BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 4 SPECIFICATIONS – written or printed description of work

UAP DOCUMENT 301: GENERAL CONDITIONS describing qualities of materials and mode of construction
SECTION 1: DEFINITIONS SUPPLEMENTARY SPECS – addt’l info issued as an addition
CONTRACT DOCUMENTS – consists of the following: or amendment to provisions of specs.
1. Agreement SCHEDULE OF MATERIALS AND FINISHES – outline specs
2. General conditions enumerating type and trade names of materials used
3. Special provisions BREAKDOWN OF WORK AND CORRESPONDING VALUES –
4. Specifications list of work and corresponding value in materials & labor
5. Drawings including profit and overhead allowance.
OWNER – person ordering the project for execution WRITTEN NOTICE – info, advice or notification pertinent to
ARCHITECT – commissioned by the owner the project
ENGINEER – person so named in the contract document ACT OF GOD/ FORCE MAJEURE – catastrophes, phenomena
PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE – full time construction of nature, misfortunes and accidents which human
inspector hired by owner assisting in the supervision of the prudence cannot foresee or prevent.
work. TIME LIMITS – duration of time allowed by the contract for
CONTRACTOR – person or firm whose proposal has been project completion
accepted & contract awarded LOCAL LAWS – laws, ordinances, and government
SUB-CONTRACTOR – having direct contact with contractor, regulations applicable to the project
acts in behalf of the contractor in executing any part of the WORK – includes labor and materials, equipment,
contract transportation, faculties necessary for completion of the
SURETY – person, firm, or corporation providing guarantee project
for contractor’s bonds FURNISH - “purchase and/or fabricate and deliver to the
PROPOSAL – offer of a bidder jobsite”
PROPOSAL BOND – cashier’s check or surety bond with the INSTALL – build in, mount in positions, connect or apply
proposal submitted by the bidder to guarantee that the PROVIDE – “furnish and install”
bidder will enter into the contract.
SECTION 2: EXECUTION, CORRELATION AND INTENT OF
PERFORMANCE BOND – (15%) approved form of security
DOCUMENTS
furnished by the contractor as a guarantee to execute work
• Documents signed in quintuplicate by
in accordance with terms of the contract.
owner and contractor duly witnessed.
PAYMENT BOND – (15%) approved form of security
• Intent of contract documents – prescribe
furnished by the contractor as guarantee to pay all
the complete work
obligations arising from the contract
- Intention is to include labor, materials,
GUARANTEE BOND – (15%) approved form of security
equipment and transportation necessary
furnished by the contractor to guarantee to the quality of
for completion and Execution
materials and workmanship performed.
• Specs shall take control in discrepancies in
AGREEMENT – contract between owner and contractor
drawings and specs.
undertaking the project
• Any discrepancies, errors and omissions
ADVERTISEMENT/ INVITATION TO BID – notice or
shall be reported to the architect or engineer. Any
invitation issued to bidders giving information of the
work done involving errors are the contractor’s
magnitude and extent of the project, nature, etc.
risk.
BID BULLETIN – additional information on contract
• Architect or engineer shall furnish
documents
additional detail drawings and instructions
INSTRUCTION TO BIDDERS – list of instructions on consistent to contract documents.
preparation & conditions for award of contract
• Contractor and architect and engineer
DRAWINGS – graphical representation of work shall jointly prepare a schedule in accordance to
GENERAL CONDITIONS – printed documents stipulating progress of work.
procedural and administrative aspects of the contract • Contractor shall keep a copy of all
SPECIAL PROVISIONS – instructions that supplement or drawings, specs, breakdown of work, and schedule
modify drawings, specs, & general conditions of the of constructions work, instructions at the site.
contract.
 • Drawings, specs, and models are property 4. Kinds of materials and finishes Shop
of the architect and are to be returned at Drawings shall be dated and contain:
completion of work and before final payment to 1. Name of project
the contractor is made 2. Descriptive names of equipment,
ARTICLE 3: DRAWINGS AND SPECS materials and classified item numbers
• Owner shall furnish contractor 3 sets of 3. Location at which materials or
drawings and specs for free. equipment are to be installed.
• Drawings and models must cooperate with • Drawings shall be accompanied by a letter
specs to form as part of the contract documents. of transmittal containing name of project,
Figures are to be followed in preference to contractor, number of drawings, titles and other
measurement and scale. pertinent data.
• The contractor shall explain and verify any • Contractor shall submit 3 sets of prints of
doubt as to the meaning of the drawings and specs. shop drawings to the architect for approval. 1 copy
1. If there is a conflict in both shall be returned to the contractor with necessary
drawings and specs, the contractor, with corrections.
the architect’s permission, shall submit to 1. Contractor shall make corrections
the owner proposals as to which method and resubmit until approved by the
or material is required. If the less architect.
expensive work is done, the contractor 2. Contractor shall insert date of
shall credit the owner the amount approval on tracings and furnish the
equivalent to the difference of the architect with 3 additional prints of
expensive and less expensive work. approved drawings.
2. The contractor must first refer to 3. No work be done without
the architect before proceeding with the architect’s approval.
work. 4. Contractor shall mention specific
• Discrepancies in figures, drawings must be variations of shop drawings from contract
referred to the architect before any adjustment be documents in his letter of submittal.
made by the contractor. The decision of the • Contractor is responsible for accuracy of
architect will govern and must be followed by the shop drawings.
contractor.
ARTICLE 4: DETAIL DRAWINGS AND INSTRUCTIONS SECTION 2: LAWS, REGULATIONS, AND SITE CONDITIONS
• Supplementary drawings and instructions ARTICLE 6: LAWS, REGULATIONS, AND SITE CONDITIONS
shall be promptly supplied by the architect and • Contractor shall comply with all laws and
must conform to contract documents. Contractor regulations governing the project. If ever he resists
shall do no work without proper drawings and without the knowledge of the architect, he shall
instructions. bear the consequences.
• Contractor and architect shall prepare a • Before bidding, the contractor must visit
schedule a when detail drawings will be required. the site and make estimates of facilities and
ARTICLE 5: SHOP DRAWINGS difficulties attending to the scope of work and its
• Contractor shall prepare at his own execution.
expense and submit 2 copies of all shop drawings ARTICLE 7: PERMITS, TAXES AND SURVEYS
to the architect, who will make the necessary • All permits and licenses necessary shall be
corrections, and file the corrected copies. secured and fees paid by the contractor but may be
• Contractor shall check drawings before reimbursed from the owner, if such agreement
submitting to sub-contractors. exists beforehand. Contractor is responsible if
• Shop drawings shall represent: construction starts without necessary permits.
1. Working and erection dimension • Contractor will secure the occupancy
2. Arrangements and sectional views permit.
3. Necessary details • Contractor will pay taxes pertinent to
construction of the project.
 • Owner is responsible for establishment of 1. Submission shall be compiled by
boundaries made by a licensed surveyor. He may contractor.
delegate the responsibility to the contractor but 2. Data sheet or catalogue shall be
the owner must pay for surveyor’s fees. indexed according to specification, section
1. Contractor shall verify all grades, and paragraph.
lines and levels as indicated on drawings. 3. Submission shall become part of
2. Contractor shall provide batter the contract.
boards and maintain them. He shall 4. Catalogue data does not
establish grade marks at each floor line. supercede contract documents.
3. Contractor shall layout exact 5. It is contractor’s responsibility
location of partitions. that items be furnished fit the space
• Contractor shall pay the services of the available.
surveyor when so required to confirm location of 6. Contractor’s responsibility to
columns, piers, etc. required by the contract. Copy install equipment to operate properly.
of certification shall be furnished by the architect ARTICLE 10: MATERIALS, FIXTURES, APPLIANCES AND
and will represent as an independent verification of FITTINGS FURNISHED BY CONTRACTOR
the layout. • Names of proposed manufacturers,
1. Contractor shall furnish material men and dealers shall be submitted to the
certifications from the surveyor that all architect for approval.
partitions of work are in accordance with 1. No manufacturer shall be
contract requirements. approved unless he has a good reputation,
2. Surveyor shall verify and certify to capacity and adequate quality control.
lines and levels of any portion of work any 2. Transactions shall be made
time deemed necessary by the architect. through the contractor.
• Final verification shall be submitted upon 3. Contractor shall provide
completion of work before payment is made. manufacturers with complete sets of specs
and drawings.
SECTION 3: EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
4. Manufacturer shall have
ARTICLE 8: GENERAL
materials supplied by him properly coded
• All materials and equipment must
or identified in accordance with existing
conform to all laws governing the project.
standards.
• Contractor shall obtain necessary permits
• Contractor shall furnish samples specified
and pay fees covered within period of construction.
for approval.
Contractor shall bear any and all damages by
1. 3 samples shall be submitted.
reason of any delay in work.
2. Samples shall be labeled, bearing
ARTICLE 9: EQUIPMENT material name and quality.
• Architect and engineer must refer to 3. If specs require manufacturer’s
equipment by catalogue number and name. installation directions, directions shall
1. Contractor shall furnish complete accompany samples for approval.
lists of substitutions prior to signing of 4. 3 copies of letter of transmittal
contract. from contractor shall accompany all
2. Contractor shall abide by samples.
architect and engineer’s judgment when 5. Transportation charges to
proposed items of equipment are judged architect’s office must be prepaid.
to be acceptable. General contractor shall
6. No orders of materials are to be
submit proposals for substitutions in
made without architect’s approval.
writing.
7. No substitution for materials be
• Contractor shall furnish 3 copies of
made without architect’s approval.
complete catalogue data for every item of
• Samples for materials to be used for
equipment.
substitution shall be approved by architect.
 • Contractor shall submit samples for • TEMPORARY ROADWAYS – provide
testing to the architect. proper access
• All costs for shipping, handling and testing • TEMPORARY STAIRS, LADDERS, RAMPS,
of samples are to be paid by the contractor. and RUNWAYS – such shall meet requirements of
• Quality of materials used shall be of best local laws.
grade and new otherwise specified. • TEMPORARY ELEVATORS AND HOISTS –
• Contractor shall provide space for install adequate number of elevators and hoists
subcontractors’ storage and work force. located at sufficient distance from exterior walls.
• All materials affected by moisture shall be • TEMPORARY ENCLOSURES – exterior
stored and protected from the weather. doors shall be equipped with self-closing hardware;
• Moving materials will be done at the windows equipped with removable sash frames.
contractor’s expense. • TEMPORARY OR TRIAL USAGE – privilege
• Defective materials or materials not of owner.
conforming to specs shall be used upon approval. • REMOVAL OF TEMPORARY STRUCTURES
The architect shall have the authority to remove or – contractor shall remove all temporary structures
replace such deducting the cost from the erected by him and shall clean premises as
contractor. condition of completing the work.
• Contractor shall pay for royalties and
SECTION 5: PROTECTION OF WORK AND OWNER’S
license fees on patented materials furnished by
PROPERTY
him. ARTICLE 16: PROTECTION OF WORK AND OWNER’S
• All materials shall be applied and installed PROPERTY
following the manufacturer’s directions.
• The contractor shall maintain and protect
owner’s property from damage.
SECTION 4: PREMISES AND TEMPORARY STRUCTURE
1. The contractor shall provide
ARTICLE 14: USE OF PREMISES
watchmen (competent enough for the
• Contractor shall confine materials to limits
architect) and provide all doorways with
indicated by law.
locks. It is the contractor who shall lock
Contractor shall not load or permit any part of the
and close the doors after each day’s work.
