MHF4U

Advanced Functions
Grade 12, University Preparation

Lesson 6
Primary Trigonometric Ratios
MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 6

Lesson Six Concepts

¾ Determine, with technology, the primary trigonometric ratios of angles expressed in
radian measure

Primary Trigonometric Ratios

For any position of P on a circle, the primary trigonometric functions of θ are defined as
follows:

y x y
Where r = x 2 + y 2 sin θ = cos θ = and tan θ = ; x≠0
r r x

These definitions given above can be used to determine the sine, cosine and tangent of
any angle θ in standard position.

Example 1

The point P(1, -2) is on the terminal arm of an angle θ . Draw the diagram showing θ in
standard position and then calculate the values of sin θ , cos θ and tan θ to 3 decimal
places.

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 6

Solution

y x y
sin θ = cos θ = tan θ =
r r x
−2 1 −2
= = and =
5 5 1
= −0.894 = 0.447 = −2

Remember the CAST Rule which helps review as to which quadrant (s) a particular
trigonometric function is positive.

S A
Sine is positive
All others are All are positive
negative

T C
Tangent is positive Cosine is positive
All others are All others are
negative negative

Example 2

Find the value of each to three decimal places.

a. tan 107 ° b. cos 2.9

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 6

Solution
Make sure the calculator is in degree mode

a. tan 107 ° ≈ −3.271

Notice the value is negative which is further
validated if you use the CAST rule

b. cos 2.9 = −0.971

Make sure the calculator is in radian mode

Support Questions
1. Find the value of each to three decimal places.

a. sin 65° b. cos 147 ° c. tan 110 ° d. cos 390 ° e. sin 283 °

2. Find the value of each to three decimal places.

a. sin 0.4 b. cos 0.6 c. tan 1.8 d. cos 8.4 e. sin 5.91

3. The point P(-3, 5) is on the terminal arm of an angle θ . Draw the diagram
showing θ in standard position and then calculate the values of sin θ , cos θ and
tan θ to 3 decimal places.

Property of sine functions

If k is a constant between –1 and +1, the equation sinθ = k has infinitely many roots.

If θ1 is one root then another root is θ 2 = π − θ1 (in radians)

All other roots can be found by adding multiples of 2π to either θ1 or θ 2 .

Example 3

Solve for the equation sinθ = 0.75 for θ in radians, to two decimal places,
where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 6

Solution

Remembering the CAST rule and knowing that sine is positive, we know that θ lies in
quadrants I and II.

Using the inverse function

sinθ = 0.75
θ = sin−1(0.75)
θ = 0.848

We know that one value of θ = 0.848

The other value is a reflection about the y axis.

To obtain this second value we subtract the first from π .

θ = π − 0.848
= 2.292

Therefore the equation sinθ = 0.75 has two roots between 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

θ1 = 0.848 and θ 2 = 2.292

Support Questions
4. Solve for the equation sinθ = 0.83 for θ in radians, to two decimal places,
where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

5. Solve for the equation sinθ = −0.428 for θ in radians, to two decimal places,
where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

6. Solve for the equation sinθ = 0.62 for θ in radians, to two decimal places,
where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

Property of cosine functions

If θ1 is any value of θ such that cos θ = k , then another value of θ that satisfies this
equation is θ 2 = 2π − θ1 (in radians).

All other roots can be found by adding multiples of 2π to either θ1 or θ 2 .

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 6

Example 4

Solve for the equation cos θ = −0.375 for θ in radians, to two decimal places,
where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

Solution

Remembering the CAST rule and knowing that cosine is negative, we know that θ lies in
quadrants II and III.

Using the inverse function

cos θ = −0.375
θ = cos −1(−0.375)
θ = 1.955

We know that one value of θ1 = 1.955

Using the property of cosine functions the other root is

θ 2 = 2π − θ1
= 2π − 1.955
= 4.328

Therefore the equation cos θ = −0.375 has two roots between 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

θ1 = 1.955 and θ 2 = 4.328

Support Questions
7. Solve for the equation cos θ = 0.697 for θ in radians, to two decimal places,
where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

8. Solve for the equation cos θ = −0.025 for θ in radians, to two decimal places,
where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

9. Solve for the equation cos θ = 0.925 for θ in radians, to two decimal places,
where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 6

Property of tangent functions

If θ1 is any value of θ such that tanθ = k , then another value of θ that satisfies this
equation is θ 2 = π + θ1 (in radians).

