ADVANCED HEAT TRANSFER

2022-2023
Assignment on Numerical Solution to Conduction/Convection
Problem:

The flue gases of an industrial furnace are released to the surrounding though a long square
duct shown in the figure below. The duct is made of a martial with uniform thermal
conductivity of 50 W/m*K and is exposed to the inside and outside conditions given in table 1.

Known data:

A(m) 0.24m
B(m) 0.48m
C(m)=Delta x=Delta y 0.12m
Convective heat transfer coefficient in
30W/m2*K
the inner surface’s fluid(hi)
Temperature in the inner fluid (T∞i) 593K
Temperature of the outer surface (To) 343K
Thermal conductivity (k) 50W/m*K
Because we know that our Mesh is symmetrical according to the image above, the mesh
section and nodes that we are going to work with to find the temperatures looks like this, with
insulation on the sides:

a)
To solve this, we consider the following:
1) No heat generation
2) ∆ x=∆ y=0.12 m
3) Steaty State Condition
And to obtain the node’s temperatures we derive the equations using the Energy
Balance model as shown:
1) Nodes 1,7,12
Conduction:
k∗∆ x (T o −T 1 )
q o →1=
2 ∆y
k∗∆ x (T 7−T 1)
q 7 →1=
2 ∆y
k∗∆ y (T 2−T 1)
q 2→ 1=
2 ∆x
Convection:

∄
Introducing all the equations and giving that ∆ x=∆ y , we get:
k k k k k k
∗T o− ∗T 1 + ∗T 7− ∗T 1 + ∗T 2− ∗T 1=0
2 2 2 2 2 2
We multiply everything by 2 and divide everything by k, and get the following:
 T o +T 7 + 2T 2−4 T 1=0
Therefore,
 For node 1:
T o +T 7 + 2T 2−4 T 1=0

 For node 7:
T 1+T 12+ 2T 8−4 T 7=0

 For node 12:

T 7+ T 16 +2 T 13−4 T 1 2=0

2) Nodes 2,3,4,5,8,9,10,13,14
Conduction:
(T o−T 2 )
q o →2 =k∗∆ x
∆y
(T 1−T 2)
q 1→ 2=k∗∆ y
∆x
(T 3−T 2)
q 3 →2=k∗∆ y
∆x
(T 8−T 2)
q 8 →2=k∗∆ x
∆y
Convection:

∄
Introducing all the equations and giving that ∆ x=∆ y , we get:
k∗T o−k∗T 2+ k∗T 1−k∗T 2 +k∗T 8−k∗T 2+ k∗T 3−k∗T 2=0
We divide everything by k, and get the following:
T o +T 1 +T 8 +T 3−4 T 2=0
Therefore,
 For node 2:
T o +T 1 +T 8 +T 3−4 T 2=0

 For node 3:
T o +T 2 +T 4 +T 9−4 T 3=0

 For node 4:
T o +T 3 +T 5 +T 10−4 T 4 =0

 For node 5:
T o +T 4 +T 6+T 11 −4 T 5 =0

 For node 8:
 T 2+T 7 +T 9 +T 1 3−4 T 8=0

 For node 9:
T 3+ T 1 0 +T 8+ T 14 −4 T 9=0

 For node 10:

T 4 +T 9 +T 11 +T 15−4 T 10=0

 For node 13:

T 8+ T 1 2 +T 14+T 17−4 T 13=0

 For node 14:

T 9+ T 1 3 +T 15+T 18−4 T 14 =0

3) Nodes 6,11,15
Conduction:
(T 5−T 6)
q 5 →6=k∗∆ x
∆y
(T 0 −T 6 )
q 0 →6 =k∗∆ y
∆x
Convection:

∄
Introducing all the equations and giving that ∆ x=∆ y , we get:
k∗T 5−k∗T 6+ k∗T o −k∗T 6 =0
We divide everything by k, and get the following:
T 5+ T o −2T 6=0
Therefore,
 For node 6:
T 5+ T o −2T 6=0

 For node 11:

T 5+ T 10−2 T 11=0

 For node 15:

T 10 +T 14−2 T 15 =0

4) Node 16
Conduction:
k∗∆ x (T 12−T 16 )
q 12→ 16=
2 ∆y
k∗∆ y 17−T 16)
(T
q 17→ 16=
2 ∆x
 Convection:
hi∗∆ x
qT →16 = ( T ∞ i−T 16 )
∞i
2
Introducing all the equations and giving that ∆ x=∆ y , we get:
k k k k hi∗∆ x hi∗∆ x
∗T 12 − ∗T 16 + ∗T 17− ∗T 1 6 + ∗T ∞ i− ∗T 16 =0
2 2 2 2 2 2
We divide everything by k, and multiply everything by 2 so we can get the
following:
h ∗∆ x h ∗∆ x
T 12−T 16 +T 17−T 16 + i ∗T ∞i − i ∗T 16 =0
k k
Regrouping terms:
h i∗∆ x h i∗∆ x
T 12 +T 17+ ∗T ∞ i−T 16 (2+ )=0
k k
Therefore,
 For node 16:
h i∗∆ x h i∗∆ x
T 12+T 17+ ∗T ∞ i−T 16 (2+ )=0
k k
5) Node 17
Conduction:
k∗∆ y (T 1 6−T 17 )
q 16 → 1 7=
2 ∆x
k∗∆ y 1 8−T 17 )
(T
q 1 8→ 1 7=
2 ∆x
(T 13−T 17 )
q 13→ 17=k∗∆ x
∆y
Convection:
q T →17=hi∗∆ x∗( T ∞ i−T 17 )
∞i

Introducing all the equations and giving that ∆ x=∆ y , we get:

k k k k
T 1 6− T 1 7 + T 1 8− T 17 + k T 13 −k T 17 +hi ∆ x T ∞ i−hi ∆ x T 17 =0
2 2 2 2
We divide everything by k, and multiply everything by 2 so we can get the
following:
2 h ∆ x T ∞ i 2 hi ∆ x T 17
T 16−T 17 +T 18−T 17+2 T 13−2T 17 + i − =0
k k
Regrouping terms:

T 16+T 18 +2T 13 +
2 hi ∆ x
k (
∗T ∞ i−2 T 17 2+ )
hi∗∆ x
k
=0

Therefore,
 For node 17:
2 hi ∆ x hi∗∆ x
T 16+T 18 +2T 1 3+ ∗T ∞ i−2 T 17 (2+ )=0
k k
6) Node 18
 Conduction:
k∗∆ y (T 1 7−T 1 8)
q 17→ 18=
2 ∆x
(T −T 1 8)
q 1 4 →18=k∗∆ x 1 4
∆y
Convection:
hi∗∆ x
qT ∞ i →18
= (T ∞ i−T 18)
2

Introducing all the equations and giving that ∆ x=∆ y , we get:

k k h ∆ x T ∞ i hi ∆ x T 18
T 1 7− T 1 8 +k T 1 4 −k T 1 8+ i − =0
2 2 2 2
We divide everything by k, and multiply everything by 2 so we can get the
following:
hi ∆ x T ∞ i hi ∆ x T 18
T 17 −T 1 8 +2 T 1 4−2 T 1 8 + − =0
k k
Regrouping terms:
hi ∆ x hi∗∆ x
T 17 +2 T 1 4 + ∗T ∞ i−T 1 8 (3+ )=0
k k
Therefore,
 For node 18:
hi ∆ x hi∗∆ x
T 17 +2 T 14+ ∗T ∞ i−T 18 (3+ )=0
k k

b)
Now that we have the equations, we rearrange them in the form of iterative solutions:

 Node 1:
T o +T 7 + 2T 2−4 T 1=0

Iterative:
T o +T 7 +2 T 2
T 1=
4
 Node 2:
T o +T 1 +T 8 +T 3−4 T 2=0

Iterative:
T o +T 1 +T 8 +T 3
T 2=
4
 Node 3:
T o +T 2 +T 4 +T 9−4 T 3=0
Iterative:
T o +T 2 +T 4 +T 9
T 3=
4
 Node 4:
T o +T 3 +T 5 +T 10−4 T 4 =0

