Security – does not provide the security on available client/server network.

Client/server; this network allows the network to centralize functions and

applications in one or more dedicated file servers.

The file servers become the heart of the system, providing access to resources and
providing security. Individual workstations (clients) have access to the resources on
the file servers. The network operating system provides the mechanism to integrate
all the components of the network and allow multiple users to simultaneously share
the same resources irrespective of the physical location. Novell NetWare and
windows 2000 server are examples of client/server network operating systems.

Differentiate between a server and a client computer.

A server is a centralized computer that controls the shared resources on the network
While is a client computer that sends request to the server and depends on the
server
90
 Advantages of a client/server network:
 Centralized – resources and data security are controlled though the server.
 Scalability – any or all elements can be replaced individually as increase.
 Flexibility – new technology can be easily integrated into the system
 Interoperability – all components (clients/networks/servers) work together
 Accessibility - Servers can be accessed remotely and across multiple platforms.

Disadvantages of a client/server network:

 Expense - Requires initial investment in dedicated servers.

 Maintenance - Large networks will require a staff to ensure efficient operation.
 Dependence - When server goes down, operations will cease across the
network.

Client-server model

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) covers larger geographic areas, such as cities.
Often used by local libraries and government agencies often to connect to citizens
and private industries

91
 WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

Wide Area Networks (WANs) connects larger geographic areas, such as

London, the UK, or the world. In this type of network dedicated transoceanic
cabling or satellite uplinks may be used.

Advantages of computer Networks

1. Speed. Networks provide a very rapid method for sharing and transferring
files. Without a network, files are shared by copying them to floppy disks, then
carrying or sending the disks from one computer to another. This method of
transferring files (referred to as sneaker-net) is very time-consuming.
2. Cost. Networkable versions of many popular software programs are
available at considerable savings when compared to buying individually licensed
copies. Besides monetary savings, sharing a program on a network allows for
easier upgrading of the program. The changes have to be done only once, on the
file server, instead of on all the individual workstations.
3. Security. Files and programs on a network can be designated as "copy
inhibit," so that you do not have to worry about illegal copying of programs.
Also, passwords can be established for specific directories to restrict access to
authorized users.
4. Centralized Software Management. One of the greatest benefits of
installing a network at a school is the fact that all of the software can be loaded on
one computer (the file server). This eliminates the need to spend time and energy
installing updates and tracking files on independent computers throughout the
building.
5. Resource Sharing. Sharing resources is another area in which a network
exceeds stand-alone computers. Most schools cannot afford enough laser
printers, fax machines, modems, scanners, and CD-ROM players for each
computer. However, if these or similar peripherals are added to a network, they
can be shared by many users.
6. Electronic Mail. The presence of a network provides the hardware
necessary to install an e-mail system. E-mail aids in personal and professional
communication for all school personnel, and it facilitates the dissemination of
general information to the entire school staff. Electronic mail on a LAN can
enable students to communicate with teachers and peers at their own school. If the
92
 LAN is connected to the Internet, students can communicate with others
throughout the world.
7. Flexible Access. School networks allow students to access their files from
computers throughout the school. Students can begin an assignment in their
classroom, save part of it on a public access area of the network, and then go to
the media center after school to finish their work. Students can also work
cooperatively through the network.
8. Workgroup Computing. Workgroup software (such as Microsoft BackOffice)
allows many users to work on a document or project concurrently. For example,
educators located at various schools within a county could simultaneously
contribute their ideas about the new curriculum standards to the same document
and spreadsheets.

Disadvantages of computer Networks

9. Expensive to Install. Although a network will generally save money over time,
the initial costs of installation can be prohibitive. Cables, network cards, and
software are expensive, and the installation may require the services of a
technician.
10. Requires Administrative Time. Proper maintenance of a computer network
requires considerable time and expertise. Many schools have installed a
network, only to find that they did not budget for the necessary administrative
support.
11. File Server May Fail. Although a file server is no more susceptible to failure
than any other computer, when the files server "goes down," the entire network
may come to a halt. When this happens, the entire school may lose access to
necessary programs and files.
12. Cables May Break. The Topology chapter presents information about the
various configurations of cables. Some of the configurations are designed to
minimize the inconvenience of a broken cable; with other configurations, one
broken cable can stop the entire network.
 Server faults stop applications being available
 Network faults can cause loss of data.
 Network fault could lead to loss of resources
 User work dependent upon network
93
 System open to hackers
 Decisions tend to become centralized
 Could become inefficient
 Could degrade in performance
 Resources could be located too far from user

