MHF4U

Advanced Functions
Grade 12, University Preparation

Version A
MHF4U – Advanced Functions Introduction

Advanced Functions
Welcome to the Grade 12 Advanced Functions, MHF4U. This full-credit course is part
of the new Ontario Secondary School curriculum (2007).

Course Description
This course extends students’ experience with functions. Students will investigate the
properties of polynomial, rational, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions; develop
techniques for combining functions; broaden their understanding of rates of change; and
develop facility in applying these concepts and skills. Students will also refine their use
of the mathematical processes necessary for success in senior mathematics. This
course is intended both for students taking the Calculus and Vectors course as a
prerequisite for a university program and for those wishing to consolidate their
understanding of mathematics before proceeding to any one of a variety of university
programs.

Materials
This course is self-contained and does not require a textbook. You will however, need
the following items:

• **Scientific calculator (this is a must have instrument)

• Lined paper
• Graph paper
• Ruler
• Writing utensil (preferably a pencil with an eraser)

Structure of Lessons

Each lesson contains one or two concepts and multiple examples for complete insight.
Definitions and formulas will be bolded for emphasis. At the end of each new concept,
there are support questions to complete on your own to check for full understanding. At
the end of each lesson, there are several key questions that cover all concepts learned
in the lesson which need to be submitted for evaluation.

Evaluation

In order to be granted a credit in this course, you must:

• Successfully complete the Key Questions for each unit and submit them for
evaluation within the required time frame (40%)
• Complete and pass the midterm exam (30%)
• Complete and pass the final exam (30%)

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Introduction

Key Questions, the midterm exam and the final exam will be evaluated on the
basis of the following four categories of achievement (outlined by the Ministry of
Education):

• Knowledge & Understanding 40%

• Applications 40%
• Communication 10%
• Thinking & Inquiry 10%

Support Questions
Support Questions will be noted with this pencil icon. These questions will help you
understand and master each new concept and are not to be submitted for evaluation.

• Answer support questions in your notebook and keep them as a reference for
key questions.
• Check your answers to support questions by using the “Support Question
Solutions” at the end of each unit.

Key Questions
Key Questions will be noted with this key icon. These questions evaluate your
achievement of the expectations for the lesson and must be submitted at the end of
each unit.

• Write your solutions (a solution is a step by step process of how you get to your
final answer) on your own paper.
• Write the lesson number on the top of the page and label each question clearly
when you submit your work.
• You must try all key questions and complete most of them successfully in order
to pass each unit.

Midterm and Final Examinations

The midterm and final exams are weighted exams. The midterm will cover material
learned in Units #1 - 2 and will be a two hour exam. The final examination will cover
material from Units #1 - 4 and will be a two hour exam as well.

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Introduction

Table of Contents

Unit 1
Lesson 1 Introduction to Logarithms
Lesson 2 Solving Logarithms
Lesson 3 Laws of Logarithms
Lesson 4 Real World Application of Logarithms
Lesson 5 Understanding Radian Measure

Unit 2
Lesson 6 Primary Trigonometric Ratios
Lesson 7 Reciprocal Trigonometric Ratios
Lesson 8 Function Values of Special Angles
Lesson 9 Graphing the Sine and Cosine Functions
Lesson 10 Graphing the Tangent Function

Unit 3
Lesson 11 Vertical Displacement, Amplitude and Phase Shift
Lesson 12 Period of a Function
Lesson 13 Trigonometric Identities
Lesson 14 Polynomial Functions
Lesson 15 Dividing Polynomials by a Polynomial

Unit 4
Lesson 16 Remainder Theorem
Lesson 17 Factor Theorem
Lesson 18 Solving Polynomials: Factoring
Lesson 19 Solving Polynomial Inequalities
Lesson 20 Average and Instantaneous Rate of Change

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 MHF4U
Advanced Functions
Grade 12, University Preparation

Lesson 1
Introduction to Logarithms
MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 1

Lesson One Concept

¾ Recognize the logarithm of a number to a given base as the exponent to which
the base must be raised to get the number, recognize the operation of finding the
logarithm to be the inverse operation

Introduction to Logarithms

The graph of the exponential function, y = a x , is reflected in the line y = x, ( x, y ∈ R). As

a result, y = a x becomes x = a y . This latter function is the inverse function.

It is important to note that the domain of y = a x is the range of x = a y and the range of
y = a x is the domain of x = a y .