structure to be loaded with a weight that will
2. No smoking except on designated
disregard the safety of others.
areas. No building of fires except with the
ARTICLE 15: TEMPORARY STRUCTURES
consent of the architect.
• OFFICE AND CONTRACTOR’S BUILDING –
3. Contractor shall provide barrels of
wooden floor raised above ground; room of
water and buckets for the main purpose of
approx.
fire protection and should not be used for
12 sq.m. for the architect,
any other reason.
• HOUSING FOR WORKERS – tents or 4. Contractor shall provide adequate
protection on designated areas. number of fire extinguishers.
• SANITARY FIXTURES AND 1ST AID
• Old materials of value shall be piled in
STATION – ample sanitary toilets and other areas designated by the owner or architect and are
conveniences including water connections.
in the responsibility of the contractor.
• TEMPORARY BARRICADES AND GUARD
• Existing trees and shrubs are to be boxed
LIGHTS – necessary for proper prosecution and and protected from damage. Cutting of trees in site
completion of work. Lights located at false work
must have consent of the architect.
tower to be provided by contractor.
1. Plants needed to be transplanted
• TEMPORARY WATER, POWER, AND
within 50 meters must be done at the
TELEPHONE FACILITIES – provided by contractor expense of the contractor.
through arrangements with local utility companies.
• Damage to trees, etc shall be made good
All expenses paid by the contractor
by the contractor at his own expense.
• TEMPORARY SIGNS – no advertisements
ARTICLE 17: PROTECTION OF ADJACENT PROPERTY AND
to be displayed without architect’s approval.
EXISTING UTILITIES
 • Contractor shall protect adjacent property • The owner, architect and representatives
and existing utilities as provided by law and shall have access to work for inspection. Contractor
contract documents at his own expense. He is liable shall provide proper facilities for access and
and must pay for all damages by his acts and inspection.
negligence or by his employees. 1. The contractor shall give the
ARTICLE 18: PROTECTION OF LIFE, WORK AND PROPERTY architect and party a notice of its
DUE TO EMERGENCY readiness for inspection. If work
• In cases of emergency where a life is at should be covered up without
stake, the contractor may have the power to act approval, the architect may uncover it
without consultation. Any compensation claimed for examination at contractor’s
by the contractor shall be determined by expense.
agreement or arbitration. 2. Re-examination of work may be
ordered by the architect and
SECTION 6: LABOR, WORK AND PAYMENTS uncovered by the contractor. If work
ARTICLE 19: LABOR is found not in accordance with the
• The contractor must employ competent contract, the contractor shall pay for
and efficient workmen and must act, upon request the cost.
of the architect, to discharge or remove any 3. Contractor shall furnish promptly
employee deemed incompetent. Should the without additional charge all facilities,
contractor fail to do so, the architect may withhold labor, and materials necessary for safe
payment or suspend work until such orders are inspection without delaying schedule
complied with. of work.
• The supervisor must be a licensed 4. The architect may examine work
engineer or architect who will work personally and already completed before final
inspect at least once a week. acceptance. If work is found defective
• The contractor shall keep a competent due to contractor’s fault, he shall
project engineer who will represent the contractor defray all the expenses of such
in his absence. His decisions are binding to the examination and satisfactory
contractor and he has full authority to execute the reconstruction. If work is found to be
orders or directions of the architect. satisfactory, actual cost of labor and
ARTICLE 20: WORK materials in examination plus 15%
• The contractor shall use methods and shall be allowed the contractor and
appliances necessary to complete the work within granted extension time on account of
contract time. additional work.
1. The architect may order the • Contractor shall perform any work during
contractor to increase efficiency or an emergency. He may inform the architect and
improve system of operation. Failure engineer of the emergency as soon as practicable.
of the architect to demand such does • Adjustment of drawings to suit field
not relieve contractor of his liability to conditions may be necessary during construction.
the contract. The contract recognizes the essence of this as long
2. The contractor shall furnish as resulting overruns and underruns do not exceed
approved full information and 5%. Discrepancies shall be submitted immediately
evidence of appliances used if to the architect before adjustments.
required. • The owner may at any time change or alter
• Stakes, benchmarks placed by contractor by adding or deducting from work without
shall be gradually preserved and maintained by the invalidating the contract by stating the changes to
Contractor. If such are displaced or damage due to be made in writing.
neglect, the contractor must replace them at his • If sub-surface conditions that are different
own expense. from that on the drawings are discovered, the
architect must be informed immediately. He must
investigate and make the necessary changes in the • Upon notice of completion of work from
drawings and specs. the contractor, the architect shall immediately
• If changes in work may cause an increase inspect the project. If the work is substantially
or decrease in the amount due, the contract shall complete (not less than 98% is finished), the
be modified in writing and the contractor shall architect shall issue a certificate of completion of
furnish proportionate additional performance work in respect to the work.
bond. • Prior to the issuance of the certification of
• Value of extra work shall be determined by completion, the contractor must execute a written
the following: undertaking to finish any work during the period of
1. Estimate and acceptance in lump Making Good of Known Defects or Faults (period of
sum not more than 60 days).
2. Unit prices stipulated in contract • The contractor shall execute at his own
provided that the extra does not exceed expense all work necessary for making good of
20% of the original contract details. known defects within the period of 60 days after
3. Actual direct cost plus 15% for the issuance of the certificate of completion or
contractor’s profit, overhead and within 15 days after its expiration as a result of the
contractor’s tax. Contractor shall present a inspection by the architect. If the owner is
correct account of costs with vouchers. responsible for the defect, the value of work will be
The architect will certify the 15% regarded and paid for as additional work.
allowance for overhead and profit of the • The contractor shall search for cause of
contractor. any defects and faults in the project. If the cause of
• Claim of adjustment must be asserted the defect is something the contractor is not liable
within 15 days from date of the order of change for, the owner will pay for the cost of work carried
unless architect will extend the time. out by the contractor. But if the cause binds the
• Architect shall have the authority to make contractor liable, the cost of searching, repair,
minor changes in the work not involving extra cost. rectification and make good of such defect shall be
• Owner reserves to right to employ other borne by him.
persons to perform the extra work. ARTICLE 21: TIME OF COMPLETION OF WORK
• If any instructions in drawings involve • Written notice to proceed work shall be
extra cost, the contractor will inform the architect given to the contractor following the execution of
through written notice within 15 days after the the contract agreement.
receipt of such instruction. If delays incur in • Contractor shall complete all the work
mobilization of work, the contractor must give the contracted in the time stated. Computation of the
architect a written notice within 15 days after contract time shall commence on the 7th day from
recognition of delay and proceed to claim the extra receipt of the notice to proceed.
cost. • Contractor shall submit the schedule of
• Contractor shall keep the premises free of work in CPM form or any form acceptable to the
waste materials from the accumulation of work. architect, indicating the approximate dates each
After the work is completed, he shall remove all his item will be started and completed, for approval.
rubbish, scaffolding, surplus materials and turn • Contractor will be allowed an extension
over the work to the occupants with: based on the following reasons:
1. All dirt, stains from floors, walls, 1. Delay due to the employees of the
ceiling, etc. removed. owner and the owner himself, act of
2. All woodwork, hardware and god or force majeure, delay by the
metalwork cleaned and polished. architect pending arbitration, the
3. All glazing, marble and tile work contractor shall within 15 days from
washed and polished. the occurrence of such delay file the
• The owner has the right to use the necessary request of extension for the
completed portions of the work regardless of the approval of the architect. No
time of completion of work. extension of time shall be granted for
 failure of owner to furnish materials contract has been accomplished, no retention
unless they be required for proper shall be made.
execution of work or contractor shall • The contractor, at his own expense, shall
have made request for them 10 days furnish the architect progress photographs which
before they are actually needed. shall be taken monthly.
2. Written consent of bondsmen 1. Photograph size shall be 6” by 8”.
must be attached to any request for Four exposures shall be taken (2 copies for
extension and submitted to the each exposure = 8), a total of 8 prints to be
owner. delivered to the architect, and all
3. If there is increase in work and the negatives bearing the date of exposure
contract time is unreasonably short, and name of work.
the time allowance for extension and 2. No partial payment may be
increases shall be agreed upon in considered for approval without the
writing. pictures accompanying request for
4. If no schedule or agreement payment.
stating upon which drawings shall be • 15 days upon receipt of the request for
furnished is made, then no claim for payment, the architect shall either issue a
delay shall be allowed on the account certificate of payment or withhold the request and
of failure to furnish drawings until 2 inform the contractor in writing the reasons for
weeks after demands for such withholding it. The certificate of payment shall
drawings. include the value of work accomplished during the
5. If work is interrupted for any period of time covered by the certificate.
reason, it must be resumed on the • The architect may recommend
removal of the cause of delay. withholding of payment on any of the following:
6. Contractor shall submit written 1. Defective work not remedied.
notice to the architect at least 10 days 2. Reasonable evidence indicating
prior to beginning, suspending or probable filing of claims.
resuming the work to the end that the 3. Failure of contractor to make
architect may make preparations for payments to sub-contractors or for
inspection without delaying the work. material and labor.
All delays resulting from failure of the 4. Reasonable doubt that the
contractor are the contractor’s risk. All contract can be completed for the balance
extra costs due to such delay will be then unpaid.
deducted from the final payment. 5. Damage to another contractor.
• If failure to complete work at the said • The architect shall estimate the value of
contract time, the contractor will pay the owner work using the breakdown of work and
the liquidated damages in the amount stipulated in corresponding values as a basis. Estimates of the
the contract agreement. architect are considered final and conclusive
ARTICLE 22: PAYMENTS evidence of the amount of work performed and
• The contractor shall, within 15 days from shall be basis for the full measure of the
receipt of notice to proceed, submit a complete compensation of the contractor, but bear in mind
breakdown of work and corresponding value for that the estimates are approximate only.
approval and will be used as basis for all requests • Within 15 days from the date of approval
for payment. of a request for payment and issuance of
• The contractor shall submit a request for certificate of payment, the owner shall pay the
payment for work done, not more than once each amount as certified, or such other amount he
month. deems is due the contractor informing both the
Each request shall be computed from the work contractor and architect in writing his reasons for
completed on all items listed in the breakdown of paying the amended amount.
work, less 10% retention. When 50% of the
• The contractor shall pay promptly his 2. The making and acceptance of the
workmen, materials and equipment used, taxes final payment shall constitute a waiver of
and remit all amount withheld from salaries and all claims by the contractor.
