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JESUS SAID IAM THE WAY THE TRUTH THE LIFE

CHAPTER -6

WORK, ENEGY AND POWER

PREPARED BY : T.RAMESH,PGT(PHYSICS),JNV-ONGOLE,PRAKASAM - 1

 WORK: Work is said to be done by a force whenever a force acts on an object

and cause displacement of the object in the direction of force.
 WORK DONE BY CONSTANT FORCE: The work done is the dot product of force
and displacement vectors.

⃗ . S⃗
Work (W) = F cos θ xS = FS cos θ = F
F cos θ = component of force in the direction of diplacement
S = displacement
θ = angle between force and displacement
 2

Work is a SCALAR QUANTITY

SI unit of work is Nm or Joule (J)
CGS unit of work is erg
1 Joule = 107 erg Dimentional formula of work is ML2 T −2
work done by force can be positive, negative or zero
POSITIVE WORK: Work done by force is positive if angle between force
and displacement is acute (0 ≤ θ < 900 )
NEGATIVE WORK: Work done by force is negative if angle between force
and displacement is obtuse (900 < 𝜃 < 1800 )
ZERO WORK: (1)Work done by force is ZERO if angle between force is perpendicular
to displacement is obtuse (θ = 900 )
Example: Work done by centripetal force is zero
(2) Work done is zero if F = 0
(3) work done is zero if S = 0
 WORK DONE INTERMS OF RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS:

𝐹 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝐹𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝐹𝑧 𝑘̂
𝑠 = 𝑠𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑠𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝑠𝑧 𝑘̂
⃗ . 𝑠 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑠𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦 𝑠𝑦 + 𝐹𝑧 𝑠𝑧
W=F
 WORK DONE BY A VARIABLE FORCE:
Work done by variable force is equal to the area under the curve of variable
force versus displacement graph .
∆s = small displacement in to which the entire diplacement is divided
in to equal parts during which the force F can be assumed constant.
w = F∆s = elementary area in to which the area under variable fore Vs
dispalcement curve is divided.
sf sf

W = lim ∑ F∆s = ∫ Fds

∆s→0
si si
 3

𝐬𝐟

∴ 𝐖 = ∫ 𝐅𝐝𝐬
𝐬𝐢

When force varies both in magnitude and direction the work done is given by
𝐬𝐟 𝐬𝐟

W = ∫ 𝐅𝐝𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 = ∫ 𝐅 . 𝐝𝐬
𝐬𝐢 𝐬𝐢

 ENERGY: Energy is defined as the capacity or ability to do work.

1. Work and Energy are scalar quantity.
2. Potential energy an Kinetic energy are basic forms of energy.
3. Different forms of energy are 1. Mechanical energy which is sum of potential
energy and kinetic energy.
4. Thermal energy
5. Electrical energy
5. Chemical energy
6. Wave or sound energy
7. Nuclear energy
 UNITS OF ENERGY:
CGS unit of energy is erg
SI unit of energy is Joule (J)
1Joule = 107 erg
The energy of fuel is measured in calorie (cal)
1calorie (cal) = 4.186J = 4.2J
The energy of elementary particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1eV = 1.6 x 10- 19 J
The commercial unit of energy is Kilowatt hour (Kwh)
1Kilowatt hour (Kwh) = 3.6x106J
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 KINETIC ENERGY:
The energy possessed by an object by virtue of motion is called kinetic
energy.
Expression for Kinetic energy:
Let a force (F) applied on an object moving with initial velocity which made
to move with velocity (v) covering a distance (s)
m = mass of the object
u = initial velocity
v = final velocity
a = acceleration of the object
s = distance travelled by object
v 2 − u2 = 2as
m
multiplying with on both sides
2
m 2 m
( v − u2 ) = (2as)
2 2
1 1
mas = mv 2 − mu2
2 2
But work = W = Fs = mas
1 1
W= mv 2 − mu2
2 2
This work done appear as Kinetic energy (K)Kinetic energy = K = W
𝟏 𝟏
𝐊= 𝐦𝐯𝟐 − 𝐦𝐮𝟐 = 𝐊𝐟 − 𝐊𝐢
𝟐 𝟐
If u = 0
𝟏 𝟐
𝐩𝟐
𝐊𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 = 𝐊 = 𝐦𝐯 =
𝟐 𝟐𝐦
where p = mv = momentum of object
∴ 𝐩 = √𝟐𝐦𝐊
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 KINETIC ENERGY BY CALCULAS METHOD:

⃗ )applied on an object produces
dw = work done by a force (F
a displacement ds in the direction of force .
dv
dw = ⃗F. ds = F ds cos 00 = Fds = mads = m ( ) ds
dt
ds
dw = m ( ) dv = mvdv
dt
v v v
v2 1 1
W = ∫ mvdv = m ∫ vdv = m [ ] = mv 2 − mu2
2 u 2 2
u u

This work done appear as Kinetic energy (K)Kinetic energy = K = W

𝟏 𝟏
𝐊= 𝐦𝐯𝟐 − 𝐦𝐮𝟐 = 𝐊𝐟 − 𝐊𝐢
𝟐 𝟐
If u = 0
𝟏 𝟐
𝐩𝟐
𝐊𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 = 𝐊 = 𝐦𝐯 =
𝟐 𝟐𝐦
where p = mv = momentum of object
∴ 𝐩 = √𝟐𝐦𝐊
 POTENTIAL ENERGY(U):
Energy possessed by an object by virtue of its position or arrangement or
configuration in a field is called Potential energy (U). Work done against any
force is stored in the form of Potential energy (U).
When an object is lifted above ground work is done against gravitational force
which is stored in the form of Potential energy (U).
Let m = mass of object
h = height above by which the object is lifted against gravitational force
a = - g = acceleration due to gravity
 6

W= work done in lifting object by height (h) above ground

W= Fs = m (- g) h = - mgh
This work done is stored in the form of Potential energy (U)
U = - W = mgh
Potential energy (U) = mgh
 POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SPRING:
Let Fs = spring force applied on a spring
x = compression or expansion of srping from equiligrium fo forces
Fs ∝ −x
Fs = −kx where k = spring constant
dw = Fs dx = −kxdx = work done in compressing or expanding
a spring by dx
xf

W = ∫ −kxdx = total work done in compressing or expanding a

xi

spring from xi to xf
xf
x
x2 f xf 2 xi 2
W = −k ∫ xdx = −k [ ] = −k [ − ]
2 x 2 2
xi i

work done in compressing or expanding a spring is stored in the

form of Potential energy(U)of spring
𝟏 𝟏
∴𝐔= 𝐤𝐱𝐢 𝟐 − 𝐤𝐱𝐟 𝟐 = 𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐫
𝟐 𝟐
𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐢𝐭 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐱𝐢 𝐭𝐨 𝐱𝐟
𝐈𝐟 𝐱𝐢 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐱𝐟 = 𝐱 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧
𝟏
𝐔= 𝐤𝐱𝟐 = 𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐝
𝟐
𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐱 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐱 = 𝟎
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 POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SPRING BY GRAPHICAL METHOD:

Area under spring force Fs and dispalcement (x)curve give the potential
energy stored in compressing or expanding a spring by xm
Fs = −kxm = spring force to compress or expand a spring of spring
constant(k) by a displacement (xm ) from equilibrum position
W = work done to compress or expand a
spring by X m from equilibrium position =
1
area of triangle of ∆OAB = ABx OB
2
1 1
W= (– Fs ) xm = − (– kxm ) xm = potential
2 2
energy stored in spring
𝟏 𝟐
𝑼= 𝒌𝒙 = 𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒔𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒔
𝟐 𝒎
𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒙𝒎 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

 WORK – ENERGY THEOREM FOR A CONSTANT FORCE:

Work – Energy theorem states that the work done by the net force acting on
a object is equal to the change produced in the kinetic energy of the object.
Proof for Work – Energy theorem for a constant force:
Let a force (F) applied on an object moving with initial velocity which made
to move with velocity (v) covering a distance (s)
m = mass of the object
u = initial velocity
v = final velocity
a = acceleration of the object
s = distance travelled by object
v 2 − u2 = 2as
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m
multiplying with on both sides
2
m 2 m
( v − u2 ) = (2as)
2 2
1 1
mas = mv 2 − mu2
2 2
But work = W = Fs = mas
𝟏 𝟏
𝐖= 𝐦𝐯𝟐 − 𝐦𝐮𝟐 = 𝐊𝐟 − 𝐊𝐢 = ∆𝐊
𝟐 𝟐
 WORK – ENERGY THEOREM FOR A VARIABLE FORCE:
⃗ )applied on an object produces
dw = work done by a force (F
a displacement ds in the direction of force .
dv
⃗ . ds = F ds cos 00 = Fds = mads = m (
dw = F ) ds
dt
ds
dw = m ( ) dv = mvdv
dt
v v v
v2 1 1
W = ∫ mvdv = m ∫ vdv = m [ ] = mv 2 − mu2
2 u 2 2
u u
𝟏 𝟏
𝐖= 𝐦𝐯𝟐 − 𝐦𝐮𝟐 = 𝐊𝐟 − 𝐊𝐢 = ∆𝐊
𝟐 𝟐
 CONSERVATIVE FORCE: A force is conservative if the work done by the force
in displacing an object from one point to another is independent of the path
followed by the particle and depends on the end points.
A force is conservative if the work done by the force in moving an object
around a closed path is zero.
Example: Gravitational force, Electrostatic force, Elastic force etc are
conservative forces.
Wab (along path -1) = - Wba ( along path -2)
Wab +Wba =0
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 NON – CONSERVATIVE FORCE:

If the amount of work done in moving an object against force from one point
to another depends on the path along which the object moves then such a
force is called Non – Conservative force.
Example: Forces of friction and viscosity are non – conservative forces.

 PRINCIPLE OF COSERVATTION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY:

Principle of Mechanical energy states that if only conservative forces are doing
work on an object then its total mechanical energy remain constant.

The sum of Kinetic energy and Potential energy is called Mechanical Energy.

From work
− energy theorm work done is equal to change in kinetic energy

∆K = W = F∆s

But for conservative force change in potential energy = ∆U = −F∆s

∆K = −∆U

∆K + ∆U = 0

∆(K + u) = 0

∴ K + U = constant

Kinetic energy (K) + Potential energy(U) = constant

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 CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY IN A FREELY FALLING OBJECT:

Let m = mass of object held at rest above ground
h = height of object above ground
AT THE TOP: object is at rest
u=0
K t = 0 = kinetic energy at the top
Ut = mgh = potential energy at the top
Et = K t + Ut = mgh = total energy of object at top
AT ANY POSITION BETWEEN TOP AND BOTTOM:

Suppose the object falls freely through height (x) from top
vx2 − 02 = 2gx
vx2 = 2gx
1 1
Kx = mvx2 = m(2gx) = mgx
2 2
Ux = mg(h − x)
Ex = K x + Ux = mgx + mg(h − x) = mgh = total energy any where
between top and bottom
AT THE BOTTOM:
Let vb = velocity of object at the bottom on reaching ground
vb2 − 02 = 2gh
vb2 = 2gh
1 1
Kb = mvb2 = m(2gh) = mgh = kinetic energy of object at the bottom
2 2
Ub = mg(0) = 0 = potential energy of object at the bottom
Eb = K b + Ub = mgh + 0 = mgh = total energy of object at the bottom
∴ 𝐄𝐭 = 𝐄𝐱 = 𝐄𝐛 = 𝐦𝐠𝐡
Thus proved that total energy is conserved during free fall of an object.
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 CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY IN A FREELY FALLING OBJECT:

Consider an object in vertical circular motion
m = mass of object in vertical circular motion
R = radius of vertical circular motion
𝐀𝐓 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐓𝐎𝐏 𝐎𝐅 𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐂𝐈𝐑𝐂𝐔𝐋𝐀𝐑 𝐌𝐎𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍:
Ut = mg(2R) = 2mgR = potential energy at
the top of vertical
circular motion
vt = velocity at the top of vertical circular motion
1
Kt = mvt2
2
1
Et = Ut + K t = 2mgR + mvt2
2
𝟏
𝐄𝐭 = 𝟐𝐦𝐠𝐑 + 𝐦𝐯𝐭𝟐 = 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲
𝟐
𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐭𝐨𝐩 𝐨𝐟 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
But to complete vertical circular motion with out falling at the top
of vertical circular motion weight (W) = centrifugal force(Fc )
W = mg = weight of object
 12