Advantages of Computer Networking

 Easy Communication and Speed; It is very easy to communicate through a

network. People can communicate efficiently using a network with a group of
people. They can enjoy the benefit of emails, instant messaging, telephony,
video conferencing, chat rooms, etc.
 Ability to Share Files, Data and Information; This is one of the major
advantages of networking computers. People can find and share information and
data because of networking. This is beneficial for large organizations to
maintain their data in an organized manner and facilitate access for desired
people.
 Sharing Hardware; another important advantage of networking is the ability to
share hardware. For an example, a printer can be shared among the users in a
network so that there‘s no need to have individual printers for each and every
computer in the company. This will significantly reduce the cost of purchasing
hardware.
 Sharing Software; Users can share software within the network easily.
Networkable versions of software are available at considerable savings
compared to individually licensed version of the same software. Therefore large
companies can reduce the cost of buying software by networking their
computers.
 Security; Sensitive files and programs on a network can be password protected.
Then those files can only be accessed by the authorized users. This is another
important advantage of networking when there are concerns about security
issues. Also each and every user has their own set of privileges to prevent those
accessing restricted files and programs.
 Speed; Sharing and transferring files within networks are very rapid, depending
on the type of network. This will save time while maintaining the integrity of
files.
94
 Disadvantages of Networking

 Breakdowns and Possible Loss of Resources; One major disadvantage of

networking is the breakdown of the whole network due to an issue of the server.
Such breakdowns are frequent in networks causing losses of thousands of
dollars each year. Therefore once established it is vital to maintain it properly to
prevent such disastrous breakdowns. The worst scenario is such breakdowns
may lead to loss of important data of the server.
 Expensive to Build; Building a network is a serious business in many occasions,
especially for large scale organizations. Cables and other hardware are very
pricey to buy and replace.
 Security Threats; Security threats are always problems with large networks.
There are hackers who are trying to steal valuable data of large companies for
their own benefit. So it is necessary to take utmost care to facilitate the required
security measures.
 Bandwidth Issues; in a network there are users who consume a lot more
bandwidth than others. Because of this some other people may experience
difficulties.
 Networking Hardware; networking hardware includes all computers,
peripherals, interface cards and other equipment needed to perform data-
processing and communications within the network.

This section provides information on the following components:

- File Servers
- Workstations
- Network Interface Cards
- Switches

95
- Repeaters
- Bridges
- Routers

File Servers; A file server stands at the heart of most networks. It is a very fast
computer with a large amount of RAM and storage space, along with a fast
network interface card. The network operating system software resides on this
computer, along with any software applications and data files that need to be
shared.

The file server controls the communication of information between the nodes on a
network. This requires a computer that can store a lot of information and share it
very quickly.

All of the user computers connected to a network is called workstations. A typical

workstation is a computer that is configured with a network interface card,
networking software, and the appropriate cables.

Network Interface Cards

The network interface card (NIC) provides the physical connection between the
network and the computer workstation. Most NICs are internal, with the card
fitting into an expansion slot inside the computer.

Bridge; Connects multiple network segments together

It‘s an electronic device that connects two similar networks and controls the data
flow between them.

Router; An electronic hardware device that directs data packets to a secure path to
the final destination

Gateway; It‘s an electronic hardware device that can perform logical functions. A
gateway is a device or system (collection of hardware and software) that connects
two networks and translates information from one to the other so that data can be
transmitted between two dissimilar networks.

96
Repeater; A hardware device which is used to join same type of networks to
extend the length of the communication medium It also simplifies the signals
received from one network and sends the amplified signals to another network.

Switch Joins multiple computers to the network

97
TOPIC 12: ELECTRONIC PUBLICATION

TOPIC 13: ELECTRONIC SPREDSHEETS II

TOPIC 14: DATABASES

TOPIC 15: SYSTEM SECURITY, ICT ETHICAL ISSUES AND EMERGING

TECHNOLOGIES

WHAT IS COMPUTER SECURITY? Refers to a computer code or program

specifically designed to damage or cause irregular behavior in other computer
programs

Most common computer security threats and what you can do to protect
yourself from them.

A threat, in the context of computer security, refers to anything that has the potential
to cause serious harm to a computer system.

THREAT 1: VIRUS; A virus is a piece of software that can replicate itself and
infect a computer without the permission or knowledge of the user. A virus can only
spread when it is transmitted by a user over a network or the Internet, or through
removable media such as CDs or memory sticks.

Prevention, detection and removal:

Antivirus software detects and eliminates known viruses.

THREAT #2: SPAM / SPIM / SPIT; SPAM is the sending of e-mail messages in
bulk which are unnecessary. Email addresses are collected from chat rooms,
websites, and newsgroups and by Trojans which harvest users‘ address books.

SPIM is spam sent via instant messaging systems such as Yahoo! Messenger, MSN,
Messenger and ICQ.

SPIT is Spam over Internet Telephony. These are unwanted, automatically-dialed,

pre-recorded phone calls using Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP).