wages of his employees. If required by the owner, • The final certificate of payment nor any
the contractor shall swear before an officer duly provisions may relieve the contractor of
authorized to administer oath that all persons who responsibility for faulty materials. He shall remedy
have done work and all materials furnished have defects and pay for the damage, which will appear
been paid for. within a year’s period from date of acceptance of
• No payments shall be made in excess of work by the owner.
65% of the contract price unless a notarized • No provision may limit the contractor’s
statement is submitted by the contractor to the liability to defects.
effect that all bills for labor, other than current • The owner shall give notice of observed
wages, and bills for materials have been paid. defects with reasonable promptness. All questions
• The contractor shall promptly remove shall be decided by the architect whose decision
from the premises all work condemned by the shall be subject to arbitration.
architect as failing to conform to the contract. He • The amount retained by the owner shall
shall replace and re-execute his own work in be released 3 months after the date of the final
accordance to the contract documents at his own payment.
expense.
• The contractor shall submit the following SECTION 7: CONTRACTOR-SEPARATE CONTRACTOR-SUB-
before final payment is made: CONTRACTOR RELATIONSHIP
1. Certificate of final building ARTICLE 23: SEPARATE CONTRACTS TO OTHER
occupancy CONTRACTORS
2. Certificate of final inspection of • Owner reserves the right to let other
utilities contractors in connection to the work.
3. Original and 3 sets of prints of “as- ARTICLE 24: CONTRACTOR-SEPARATE CONTRACTORS
built-drawings” of electrical, sanitary, gas, RELATION
telephone and mechanical works. • The contractor shall provide other
4. 3 copies of directory of panel contractors the opportunity for introduction and
boards and list of circuits. storage of materials and shall properly connect and
5. 3 copies of instructions and coordinate his work with theirs.
manual for operating fixtures and • The contractor shall do the cutting,
equipment. patching and fitting required of his work and must
6. 3 copies of keying schedule. be fit to be received by work of other contractors.
7. Guarantee bond equivalent to • Any cost caused by defective work shall be
30% of the contract price covering a born by the party responsible. The contractor shall
period of 1 year after the final acceptance not endanger any work by cutting, etc. or cut and
of the work. alter any work done by the sub-contractor without
• The architect shall proceed to verify the the architect’s consent.
work, make final estimates, certify the completion • The contractor shall promptly inform the
of work and accept the same. architect of any defects done by the sub-
1. The owner shall then pay the contractors. His failure to inspect and report shall
contractor the remainder of the fee constitute an acceptance of proper execution of
provided that the final payment of the work by the subcontractor.
contract shall not be made until the • Should the contractor cause any damage
contractor has submitted a sworn of the work done by the sub-contractors, both
statement showing that all taxes due from parties will settle as such by an agreement and
him, all materials and labor have been duly relieve the owner of any liability, which may arise
paid. there from.
ARTICLE 25: SUB-CONTRACTS
 • At least 15 days prior to the date of 2. To submit to the contractor
bidding, the contractor shall seek the architect’s application for payment in such
clarification as to which particular areas for which reasonable time as to enable the
the competence of the sub-contractor shall be contractor to apply for payment.
subject to evaluation by the architect where after, 3. To make all claims for extensions,
the contractor may submit a list of prospective extras, and for damages for delays to the
subcontractors for the architect’s approval. contractor.
• The contractor is responsible for the acts • The contractor and sub-contractor agree
of his sub-contractors and persons directly that their rights and obligations and all procedure
employed by them. shall be analogous to those set forth in the
ARTICLE 26: contract.
CONTRACT
OR-SUB- SECTION 8: SUSPENSION OF WORK AND TERMINATION
CONTRACT OF THE CONTRACT
ORS ARTICLE 27: CONTRACTOR’S RIGHTS TO SUSPEND WORK
RELATIONS OR TERMINATE CONTRACT
• The • The contractor may suspend or terminate
contractor work upon 15 days written notice to the owner and
agrees: architect for the following:
1. To be bound to the sub- 1. Order of court or public authority
contractor by all the obligations assumed caused the work to stop or suspension for
by the owner to the contractor under the 90 days through no act of the contractor
contract documents. and employees.
2. To pay the sub-contractor, upon 2. If architect fails to act upon
the payment of certificates. request for payment within 15 days after
3. To pay the sub-contractor, to such presented.
extent as may be provided by the contract 3. If owner fails to act upon request
documents. for payment within 15 days after
4. To pay the sub-contractor on presented.
demand for his work or materials as far as 4. If owner fails to pay the
executed and fixed in place less the contractor within 30 days after its award
retained percentage at the time the by arbitration.
certificate should be issued. ARTICLE 28: OWNER’S RIGHT TO TERMINATE CONTRACT
5. To pay the sub-contractor adjust • The owner, upon certification of the
share of any fire insurance money received architect justifying his action, may terminate the
by the contractor. contract with the contractor within 15 days
6. To make no demand to the sub- written notice and surety of the contractor if any
contractor for liquidated damages or and take possession of the premises, tools,
penalty for delay in any sum in excess of materials, etc.
the amount stated in the sub-contract. • The owner shall terminate contract based
7. To give the sub-contractor an on the following:
opportunity to be present and to submit 1. If contractor declares bankruptcy
any evidence in any arbitration involving or assign assets to creditors.
his rights. 2. Disregard or violate provisions of
• The sub-contractor agrees: the contract documents or fail to
1. To be bound to the contractor by prosecute work according to schedule.
the terms of agreement in the contract 3. Fail to provide qualified
documents and to assume toward him all superintendents, workman, sub-
obligations assumed to him by the owner. contractors and materials.
 4. Fail to make payments to sub- • The contractor shall designate a member
contractors, workmen and dealers. of his organization whose duty shall be prevention
ARTICLE 29: OWNER’S RIGHT TO PROCEED AFTER WORK of accidents and damage to the owner’s property
TAKEOVER FROM CONTRACTOR and adjoining property and his name and position
• The contractor, upon receipt of notice of will be reported to the architect.
termination, shall vacate position and work stated • The owner shall not be responsible for the
in the notice. All materials, equipment, etc. shall following:
remain, at the option of the architect, for 1. Death of disease contracted by contractor
completion of work. or employees
• The owner shall take over the work and 2. Contractor’s plant or materials
proceed in administration. 3. Damages caused by the contractor to any
• The architect will ascertain and fix the property of the owner and adjoining property
value of work completed by the contractor. All damages are the contractor’s responsibility.
1. If expenditures of owner on • The contractor shall indemnify and save
completion of work including all charges harmless the owner against all losses and claims,
prior to termination of the contract are demands, payments, suits, actions, recoveries and
not in excess of the contract price, the judgment brought or recovered against him.
difference between total expenditures Claims for payment and repairs for damages shall be
and contract price may be applied to settle settled by the contractor at his own expense.
claims, and the balance may be paid to the ARTICLE 31: CONTRACTOR’S INSURANCE AND BONDS
contractor. • The contractor shall secure and maintain
2. No amount in excess of the such insurance from a company acceptable to the
combined value of completed work, owner. He shall not commence work until he has
retained percentage, and usable materials obtained insurance and shall have filed the
shall be paid. certificate of insurance or the certified copy of the
3. In case of suspension of work, all insurance policy to the owner. The policy will not
unpaid work and expenses incurred during be cancelled prior to 10 days’ written notice to the
suspension shall be evaluated by the owner of intention to cancel.
architect and paid for by the owner. • The contractor shall furnish a performance
• The full extent of damage the contractor bond of equal to 15% of the contract amount and
and/or his sureties shall be liable shall be: 15% payment bond covering payments and
1. Total daily liquidated damages obligations arising from the contract, as form of
until the date the owner takes over work. sureties for the owner and will remain in effect
2. Excess cost incurred by owner in until replaced by the guarantee bond.
completion of the project over the • The owner will release the performance
contract price, which includes and payment bonds after the expiration of 2
administrative services, supervision and months from the final acceptance of work. Only
inspection. after shall the contractor furnish a guarantee bond
in the amount of 30% of the total contract cost and
SECTION 9: RESPONSIBILITIES AND LIABILITIES OF shall be for a period of 1 year commencing from the
CONTRACTOR AND OF OWNER date of acceptance of work guaranteeing the
ARTICLE 30: CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILITY FOR quality of work and materials.
ACCIDENTS AND DAMAGES • Contractor’s guarantee-warranty:
• The contractor shall take necessary 1. The contractor shall secure
precautions for the safety of employees. The warranties from sub-contractors and
contractor shall erect barriers, supports, braces, deliver copies to the owner upon
shoring, danger signs and necessary safeguards to completion of work.
protect workmen from any accident and damage in 2. The contractor shall warrant all
the consequence of his work. work performed by him where guarantee
is required.
 3. The contractor shall warrant and 2. The owner’s consent of sub-
guarantee for a period of 1 year or for letting of work shall; not be granted until
longer periods so provided in the specs all the contractor furnishes the owner with
materials and workmanship installed evidence that the sub-contractor has
under the contract. ample insurance to the same extent.
4. The contractor hereby agrees to 3. The contractor shall exonerate,
make repairs to correct defective work indemnify and save harmless the owner
within a period of 5 days after written form any loss and expense caused by sub-
notice at his own expense within the letting.
agreed period of warranty. 4. In case of transfer without
5. The owner may have the previous consent, the owner may refuse to
defective work done and charge the cost carry out the contract, but rights to breach
against the amount retained, if the work the contract is reserved to the owner and
costs more than the retained amount, the the contractor.
contractor and his sureties will pay the • Claim for damages shall be made in writing
remaining balance. to the party liable within a reasonable time and not
ARTICLE 32: OWNER’S RESPONSIBILITIES AND LIABILITIES later than the final payment and shall be adjusted
• The owner, although optional, shall be by agreement or arbitration.
responsible and maintain such insurance to protect • Disputes:
him from personal injury including disease and 1. The architect shall make decisions
death of persons under his employment, etc. on all claims of owner and contractor on
• The owner and architect shall give a list of all matters relating to the progress and
personnel assigned to the project who need to be execution of work or interpretation of
covered by insurance and amount of coverage. contract documents.
ARTICLE 33: LIENS, DISPUTE AND ARBITRATION 2. The architect, whose decision is
• Before release of the final payment and final, will decide disputes, concerning
retained percentage, the contractor must deliver to questions of fact arising under the
the owner a complete release of all liens arising out contract.
of the contract, or receipts in full lieu. 3. if the architect fails to render a
• Assignment: decision within 15 days after parties
1. The contract shall not be assigned presented their evidence, either party
by the contractor without prior written may demand arbitration.
consent of the owner and such consent • All disputes, claims, questions subject to
shall not relieve the contractor from arbitration shall be settled in accordance with the
responsibility and liability of all terms and provisions of this UAP document.
conditions of the contract.