One graph is the inverse exponential function of the other. We call this inverse function
“logarithm” and new notation is introduced to denote this function.

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 1

Exponential form of the inverse function is x = a y and written in Logarithmic form this is
denoted as y = loga x

Example 1

Sketch the graph of the function, f, given by y = f ( x ) = 10 x , x ∈ R

F(0)= 1
F(1) =10
F(-1)=0.10

Solution

F(0)= 1
F(1) =10
F(-1)=0.10

plot these three points then sketch the graph

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 1

Example 2

Sketch the inverse function of the function given in example 1.

Solution

f −1 (0) = 1
f −1 (1) = 10
f −1 ( −1) = 0.10

Example 3

Write the following inverse functions in logarithm notation

a. x = 3 y b. x = 7 y

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 1

Solution

a.

b.

Support Questions
1. For each function do the following:

a. Graph the function

b. Graph the inverse function
c. Write the equation of the inverse function in logarithm form

i. y = 2 x
x
⎛ 1⎞
ii. y = ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠

When referring to a logarithm of the form y = loga x it is read “y is the logarithm of x to

the base a.

Example 4

Write in words how y = log 3 5 is expressed.

Solution

y is the logarithm of 5 to the base 3.

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 1

Support Questions
2. Write in words how each of the following logarithm functions is expressed.

a. y = log10 6 b. y = log 5 625 c. y = log 2 32

Example 5

Write each of the following in logarithmic form.

1
a. 16 = 2 4 b. 3 −2 = c. x = 8 y
9
Solution

a.

b.

c.

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 1

Key Question #1
1. For each function do the following:

a. Graph the function

b. Graph the inverse function
c. Write the equation of the inverse function in logarithm form

i. y = 3 x
x
⎛ 1⎞
ii. y = ⎜ ⎟
⎝3⎠

2. Write in words how each of the following logarithm functions is expressed.

a. y = log10 8 b. y = log 4 64 c. y = log 2 128

3. Write each of the following in logarithmic form.

1
a. 2 5 = 32 b. 2 −2 = c. p = m n
4

d. 343 = 7 3 e. 7 0 = 1 f. 125 = 5 3

4. Express each logarithmic form in exponential form.

1
a. log3 27 = 3 b. log 49 7 = c. log 2 128 = 7
2

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 MHF4U
Advanced Functions
Grade 12, University Preparation

Lesson 2
Solving Logarithms
MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 2

Lesson Two Concepts

¾ Determine, with technology, the approximate logarithm of a number to any base,
including base 10.
¾ Make connections between related logarithmic and exponential equations and
solve simple exponential equations by rewriting them in logarithmic form

Evaluating Logarithms

Example 1

Evaluate each of the following.

a. log 3 27 b. log 4 1024

Solution
What exponent is the base 3 raised to get 27?

a. log 3 27
= log3 (3 3 )
=3 What exponent is the base 4 raised to get 1024?

b. log 4 1024
= log 4 ( 4 5 )
=5

Support Questions
1. Evaluate each of the following.

⎛ 1⎞
a. log 2 8 b. log5 625 c. log 2 ⎜ ⎟ d. log 2 64
⎝ 32 ⎠

e. log x x n f. log a a

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 2

Solving logarithm equations

Example 2

log 4 64 = y

Solution

log4 64 = y Remember exponent laws and

that the base must be the same
64 = 4 y

26 = ( 22 )
y

6 = 2y
3=y

Therefore
log4 64 = 3

Example 3 Remember that 4 is the exponent in

which the base 3 is raised
log3 w = 4
w = 34
w = 81

Support Questions
2. Solve for x.

a. log 2 x = 3 b. log x 27 = 3 c. log5 x = −5

⎛ 1⎞
d. log x ⎜ ⎟ = −3 e. x = log2 8 2
⎝8⎠

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 2

Example 4

Find the value of each of the following.

a. log3 81 b. log 3 9 c. log3 81 + log 3 9

Solution

a.
log3 81 = log3 (34 )
=4
b.
log3 9 = log3 (32 )
=2
c.

log3 81 = log3 (34 ) log3 9 = log3 (32 )

Since and
=4 =2

then

log3 81 + log3 9
= 4+2
=6

Key Question #2
1. Evaluate each of the following.