mvt2
Fc = = centrifugal force
R
At top W = Fc
mvt2
mg =
R
vt2 = gR
𝐯𝐭 = √𝐠𝐑 = 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐨𝐩 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐞
𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
1 1 2 1 5
Et = 2mgR + mvt2 = 2mgR + m(√gR) = 2mgR + mgR = mgR
2 2 2 2
𝟓
𝐄𝐭 = 𝐦𝐠𝐑 = 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐨𝐩 𝐨𝐟 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝟐
𝐀𝐓 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐎𝐓𝐓𝐎𝐌 𝐎𝐅 𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐂𝐈𝐑𝐂𝐔𝐋𝐀𝐑 𝐌𝐎𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍:
vb = velocity of object at the bottom of vetical
circular motion
Ub = 0 = potential energy at the bottom
1
Kb = mvb2 = kinetic energy at the bottom
2
Eb = total mechanical energy at the bottom of
vertical circular motion
1
Eb = Ub + K b = 0 + mvb2
2
𝟏
𝐄𝐛 = 𝐦𝐯𝐛𝟐
𝟐
From law of conservation of energy Eb = Et
1 5
mvb2 = mgR ∴ vb2 = 5gR
2 2
𝐯𝐛 = √𝟓𝐠𝐑 = 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐦 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐞
𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
 13

1 1 2 5
Eb = Ub + K b = 0 + mvb2 = m(√5gR) = mgR
2 2 2
𝟏 𝟓
∴ 𝐄𝐛 = 𝐦𝐯𝐛𝟐 = 𝐦𝐠𝐑 = 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥
𝟐 𝟐
𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐀𝐓 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐇𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐙𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐀𝐋 𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐂𝐈𝐑𝐂𝐔𝐋𝐀𝐑 𝐌𝐎𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍:
Uh = mgR = potential energy in horizontal position
vh = velocity of object in horizontal position of vertial circual motion
1
Kh = mvh2 = kinetic energy in horizotal position
2
1
Eh = Uh + K h = mgR + mvh2 = total energy in horizontal position
2
From law of conservation of energy Eh = Et
1 5
mgR + mvh2 = mgR
2 2
1 5 3
mvh2 = mgR − mgR = mgR
2 2 2
1 3
mvh2 = mgR
2 2
vh2 = 3gR
𝐯𝐡 = √𝟑𝐠𝐑 = 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐞 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
1 1 2 3 5
Eh = mgR + mvh2 = mgR + m(√3gR) = mgR + mgR = mgR
2 2 2 2
𝟏 𝟓
𝐄𝐡 = 𝐦𝐠𝐑 + 𝐦𝐯𝐡𝟐 = 𝐦𝐠𝐑 = 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝟐 𝟐
𝐨𝐟 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
 14

𝐯𝐭 : 𝐯𝐛 : 𝐯𝐡 = √𝐠𝐑: √𝟓𝐠𝐑: √𝟑𝐠𝐑 = 𝟏: √𝟑: √𝟓

𝟓
𝐄𝐭 = 𝐄𝐛 = 𝐄𝐡 = 𝐦𝐠𝐑
𝟐
𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬 𝐥𝐚𝐰 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐢𝐬 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝

 CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY IN AN ELASTIC SPTING:

Let m = mass attaced to a spring

k = spring constant
when an elastic spring is compressed or stretched to extreme positions
±xm from its mean position x = 0 it oscillates to and fro about mean
positions
𝐀𝐓 𝐄𝐗𝐓𝐑𝐄𝐌𝐄 𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐎𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐋𝐋𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐒𝐏𝐑𝐈𝐍𝐆:
±xm = extreme positons by which the spring compressed or stretched
from its equilibrium position x = 0
velocity at extreme ends of spring = v𝑒 = 0
 15