SPECIFICATIONS WRITING
Reference: UAP Doc 301 3. BRAND NAME SPECS. – the desired product is specified
Specifications - are written or printed description of work by the name given by the manufacturer or by the
to be done prescribing qualities of materials and modes manufacturer’s name and model number.
of construction. 4. REFERENCES SPECS. – the item desired is referred to
TYPES OF SPECIFICATIONS: by a number corresponding to a no. in a published
1. PERFORMANCE SPECS. – the results of the product, specification.
rather than the product itself, are specified. 5. CLOSED SPECS. – are usually brand- name
2. DESCRIPTIVE SPECS. – gives a description of the specification. (used basically where materials are
product. required to match existing material.)
TYPES:
a. SINGLE PRODUCT
b. MULTI – PRODUCT shall be erected at such places where they will not be
6. OPEN SPECS. – called “open” ‘ coz all manufacturers disturbed during the excavation of the building.
whose products meet performance or description EXCAVATION-
specified, may bid. CONTRACT TIME IS RECKONED 7 DAYS All excavations shall be made to grade indicated in the
FROM RECEIPT OF THE NTP. drawings. Where the building site is covered with any kind
60 DAYS (2 MOS.) – making good of the defects of fill, the excavation for footings should be made deeper
65% PROJ. COMPLETION – issue cert. of non-financial until the stratumn for safe bearing capacity of the soil is
reached.
obligation
Whenever water is encountered in the excavation process,
98% PROJ. COMPLETION – shall mean substantial
it shall be removed by bailing or pumping, care being taken
completion.
that the surrounding soil particles are not disturbed or
15 DAYS (W/IN) - owner will pay the contractor
removed.
30 DAYS - arbitration BACKFILLS.
REQUEST FOR PAYMENT - immediately or w/in 15 days After concrete for foundations is hard enough to withstand
(once a month) pressure resulting from fills, the materials removed from
excavations shall be used for backfill around them.
SAMPLE CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS Backfill and fills shall be placed in layers not exceeding
This set of Specifications shall govern the methods of 150mm in thickness, and each layer shall be thoroughly
construction and the kinds of materials to be used for the compacted by wetting, tamping and rolling.
proposed building shown in the plans and detail drawings. CONCRETE WORKS.
The plans, detail drawings and these Specifications shall be All concrete shall be mixed thoroughly until there is a
considered as complementing each other, so that what is uniform distribution of the cement and aggregates and
mentioned or shown in one, although not mentioned or should be deposited as nearly as practicable in its final
shown in the other, shall be considered as appearing on position, care being taken to avoid segregation of the
both. In case of conflict between the two, the same should aggregates.
be referred to the designing Architect/Engineer for Water to be used for mixing concrete shall be clean and free
resolution. from injurious amount of oil, acids, alkalis, salts and other
GENERAL CONDITIONS – organic materials.
All parts of the construction shall be finished with first class PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE-
workmanship, to the fullest talent and meaning of the plans All concrete works shall be done in accordance with the
and these Specifications, and to the entire satisfaction of standard specifications for plain and reinforced concrete as
the Architect/Engineer and the Owner. adopted by the Government. Cement to be used shall be
The construction shall conform to all the requirements of (Specify brand) portland cement. (Specify brand) pozzolan
the National Building Code, as well as the local rules and cement or any other equivalent brands more readily
regulations of the Municipality/city of __________ available in the locality. Alternative cements so selected
Philippines. must meet the requirements of Portland and pozzolan
CLEARING THE SITE- cements, and approved by the Architect or Engineer in
The building site shall be levelled according to the plans and charge of construction.
cleared of rubbish, roots and other perishable and The following proportions of concrete mixtures shall be
objectionable matters to a suitable subgrade. used for the various parts of the building:
All such unsuitable materials shall be removed from the Columns and footings - Class A (1:2:4)
building site and spread uniformly over the areas adjacent Conc. Holl. Blk. footings - Class B (1:2-1/2: 5)
to the proposed building, or otherwise disposed of as may Reinf. Conc. Beams and Slabs - Class A (1:2:4)
be directed by the Architect or Engineer in charge of the Concrete slab floor on fill - Class C (1:3:6)
construction. Septic Vault cover - Class A (1:2:4)
STAKING OUT THE BUILDING LINES. Class A concrete shall be a mixture of 1 part
The building lines shall be staked out and all lines and cement, 2 parts fine aggregate and 4 parts coarse aggregate
grades shown in the drawing established before any by volume, plus enough clean water to make the mixture
excavation is started. Batterboards and reference marks into a pliable paste.
 Class B concrete shall be a mixture of 1 part each bar intersection with Gauge No. 16 galvanized iron
cement, 2-1/2 parts fine aggregate and 5 parts coarse wire.
aggregate by volume, plus enough clean water to make the The steel reinforcing bars indicated for footings, columns,
mixture into a pliable paste. slabs, beams, girders and other concrete members shall all
Class C concrete shall be a mixture of 1 part conform to the number, size and spacing as indicated in the
cement, 3 parts fine aggregate and 6 parts coarse aggregate drawings or schedule of steel reinforcements.
by volume, plus enough clean water to make the mixture No metal reinforcement shall be installed in place unless it
into a pliable paste. is free from rust, scale or other coatings, which will destroy
The fine aggregate for concrete shall consist of or reduce the bond with concrete.
natural sand, or of inert materials with similar CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS
characteristics, having clean, hard and durable grains, free Concrete hollow blocks to be used in this project shall be
from organic matter or loam. (Specify brand).
The coarse aggregate for concrete shall consist of All exterior concrete hollow blocks to be used for first floor
crushed rock of durable and strong qualities. or clean and walls shall be at least 150mm thick while concrete hollow
hard gravel. Size of the coarse aggregate to be used shall blocks for interior walls unless otherwise indicated, shall be
vary from 20mm to 40mm (3/4" to 1-1/2"). 100mm thick. For interior CHB walls where plumbing pipes
FORMS FOR CONCRETE WORKS. and fittings shall be located, the thickness shall be at least
All forms for concrete works shall be properly braced or 150mm.
connected together so as to maintain the correct position Concrete hollow block to be used for walls above the first
and shapes of the concrete members. Forms shall be floor, shall be 100mm thick.
constructed sufficiently tight to prevent bulging and The concrete hollow block walls shall be laid, and the cells
seepage of water. filled with cement mortar consisting of 1 part portland
Forms shall not be removed until the concrete has attained cement and 3 parts sand by volume. They shall be
sufficient strength to support its own weight and any loads reinforced with round deformed bars 10mm diameter,
that may be placed on it. Side forms of beams and girders spaced not more than 0.80m on centers, bothways.
may be removed earlier than the bottom forms but All exposed surfaces of concrete hollow block walls shall be
additional posts or shoring must be placed under the beams finished with the specified materials indicated on the
or girders until they have attained their strength. elevation drawings.
CONCRETE SLAB FLOORS ON FILL. The mixture of cement plaster for concrete hollow block
Concrete slabs on fill shall be poured on a gravel bed of not wall finishes indicated in the drawing shall be 1 part cement,
less than 100m thick. Each concrete slab course to be 1 part lime and 3 parts sand.
poured shall not be more than one meter wide, and each FLOOR FINISHES
course shall be poured alternately to the indicated floor The materials to be used as floor finishes for the rooms of
finish. the building shall be as follows:
SECOND FLOOR TOILET-BATH AND BALCONY CONCRETE Entrance Porch - (Specify)
FLOOR SLABS Living Room - (Specify)
When preparing the concrete for upper floor slabs of Toilet- Dining Room - (Specify)
Bath and balcony it shall be made waterproof by adding Kitchen - (Specify)
(Specify brand) waterproofing compound to the mixture. Maid's Room - (Specify)
The proportion of the waterproofing compound to a given Bedroom (First Floor) - (Specify)
volume of concrete mixture shall be as recommended by Carport - (Specify)
the product manufacturer. Bedroom (Second Floor) and Hall - (Specify)
STEEL REINFORCING BARS- Balcony (Second Floor) - (Specify)
All steel reinforcing bars to be used in this construction shall TILE WALL AND FLOOR FINISHES
consist of round deformed bars with lugs or projections on The toilet and bathroom floors shall be finished with
their sides to provide a greater bond between the concrete (Specify brand) ceramic tiles carrying the brand, (Specify
and the steel. All steel reinforcing bars to be used shall be brand) Tiles.
(Specify brand).
The walls of the toilets, bathrooms, top of kitchen cabinets,
All steel reinforcing bars shall be accurately placed and and laundry tub, and their adjacent walls shall be
secured against displacement by tying them together at wainscoted with 200mm x 200mm (8" x 8") ceramic tiles.
Interior and exterior comers of tiled floors and walls shall 250mm. The ridge rolls, hip rolls and valleys shall be riveted
be provided with the necessary tile mouldings. to the roofing sheets, in addition to the rivets engaging the
All tiles for floor, walls and mouldings shall be free from GI straps in securing the roofing sheets to the purlins.
laminations, serrated edges, chipped-off comers and other All roofing sheets adjacent to concrete hollow block and
defects, which would adversely affect their appearance and other masonry walls such as at property line firewalls, shall
strength. All joints between ties and mouldings shall be be provided with Gauge No. 26 plain GI flashing to extend
filled with (Specify brand) white cement and then carefully up to the top and over to the other side of the wall. All rivets
wiped. shall be placed at the top of the corrugations of the roofing
Before the tiles and mouldings are laid in place, they shall sheets to prevent water from standing around the rivets.
be thoroughly soaked in water if recommended by the ELECTRICAL WORKS
manufacturer. Mortar to be used in setting the tiles and The electrical installation shall be done in accordance with
moldings shall be a mixture of 1 part cement and 2 parts the approved plans and under the direct supervision and
sand by volume. control of a licensed Professional Electrical Engineer or
LUMBER Master Electrician.
Lumber to be used in this project shall be well seasoned, All electric works and materials shall conform to the
thoroughly dry and free from loose or unsound knots, provisions of the latest edition of the Philippine or National
shakes or other imperfections impairing their strength or Electric Code.
appearances. The electrical wiring shall be installed thru (Specify brand)
The kind of lumber to be used for the vanous parts of the coilable PVC electrical conduit fittings and appurtenances
building shall be as follows: that conform with ISO dimensions.
Exterior door frames - (Specify) The type of electrical services to be supplied to the building
Interior door frames - (Specify) shall be 220V, AC, single phase.
Purlins, Wall Studs, Ceiling Joists, Cleats - (Specify) There shall be only one service drop from the nearest
Fascia Boards, Cabinets/Closet Shelves - (Specify) (Specify Electricity Company) pole to the proposed building.
Stair Treads, Stringers, Risers and Handrails - (Specify) Electric wires for light and power shall not be smaller than
FRAMES 13.5mm (AWG No. 12) 600V insulation.
All wood frames for windows, doors, cabinets and closets Electrical materials to be used for the electric installation
shall be done as much as possible, with carefully fitted shall be as follows:
mortise and tenon joints. All door and window frames to be Automatic Circuit Breaker - (Specify)
installed on concrete hollow block and other masonry walls Flush wall switches, Convenience outlets other wiring
shall be anchored with 76mm (3”) common wire nails all devices - (Specify)
around the contact surfaces. And all such contact surfaces Wires/Conductors - (Specify)
shall first be painted with (Specify brand) wood preservative (List other materials, if necessary)
before the frames are installed in place. The spare circuit shall be provided with an empty PVC pipe,
All unexposed lumber such as posts, plates, floor and roof size 19mm & which should extend least 300mm above the
beams, trusses or rafters, floor joists and bridging, purlins, ceiling line. The grounding wires shall be identified and all
cleats, ceiling joists, wall studs, etc. shall likewise be treated wires shall be color coded for easy identification.
with (Specify brand) wood preservative after they have The panelboard shall be provided with a circuit directory.
been installed in place. PLUMBING WORKS
ROOFING All plumbing works for this project shall be done in
The roof shall be covered with (Specify brand) pre-pointed accordance with the approved plans and under the direct
roofing sheets as shown on the plans. The roofing sheets supervision and control of a licensed Sanitary Engineer or
shall be secured to the purlins with 6mm dia. (1/4" dia) GI Master Plumber.
rivets and Gauge No. 26 plain GI straps cut long enough for Piping shall be properly graded or pitched to ensure easy
bending around the specified size or purlins. The straps shall circulation, drainage and prevent water hammer and noise.
each be at least 25mm wide with comers chipped off at the The plumbing installation shall conform with the provisions
riveting ends. of the National Plumbing Code and the rules and
Ridge rolls, hip rolls and valleys to be used shall be those regulations enforced in the locality.
compatible with the (Specify brand) pre-painted long-span Piping for drain, waste and vent shall be done using (Specify
roofing sheets. They shall lap the roofing sheets at least brand) uPVC push-on system. For the in-house water supply
installation (Specify brand) uPVC pipes and fittings shall be STORM DRAINAGE
used. All downspouts from the roof gutters shall end in concrete
The plumbing fixtures and accessories to be provided and catch basins, to which 6" reinforced concrete drainage
installed shall be as follows: pipes shall be connected leading to the street gutter
Water Closets (Specify brand and model) fronting the building.
Lavatories (Specify brand and model) PAINTING
Kitchen Sinks (Specify brand and model) All painting work for this project, except as hereinafter
Shower Heads (Specify brand and model) specified, shall be done with the use of (Specify brand) paint
Soap Holder (Specify brand) products.
Toil. Paper Holder. (Specify brand) The painting contractor shall supply all tabor, paint
Floor Drain Size 100mm x 100mm (4" x 4") Stainless Steel materials, tools, staging and equipment necessary, and shall
(List other materials, if necessary) perform all painting and finishing work as shown in the
Where a sanitary sewer system of sewage disposal is not in schedule of painting and finishing work for this project.
operation in the locality, a standard septic vault shall be The painting contractor shall store his materials in one place
constructed as shown in the drawings. in the building to be kept neat and clean, care being taken
DOORS AND DOOR FRAMES in the storage of paints, oils, etc. to prevent danger of fire.
Doors and door frames shall conform to the sizes, designs Oily rags shall be kept in metal containers and shall be
and kind of materials shown in the details of doors, removed from the building every end of the working day.
schedule of doors or as per the bill of materials. Upon completion of the painting works, the painting
All wooden doors shall be hung on at least 3 pieces of contractor shall remove any paint spots from all finished
102mm x 102mm (4" x 4") loose-pin bearing template work. He shall present his work to the Project owner or
hinges. Architect/Engineer in-charge d construction, free from
Door locksets to be used shall be (Specify brand) brand to blemishes and rubbish generated by his workers.
be installed 1024mm from the finished floor line. It shall be the painting contractor's responsibility to protect
Rails and rollers for the sliding doors shall be (Specify brand) his work and those of other contractors during the time his
STEEL WINDOWS work is underway. He shall be responsible for any damage
to the work or property of others caused by his employees
Steel windows to be used in this project shall conform to
or by himself.
the size and designs shown in the detail drawings or
schedule of steel windows, or as per the bill of materials. Before any painting is done, all surfaces shall be cleaned,
smoothed and freed from dust, dirt grease, mortar, rust and
JALOUSIE WINDOWS
other foreign substances. All parts where paint remover has
Jalousie windows to be installed shall conform to the detail
been used shall be washed off with paint or lacquer thinner.
drawings or schedule of jalousie windows, or as shown in
All paints shall be spread evenly and carefully.
the bill of materials. Hardwares and fittings for louver
All paint and paint materials shall be delivered to the
windows shall be galvanized-plated steel with rotor-
building site in unbroken packages, bearing the marks of the
operators.
specified brand. No adulteration of specified paints with
Glass jalousie slats shall be 5.5mm thick x 100mm wide. Use
other brands shall be allowed.
frosted glass blades for all bedroom areas and clear glass
____________
slats for all other rooms.
Project Owner
Glass jalousie windows shall be provided with aluminum
screens. Wrought iron grilles using at least 12mm square
steel bars shall be installed on all jalousie windows.

