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Antenna Arrays Session 1: EELE 5333 Antenna & Radio Propagation

This document provides an overview of antenna arrays, which are used to increase the directivity of antennas. It discusses how antenna arrays work by having the partial fields from individual antenna elements interfere constructively in desired directions and destructively in other directions. The key controls for shaping an antenna array pattern are listed as the array geometry, element displacement, excitation amplitude, excitation phase, and element patterns. A two-element array is analyzed as an example, showing how the null locations can be controlled by adjusting the element spacing and phase difference between elements.

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53 views22 pages

Antenna Arrays Session 1: EELE 5333 Antenna & Radio Propagation

This document provides an overview of antenna arrays, which are used to increase the directivity of antennas. It discusses how antenna arrays work by having the partial fields from individual antenna elements interfere constructively in desired directions and destructively in other directions. The key controls for shaping an antenna array pattern are listed as the array geometry, element displacement, excitation amplitude, excitation phase, and element patterns. A two-element array is analyzed as an example, showing how the null locations can be controlled by adjusting the element spacing and phase difference between elements.

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HOD E&TC
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EELE 5333

Chapter 6:
Antenna &
Antenna Arrays Radio
Session 1 Propagation

Part II:
Antenna
Re-Prepared by families
Dr. Mohammed Taha El Astal
Winter 2020
Acknowledgment

This PPT is prepared based mainly on Dr.Talal Skaik’s PPT and Balanis
Antenna Book
Introduction
• Usually the radiation patterns of single-
element antennas are relatively wide, i.e.,
they have relatively low directivity (gain).
• Enlarging the dimensions of single
elements often leads to more directive
characteristics.
• Another way to increase directivity is by
assembly of radiating elements in a proper
electrical and geometrical configuration to
form antenna array.
3
Antenna Arrays
• Usually, the array elements are identical. This is not necessary but it is practical
and simpler for design and fabrication.
• The individual elements may be of any type (wire dipoles, loops, apertures, etc.)

Large planar array antenna of a VHF Russian


mobile air defense radar, the Nebo-M. It Array of four helical antennas used as
consists of 175 folded dipole antennas. a satellite tracking antenna, Pleumeur-
Bodou, France 4
Antenna Arrays
• To provide very directive pattern, it is
necessary that the partial fields (generated
by the individual elements) interfere
constructively in the desired direction
and interfere destructively in the
remaining space.

• Arrays can provide the capability of a


steerable beam (radiation direction
change).

5
Antenna Arrays
In an array of identical elements, there are at least five controls that can be used
to shape the overall pattern of the antenna. These are:

 The geometrical configuration of the overall array (linear,


circular, rectangular, spherical, etc.)
 The relative displacement between the elements
 The excitation amplitude of the individual elements
 The excitation phase of the individual elements
 The relative pattern of the individual elements

6
Antenna Arrays Types, based on geometrical configuration

Depending in the physical location of the discrete elements:

7
Antenna Arrays Types, based on radiation patterns

8
Antenna Arrays

9
Antenna Arrays-Two Element Array
Let us assume that the antenna under investigation is an array of two infinitesimal
horizontal dipoles positioned along the z-axis.

10
Antenna Arrays-Two Element Array
The total field radiated by the two elements, assuming no coupling between the
elements, is equal to the sum of the two and in the y-z plane it is given by:

where β is the difference in phase excitation


between the elements.
The magnitude excitation of the radiators is identical.

j( / 2)
I1  I 0e
j( / 2)
I 2  I0e 
11
Antenna Arrays-Two Element Array

Assuming far
field observations

12
Antenna Arrays-Two Element Array

Assuming far
field observations

13
Antenna Arrays-Two Element Array

• The total field of the array is equal to the field of a single element positioned at
the origin multiplied by a factor which is widely referred to as the Array Factor.

• Thus for the two-element array of constant amplitude, the array factor is given
by:

which in normalized form can be written as

14
Antenna Arrays-Two Element Array

• The array factor is a function of the geometry of the array and the excitation
phase.
• By varying the separation d and/or the phase β between the elements, the
characteristics of the array factor and of the total field of the array can be
controlled.
• It has been illustrated that the far-zone field of a uniform two-element array
of identical elements is equal to the product of the field of a single element,
at a selected reference point (usually the origin), and the array factor of that
array. That is,

• This is referred to as pattern multiplication for arrays of identical elements


15
Antenna Arrays-Two Element Array (Example)
Example
For the previous array, find the nulls of the total field when d=λ/4 and:
β=0 , β=+π/2 , β=+π/2
For β=0 : The only null occurs at θ = 90◦ and is due to the
pattern of the individual elements. There is not
enough separation between the elements to
introduce a phase difference of 180◦ between
the elements.

16
Antenna Arrays-Two Element Array (Example)
For β=0

The array factor is nearly


isotropic, the element pattern
and the total pattern are
almost identical in shape.

17
Antenna Arrays-Two Element Array (Example)
For β= +π/2 :

The nulls of the array occur at θ = 90◦ and


0◦. The null at 0◦ is introduced by the
arrangement of the elements (array factor).

18
Antenna Arrays-Two Element Array (Example)

For β= +π/2

19
Antenna Arrays-Two Element Array (Example)
For β= -π/2 :

The nulls occur at 90◦ and 180◦.


20
Antenna Arrays-Two Element Array (Example)

For β= -π/2

21
Dr. Mohammed Taha El Astal
[email protected]
[email protected]
11/2020

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