Prevention, detection and removal:

ISPs attempt to choke the flood of spam by examining the information being sent
and traffic patterns. User systems may use spam filters to screen out email messages
with suspect titles or from suspect persons, as well email messages from blocked
senders.
98
THREAT #3: SPOOFING, PHISHING AND PHARMING

Spoofing is an attack in which a person or program masquerades (false show

/pretense) as another. A common tactic is to spoof a URL or website (see phishing).

Phishing is a common form of spoofing in which a phony webpage is produced that

looks just like a legitimate web page. The phony page is on a server under the
control of the attacker. Criminals try to trick users into thinking that they are
connected to a trusted site, and then harvest user names, passwords, credit card
details and other sensitive information.

Phishing is typically carried out by email or instant messaging. The email message
claims to be from a legitimate source but when the user clicks on the link provided,
he or she lands on the fake web page.

Pharming is an attack in which a hacker attempts to redirect a website's traffic to

another, bogus website. Pharming can be conducted either by changing the hosts file
on a victim‘s computer or by exploitation of a vulnerability in DNS server software.
DNS servers are computers responsible for resolving Internet names into their real
IP addresses — the servers are the ―signposts‖ of the Internet.

Prevention, detection and removal:

As spoofing, phishing, and to a lesser extent, pharming, rely on tricking users rather
than advanced technology, the best way to handle these threats is through vigilance.
Don‘t open emails from unknown sources or click on links embedded in suspect
messages.

Check the security guidelines of websites such as PayPal so that you can distinguish
between legitimate and bogus emails.

THREAT #4: SPYWARE. Spyware is software that aids in gathering information

about a person or organization without their knowledge and that may send such
information to another entity without the consumer's consent.

Spyware is software that is secretly installed on a computer without the user‘s

consent. It monitors user activity or interferes with user control over a personal
computer.

