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This document provides an introduction to digital relays for power system protection. It outlines the course layout, which covers basic concepts of digital relays, applications of digital relays, and advancements in digital relay applications. It also classifies relays based on number of inputs, functions, time of operation, and construction. The document discusses the generations of protective relays from electromechanical to numerical/digital relays and intelligent electronic devices. It provides details on electromechanical and static relays, including their advantages and limitations.

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Sagar Mudunuri
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76 views16 pages

Lec 1

This document provides an introduction to digital relays for power system protection. It outlines the course layout, which covers basic concepts of digital relays, applications of digital relays, and advancements in digital relay applications. It also classifies relays based on number of inputs, functions, time of operation, and construction. The document discusses the generations of protective relays from electromechanical to numerical/digital relays and intelligent electronic devices. It provides details on electromechanical and static relays, including their advantages and limitations.

Uploaded by

Sagar Mudunuri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIGITAL PROTECTION OF POWER SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL RELAYS


PROF. BHAVESHKUMAR R. BHALJA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

1
Course layout

Part-1 Basic Concept of digital relay

Part-2 Application of digital relay

Part-3 Advancements in digital relays application

2
Classification of relays
1. Based on number of operating quantitates
 Single quantity(input) e.g. overcurrent relay
 Two-quantity (input) e.g. Differential, distance relay
 Multi-quantity (input)

2. Based on function they perform


 Over current, under/over voltage, distance, directional,
over fluxing, thermal, under power relays

3
Classification of relays
3. Based on time of operation
 Instantaneous relays
 Time-delayed relays
 IOC relays
 IDMT relays

4. Based on timeline/construction/operating principle


 Electromechanical, electrostatic, pre-programmed
microprocessor, digital signal processor, Intelligent
electronic devices(IED).
4
Generations of Protective Relays
1st Generation : Electromechanical Relays

2nd Generation : Static Relays


Protective
3rd Generation : Microprocessor based Relay Relay
Generations

4th Generation : Numerical/Digital Relay

5th Generation : Intelligent Electronics Devices

5
Timeline of Protective Relays

1800

6
Electromechanical Relays
 1st Generation:
 Works on electromagnetic induction.

 Mechanical force is generated due flow of current in


windings wounded on a magnetic core.

7
Electromechanical Relays
 Common electromechanical relays
 Thermal Relays
 Instantaneous/Time-delayed/Definite time/Inverse current
time/IDMT/Voltage controlled overcurrent relays
 Induction cup relays
 Differential relays
 Directional Relays
 Mho Relays
 Impedance/Reactance/Ohm Relays
 Auxiliary Relays
8
Electromechanical Relays
 Advantages

 Simple construction

 Easy to mount (still used by the utilities).

 High resistance to voltage transients (rugged in nature as


they can withstand voltage spike due to surges).

 Applicable for both AC or DC circuit

9
Limitations of Electromechanical Relay
 Change in relay characteristics due to aging

 Contains moving parts (suffer from the problem of Friction,


contact bounce, arcing, contact erosion, spring restraint etc. )

 Impose high burden on CTs/CVTs (due to higher VA


requirements of the circuits)

 High Overshoot/Resetting time/Transient Overreach

10
Limitations of Electromechanical Relay
 Low speed of operation (higher operating time)

 Requires periodic maintenance and testing

 No recording and storage facility

11
Static Relays
 Features
 Use semiconductor electronics components like diodes,
transistors, ICs, etc.
 Logic Gates (AND, OR, NAND, etc.)
 Flip-flops
 Decade counter
 Register
 Monostable/Astable multivibrator
 Arithmetic Unit
 Operational Amplifier
 Hex Schmitt trigger interface

Ref:- Areva T&D India Ltd., “MBCH12D1AB0751B," Areva T&D India Ltd. 12
Static Relays
 Advantages (compared to electromechanical relays):

 No moving parts (Friction, contact bounce, arcing,


contact erosion, spring restraint etc). This reduces
maintenance.

 Reduced burden on CT/PT (due to low VA requirements


of the circuits). Due to this (i) accuracy of CTs/PTs is
better (ii) CT operates in lower part of linear region (iii)
VA rating of CTs/PTs is lower, which reduces its size and
cost

13
Static Relays
 Advantages (compared to electromechanical relays):

 Better Response Time (of the order of cycle)

 Precise and complex characteristics (flexibility for mathematical


operations)

 Less Maintenance

 Low Overshoot/Resetting time/Transient Overreach

 High drop-off to pick-up ratio

14
Static Relays
 Limitations
 Mal-operation in case of temperature variations and
mechanical vibrations (need good filtering circuit, surge
suppression and shielding)

 Prone to voltage spikes (voltage transients due to LS/SS)

 Lower short time overload capacity

 Reduced reliability due to more number of components


(careful choice and better quality control)

15
Thank You

16

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