1 2
U𝑒 = kx = potential energy at the extreme ends of the comressed
2 m
or stretched spring
K e = 0 = kinetic energy at the extreme ends of the compressed
or stretched spring
1 2 1 2
Ee = K e + U𝑒 = 0 + kxm = kxm
2 2
1 2
Ee = kxm = total energy = maximm potential energy at extreme ends
2
of compressed or stretched spring
𝐀𝐓 𝐄𝐐𝐔𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐁𝐑𝐈𝐔𝐌 𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐎𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐋𝐋𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐒𝐏𝐑𝐈𝐍𝐆:
At equilibrium position of spring dispalcement = x = 0
1
U0 = k(0)2 = 0 = potential energy of spring is zero at equilibrium
2
position of spring
v0 = velocity at the equilibrium positon of spring
1
K0 = mv 2 = Kinetic energy at the equilibrium position of spring
2 0
1
E0 = K 0 + U0 = mv02
2
1
E0 = mv02 = Total energy at equilibrium position of oscllating spring
2
From law of conservation of energy E0 = Ee
1 1 2
mv02 = kxm
2 2
𝑘
v02 = ( ) 𝑥𝑚
𝑚

𝑘
v0 = √ x𝑚 = velocity of oscillating spring − mass system at
𝑚

equilibrium position
 16

𝐀𝐓 𝐀𝐍𝐘 𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐎𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐋𝐋𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐒𝐏𝐑𝐈𝐍𝐆:

Let ± x = displacement of spring − mass system from equilibrium position
1 2
Ux = kx = potential energy of oscillating spring − mass system
2
at any position from equilibrium position
1
Kx = mvx2 = kinetic energy of oscillating spring − mass system
2
at any position from equilibrium position
1 2 1
Ex = Ux + K x = kx + mvx2 = total energy of oscillating spring − mass
2 2
system at any poisition from equilibium
From law of conservtion of energy Ex = Ee
1 2 1 1 2
kx + mvx2 = kxm
2 2 2
1 1 2 1 2 1
mvx2 = kxm 2
− kx = k(xm − x2 )
2 2 2 2
1 1
mvx2 = k(xm
2
− x2 )
2 2
2 − x2 )
k(xm
vx = √ = velocity of oscillating spring − mass system
m

at any positon
 17

 POWER (P): Power is defined as rate of work done.

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 (𝑊 )𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 (𝐸 ) 𝑊 𝐹𝑠
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃 = = = = 𝐹𝑣
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑡) 𝑡 𝑡
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡.
𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −3
𝑆𝐼 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡 (𝑊 )
𝐶𝐺𝑆 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 −1
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (ℎ𝑝)
1ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (ℎ𝑝) = 746𝑊
 COLLISIONS
A Collision is said to occur between two objects either if they physically collide
against each other or if the path of one is affected by the force exerted by the
other.
 ELASTIC COLLISIONS: Collisions in which both momentum and kinetic energy
are conserved is called elastic collisions.
EXAMPLE: Collisions between microscopic objects like atom and molecules are
elastic collisions.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ELASTIC COLLISIONS:
1. Momentum is conserved
2. Kinetic energy is conserved
3. Forces involved during collision are conserved
4. The mechanical energy is not converted in to heat, light or sound etc.
 INELASTIC COLLISION: Collisions in which only momentum is conserved but
kinetic energy is lost or not conserved is called inelastic collision.
EXAMPLE: Collisions between macroscopic objects is called inelastic collision.
 18

CHARACTERISTICS OF INELASTIC COLLISIONS:

1. Momentum is conserved
2. Kinetic energy is lost and not conserved
3. Some or all Forces involved during collision are conserv Type equation here.ed
4. A part of the mechanical energy is converted in to heat, light or sound etc.
 PERFECTTLY INELASTIC COLLISION: A collision in which the objects undergoing
collision stick together and move with common velocity then the collision is
called perfectly inelastic collision.
 SUPERELASTIC OR EXPLOSIVE COLLISION: A collision in which there is increase
in kinetic energy is called super elastic collision which occur when there is a
release of potential energy on an impact.
 HEAD – ON OR ONE DIMENSIONAL COLLISION: Collision in which the colliding
objects move along the same straight line before and after the collision.
 OBLIQUE OR TWO DIMENSIONAL COLLISION: If the two objects do not move
in along the same straight line path but move in the same plane before and
after the collision then it is called oblique or two dimensional collision.
 ELASTIC COLLISION IN ONE DIMENSION:

Let m1 and m2 are mass of two perfectly elastic objects A abd B

u1 and u2are intial veocitis of A and B such that u1 > u2
v1 and v2 are final veocitis of A and B collision after elastic such that v2 > v1
 19

During elastic collision both momentum and kinetc energy is consrved.