⎛ 1⎞
a. log 2 8 b. log5 625 c. log 2 ⎜ ⎟ d. log 2 64
⎝ 32 ⎠

e. log x x n f. loga a

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 2

Key Question #2 (continued)

2. Solve for x.

⎛ 1 ⎞
a. log 2 32 = x b. log3 ⎜ ⎟ = x c. log x 20 = 1 d. log x x 5 = 5
⎝ 27 ⎠

3. Which of the following are equivalent? Solve for the variable.

2 4 2
a. log32 y = b. log16 2 = y c. log y 81 = d. log8 y =
5 3 3

4. Find the value each of the following:

a. log 2 64 b. log 2 128 c. log 2 64 + log 2 128

5. If a telephone network is designed to carry C telephone calls simultaneously,

then the number of switches needed per call must be at least log 2 C . If the
network can carry 10 000 calls simultaneously, how many switches would be
needed for one call and for 10 000 simultaneous calls?

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 MHF4U
Advanced Functions
Grade 12, University Preparation

Lesson 3
Laws of Logarithms
MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 3

Lesson Three Concepts

¾ Make connections between the laws of exponents and the laws of logarithms.
¾ Verify the laws of logarithms with or without technology

Laws of Logarithms
Law of logarithms for multiplication (Base a)

If x and y are positive real numbers, then log a xy = log a x + log a y a > 0, a ≠ 1

Example 1

Write log 2 15 as the sum of two logarithms

Solution

log 2 15

Since 15 = 3 x 5 then log 2 15 = log 2 3 + log 2 5

Example 2

Write log 6 4 + log 6 9 as a single logarithm and then simplify.

Solution

log 6 4 + log 6 9 = log 6 4(9)

= log 6 36
=2

Support Questions
1. Write each expression as a single logarithm and then simplify it.

a. log 4 2 + log 4 32 b. log 6 4 + log 6 3 + log 6 3

⎛2⎞
c. log 4 48 + log 4 ⎜ ⎟ + log 4 8
⎝3⎠

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 3

Support Questions (continued)

2. Write as a sum of logarithms.

a. log 3 20 b. log 7 45 c. log 5 90

Law of logarithms for division (Base a)

⎛x⎞
If x and y are positive real numbers, then log a ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = log a x − log a y a > 0, a ≠ 1
⎝y⎠

Example 3

Write log5 50 − log5 0.4 as a single logarithm and then simplify.

Solution

⎛ 50 ⎞
log5 50 − log5 0.4 = log5 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.4 ⎠
= log5 125
=3

Support Questions
3. Write each expression as a single logarithm and then simplify it.

a. log 2 320 − log 2 10 b. log 2 40 − log 2 5 c. log3 216 − log3 8

d. log5 100 − log5 4

4. Write as a difference of logarithms.

⎛ 72 ⎞ ⎛ 741 ⎞
a. log 2 ⎜ ⎟ b. log 7 (362 ÷ 19.3) c. log x ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 35 ⎠ ⎝ 337 ⎠

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 3

Law of logarithms for powers (Base a)

( )
If x and n are positive real numbers, and x >0, , then loga x n = n loga x a > 0, a ≠ 1

Support Questions
5. Write each logarithm as a product of a whole number and a logarithm.

a. log3 8 b. log 5 36 c. log 2 27

6. Write as a single logarithm.

a. 3 log 2 5 b. 2 log 7 4 c. 6 log3 8

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 3

Law of logarithms for Roots (Base a)

1
If x and n are positive real numbers and x >0, then loga n x = loga x a > 0, a ≠ 1
n

Example 6

Given that log 2 7 ≈ 2.8074 , find an approximation for each logarithm. Solve log2 3 7

Solution

1
log 2 3 7 = log 2 7
3
1
= (2.8074 )
3
≈ 0.9358

Support Questions
7. Given that log 2 5 ≈ 2.3219 , find an approximation for each logarithm.

a. log 2 20 b. log 2 25

Solving logarithm equations

Example 7

Solve each equation, and check.

a. 2 log x = log 8 + log 2 b. log8 (2 − x ) + log8 ( 4 − x ) = 1

Solution

a.