Iterative:
T o +T 3 +T 5 +T 10
T 4=
4
 Node 5:
T o +T 4 +T 6+T 11 −4 T 5 =0

Iterative:
T o +T 4 +T 6 +T 11
T 5=
4
 Node 6:
T 5+ T o −2T 6=0

Iterative:
T 5 +T o
T 6=
2
 Node 7:
T 1+T 12+ 2T 8−4 T 7=0

Iterative:
T 1 +T 12+2 T 8
T 7=
4
 Node 8:
T 2+T 7 +T 9 +T 1 3−4 T 8=0

Iterative:
T 2 +T 7 +T 9+T 13
T 8=
4
 Node 9:
T 3+ T 1 0 +T 8+ T 14 −4 T 9=0

Iterative:
 T 3 +T 10+ T 8 +T 14
T 9=
4
 Node 10:
T 4 +T 9 +T 11 +T 15−4 T 10=0

Iterative:
T 4 +T 9 +T 11+T 15
T 10=
4
 Node 11:
T 5+ T 10−2 T 11=0

Iterative:
T 5 +T 10
T 11 =
2
 Node 12:
T 7+ T 16 +2 T 13 −4 T 1 2=0

Iterative:
T 7 +T 16 +2 T 13
T 12=
4
 Node 13:
T 8+ T 1 2 +T 14+T 17−4 T 13 =0

Iterative:
T 8 +T 12+T 14 +T 17
T 13=
4
 Node 14:
T 9+ T 1 3 +T 15+T 18−4 T 14 =0

Iterative:
T 9 +T 13+ T 15 +T 18
T 14 =
4
 Node 15:
T 10 +T 14−2 T 15 =0

Iterative:
T 10 +T 14
T 15=
2
  Node 16:

T 12 +T 17+
h i∗∆ x
k
∗T ∞ i−T 16 2+ (
hi∗∆ x
k
=0 )
Iterative:
hi∗∆ x
T 12+ T 17 + ∗T ∞ i
k
T 16=
hi∗∆ x
(2+ )
k
 Node 17:
2 hi ∆ x hi∗∆ x
T 16+T 18 +2T 1 3+ ∗T ∞ i−2 T 17 (2+ )=0
k k
Iterative:
2 hi ∆ x
T 16 +T 18 +2 T 13 + ∗T ∞ i
k
T 17=
h ∗∆ x
2(2+ i )
k
 Node 18:
hi ∆ x hi∗∆ x
T 17 +2 T 14+ ∗T ∞ i−T 18 (3+ )=0
k k
Iterative:
hi ∆ x
T 17 +2T 14 + ∗T ∞ i
k
T 18=
h ∗∆ x
(3+ i )
k

c)
Using numerical technique and Excel software, we find the temperature distribution in
the chosen duct. We put the equations in column C and the written equations on
column B. On column D we put 0 on all the values first, this will look like this:
We also put certain repetitive values on the side to make everything easier:

The next step is to replace the 0 values on column D with the values in column C. Doing
this we get the following results:

After replacing the temperatures obtained by the excel iterative solution method, we
get the following temperature distribution of the nodes in the duct section:
This results in the following total mesh distribution:
d)
To calculate the total heat input and output of the system we use the following
equations:
Total Heat Input:
First, we find the total heat input in the symmetrical part that we used at the
beginning (1/8 of the whole duct):

q i=h∗∑ ∆ x ( ∆ T )

q i=hi
[ ∆x
2
( T ∞ i−T 16 ) +∆ x ( T ∞ i −T 1 7 ) +
∆x
2
( T ∞ i−T 1 8 ) ]
2
q i=30 W / m K
[ 0.12 m
2
( 593 K −384.77 K ) +0.12 m ( 593 K−383.1 K ) +
0.12m
2
( 593 K−377.05 K ) ]
q i=1519.17 W /m

For the total Heat input, we multiply q i x 8 because that’s the number of symmetrical
parts of the duct.

Total Heat Input: q i∗8=1519.17 W /m∗8=12153.392W /m

Total Heat Output:

First, we find the total heat input in the symmetrical part that we used at the
beginning (1/8 of the whole duct):

[
q o= ∑ k ∆ x
∆T
∆y ]
q o=k
[(
1
T −T o ) + ( T 2−T o ) + ( T 3−T o ) + ( T 4−T o ) + ∆ x ( T 5−T o ) + ( T 6−T o )
2 1 ]
q o=50 W /m K [(
1
2
351.46 K −3 43 K ) + ( 351.09 K−3 43 K )+ (350.04 K −343 K ) + ( 3 48.48 K−343 K ) + ( 346.6

q o=1519.1 67 W / m

For the total Heat output, we multiply q o x 8 because that’s the number of symmetrical
parts of the duct.

Total Heat Output: q i∗8=1519.167 W /m∗8=12153.387 W /m

Total Heat Input=Total Heat Output