All other roots can be found by adding multiples of π to θ1 .

Example 5

Solve for the equation tanθ = 1.65 for θ in radians, to two decimal places, where
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

Solution

Remembering the CAST rule and knowing that tangent is positive, we know that θ lies
in quadrants I and III.

Using the inverse function

tanθ = 1.65
θ = tan−1(1.65)
θ = 1.026

We know that one value of θ1 = 1.026

Using the property of tangent functions the other root is

θ 2 = π + θ1
= π + 1.026
= 4.168

Therefore the equation tanθ = 1.65 has two roots between 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

θ1 = 1.026 and θ 2 = 4.168

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 6

Support Questions
10. Solve for the equation tanθ = 2.35 for θ in radians, to two decimal places, where
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

11. Solve for the equation tanθ = −3.15 for θ in radians, to two decimal places,
where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

Key Question #6
1. Find the value of each to three decimal places.

a. cos 65° b. tan 147 ° c. sin 110 ° d. sin 390 ° e. cos 283 °

2. Find the value of each to three decimal places.

a. tan 0.4 b. sin 0.6 c. cos 1.8 d. tan 8.4 e. cos 5.91

3. The point P(-2, -3) is on the terminal arm of an angle θ . Draw the diagram
showing θ in standard position and then calculate the values of sin θ , cos θ and
tan θ to 3 decimal places.

4. Solve for θ in radians, to two decimal places, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

a. cos θ = 0.73 b. tanθ = 0.512 c. cos θ = 0.165 d. tanθ = 0.1976

e. sinθ = 0.3324 f. cos θ = 0.6215 g. tanθ = −0.318 h. sinθ = −0.525

i. cos θ = −0.0876 j. cos θ = 0.2599 k. tanθ = −0.6741 l. sinθ = 0.4892

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 MHF4U
Advanced Functions
Grade 12, University Preparation

Lesson 7
Reciprocal Trigonometric Ratios
MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 7

Lesson Seven Concepts

¾ Determine with technology the reciprocal trigonometric ratios of angles

Reciprocal Trigonometric Ratios

As studied in the previous lesson the three primary ratios are;

opposite
Sinθ =
hypotenuse

adjacent
Cosθ =
hypotenuse

opposite
Tanθ =
adjacent

The reciprocals of these ratios are called the cosecant (csc), secant (sec) and
cotangent (cot) ratios. These three ratios are defined as follows:

hypotenuse
Cscθ =
opposite

hypotenuse
Secθ =
adjacent

adjacent
Cotθ =
opposite

From these definitions, the following can be concluded:

1
Cscθ =
Sinθ

1
Secθ =
Cosθ

1
Cotθ =
Tanθ

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 7

Example 1

Find the values of the six trigonometric ratios for 51 ° .

Solution

Use a scientific calculator in degree mode.

sin51° = 0.7771
cos51° = 0.6293
tan51° = 1.2349

1
csc 51° = = 1.2868
sin51°
1
sec 51° = = 1.5891
cos51°
1
cot 51° = = 0.8098
tan51°

Example 2

Write the six trigonometric ratios for the two acute angles in the right triangle with side
lengths, 9, 12, and 15 units.

Solution

opposite 9 hypotenuse 15
SinA = = CscA = =
hypotenuse 15 opposite 9

adjacent 12 hypotenuse 15
CosA = = SecA = =
hypotenuse 15 adjacent 12

opposite 9 adjacent 12
TanA = = CotA = =
adjacent 12 opposite 9

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 7

opposite 12 hypotenuse 15
SinB = = CscB = =
hypotenuse 15 opposite 12

adjacent 9 hypotenuse 15
CosB = = SecB = =
hypotenuse 15 adjacent 9

opposite 12 adjacent 9
TanB = = CotB = =
adjacent 9 opposite 12

9
Note: In this example, Sin A = Cos B = , and B = 90° − A THEN
15
Sin A = Cos( 90° − A ) and similarly, Cos A = Sin( 90° − A ) and Tan A = Cot( 90° − A )

