Founded 1991 by Md.

Alimullah Miyan 1991-2016

Yearlong Countrywide Silver Jubilee Celebration (2016-2017)

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Data Communication and Computer Networks

Abhijit Saha, Ph.D.

Professor
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
College of Engineering and Technology (CEAT)
IUBAT, Uttara, Dhaka
Email: [email protected]
 English is the First Language of IUBAT Campus

• This is mandatory for everyone including students in all

interactions and communications as of January 1, 2014.
• If any student face difficulty, s/he is advised to contact
Mr Nazmul Haque Khan (Room No: 224/A, Cell:
01727277166, Email: [email protected], Ext: 460, )
for arranging special spoken English training.
• Violation of English as the First Language in the
Campus will lead to administrative and disciplinary
action.
• All are urged to help each other to develop the Facility
of Communicating in English as the First Language in
the Campus
 Layering

• Why Layering?
 Data communications requires complex procedures
o Sender identifies data path / receiver
o System negotiate responsiveness
o Translation of file formats
 A high level of cooperation is needed for all tasks to occur
 Provide framework to implement multiple specific protocols
per layer

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 Layered Tasks

• Three different activities at the sender and three at the receiver site
• Must be done in the order of the layers
• Each layer at the sending site uses the services of the layer right below it
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 The OSI Model

• The International Standards Organization (ISO) is a multinational

body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international
standards, established in 1947
• An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model, first introduced in the late 1970s

ISO is the organization

OSI is the model

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 The OSI Model (Cont’)

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 The OSI Model (Cont’)

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 The OSI Model (Cont’)

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 Layers in the OSI Model: Application Layer

Application layer is responsible for providing service to the user

• This layer provides user interfaces and support for services (e.g., electronic
mail, remote file access and transfer, shared database management etc.)
• Specific services provided by the application layer include the following
– Network virtual terminal
– File transfer, access, and management
– Mail services
– Directory services
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 Layers in the OSI Model: Presentation Layer

Presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression, and encryption

• This layer is concerned with syntax and semantics of data being transmitted
• As part of translation, encodes messages in a format that is suitable for
electronic transmission
• Data encryption, and compression are also done at this layer

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 Layers in the OSI Model: Session Layer

Session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization

• This layer establishes, maintains, and synchronized the interaction among

communicating systems
• Synchronization. Session layer allows a process to add checkpoints, or
synchronization points, to a stream of data
• Dialog control. Allows two systems to enter into a dialog (i.e. communication
takes place in either half-duplex or full-duplex mode)
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 Layers in the OSI Model: Transport Layer

Transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another

• This layer ensures the whole message arrives intact and in order, overseeing
both error control and flow control at the source-to-destination level
• Service-point addressing.
• Segmentation and reassembly.
• Connection control.

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 Layers in the OSI Model: Network Layer

Network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from source to destination

• This layer ensures that each packet gets from its origin to its final destination
• If two systems are attached to different networks (links) with connecting devices
between links, network layer is used to accomplish source-to-destination delivery
• Logical addressing. Network layer adds logical addresses of the sender and receiver
• Routing. Routers route the packets to their final destination

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 Layers in the OSI Model: Data Link Layer

Data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop to the next

•This layer transforms physical layer, a raw transmission facility, to a reliable link and it
makes physical layer appear error-free to the upper layer (network layer)
•Framing. Divides the stream of bits into frames
•Physical addressing. Adds a header to define the sender and/or receiver of the frame
•Flow control. This mechanism to avoid overwhelming the receiver (receiver slower than
sender);
•Error control. Detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames; Recognize duplicate frames
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 Layers in the OSI Model: Physical Layer

Physical layer is responsible for the movement of individual bits from one hop to the next

• Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium. This layer defines the

characteristics of the interface between the devices and the type of the physical
transmission medium
• Representation of bits. Define the type of encoding (how 0s and 1s are changed to
signals)
• Data rate. Bit duration
• Synchronization of bits. Sender and receiver clocks must be synchronized
• Physical topology. How devices are connected to each other
• Transmission mode. The direction of transmission
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 Summary of Seven layers OSI Model

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 Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
• TCP/IP is a network standard that defines how messages
are routed from one end of a network to another
• Four layers TCP/IP compared to OSI:
4. Application => Session, Presentation & Application
3. Transport
2. Internet => Network
1. Host-to-network => Physical & Data link
• However, Five layers are consider for TCP/IP protocol
suite

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 OSI model & Internet Protocol Stack
Layer OSI Model PDU TCP/IP Model Layer

7 Application
6 Presentation Data Application 5
5 Session
4 Transport Segment Transport 4
3 Network Packet Internet 3
2 Link Frame Link 2
1 Physical Bits Physical 1

• The first four layers provide: physical standards, network interface,

internetworking, and transport functions that correspond to the first
four layers of the OSI model
• The three topmost layers in the OSI model, represented in TCP/IP by a
single layer called the application layer
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 TCP/IP and OSI model

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 Internet Protocol Stack/
OSI Reference Model
•Application: Supporting network applications
•FTP, SMTP, HTTP
•Transport: Process-process data transfer
• TCP, UDP, SCTP
•Network: Routing of datagrams from source to destination
•IP, routing protocols
•Link: Data transfer between neighboring network elements
•Ethernet, 802.111 (WiFi), PPP
•Physical: Bits “on the wire”

•Presentation: Allow applications to interpret meaning of data, e.g.,

encryption, compression, machine-specific conventions
•Session: Synchronization, check-pointing, recovery of data exchange
•Internet stack “missing” these layers!
•these services, if needed, must be implemented in application
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 TCP/IP
Encapsulation and Decapsulation

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 TCP/IP
Encapsulation and Decapsulation (Cont’)
Example: (See the figure from previous-slide)
• When ‘Computer A’ sends a message to ‘Computer B’ using a chat program, the
message data is passed from Application layer (chat program) to Transport
layer. The Transport layer wraps (encapsulates) the entire data and adds the
TCP header/footer (it can be UDP data/footer depending on application), after
that send to lower layer, Network layer. The Network layer wraps the received
data and adds the IP header/footer, sends to Link layer. The same process
happens in Link layer and then the encapsulated data is sent through physical
network link to the Internet
• When the encapsulated data arrived at the destination (‘Computer B’), the
unwrapping (decapsulation) process would happen. The Link layer removes its
frame header and footer from the encapsulated data, moves it to upper layer,
Network layer. The Network layer would also remove the IP header/footer and
pass the remains to Transport layer. The same process happens in Transport
layer and the original data is passed to Application layer. End user of ‘Computer
B’ would then see the message end user of ‘Computer A’ typed at last.
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 Addressing
• Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the
TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific
• Each address is related to a one layer in the TCP/IP architecture

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 Physical Addresses
• A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical address
87. The two nodes are connected by a link (bus topology LAN).
• The computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and the computer with
physical address 87 is the receiver.
• In most data link protocols, the destination address (87) comes before the
source address (10).

Figure 2.19 Physical addresses

• Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12

hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon.
07:01:02:01:2C:4B A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
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 Logical Addresses

The physical addresses will change from hop to hop

but the logical addresses usually remain the same
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 Port Addresses

The physical addresses will change from hop to hop

but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same
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 Specific Addresses

• Some application have user-friendly addresses that designed for

that specific address
 e-mail addresses: ([email protected]) to define the recipient of an e-mail
 URL addresses: (www.google.com) to find a document on WWW

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