CONCRETE MIXTURES
CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTION
Cement Minimum Required
Class Proportion Sand Gravel Strength Water Uses
40kg 50kg Cylinder Cube
AAA 1:1:2 Pre-Stressed & Post Tensioned
Underwater retaining wall,
AA 1 : 1.5 : 3 12 9.5 0.5 1 4000 2400 2800 shear wall and elevator core
walls
 Footings, pier, columns,
A 1:2:4 9 7 0.5 1 3500 2000 2400 5
girders, beams, joists and slabs
Slabs on fill and non-load
B 1 : 2.5 : 5 7.5 6 0.5 1 3000 1600 2000 5.75
bearing wall or 4” CHB
Concrete plant boxes and
C 1:3:6 6 5 0.5 1 2500 1300 1600 6.5
parapet walls
Plant boxes, footpaths,
D 1 : 3.5 : 7 5 4 0.5 1 2000 1000 1200 7
walkway and lean concrete

CLASSIFICATION OF PORTLAND Portland Cement: hydraulic cement made by burning a mixture of clay and limestone in a
CEMENT rotary kiln and pulverizing the resulting clinker into a very fine powder, named for its
resemblance to a limestone quarried on the Isle of Portland, England.
Type I Normal A Portland cement used for general construction, having none of the distinguishing
qualities of the other types.
Type II Moderate A Portland cement having a reduced content of tricalcium aluminate, making it more
resistant to sulfates and causing it to generate less heat of hydration: used in general
construction where resistance to moderate sulfate action is required or where heat
buildup can be damaging, as in the construction of large piers and heavy retaining walls.
Type III High Early Strength A very finely ground Portland cement having an increased content of tricalcium silicate,
causing it to cure faster and gain strength earlier than normal Portland cement: used when
the early removal of formwork is desired, or in cold-weather construction to reduce the
time required for protection from low temperatures.
Type IV Low Heat A Portland cement having a reduced content of tricalcium silicate and an increased
content of dicalcium silicate, causing it; to generate less heat of hydration than normal
Portland cement; used in the construction of massive concrete structures, such as gravity
dams, where a large buildup in heat can be damaging.
Type V Sulfate Resisting A Portland cement having a reduced content of tricalcium aluminate, lessening the need
for gypsum, a sulfate normally added to cement to retard its setting time: used where
resistance to severe sulfate action is required.
Air-Entraining Portland Cement A Type I, Type II, or Type III Portland cement to which a small quantity of an air entraining
agent has been inter-ground during manufacture; designated by the suffix A, as in Type
IA, Type IIA, or Type IIIA.
White Portland Cement A Portland cement produced from raw materials law in iron oxide and manganese oxide,
the substances that give concrete its gray color; used in precast concrete work and in the
making of terrazzo, stucco, and tile grout.