Example 3

b
If cot θ = , write expressions for the six trigonometric ratios for θ .
a

Solution

The hypotenuse for this triangle is a2 + b2

a a2 + b2
Sinθ = Cscθ =
a2 + b2 a

b a2 + b2
Cosθ = Secθ =
a2 + b 2 b

a b
Tanθ = Cotθ =
b a

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 7

Example 4

Find each value of θ to the nearest degree.

a. cot θ = 1.234 b. sec θ = 2.561 c. csc θ = 4.032

Solution

a. b. c.
1 1 1
tanθ = cos θ = sinθ =
cot θ sec θ csc θ
1 1 1
= = =
1.234 2.561 4.032
≈ 0.8103 ≈ 0.3905 ≈ 0.2480
≈ tan−1(0.8103) ≈ cos −1(0.3905) ≈ sin−1(0.2480)
≈ 39° ≈ 67° ≈ 14°

Support Questions
1. Find the value of each to three decimal places.

a. csc 19 ° b. sec 29° c. cot 65° d. sec 55° e. csc 70°

2. Find the value of each to three decimal places for each of the six trigonometric
ratios.

a. 15° b. 45 ° c. 75 °

3. Find the value of θ to the nearest degree, if θ is acute.

a. csc θ = 1.623 b. sec θ = 1.330 c. cot θ = 0.711

d. csc θ = 1.275 e. cot θ = 0.662 f. sec θ = 3.122

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 7

Key Question #7
1. Find the value of each to three decimal places.

a. csc 29° b. sec 64° c. cot 81° d. sec 27° e. csc 75°

2. Find the value of each to three decimal places for each of the six trigonometric
ratios.

a. 30 ° b. 60 ° c. 90 °

3. Find the value of θ to the nearest degree, if θ is acute.

a. csc θ = 1.299 b. sec θ = 1.123 c. csc θ = 1.452

d. cot θ = 0.841 e. cot θ = 0.145 f. sec θ = 2.622

4. Write expressions for the six trigonometric ratios for ∠A.

5. Match each ratio in the first row with an equivalent ratio from the second row if
∠A + ∠B = 90° .

SinA CosA TanA CscA SecA CotA

SinB CosB TanB CscB SecB CotB

6. Solve the given triangle below. Give the answers to 1 decimal place.

7. Write expressions for the other five trigonometric ratios for each acute angle.

a x +1
a. csc θ = b. sec β = ,x ≠ 1
b x −1

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 MHF4U
Advanced Functions
Grade 12, University Preparation

Lesson 8
Function Values of Special Angles
MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 8

Lesson Eight Concepts

¾ Determine, without technology, the exact values of the primary trigonometric ratios
π π π π
and the reciprocal trigonometric ratios for the special angles 0, , , , , and their
6 4 3 2
multiples less than or equal to 2π .

Special Angles

The angles in this triangle are

45°, 45°, 90°

π
The angle above shows the angle in standard position. If PN is perpendicular to OA,
4
π
then ΔPON is an isosceles triangle with ∠OPN = ∠PON = . Let PN = ON = 1
4

(see next page)

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 8

THEN, OP = 12 + 12 , or 2 .

The angles in this triangle are

30°, 60°, 90°

π
This diagram above shows the angle in standard position. If PN is perpendicular to
3
π π π π
OA, then ∠OPN = , and ΔOPN is a , , triangle. Hence, if OP =2, then ON = 1,
6 6 3 2
and PN = 3.

The trigonometric ratios of the angles in the diagrams previously given can now be
determined. They are shown in the chart given below where each angle is given in
radians.

As OP rotates clockwise, ∠PON decreases to 0 radians, OP approaches ON in length,

and PN approaches 0.

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 8

π
As OP rotates counter-clockwise, ∠PON increases to , PN approaches OP in length,
2
and ON approaches 0.

Example 1

Find the exact values of sinθ , cos θ and tanθ , for each value of θ .

3 4
a. π b. π
4 3

Solution

a. Use a diagram to help understand the question.

∠PON is called the reference

angle; the acute angle between
OP and the x-axis.
45°

3π 3π π
Since, ∠POA = , then we also know ∠PON = π − =
4 4 4
So we know that ΔPON is an isosceles right triangle with sides 1, 1, and 2

In quadrant II only sine is positive (CAST rule).