Prevention, detection and removal: Anti-spyware programs can combat spyware

in two ways:
99
1. Real-time protection: these programs work just like anti-virus software. They
scan all incoming network traffic for spyware software and block any threats that
are detected.
2. Detection and removal: users schedule daily, weekly, or monthly scans of their
computer to detect and remove any spyware software that has been installed. These
antispyware programs scan the contents of the Windows registry, operating system
files, and programs installed on your computer. They then provide a list of threats
found, allowing the user to choose what to delete and what to keep. Some popular
antispyware programs are Spy bot - Search & Destroy, PC Tools‘ Spyware Doctor,
as well as commercial offerings from Symantec, McAfee, and Zone Alarm.
THREAT #5: KEYSTROKE LOGGING (KEYLOGGING)
A key logger is a software program that is installed on a computer, often by a
Trojan horse or virus. Key loggers capture and record user keystrokes. The data
captured is then transmitted to a remote computer.
Prevention, detection and removal:
For the time being, therefore, the best strategy is to use common sense and a
combination of several methods:
Monitoring which programs are running: a user should constantly be aware of
which programs are installed on his or her machine.
Antispyware: antispyware applications are able to detect many key loggers and
remove them.
Anti-key logging software: keylogger detection software packages use
―signatures‖ from a list of all known key loggers to identify and remove them.
THREAT #6: ADWARE
Adware is software which automatically plays, displays, or downloads
advertisements to a computer. The adware runs either after a software program has
been installed on a computer or while the application is being used. In some cases,
adware is accepted by users in exchange for using software free-of-charge. Not all
adware is innocuous, however. Some types of adware are also spyware and
therefore a threat to privacy.
Prevention, detection and removal:
As adware is also often spyware or malware, programs have been developed to
detect, quarantine, and remove both spyware and adware. Ad-Aware and Spy bot -
Search & Destroy are two commonly used programs.
100
THREAT #7: BOTNET
A Botnet (also called a ―zombie army‖) is a collection of software robots, or bots,
that run automated tasks over the Internet. The term ―botnet‖ is generally used to
refer to a distributed network of compromised computers (called ―zombie
computers‖). These ―zombies‖ typically run programs such as worms, Trojan
horses, or backdoors.
Botnets are frequently used to launch Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks
against websites. Newer bots can automatically scan their environment and
propagate themselves using vulnerabilities and weak passwords.
Prevention, detection and removal:
Detection focuses on either the computer itself or the network. Both approaches use
trial and error to try to identify bot behavior patterns.
THREAT #8: WORM
A computer worm is a self-replicating, malicious software program. Unlike a virus,
it does not need to attach itself to an existing program or require user intervention
to spread. It uses a network to send copies of itself to other computers on the
network.
Prevention, detection and removal:
Since worms spread by exploiting vulnerabilities in operating systems, computers
should be kept current with the latest security updates or ―patches‖ from operating
system vendors.
To prevent infection, users need to be wary of opening unexpected emails and
should not run attached files or programs, or visit websites that are linked to such
emails. Users should be constantly on guard against phishing.
Antivirus and antispyware software, if kept up-to-date, are also helpful, as is the
use of a firewall.
THREAT #9: TROJAN HORSE
A Trojan horse or Trojan is a piece of software which – like the Trojan Horse of
Greek mythology – conceals a payload (often malicious) while appearing to
perform a legitimate action. Trojan horses often install ―backdoor programs‖ which
allow hackers a secret way into a computer system.
Prevention, detection and removal:
Normally, antivirus software is able to detect and remove Trojan horses
automatically. They may also be deleted by clearing the temporary Internet files on
101
 a computer, or by finding the offending file and deleting it manually (in safe
mode).
THREAT #10: BLENDED THREAT
A blended threat is a threat that combines different malicious components, such as
a worm, a Trojan horse and a virus. In this way, a blended threat uses multiple
techniques to attack and propagate itself.
Prevention, detection and removal:
See respective entries for worm, Trojan horse and virus.
THREAT #11: DENIAL-OF-SERVICE ATTACK (DOS ATTACK)
As its name implies, a Denial-of-Service or DoS attack is an attempt to make a
computer resource such as a website or web service unavailable to users. One of the
most common methods of attack involves saturating the target (victim) machine
with external communications requests.
Prevention, detection and removal:
Surviving an attack: The easiest way to survive an attack is to plan ahead. Set
aside a separate emergency block of IP addresses for critical servers with a separate
route.
Firewalls: Security device or software that regulates access into & out of a
company‘s network based on a set of rules.
Questions:
a) What is computer virus? Refers to a computer code or program specifically
designed to damage or cause irregular behavior in other computer programs.
b) As an A level subsidiary ICT student, explain any three practices to guard
against computer viruses.
 Scan your computer on a regular basis –scan your system with up-to-date anti-
virus software regularly.
 Update your anti-virus software on a regular basis –keep your antivirus
software up-to-date. Do this at least weekly and more often if there are news
reports of a new virus threat.
 Backup your files on a regular basis-Always maintain copies of files you can‘t
do without, just in case your computer gets infected and crushes.
 Turn off E-mail preview service if your E-mail software has one.
 Scan your disks – Scan your storage disks from other computers with antivirus
software before you use them. If a virus is found, most programs will give you
102
 several choices about what to do, such as removing the virus, doing nothing, or
deleting the file that contains the virus.
 Scan downloaded files – Scan downloaded internet files with anti-virus software
before you use or run them.
 Scan all E-mail attachments – if you receive any attachment you need to view,
scan it with antivirus program before you open it.
c) List four symptoms a virus infected computer might have.
 Partition that seem to disappear
 Hard disks that won‘t boot
 Computer programs take longer to boot than normal
 Corrupted hard disk data
 System slowdown
 Program sizes keep changing
 System crushes or hangs up.
d) Explain how viruses are spread on standalone and networked computers.

WAYS OF SPREADING COMPUTER VIRUSES

There are many ways in which a virus can spread from one computer to another,
but let‘s take a look at the most frequent ways in which people run into viruses,
spyware and Trojans on the internet.