2log x = log8 + log2

log x 2 = log16
x 2 = 16
x = ±4

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 3

b.

log8 (2 − x ) + log8 (4 − x ) = 1
log8 (2 − x )(4 − x ) = 1
log8 x 2 − 6 x + 8 = 1
x 2 − 6 x + 8 = 81
x 2 − 6x = 0
∴ x = 0 and x = 6

Check

When x = 0

LHS RHS
log8 (2 − 0) + log8 ( 4 − 0)
log8 (2)( 4)
1
log8 8
1

When x = 6
It is impossible to find an
exponent to base 8 that will
LHS RHS produce –4. Same applies to
log8 (2 − 6) + log8 ( 4 − 6) finding an exponent to base 8 that
log8 ( −4) + log8 ( −2) will produce -2
1
undefined

Since LHS is undefined then x= 6 is an extraneous root.

Support Questions
8. Solve and check.

a. 2 log x = log 32 + log 2 b. log 2 ( x − 5 ) + log 2 ( x + 2) = 2

c. 2 log m + 3 log m = 10 d. log( x − 2) + log( x + 1) = 1

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 3

Key Question #3
1. Write each expression as a single logarithm and then simplify it.

a. log 3 9 + log3 9 b. log 2 2 + log 2 8 c. log 4 2 + log 4 4 + log 4 8

4
d. log 4 8 + log 4 6 + log 4
3

2. Write as a sum of logarithms.

a. log12 6 b. log 8 75 c. log20 39

3. Write each expression as a single logarithm and then simplify it.

a. log 2 48 - log 2 6 b. log5 15 - log5 3 c. log3 54 - log3 2

4. Write as a difference of logarithms.

65 91
a. log 3 ( ) b. log5 (112 ÷ 12.6) c. log x ( )
12 7

5. Write each logarithm as a product of a whole number and a logarithm.

a. log 6 32 b. log12 81 c. log 4 125

6. Write as a single logarithm.

a. 15 log 2 3 b. 5 log12 4

7. Given that log 2 5 ≈ 2.3219 , find an approximation for each logarithm.

a. log 2 2.5 b. log2 5

8. Solve and check.

a. 2 log x = log 3 + log 27 b. log 6 ( x − 1) + log 6 ( x + 4) = 2

c. log 7 (x + 4) + log 7 ( x − 2) = 1 d. log 2 ( 2m + 4) − log 2 (m − 1) = 3

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 MHF4U
Advanced Functions
Grade 12, University Preparation

Lesson 4
Real World Application of Logarithms
MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 4

Lesson Four Concepts

¾ Solve problems involving exponential and logarithmic equations algebraically,
including problems arising from real-world applications.
¾ Solve problems based on real-world applications of exponential and logarithmic
functions and solve these and other such problems by using a given graph
and/or an equation

Problem solving using logarithms uses the same strategies that would be used to solve
any mathematical problem.

1. Read the question at least once to completely understand what is being asked.

2. Identify factors that will be used to recognize and solve the problem.

3. Select and appropriate tool(s) (strategy) to solve the problem.

4. Make sure you answer the question that is being asked.

5. Check the reasonableness of the answer you have concluded.

Example 1

From a laboratory experiment, it as observed that 128 g of biodegradable material

decayed according to the equation A = 128 × 10 −0.016 t , A is the amount of material
remaining and t is the time, in hours.

How much time will have passed when 25 g of the material remain? Express the answer
to the nearest hour.

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 4

Solution
Record the original
A = 128 × 10 −0.016 t equation.

Use A = 25

25 = 128 × 10 −0.016t
log25 = log128 + log10−0.016t
To isolate the variable, take the
log25 = log128 − 0.016t log10 common logarithm of both sides.
log25 = log128 − 0.016t (1)
0.016t = log128 − log25
0.016t = 2.1072 − 1.3979
0.7093
t=
0.016
t = 44

Support Questions
1. A wise investor purchased a plot of land in 1947 for $84 000. In 1987 that same
investor sold the land for $49 000 000. What annual rate of interest corresponds
to an investment of $84 000 which grows to $49 000 000 in 40 years?

2. Suppose $500 was owed on a bill that was at 8% per annum compounded
annually. How many years would it take for the bill to double?

3. For every metre a diver descends below the water surface, the light intensity is
reduced by 3.5%. At what depth is the light intensity only 25% of that at the
surface?

4. In a nuclear test explosion, some strontium-90 is released. This substance has a

half-life of 28 years.

a. Draw a graph showing the percent of strontium-90 remaining up to 140 years.

b. Express the percent P of strontium-90 remaining as a function of the number
of half-lives elapsed, n.
c. What percent of strontium-90 remains after 50 years?