So;

1 1 1
sinθ = , cos θ = − , and tanθ = − = −1
2 2 1

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 8

b. Use a diagram and table to help understand the question.

60°

4π 4π π
Since reflex ∠POA = , then we also know ∠PON = −π =
3 3 3
π π π
So we know that ΔPON is , , triangle with sides 1, 2, and 3
6 3 2

In quadrant III only tangent is positive (CAST rule).

So if we use the table to help us we know.

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 8

Support Questions
1. State the exact value of each ratio.

π π π π
a. sin b. csc c. cos d. tan 0 e. cot
2 3 6 4

2. State the exact value of each ratio, where possible.

3π 5π 7π 5π
a. sec b. sin c. tan π d. cos e. cot
4 6 3 4

The value of a trigonometric ratio may be raised to a power. For example, (cos θ )2
means (cos θ )(cos θ ) and it is denoted as cos2 θ .

Example 2

Evaluate

5π 5π
a. tan2 b. sec 3
6 4

Solution
5π 5π π
a. The reference angle for is π − = . Since tan is negative in the
6 6 6
quadrant II then we can use the chart to complete the question.

2
5π ⎛ 5π ⎞
2
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
tan 2
= tan ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜− ⎟ =
6 ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ 3

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 8

Solution

5π 5π π
b. The reference angle for is − π = . Since cosine is negative in quadrant III
4 4 4
then so is secant.

Use the chart to complete the question.

5π ⎛ 5π ⎞
3

( )
3
sec3
= sec ⎜ ⎟ = − 2 = −2 2
4 ⎝ 4 ⎠

Support Questions
3. Evaluate.

π 5π 2π
a. tan 2 b. csc 2 c. cos 2
3 6 3

Example 3

1
Find the value of cos θ = − for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .
2

Solution

1 π 1
Using the table cos θ = gives . It is also known that since it is − the values are in
2 3 2
quadrants II and III.

THEREFORE

1 π 2π π 4π
The value of cos θ = − for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π are π − = and π + =
2 3 3 3 3

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 8

Support Questions
4. Find the value of θ for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

1 1
a. sinθ = − b. cos θ = c. tanθ = − 3 d. csc θ = 2
2 2

Example 4

1
Find the value of sin2 θ = for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .
2

Solution

1
sin2 θ =
2
1
sin2θ =
2
1
sinθ = ±
2

1 π 1
Using the table sinθ = ± gives . It is also known that since it is ± the values
2 4 2
are in all four quadrants.

1 π π 3π π 5π
The value of sinθ = ± for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π are , π − = ,π+ = and
2 4 4 4 4 4
π 7π
2π − = .
4 4

1 π 3π 5π 7π
Therefore the values of sin2 θ = for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π are , , and .
2 4 4 4 4

Support Questions
5. Find the value of θ for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

1
a. tan2 θ = 3 b. sec 2 θ = 2 c. cot 2 θ =
3

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 8

Key Question #8
1. State the exact value of each ratio.

π π π
a. csc b. cos c. tan
4 4 3

π π
d. sin e. cot f. sec 0
3 2

2. State the exact value of each ratio, where possible.

9π 10π 8π
a. cos b. sec c. csc
4 3 3

3π 11π 7π
d. sin e. tan f. cot
2 6 3

3. Evaluate.

11π 7π 4π
a. sec 2 b. sin3 c. cot 2
6 4 3

4. Find the value of θ for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

1
a. sec θ = 2 b. tanθ = −1 c. sinθ = d. cot θ = 3
2

5. Find the value of θ for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

4 1
a. csc 2 θ = b. sec 3 θ = −8 c. sin3 θ = − d. tan2 θ = 1
3 8

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 MHF4U
Advanced Functions
Grade 12, University Preparation

Lesson 9
Graphing the Sine and Cosine Functions
MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 9

Lesson Nine Concepts

¾ Sketch the graphs of f (θ ) = sinθ and f (θ ) = cos θ for angle measures expressed in
radians, and determine and describe some key properties in terms of radians.