CONCRETE MIXTURES
Simplified Construction Estimate
1-4 Concrete Proportion
The most acceptable way of proportioning concrete is the volume method using a box for sand and gravel as explained in Section
1-3 Unit of Measure. The reasons behind it's traditional acceptance and use is the convenience in measuring and fast. handling
of the aggregates from the stock pile to the mixer. Not everybody could afford a weighing scale equipment for this purpose,
besides this volume method of concrete proportion had long been proven to be effective and successful.
 Figure 1-1
Table 1-2 Concrete Proportion
Cement
Class Mixture Sand cu. m. Gravel cu. m.
40kg./bag 50kg./bag
AA 1:1½:3 12.0 9.5 0.50 1.0
A 1:2:4 9.0 7.0 0.50 1.0
B 1:2½:5 7.5 6.0 0.50 1.0
C 1:3:6 6.0 5.0 0.50 1.0

1-5 CONCRETE SLAB

The discussion from cement to concrete proportions plus the Tables presented could be meaningful and appreciated only if
accompanied by examples of actual applications.
ILLUSTRATION 1-1
A proposed concrete pavement has a general dimensions of 4 inches thick, 3.00 meters wide and 5.00 meters long. Considering
the slab to be resting on the ground fill, determine the number of cement in bag, sand and gravel required using class C mixture.