Applying law of conservation of momentum
m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2 →→→→→ eq1
m1 u1 − m1v1 = m2 v2 − m2 u2
m1 (u1 − v1) = m2 (v2 − u2 ) →→→ eq2
Kinetic energy is conserved during elastic collisions
from law of conervation of kinetic energy
1 1 1 1
m1 u12 + m2 u22 = m1v12 + m2 v22
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
m1 u12 − m1 v12 = m2 v22 − m2 u22
2 2 2 2
m1 u12 − m1 v12 = m2 v22 − m2 u22
m1 (u12 − v12 ) = m2 (v22 − u22 )
m1 (u1 + v1)(u1 − v1) = m2 (v2 + u2 )(v2 − u2 ) →→→ eq3
eq3 ÷ eq2
u1 + v1 = v2 + u2 →→→ eq4

u1 − u2 = v2 − v1

∴ Relative velocity of A w. r. tB before collision = Relative velocity

of B w. r. t A after collision

Thus in one dimesional elastic collision relative velocity of approch =

relative of separation after collision

VELOCITIES OF OBJECTS AFTER ELASTIC COLLISIONS:

From eq4

v2 = u1 + v1 − u2 →→→ eq5

Substituting eq5 in eq1

 20

m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 (u1 + v1 − u2 )

m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 u1 + m2 v1 − m2 u2

(m1 + m2 )v1 = m1 u1 + m2 u2 − m2 u1 + m2 u2

(m1 + m2 )v1 = (m1 − m2 )u1 + 2m2 u2

𝐦𝟏 − 𝐦𝟐 𝟐𝐦𝟐
𝐯𝟏 = ( ) 𝐮𝟏 + ( ) 𝐮 →→→ 𝐞𝐪𝟔
𝐦𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐦𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝟐

from eq4

v1 = v2 + u2 − u1 →→→→ eq 7

substituting eq7 in eq1 or interchanging the subscripts 1 and 2 in eq6

𝐦𝟐 − 𝐦𝟏 𝟐𝐦𝟏
𝐯𝟐 = ( ) 𝐮𝟐 + ( ) 𝐮 →→→ 𝐞𝐪𝟕
𝐦𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐦𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝟏

eq6 and eq7 give final velocities interms of their initial velocities

𝐒𝐏𝐂𝐈𝐀𝐋 𝐂𝐀𝐒𝐄𝐒:

CASE(1): When two objects of eaual masses make elastic collison their

velocities get interchanged i, e

when m1 = m2 = m then v1 = u2 and v2 = u1

CASE(2): When an object make elastic collision with another object of

same mass at rest then after elastic collison first object comes to rest and

second moves with initial velocity of first. i, e when m1 = m2 and u2 = 0

then after elastic colision u1 = 0 and v2 = u1

 21

CASE(3): When a lighter object makes elastic collision with massive object

at rest lighter object rebounds with equal opposite velocity while massive

object remain at rest i, e when m1 ≪≪ m2 and u2 = 0 then v1 = −u1

and v2 = 0

CASE(4): When a massive object make elastic collision against ligher object

at rest then after collision the velocity of massive object remain unchanged

while lighter object moves with twice the initial velocity of massive object

i, e when m1 ≫≫ m2 and u2 = 0 then v1 = u1 and v2 = 2u1

 PERFECTLY INELASTIC COLLISION IN ONE DIMENSION:

During perfectly inelastic collision momentum is conserved but kinetic energy
is not conserved. After perfectly inelastic collision the two colliding objects
stick together and move with a common velocity.
Let an object of mass m1 moving with velocity u1makes head on collision with
another object of mass m2 at rest. After pefectly inelastic collision the two
objects move together with common velocity (v)
applying law of conservation of momentum
m1 u1 + m2 x 0 = (m1 + m2 )v
𝐦𝟏 𝐮𝟏
𝐯= →→→→→ eq1
𝐦𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐
Loss of kinetic energy = ∆k = kf − ki
1 1
∆k = kf − ki = (m1 + m2 )v 2 − m1 u12
2 2
 22