Graphing the Sine and Cosine Function

To draw graphs of the function y = sinθ and y = cos θ , recall their definitions. If P(x, y)
is any point on a circle of radius “r” and centre (0, 0) then:

y x
sinθ = and cos θ =
r r

Below will illustrate what happens as P rotates around a circle counter-clockwise

starting at A(r, 0). As θ increases, the values of x and y change periodically. This
causes a periodic change in the values of sinθ and cos θ .

Suppose we start at 0 and increase to 2π . Assume r =2, sinθ changes as follows:

π
θ=
θ =0 6
sinθ = 0 1
sinθ =
2

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 9

5π
π θ=
θ= 6
2
1
sinθ = 1 sinθ =
2

7π
θ=
θ =π 6
sinθ = 0 1
sinθ = −
2

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 9

11π
3π θ=
θ= 6
2
1
sinθ = −1 sinθ = −
2

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 9

θ = 2π
sin θ = 0

The following is the table of values for the interval [0, 2 π ]:

degrees 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180°

radians 0.0 π /6 π /4 π /3 π /2 2 π /3 3 π /4 5 π /6 π
sin θ 0.0 0.5 0.707 0.866 1.0 0.866 0.707 0.5 0.0

degrees 180° 210° 225° 240° 270° 300° 315° 330° 360°
radians π 7 π /6 5 π /4 4 π /3 3 π /2 5 π /3 7 π /4 11 π /6 2π
sin θ 0.0 -0.5 -0.707 -0.866 -1.0 -0.866 -0.707 -0.5 0.0

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 9

As shown by the graph, the sine function is periodic with a period of 2 π ; the graph
repeats the shape on the interval [0, 2 π ]. The pattern on the interval [0, 2 π ] repeats
itself indefinitely over intervals with a length of 2 π both to the left and to the right.

A cycle of a periodic function is a part of its graph from any point to the first point where
the graph starts to repeat itself.

The period of a periodic function of θ may be expressed as the difference in the values
of θ for the points at the ends of a cycle.

Graphing the Cosine Function

To graph the cosine function we could apply the same technique. If this did occur then
the resulting graph would result.

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 9

The function y = cos θ has a period of 2π . It is congruent to the graph of y = sinθ , but
it is shifted horizontally so that it intersects the y-axis at (0,1) instead of (0,0).

Properties of the function y = sinθ

Period: 2π Maximum value of y: 1 Minimum value of y: -1

Domain: θ may represent any angle in standard position
Range: {y − 1 ≤ y ≤ 1}
θ -intercepts: … −π ,0,π ,2π ,... y-intercept: 0

Properties of the function y = cos θ

Period: 2π Maximum value of y: 1 Minimum value of y: -1

Domain: θ may represent any angle in standard position
Range: {y − 1 ≤ y ≤ 1}
π π 3π 5π
θ -intercepts: … − , , , ... y-intercept: 1
2 2 2 2

Support Questions
1. In the graph below y = sinθ has been started using a specific scale. Copy the
graph on graph paper, and then extend it for 2 cycles.

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 9

2. Let P be a point on the terminal arm of an angle θ in standard position on a circle

with radius r = 2.

a. Suppose θ starts at 0 and increases to π . Use diagrams like those used for
π π 2π
y = sinθ to graph the function y = cos θ . Use θ = 0, , , , and π to
3 2 3
determine the values of cos θ , and use the results to sketch the graph of
y = cos θ for 0 ≤ θ ≤ π .

b. Suppose θ continues from π to 2 π . Determine values for

4π 3π 5π
θ= , , , and 2π , and use the results to continue the graph from π to
3 2 3
2π .

c. Continue the graph of y = cos θ for values of θ greater than 2 π and less than
0.

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 9

Key Question #9
1. In the graph below y = sinθ has been started using a specific scale. Copy the
graph on graph paper, and then extend it for 2 cycles.

2. In the graph below y = cos θ has been started using a specific scale. Copy the
graph on graph paper, and then extend it for 2 cycles.

3. Without making a table of values, draw graphs of f (θ ) = sinθ and f (θ ) = cos θ

for −2π ≤ θ ≤ 2π . Draw both on the same set of axis.