Figure 1-2
Concrete
Solution:
1. Determine the volume of the proposed concrete pavement, convert 4 inches = .10m.
V = .10 x 3.00 x 5.00
V = 1.5 cu.m.
2. Referring to Table 1-2 using 40 kg. cement and class "C" mixture, multiply:
Cement: 1.5 x 6 = 9 bags
Sand 1.5 x .50 = .75 cu.m.
Gravel: 1.5 x 1.0 = 1.50 cu.m.

Suppose there is no available 40 kg. cement in the market and what is available is a 50 kg./bag cement. How many bags will be
ordered. Solution:
1) Knowing that the volume as computed is 1.5 cu.m.
2) Refer to Table 1-2 under 50 kg. cement using class "C" mixture multiply:
Cement: 1.5 x 5 = 7.5 bags
Sand 1.5 x 5 = .75 cu.m.
Gravel 1.5 x 1.0 = 1.5 cu.m.
3) Since you cannot buy 7.5 bags, order 8 bags.
Illustration 1-2
A barangay road 4.00m. wide and one kilometer long after the base preparation requires concreting. Find the number of bags
cement, sand and gravel in cu. m. required using class “A” concrete if the slab is 15cm. thick.

Figure 1-3
Solution
1. Determine the volume of the concrete road
.15 m. x 4.00 x 1,000 m. (1 km.)
V = 600 cu.m.
2. Referring to Table 1-2 using 40 kg. per bag, multiply:
Cement: 600 x 9 = 5,400 bags
Sand: 600 x .50 = 300 cu.m.
Gravel 600 x 1.0 = 600 cu.m.
If no 40 kg. cement available, a 50 kg. per bag requires:
Cement: 600 x 7 = 4,200 bags
Gravel and Sand: the same as computed above.
1-7 Concrete Column
Illustration 1-4
A concrete column is 5.00m. high with a cross sectional dimensions of 25cm. x 30cm. If there are 8 columns of the same size.
Find the required cement, sand and gravel if the plan specifies class “A” concrete.

Figure 1-4
Solution
1. Find the volume of one column
V = .25 x .30 m. x 5.00 m (ht.)
V = .375 cu.m.
2. Find the total volume of the 8 columns
V = .375 x 8
V = 3.0 cu. m.
3. Refer to Table 1-2 using class "A" concrete. Multiply:
Cement: 3.0 x 9 = 27. bags @ 40 kg.
Sand 3.0 x .50 = 1.5 cu.m.
Gravel 3.0 x 1.0 = 3.0 cu.m.

MASONRY
2-1 CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS
Concrete Hollow Blocks are classified as bearing and non-bearing blocks. Load bearing blocks are those whose thickness ranges
from 15 cm. to 20 cm. and are used to carry load aside from its own weight. Non-bearing blocks on the otherhand, are blocks
which are intended for walls, partitions, fences or dividers carrying its own weight whose thickness ranges from 7.5 cm. to 10
cm.

Figure 2-1
Concrete Hollow Blocks has three whole cells and two one half cells at both ends having a total of four. These cells vary in sizes
as there are different manufacturers using different moulds. The varying sizes of the cells will affect the estimated quantity of
materials. For this reason, it is recommended that the bigger cell be adopted in our computation.
In computing the required materials for concrete hollow block works, the estimator has to consider the following items:
1. Quantity of the concrete hollow blocks.
2. Quantity of the cement and sand for block laying mortar.
3. Quantity of the cement and sand for mortar to fill the hollow cell of every block.
4. The cement and sand required for plastering one or two sides of the blocks.
5. The materials for CHB footing and concrete post as required.
6. The steel reinforcements and tie wires to be treated separately in Chapter 3.
Other factors that might affect the estimated quantity of materials
1. Improper measure of aggregates during the block laying work. The most common attitude of the worker is to mix
sand and gravel with cement disregarding the measuring box.
2. Sometimes the mason prepares a box for measuring sand or gravel not in accordance with the specified
measurement.
3. Addition of cement to over exposed mixed mortar not used or applied on time.
4. The excess mortar for installation of hollow blocks are usually dumped in a certain corner of the construction site.
This is a common practice especially after working hours where no overtime pay is authorized. These are considered as minor
thing in the construction work which are simply overlooked, but summing them up for a months work will surprisingly result to
a figure beyond expectation affecting the estimate.
TABLE 2-1 QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND SAND FOR MORTAR AND PLASTER MIXTURE PER CUBIC METER
Cement in Bags
Class Mixture Sand cu. m.
40kg. 50kg.
A 1:2 18.0 14.5 1.0
B 1:3 12.0 9.5 1.0
C 1:4 9.0 7.0 1.0
D 1:5 7.5 6.0 1.0

Illustration 2-1
From Figure 2-2, determine the number of 10 x 20 x 40 cm. concrete hollow blocks and the required materials for:
a) mortar for block laying
b) mortar for plastering and
c) footing, using class "B" mixture

Simplified Construction Estimate

Figure 2-2
Solution - 1
A. Concrete Hollow Blocks
1. Divide the height of the fence by the height of one block.
3.00 m. / .20 m = 15 pcs.
2. Divide the total length of the fence by the length of one block.
20.00 m. / .40 m. = 50 pcs.
3. Multiply the result of 1 and 2.
15 x 50 = 750 pcs.

B. Mortar for Block Laying: Average thickness @.0125

1. Find the volume of the mortar (one layer)
V=txWxL
V = .0125 x 10 x 20 m. = .025 cu.m.
2. Multiply by the number of layers to get the total volume.
Total V = .025 x 15 = .375 cu.m.
3. Refer to Table 2-1 using class "B" mixture 40 kg. cement
Multiply:
Cement .375 x 12 = 4.5 bags
Sand.375 x 1.0 = .375 cu.m.

C. Mortar filler for hollow cell

1. Find the volume of one cell
V = .05 x .075 x .20; V = .00075 cu.m.
2. Volume of 4 cells per block
V = .00075 x 4; V = .003
3. Total volume of cells for 750 CHB
V = 0.003 x 750; V = 2.25 cu. m.
4. Refer to Table 2-1 using class "B" mixture 40 kg. cement.
Multiply:
Cement : 2.25 x 12 = 27 bags
Sand: 2.25 x 1.0 = 2.25 cu.m.

D. Plastering at an average of 16 mm (.016 m.) thick

1. Find the area of the fence (one side)
3.00 x 20 = 60 sq.m.
2. Find the area of the two sides
60 x 2 120 sq. m.
3. Solve for the volume
V = 120 x .016
V = 1.92 cu.m.
4. Refer to Table 2-1 using class "B" mixture 40 kg.
Multiply:
Cement: 1.92 x 12 = 23.04 bags
Sand: 1.92 x 1.0 = 1.92 cu. m.

E. Footing
1. Find the volume of the footing
V=txwxL
V = 0.15 x 0.40 x 20.00
V = 1.20 cu. m.
2. Refer to Table 1-2 using class "B" concrete 40 kg. cement
Multiply:
Cement: 1.20 x 7.5 = 9 bags
Sand: 1.20 x .50 = .60 cu.m.
Gravel: 1.20 x 1.0 = 1.20 cu.m.
Summary of the Materials
1. Concrete Hollow Blocks - 750 pcs.
2. 40 kg. Cement - 63.54 say 64 bags
3. Sand - 5.145 cu. m.
4. Gravel - 1.20 cu.m.
Comments:
1. What is lacking in this computation is the reinforcement to complete the CHB work, this item will be treated
separately under the reinforcement topic in Chapter 3.
2. The computation procedure as presented is classified under the fundamental method which is complicated but could
be simplified with the aid of Table 2-2 and 2-3.