1. Email attachments. Some email attachments carry viruses. The infection

rate from email attachments is significantly lower, but it can still be a
common problem. The rule is to scan all attachments before opening
them.
2. Rogue websites. Your computer may become infected with spyware or
a virus by just visiting a website. Many adult websites, gambling
websites and other less than trustworthy websites normally attempt to
automatically access your computer when you visit them. They often
install adware bugs that will cause an outbreak of pop ups to appear on
your screen. To stop those rogue websites, adjust the settings on your
antivirus software and firmware so that no outside connections can be
made and no programs can be installed without your permissions.
3. Instant messaging. It is difficult to find a computer in this digital age
that doesn‘t have at least one instant messaging service installed on it.
103
 Unfortunately, these programs are often targeted by hackers who use
them as a medium to trick people into clicking links that lead them to
ROGUE WEBSITES that have viruses with them. Only chat with
people you know and never follow links to sites that you don‘t recognize.
4. Networks. If your computer is connected to a home network or is part of
a larger network, it may be infected with viruses. Just ensure that you
install up- to-date antivirus software so that the invading bugs can be
removed as quickly as possible.
5. Infected boot disks. Now that hard drives are obscenely large, the over
whelming percentage of us don‘t bother to use boot disks anymore, but a
virus can still be spread if an infected disk is in your hard drive and you
attempt to restart. When you start your computer, your machine will
always check your drives to see if a disk with boot information is
present. If it‘s present your computer will automatically attempt to boot
from the hard disk and not from your drive. If the virus is present, it will
often be activated and you will become infected.
6. Phishing schemes. Refers to ways in which people end up with their
identity stolen and a computer filled with viruses. A phishing scheme
starts when you receive an email from a website claiming to be your
bank or Credit Card Company. You are asked to click a link and login,
but the truth is that you’ve just given away all of your information.
Often times when you visit these sites, spyware, adware and viruses are
automatically installed on your computer.
7. Infected software. One of the great things on the internet is how many free
programs and free games there out and they come at a price. Too many rogue
websites intentionally infect their freeware (e.g. Kazaa) with Trojan viruses
so that you unknowingly infect your computer every time you download a free
game or piece of software. The key here is to only download freeware or
shareware from trusted sources.
8. Hackers. Today, people understand the value of good online protection, but
hackers can still pose a problem if you allow your protection software to lapse.
The best way to beat hackers is to ensure that you have a fire wall and up-to-
date antivirus software.
9. Fake antivirus software. This is on me of the most frustrating ways to
104
 become infected with a virus or worm. There are dozens of antivirus and anti-
spyware program you can download for free on the internet and a surprising
number of the actually do exactly the opposite of what they claim. Only
download antivirus programs from trusted sites or from websites that u knows
are completely legitimate. 10. from mobile devices. Today, mobile some
devices are also a target by virus creators. Before plugging Ur mobile phone into
your computer, ensure that you have up-to-date antivirus software.

Define the following terms?

1. Systems analysis is the dissection of a system into its component pieces to study
how those component pieces interact and work.
2. System analyst is a person who researches problems, plan solutions,
recommends software‘s and systems at least at the functional levels and co-
ordinates development to meet business or other requirements.
A system analyst does the following.
a. Identifies, understands, and plans for the organize, and plans for the organization
planned systems, and ensure that new technical requirements are properly
intergraded with existing processes and skill sets.
b. Plans a new system from the beginning to the end.
c. Interacts with the internal users and customers to learn and document
requirements that shall be used to produce business requirements
documents.
d. Write technical requirements from a critical phase.
e. Interact with designers to understand software limitations.
f. Help programmers during system development; provide use cases,
flowcharts or even data base design.
g. Perform system setting.
h. Deploy the completed system.
i. Document requirements or contribute to user manuals.
j. Whenever a development process is conducted, the system analyst is
responsible for designing components and providing that information to
the developer.
3. Expert system is a computer system that imitates the decision making
ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex

105
 problems by reasoning about knowledge, like an expert, and not by
following the procedure of a developer as is the case in conversional
programming. The first expert systems were created in the 1970’s.
4. Artificial intelligence (AI) is technology and a branch of computer
science that studies and develops intelligent machines and software.

State examples of data threats and give ways of curbing these threats.

Identify appropriate ways of protecting data in a computer system.

Save as you work. You should always save your work as you go and learn
how to use the ‘auto-save‘ features in your application.

Make a backup. Before you make changes to critical data always make a
duplicate. Even if you just made a backup yesterday-make another.

Keep a copy of your data offsite. Keep a copy of your data offsite. If
there were a fire or other disaster, your onsite data backup will be lost as
well.

Never open email attachments by habit. If your email reader has an

option to automatically open attachments you should disable that feature.
Always run any attachments and downloaded files through a virus scanner
first.

Never trust disks from other people. Anytime you receive a file on any
type of storage media check it first for viruses.

Update! Make sure you have the latest updates for your software –
especially for your virus checking software. Make it a habit to regularly
check for updates and enable automatic updates for soft ware‘s that offers
that feature.

Protect your passwords. Your USERID is your identity. The key to your
identity is your password .anytime your account accesses the network you
are responsible for any activity from the account! Remember to change
your password on a regular basis

Protect your computer. Use secure operating system which requires users
to be authenticated. As an added benefit these operating systems also
restrict what individual users can see or do on the system.
106
Perform regular maintenance. Learn how to use utilities that diagnose
the system for problems. It I a good idea to run a disk-scanning program,
defragment your hard drive, or whatever else your system might need.
These utilities can prevent little problems from becoming big problems,
and will keep your system running at a top speed.

Computer crime

It refers to any crime that involves a computer and a network. The

computer may have been used to carry out a crime, or it may be the target.

Computer crime is a form of crime where the Internet or computers are

used as a medium to commit crime.

These include: Hacking, Denial of service attacks, Unauthorized use of services

Cyber vandalism, Copyright infringement, Child pornography, Fraud, Child
pornography, Money laundering, and counterfeiting, Cyber terrorism, Phishing,
Pharming, Spoofing, Malware such as viruses, Identity theft and Cyber stalking

Hacking is the activity of breaking into a computer system to gain unauthorized

access to information. The unauthorized revelation of passwords with intent to
gain unauthorized access to private communication of a user is one of widely
known computer crimes. Another highly dangerous computer crime is the
hacking IP addresses in order to transact with a false identity, thus remaining
anonymous without carrying out the criminal activities.