4. For the graph of y = sinθ and y = cos θ answer each of the following:

a. What is the maximum value of y? For what value of θ does this occur?

b. What is the minimum value of y? For what value of θ does this occur?

c. What is the range of the function?

d. What is the y-intercept?

e. What are the θ -intercepts?

5. Compare the graphs of f (θ ) = sinθ and f (θ ) = cos θ . In what ways are they
alike? In what ways are they different?

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 MHF4U
Advanced Functions
Grade 12, University Preparation

Lesson 10
Graphing the Tangent Functions
MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 10

Lesson Ten Concepts

¾ Make connections between the tangent ratio and the tangent function by using
technology to graph the relationship between angles in radians and their tangent
ratios and defining this relationship as the function f ( x ) = tan x and describe key
properties of the tangent function.

Graphing the Tangent Function

To draw a graph of the tangent function f (θ ) = tanθ , recall the definition. If P(x, y) is
y
any point on a circle of radius “r” and centre (0, 0) then: tan θ =
x

As P rotates around a circle counter-clockwise starting at A(r, 0). As θ increases, the

values of x and y change periodically. This causes a periodic change in the values of
tanθ .

π
Here is an explanation of what is happening on the graph from 0 to .
2

0
When, θ =0, y =0 and x = r, so tan 0 = , or 0. Therefore, (0,0) is a point on the graph.
r
π
As θ increases from 0 to , y increases and x decreases. Hence, tanθ increases.
4

π 1 π π
When, θ = , x and y are equal so tan =
= 1 . Therefore ( ,1 ) is a point of the
4 4 1 4
graph. As θ increases more, tanθ continues to increase.

π π π
When, θ = , y = r and x = 0. Therefore, tan = undefined . When θ is close to ,
2 2 2
tanθ is very large.

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 10

π
Illustration of tanθ from 0 to
2
π
Here is an explanation of what is happening on the graph from to π .
2
π
When, θ is close to , y is very large and positive. But x is negative, and has a small
2
absolute value. Therefore, tanθ is negative and has a very large absolute value. As
θ increases, y decreases and the absolute value of x increases.

Since tanθ is negative, tanθ increases.

3π 3π
When, θ = , x and y differ only in sign, so tan = −1. As θ increases further,
4 4
tanθ continues to increase.

When, θ = π , y = 0 and x = -r. Therefore tan π = 0 .

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 10

Illustration of tanθ from 0 to π

Properties of the function y = tanθ

Period: π
3π π π 3π
Domain: θ may represent any angle in standard position, except … − ,− , , , …
2 2 2 2
Range: All real numbers

θ -intercepts: … −2π , −π ,0,π ,2π ,...

y-intercepts: 0

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 10

Support Question
1. In the graph below y = tan θ has been started using a specific scale. Copy the
graph on graph paper, and then extend it for 2 cycles.

Key Question #10

1. In the graph below y = tan θ has been started using a specific scale. Copy the
graph on graph paper, and then extend it for 2 cycles.

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 10

Key Question #10 (continued)

2. Without making a table of values, draw graphs of f (θ ) = tanθ for −2π ≤ θ ≤ 2π .

3. For the graph of y = tanθ answer each of the following:

a. Are there any maximum or minimum values of y? Explain your answer.

b. What are the domain and range?

c. What is the y-intercept?

d. What are the θ -intercepts?

4. Compare the graph of f (θ ) = tanθ with the graphs of f (θ ) = sinθ and

f (θ ) = cos θ . In what ways are they alike? In what ways are they different?

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 MHF4U
Advanced Functions
Grade 12, University Preparation

Unit 2
Support Question Answers
MHF4U – Advanced Functions Support Question Answers

Lesson 6
1 a. 0.906 b. –0.839 c. –2.747 d. 0.866 e. –0.974

2 a. 0.389 b. 0.825 c. -4.286 d. -0.519 e. –0.365

3.

y x y
sin θ = cos θ = tanθ =
r r x
5 −3 5
= = and =
34 34 −3
= 0.857 = −0.514 = −1.668