1 m1 u1 2 1
∆k = (m1 + m2 ) ( ) − m1u12
2 m1 + m2 2
m12 u12 1
∆k = − m1 u12
2(m1 + m2 ) 2
1 m1
∆k = m1 u12 [ − 1]
2 m1 + m2
𝟏 𝐦𝟏 𝐦𝟐
∆𝐤 = − ( ) 𝐮𝟐𝟏 = loss of kinetic energy after perfect
𝟐 𝐦𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐
inelastic collision
 ELASTIC COLLISION IN TWO DIMENSIONS:

Let an object of mass m1 moving with velocity u1along X − axis makes

head on collision with another object of mass m2 at rest.
After collision two objects move with velocities v1 andv2
making angles θ1 and θ2 with x − axis.
After collision the rectangular components of mass m1 are
m1 v1 cos θ1 along + ve X − axis
m1 v1 sin θ1 along + ve Y − axis
After collision the rectangular components of mass m2 are
m2 v2 cos θ2 along + ve X − axis
m2 v2 sin θ2 along + ve Y − axis
Applying law of conservation of momentum along X − axis
m1 u1 = m1 v1 cos θ1 + m2 v2 cos θ2
 23

Applying law of conservation of momentum along Y − axis

0 = m1 v1 sin θ1 − m2 v2 sin θ2
1 1 1 1
m1 u12 + m2 u22 = m1 v12 + m2 v22
2 2 2 2

four unknown quantities v1, v2 , θ1 and θ2 cannot be calculated using

three equations. one of the variable has to be measured experimentally
to calculate other variables.
 COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION(e):
Coefficient of restitution is defined as ratio of the magnitude of relative
velocity of separation after collision to the magnitude of relative velocity of
approach before collision.
|v1 − v2 | v1 − v2
𝑒= =−
|u1 − u2| u1 − u2
The value of coefficient of restitution can be used to distingush between
different of collisions as follows;
1. e = 1 for perfectly elastic collision during which kinetic
enrgy is conserved.
2. For inelastic collision 0 < 𝑒 < 1 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑠
not conserved
3. For perfectly inelastic collision e = 0 during which there is
maximum loss of kinetic energy
4. In superelastic collision e > 1 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑠
***************
 24

PREVOUS YEAR IIT – JEE QUESTIONS – ANSWERS

PROBLEM -1

SOLUTION - P-1
 25

PROBLEM -2

SOLUTION – P2
 26

PROBLEM -3

SOLUTION – P3
 27

PROBLEM -4

SOLUTION – P4
 28

PROBLEM -5

SOLUTION – P5

PROBLEM -6
 29

SOLUTION –P6

PROBLEM -7

SOLUTION – P7
 30

PROBLEM -8

SOLUTION – P8
 31

PROBLEM -9

SOLUTION – P9

PROBLEM - 10
 32

SOLUTION – P10

PROBLEM – 11

SOLUTION – P11
 33

PROBLEM - 12

SOLUTION – P12

PROBLEM - 13
 34

SOLUTION – P13

PROBLEM - 14
 35

SOLUTION – P14

PROBLEM – 15
 36

SOLUTION – P15
 37

PROBLEM – 16

SOLUTION – P16
 38

PROBLEM -17

SOLUTION – P17
 39

PROBLEM – 18

SOLUTION – P18
 40

PROBLEM – 19

SOLUTION – P19
 41

PROBLEM – 20

SOLUTION –P20
 42

PROBLEM -21

SOLUTION – P21
 43

PROBLEM -22

SOLUTION –P22
 44

PROBLEM – 23

SOLUTION –P23
 45

PROBLEM – P24

SOLUTION – P24
 46

PROBLEM – 25

SOLUTION – 25
 47

PROBLEM -26

SOLUTION – P26
 48

PROBLEM – 27

SOLUTION – 27

PROBLEM – 28
 49

SOLUTION – 28

PROBLEM – 29

SOLUTION – P29
 50

PROBLEM – 30

SOLUTION – 30

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