Phishing is the act of attempting to acquire sensitive information like user name
password and credit card details by distinguishing as a trustworthy source.
Phishing is carried out through emails or by luring the users to enter personal
information through websites. Criminals often use websites that have a look and
fill of some popular webs which makes the users feel safe to enter their details
there.

Computer viruses are computer programs that can replicate themselves and
harm computer systems on a network without the knowledge of the system
users.

Viruses spread to other computers through sharing infected network files,

through the network as a transport medium, by the means of removable devices

107
 like USB drives, DVDs, CDS.

Cyber stalking; the use of communication technology e.g. the internet to stalk
a person online. The stalker sends threatening emails spreads false information
and accusation, transmits threats on the internet and damages data and
equipment.

Cyber stalkers often target the users by means of chartrooms, online forums
and s o c i a l networking websites to gather information and harass the users on
the basis of the information gathered, obscene emails, abusive phone calls

Identity theft involves stealing money and obtaining other benefits by using
another person‘s identity. It is the act of pretending to be someone else by using
someone else‘s identity as ones‘ own. Financial identity theft involves the use
of false identity to obtain goods and services and a commercial identity theft is
the using of someone else‘s business name or credit card details for commercial
purposes. Identity cloning is the use of another user‘s information to pose as a
false user. Illegal migration, terrorism and black mail are often made possible
by means of identity theft.

Cyber extortion is a form of cyber terrorism in which a website, e-mail server,

or computer system is subjected to repeated denial of service or other attacks by
malicious hackers, who demand money in return for promising to stop the
attacks. Cyber terrorism in general, can be defined as an act of terrorism
committed through the use of cyberspace or computer resources.

Crimes that primarily target computer networks or devices include:

 Computer viruses
 Denial-of-service attacks
 Malware (malicious code)

Crimes that use computer networks or devices to advance other ends include:

 Cyber stalking
 Fraud and identity theft
 Information wa0rfare
 Phishing scams

Spam; Spam, or the unsolicited sending of bulk email for commercial purposes, is

108
unlawful in some jurisdictions. While anti-spam laws are relatively new, limits on

unsolicited electronic communications have existed for some time.[8]

Fraud: Computer fraud is any dishonest misrepresentation of fact intended to let

another to do or refrain from doing something which causes loss.

Other forms of fraud may be facilitated using computer systems, including bank
fraud, identity theft, extortion, and theft of classified information

Drug trafficking; Drug traffickers are increasingly taking advantage of the

Internet to sell their illegal substances through encrypted e-mail and other
Internet Technology. Some drug traffickers arrange deals at internet cafes
use courier Web sites to track illegal packages of pills, and swap recipes for
amphetamines in restricted-access chat rooms.

Cyber Crime‖ describes criminal activities committed through the use of

electronic communications media. Or Cyber crime can mean any criminal activity
that takes place over the Internet. Examples include fraud,

How to control computer crime

Just like any sort of crime, common sense is your most valuable ally when dealing
with cyber criminals, never open suspicious documents.

Don't give out personal information to people you don't know. And be wary when
approached with a suspicious proposition.

Learn about cyber crime and talk to your family about how to identify scams.
Never give out your personal information to anyone you do not know on the Web.

Use a firewall to protect your computer from hackers. Most security software
comes with a firewall. Turn on the firewall that comes with your router as well.

Purchase and install anti-virus software such as McAfee or Norton Anti-Virus.

AVG offers free anti-virus protection if you do not wish to purchase software.

Shop only at secure websites. Look for a Trustee or VeriSign seal when checking
out. Never give your credit card information to a website that looks suspicious or
to someone you don't know.

Use strong passwords on your accounts that are difficult to guess. Include both
letters and numerals in your passwords. Never use a word that is easy to guess --

109
 like your wife's name.

Keep watch over your children and how they use the Internet. Install parental
control software to limit where they can surf.

Computer Ethics and integrity

 Computer ethics refers to a set of moral principles that regulate the use of
computers.
 Or the human values and moral conduct relating to right and wrong
behavior/decisions made when using computers.
 Computer integrity refers to steadfast loyalty to a strict moral or principled
set of laws regarding computer use Some of the Computer ethics and
integrity that should be put in mind when using computers include:
 Respect the privacy of others. Do not in any way examine or change files
or passwords belonging to others. Do not violate the privacy of individuals
or organizations.
 Respect the integrity of the computing systems. Do not develop or use
programs that invade, damage, or alter computing systems or software. Do
not in any way harass other users.
 Always identify the user accurately. Never use someone else's account.
Do not use fraudulent means to avoid accounting for the use of computing
services.
 Respect copyrights and licenses. To copy a licensed computer program is
illegal; it is indeed theft.
 Respect the intellectual property of others. Individual programming
assignments are expected to be done by individual students; do not take
another's work or ideas to call your own.
 Exhibit responsible, sensible use of computer hardware, software, and
data.