12. θ = .98rad and θ = π − .98 = 2.16rad

13. θ = −0.44 + 2π = 5.84rad and θ = π − ( −.44) = 3.58rad

14. θ = .67rad and θ = π − .67 = 2.47rad

15. θ = .80rad and θ = 2π − .80 = 5.48rad

16. θ = 1.60 rad and θ = 2π − 1.60 = 4.68 rad

17. θ = 0.39 rad and θ = 2π − 0.39 = 5.89rad

18. θ = 1.17 rad and θ = π + 1.17 = 4.31rad

19. θ = −1.26 + π = 1.88rad and θ = 1.88 + π = 5.02rad

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Support Question Answers

Lesson 7
1. a. 3.072 b. 1.143 c. 0.466 d. 1.734 e. 1.064

2. a. sin 15° = 0.259 cos 15° = 0.966 tan 15 ° = 0.268

csc 15° = 3.864 sec 15° = 1.035 cot 15° = 3.732

b. sin 45° = 0.707 cos 45 ° = 0.707 tan 45° = 1

csc 45° = 1.414 sec 45° = 1.414 cot 45° = 1

c. sin 75° = 0.966 cos 75° = 0.259 tan 75° = 3.732

csc 75° = 1.035 sec 75° = 3.864 cot 15° = 0.268

3. a. b. c.
1 1 1
sinθ = cos θ = tanθ =
csc θ sec θ cot θ
1 1 1
= = =
1.623 1.330 0.711
≈ 0.6161 ≈ 0.7519 ≈ 1.406
≈ sin−1(0.6161) ≈ cos −1(0.7519) ≈ tan−1(1.406)
≈ 38° ≈ 41° ≈ 55°

e. f. g.
1 1 1
sinθ = tanθ = cos θ =
csc θ cot θ sec θ
1 1 1
= = =
1.275 0.662 3.122
≈ 0.7843 ≈ 1.511 ≈ 0.3203
≈ sin−1(0.7843) ≈ tan−1(1.511) ≈ cos −1(0.3203)
≈ 52° ≈ 57° ≈ 71°

Lesson 8

1. Using the chart;

2 3
a. 1 b. c. d. 0 e. 1
3 2

3π π
2. a. π − = = − 2 ; negative because secant is negative in quadrant II
4 4

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Support Question Answers

5π π 1
b. π − = = ; positive because sine is positive in quadrant II
6 6 2

c. π − π = 0

7π π 1
d. − 2π = = ; positive because all are positive in quadrant I
3 3 2

5π π
e. − π = = 1; positive because tangent is positive in quadrant III
4 4

⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
2

( 3)
2
3. a. tan ⎜ ⎟ = tan ⎜ ⎟ =
2
=3
⎝3⎠ ⎝3⎠

⎛ 5π ⎛π ⎞
2
⎞
⎟ = csc ⎜ 6 ⎟ = ( 2 ) = 4
2 2
b. csc ⎜
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
2 2
1
c. cos ⎜ 2
⎟ = cos ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 4
1 π π
4. a. sinθ = − θ= Since value is negative θ = is in quadrants III and IV
2 6 6
π 7π π 11π
so the values of θ are θ1 = π + = and θ 2 = 2π − =
6 6 6 6

1 π π
b. cos θ = θ= Since value is positive θ = is in quadrants IV and I
2 4 4
π π 7π
so the values of θ are θ1 = and θ 2 = 2π − =
4 4 4

π π
c. tanθ = − 3 θ= Since value is negative θ = is in quadrants II and IV
3 3
π 2π π 5π
so the values of θ are θ1 = π − = and θ 2 = 2π − =
3 3 3 3

π π
d. csc θ = 2 θ= Since value is positive θ = is in quadrants I and II so
6 6
π π 5π
the values of θ are θ1 = and θ 2 = π − =
6 6 6

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Support Question Answers

5. a. b. c.
1
cot 2 θ =
tan2 θ = 3 sec 2 θ = 2 3
1
tan2θ = ± 3 sec 2θ = ± 2 cot 2θ = ±
3
tanθ = ± 3 sec θ = ± 2 1
cot θ = ±
π π
tanθ = ± sec θ = ± 3
3 4 π
cot θ = ±
3

π 2π 4π 5π π 3π 5π 7π π 2π 4π 5π
θ= , , , θ= , , , θ= , , ,
3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3

Lesson 9

1.

2. a.

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Support Question Answers

b.

c.

Lesson 10

1.

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