TABLE 2-2 QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND SAND FOR CHB MORTAR PER SQ.M. (FILLER & LAYING)
Number Cement in Bags
Size of CHB in cm. per sq. 40kg. Mixture 50kg. Mixture Sand in cu. m.
m. B C D B C D
10 x 20 x 40 12.5 0.525 0.394 0.328 0.416 0.306 0.263 0.04375
15 x 20 x 40 12.5 1.013 0.759 0.633 0.802 0.519 0.506 0.08438
20 x 20 x 40 12.5 1.500 1.125 0.938 1.188 0.875 0.750 0.12500

STEEL REINFORCEMENT ESTIMATING

Reference: Estimating Bill of Materials by Vicente Tagayun
• Steel Reinforcing Bars
 • Steel Reinforcements for Beams and Girders
• Details of a Sample Three-span Concrete Beam With More Than 4 Steel reinforcing Bars at Supports and Midspans
• Guides for Calculating the Length of Longitudinal Reinforcing Bars, Based on Overall Span of Beams or Girders
• Estimating the Full-length Bars Required for the Longitudinal Reinforcements of Beams and Girders
• Guides for Calculating the Length of the Short Steel Bars in Beams or Girders
• Sample Calculations to Determine the Length of Reinforcing Bars in Beams and Girders, Based on Distance of Supports
• Estimating Stirrups for Concrete Beams and Girders
• Tables for Estimating U-Stirrups and Closed Stirrups
STEEL REINFORCING BARS
Steel reinforcing bars are incorporated in concrete and other masonry members primarily to prevent cracking when tension,
compression and other forces or loads exceeding the strength of the latter without steel reinforcements are applied. When
concrete is liable to develop cracks - not so much from loads but from temperature changes - temperature bars are used.
Round bars are the ones popularly employed in reinforced concrete construction. They may be plain or deformed. Deformed
bars have lugs on their surface to provide increased bond between concrete and steel to prevent slippage. In many instances,
ends of bars would be bent or terminate in hooks.
Table D-1 STEEL BAR DESIGNATIONS AND THEIR EQUIVALENT ENGLISH AND METRIC SIZES (DIAMETERS)
Bar English Metric
Designation Size (Diameter) Size (Diameter)
No. 2 1/4“ 8mm
No. 3 3/8“ 10mm
No. 4 ½“ 12mm
No. 5 5/8“ 16mm
No. 6 ¾“ 20mm
No. 8 1” 25mm
No. 10 1-1/14” 32mm
No. 12 1-1/2” 40mm
No. 16 2”22 50mm

STEEL REINFORCEMENTS FOR BEAMS AND GIRDERS

The basic steel reinforcement of concrete beams and girders consists of 4 longitudinal bars, with each piece located at each
corner of the beam or girder section. If the structural engineer has determined that the 4 bars is inadequate for the concrete
member to resist the stresses it will be subjected to, an appropriate number of short ones are added.
The additional short bars are placed over supports and midspans, at the top and bottom parts, respectively, of the beam or
girder sections.
Aside from the continuous longitudinal and the short steel reinforcements, stirrups are also used in reinforced concrete beams
and girders. These consist of either the open (U-stirrups) or the closed stirrups. They enclose, and are secured to the longitudinal
and short reinforcements with galvanized iron wires or by welding. While the main reinforcing bars resist the longitudinal
stresses in the beam or girder, the stirrups take care of the diagonal tension in the concrete member. The stirrups also keep the
steel reinforcements in their proper position.

GUIDES FOR CALCULATING THE LENGTH OF LONGITUDINAL REINFORCING BARS BASED ON OVERALL SPAN OF BEAMS OR
GIRDERS
1. From the FLOOR FRAMING PLAN/S and detail drawings of the project, determine the overall length of the girder.
In cantilever beams/girders, the overall length should be reckoned from the tip/s of the overhang/s or free end to the opposite
face of the farthest support.
2. Based from the overall beam/girder length, calculate the rebar straight length by using the formula appropriate for
the specified bar size/diameter as shown below:
Size/Diameter of Formulas for Calculating the
Longitudinal Bar Straight Length of Longitudinal Bars
12mm (1/2") Bar Straight Length = Beam overall Length + 0.30m
16mm (5/8") Bar Straight Length = Beam overall Length + 0.35m
20mm (3/4") Bar Straight Length = Beam overall Length 0.45m
25mm (1") Bar Straight Length = Beam overall Length + 0.55m
Note: Allowance for the concrete covering at both ends of the bent bars of the beam or girder already accounted for in the
above formulas.

ESTIMATING THE FULL-LENGTH BARS REQUIRED FOR THE LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENTS OF BEAMS AND GIRDERS
1. Classify the different beams and girders. Next, determine the number of pieces in each group, by size and overall
length; and number and size of longitudinal bars to be used.
2. For each group of beams/girders having the same size of bars and overall span, estimate the number of full-length
bars required with the use of the formula:
(No. of Beams) x (Bar Straight length) x 4.4 / Length of Selected Full-length Bar = No. of Full-Length Bars Required
The value 4.4 in the formula represents the 4 continuous bars, plus 10% as allowance for splicings and wastage. When more
than 4 longitudinal bars are used in any beam/girder, this factor should be adjusted as follows: for 6 pieces - use 6.6; for 8 bars
- use 8.8; and so on.
When the straight length of the continuous bars in the beam or girder is equal to or just a little less than the selected full-length
bar, the number of bars required is determined by simply multiplying the number of beams by the number of longitudinal bars
in each without adding the allowance factor for splicings and wastage.
Sample Problem
Estimate the number of full-length bars required for the 4 longitudinal reinforcements of the one- span beam in Fig. D-4(a) and
those of the continuous beam in Fig. D-4 (b), based on these data:
Data for Estimates
Particulars One-span Beam Continuous Beam
No. of beams to be constructed 16 Pieces 8 Pieces
Overall length of each beam 5.35 meters 14.75 meters
No. and size of longitudinal bars 4 Pcs. 20mm 4 Pcs. 16mm
Length of bars to be ordered 6.00 meters 6.00 meters
Solution-
For the one-span beams in Fig. D-4(a):
Straight length of each longitudinal bar: 5.35m+0.45m 5.80 meters; say 6.00 meters
Therefore, the total number of full-length needed is:
16(beams) x 4(bars) = 64 Pieces $20mm x 6.00 meters
For the continuous beams in Fig. D-4(b):
Straight length of each longitudinal bar: 14.75m+ 0.35m 15.10 meters
Using the formula for calculating the number of full-length bars required:
8 x 15.10 x 4.4 / 6.00 = 88.56; say 89 Pieces 16mm x 6.00 meters

ESTIMATING PROCEDURES TO DETERMINE THE LENGTH OF THE SHORT BARS

1. To calculate the length of the short bars at the top of end supports, use the formulas shown below- where the values
of "X" are supplied. Dimensions of the beams and girders should be in meters.
2. The value of "L" should be ascertained from the building plans. The same goes with the width of the columns
supporting the beams or girders.
3. In continuous beams and girders where the two opposite end spans are not equal, "L", "L", "L", etc. are used to
designate the unequal clear distances between the pair of adjacent supports. Their corresponding values should be substituted
for "L" in the formulas.
Size/Diameter of the Short Bar Formulas for Calculating the Short Bars over the End Supports
12mm (1/2") Short Bar Length = Column Width + L/4 + 0.15m
16mm (5/8") Short Bar Length = Column Width + L/4 + 0.20m
20mm (3/4") Short Bar Length = Column Width + L/4 + 0.25m
25mm (1") Short Bar Length = Column Width + L/4 + 0.30m

ESTIMATING STIRRUPS FOR CONCRETE BEAMS AND GIRDERS

Tables D-2 and D-3 are used for fast and accurate calculation of the steel bars required for U- stirrups and closed stirrups,
respectively, in concrete beams and girders. From these tables, the estimated length of each stirrup for selected sizes of
beams/girders, as well as the number of pieces that can be cut from various full-length bars can be determined.
Sample Problem-
Calculate how many pieces of $10mm x 7.60 meters (25’) full-length steel bars would be needed for the closed stirrups in 10
pieces of the continuous beam shown below.

Estimating Procedures Examples/Calculations

1. Determine the actual number of stirrups in the beam. In Number of stirrups per beam = 40 pieces, based from actual
this connection, the entire length of the beam/girder should count.
be drawn accurately to scale and the positions of the stirrups
plotted according to the specified spacings.
2. Compute the total number of stirrups for all beams/girders 40 x 10 = 400 stirrups
by multiplying the number per beam/girder by the number
of beams/girders to be constructed.
3. Based from the cross-section size of the beam/girder, From Table D-3, 6 stirrups can be cut from a 7.60 meter full-
determine from Table D-3 the number of stirrups that can be length bar.
obtained from the selected full-length bar. (Had U-stirrups
been used, Table D-2 would have been referred to.)

4. Finally, calculate the number of full-length bars required 400 / 6 = 66.6 pieces; say= 67 Pcs. $10mm x 7.60m
by substituting the values arrived at in the formula:
Total No. of Stirrups
No. per Full-length Bar = No. of F/L Bars Required