Emerging Technologies. These are technology innovations that are currently

developing or are becoming common with a potential to transform an existing
industry or field

Artificial intelligence. This is a computer science that is focused on creating

computer systems that simulate human intelligence.

110
Digital forensics is a branch of forensic science encompassing recovery and
investigation of material found in digital devices, often in relation to
computer crime

Artificial reality: artificial or simulated reality that is generated in 3D by a

computer and commonly known as VR, .artificial reality, virtual
environments

Biometric devices; Devices used to identify a person by the measurement of

biological features. These include; face scanner. This identify a person by
taking measurements of a person‘s face e.g. the distance between the person‘s
chin, eyes, nose and mouth. Finger scanner. A biometric finger scanner
identifies the person by their finger print.

Retina or iris scanner; a biometric retina or iris scanner identifies a person

by scanning the iris or retina of the eyes. These scanners are more secure
biometric authentication schemes when compared to the other devices
because there is no known way to duplicate the retina or iris.

Voice scanner; voice analysis scanner will mathematically break down a

person‘s voice to identify them.

Computer professionals / careers; A computer professional or specialist

is a person who works in the field of information technology. Below is
a summary of common computer professionals.

Web developers. These design and create websites. They are responsible for
the look of the site, the site‘s technical aspects like performance and capacity.
Software developers. These are the creative minds behind computer
programs. Some develop applications that allow people to do specific tasks
on a computer or another device.

Systems administrators. Systems administrators in organizations ensure that

all computer systems are well configured and are working properly.

Network administrators. Computer networks are critical parts of almost

every organization. Network administrators are responsible for the day the
day-to-day operation of these networks.

Information security analysts. These plan and carry out security measures

111
 to protect an organization‘s computer networks and systems. They are
important in averting cyber attacks.

Database administrators. These use specialized software to store and

organize data. They make sure that data are available to users and are secure
from unauthorized access.

System analysts. These study an organization‘s current computer systems

and procedures and design information systems solutions to help the
organization operate more efficiently and effectively.

IT supports specialists. IT support specialists provide help and advice to

people and organizations using computer software or equipment. They assist
computer users who are having computer problems.

Programmers. These write and test code that allows computer applications
and software programs to function properly.

Data analyst. A data analyst inspects, cleans, transforms and models data
with the aim of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions and
supporting decision-making.

Computer technician. This is a person who repairs and maintains computers

and servers. The technician‘s responsibilities may extend to include installing
and updating software packages etc.

Network architects. Network architects design and build data

communication networks, including local area networks, wide area networks
and intranets.

STORAGE MEASUREMENT ISSUES

1. Bit; this is an equivalent of a single binary digit i.e. either 1 or 0.

2. Byte; this is the smallest unit for measuring computer memory. A byte is
equivalent to eight (8) bits i.e. 1 byte = 8bits
3. Character; this refers to any letter, number, symbol or anything that can be
typed on a computer‘s screen. A character is equivalent to a byte i.e.
1character = 1 byte = 8 bits
4. Kilobyte; this is approximately equal to a thousand bytes or 1024 bytes i.e. 1
KB = 1000 or 1024 bytes

112
5. Megabyte; it is approximately equal to one million bytes or 1048576 bytes
i.e. 1 MB = 1000 or 1024 Bytes 1 MB = 1,000,000 bytes or 1048576 bytes
6. Gigabyte; it is approximately equal to 1 billion bytes i.e. 1 GB = 1000 or
1024 MB, 1 GB = 1,000,000,000 or 1,073,741,824 bytes
7. Terabyte; it is approximately equal to one trillion bytes i.e. 1 TB =
1,000,000,000,000 bytes.
Examples;
How many bits are in the word ―school‖?
School = 6 characters
1 character = 8 bits
6 characters = y

Y = 8x6
Y= 48 bits
How many bytes are in 64 bits? Let the number of bytes be X
1 byte = 8 bits
X = 64

X = 8bytes
How many characters are in 1000 bytes?
1 byte = 1 character
1000 bytes = 1000 characters
The number of characters is 1000.
Convert 2000 MB into GB Let the number of GB is y.
1 GB = 1000 MB

Y=2 GB
NETWORK TERMS
Internet; this is the world-wide network of computers accessible to anyone who
knows their Internet Protocol (IP) address.
The IP address is a unique set of numbers (such as 209.33.27.100) that defines
the computer's location.
113
Intranet is a private network that allows access to organization data/information
to only members of the organization.
Extranet is a private network that allows access to organization
data/information to members within the organization and some authorized
outsiders like suppliers
Routers are physical devices that join multiple wired or wireless networks
together
A Gateway is a device that acts like a security guard and only allows data in or
out if it has the right network headers
A network switch is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers
together within one local area network (LAN)
A hub is usually a small rectangular box, often made of plastic, which receives
its power from an ordinary wall outlet. Or a multiport repeater to enhance
signal within the same LAN
A hub joins multiple computers (or other network devices) together to form a
single network segment
A packet is a formatted block of data carried by a computer network
Ethernet hubs are by far the most common type, but hubs for other types of
networks such as USB also exist
A hub includes a series of ports that each accepts a network cable
Small hubs can network four computers together
They contain four or sometimes five ports
Firewall a machine and its software that serve as a special gateway to a
network, protecting it from inappropriate access.
Ethernet is a physical and data link layer technology for local area networks
(LANs).
Bandwidth. Bandwidth: amount of data that can be transmitted at a time or a
rate of data transmission or a range of frequencies in a given transmission
medium.
System recovery is the process of restoring the computer to its original settings.
(Original factory software configuration)
What is System Restore?
System Restore is a recovery tool in Windows that allows you to reverse
certain kinds of changes made to the operating system.
114
What is System Restore Used For?
System Restore is used to return important Windows files and settings like
drivers, registry keys, system files, installed programs, and more - back to
previous versions and settings.
The System Recovery Options menu is a group of Windows repair, restore, and
diagnostic tools.
DEVICE DRIVERS; A device driver is a program that controls a particular
type of device that is attached to your computer. There are device drivers for
printers, displays, CD- ROM readers, diskette drives, and so on.
Plug-and-play; a plug and play is a specification that facilitates the discovery
of a hardware component in a system without the need for physical device
configuration or user intervention in resolving resource conflicts
Refers to the ability of a computer system to automatically configure expansion
boards and other devices.
A plug and play device is a hardware that can be automatically configure with
the computer without user‘s intervention, such devices do not need drivers.
Configuration
The way a system is set up, or the assortment of components that make up the
system. Configuration can refer to either hardware or software, or the
combination of both.
Many software products require that the computer have a certain minimum
configuration.
For instance, a typical configuration for a PC consists of 32MB (megabytes)
main memory, a floppy drive, a hard disk, a modem, a CD-ROM drive, aVGA
monitor, and the Windows operating system.
Configuration can also refer to preferred hardware and Software (specific to a
particular computing environment) will interact.
The devices that may be configured include:
The hard drive (disc) setting partitions.
The disc drives. The printers.
Monitors. To the desired display.
Installation: refers to the process of adding hardware components to the
computer or activating software such that it works with the computer.
Software Installation: is the process of activating software such that it works
115
with a computer.
Hard ware installation: Refers to the process of adding hard ware components
to the computer.eg disc drive, printer, camera
An installation program or installer is a computer program that installs files,
such as applications, drivers, or other software, onto a computer.
Uninstaller utility software is a program that deactivates an application from
the computer.
Program Files' is a standard folder in Microsoft Windows operating systems in
which applications that are not part of the operating system are conventionally
installed.
A software suite or application suite is a collection of computer programs —
usually application software or programming software
In computers, a suite is a set of usually related programs sold together in a
single package. Sometimes called "bundled software," suites.
Definition of computing: The process of utilizing computer technology to
complete a task.

Computing definition, the use of a computer to process data or perform

calculations.
Usenet is a worldwide distributed discussion system available on computers.
What is digital migration?
Digital Broadcasting Migration is a process in which broadcasting services
offered on the traditional analog technology are replaced with digital based
networks over a specific period. The transition or switch from analog television
to digital television is referred to as the Digital Migration.
The digital divide refers to the difference between people who have easy
access to the Internet and those who do not.
Encryption is the translation of data into a secret code. Encryption is the
process of encoding messages or information in such a way that only
authorized parties can read it.
Hacking is the process of exploiting vulnerabilities to gain unauthorized access
to systems or resources.
Hacking is identifying and exploiting weaknesses in computer systems and/or
computer networks.
116
The term ―cracking‖ means trying to get into computer systems in order to
steal, corrupt, or illegitimately view data.
Cracking also means gaining unauthorized access to computer systems to
commit a crime, such as digging into the code to make a copy-protected
program run and flooding Internet sites, thus denying service to legitimate
users.
Software user interface
This is the visual part of a computer application or OS through which a user
interacts with a computer or software.

117