5. An atmosphere was contaminated with a radio-active material which had a half-

life of days. How long did it take for the level of radiation to reduce to 1% of the
level when originally contaminating the atmosphere?

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 4

Key Question #4
1. Suppose $200 was invested at 9% per annum compounded annually. How
many years will it take for the investment to grow to $500?

2. David invests $2500 at 11% per annum compounded annually. How many years
will it take for the investment to double?

3. Several layers of plastic are stacked together. Each layer reduces the light
passing through it by 5%. How many layers of plastic are needed to reduce the
intensity to only 1% of the original light?

4. The Township of Brock is growing at a rate of 6.5% per annum. How many
people are there in Brock Township now, if there will be 15 000 in 4.5 years?

5. If the population of bacteria doubles every 30 min, how long would it take for the
population to triple?

6. The half-life of two products of a chemical disaster are shown in the chart below:

Substance Half-life
Iodine-131 8.1 days
Cesium-144 282 days
a. Draw a graph showing the percent remaining during the first 5 half-lives.
b. Express the percent remaining as a function of the number of half-lives
elapsed n.
c. What percent of the substance remains after one week?
d. How long is it until the percent remaining of each substance is 10%?

7. Brianna bought a new car for $15 000. Each year the value of the car
depreciates by 30% of its value of the pervious year. In how many years will the
car be worth only $500?

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 MHF4U
Advanced Functions
Grade 12, University Preparation

Lesson 5
Understanding Radian Measure
MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 5

Lesson Five Concepts

¾ Recognize the radian as an alternative unit to the degree for angle measurement,
define the radian measure of and angle as the length of the arc that subtends this
angle at the centre of a unit circle, and develop and apply the relationship
between radian and degree measure.
¾ Represent radians measures in terms of π and as a rational number.

Radian Measure

A radian is the measure of the angle subtended at the centre of the circle by an arc
equal in length to the radius of the circle.

The measure of θ us
defined to be 1 radian

Length of arc subtending the angle

Measure of an angle in radians =
Length of radius

For a circle with radius r, the circumference has the measure 2πr . The radian measure
of each angle θ is calculated.

Measure of θ is given by Measure of θ is given by

π
r
length of arc πr length of arc π
= =π = 2 =
length of radius r length of radius r 2

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 5

The measure of angles in degrees is related to the measure of angles in radians, as

shown.

In degrees In radians
∠AOB = 180 ° ∠AOB = πrad

Therefore 180 ° = πrad

Example 1

Express 30 ° in terms of radians.

Solution

⎛ π ⎞
1° = ⎜ ⎟ rad
⎝ 180 ⎠
⎛ π ⎞
30° = 30 ⎜ ⎟ rad
⎝ 180 ⎠
π
30° = rad
6

Example 2

π
Express rad in terms of degrees.
3

Solution

π rad = 180°
π 180°
rad =
3 3
π
rad = 60°
3

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 5

Support Questions
1. Write each radian measure as a degree measure.

π π 2 4 5
a. b. c. − π d. π e. 2π f. − π
2 4 3 3 3

2. Write each degree measure as a radian measure.

a. 180 ° b. 240 ° c. 90 ° d. 45 ° e. − 60 ° f. 120 °

Example 3

Find the value of θ in radian measure.

Solution

A full circle measures 2 π

π 6π π
2π − = −
3 3 3
5π
=
3

5π
Therefore the measure of θ is .
3

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 5

Support Questions
3. Find the value of θ in radian measure.

a. b. c.

Example 4

Express 2.3 rad in terms of degrees, to the nearest degree.

Solution

π rad = 180°
°
⎛ 180° ⎞
1 rad = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ π ⎠
⎛ 180° ⎞
2.3 rad = 2.3 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ π ⎠
≈ 132°

Example 5

Express 48 ° in terms of radians correct to two decimal places.

Solution

180° = π rad
⎛ π ⎞
1° = ⎜ ⎟ rad
⎝ 180 ⎠
⎛ π ⎞
48° = 48 ⎜ ⎟ rad
⎝ 180 ⎠
= 0.84 rad

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 5

Support Questions
4. Express each radian measure to the nearest degree.

a. 1.1 b. 0.9 c. –0.3

5. Write each degree measure as a radian measure expressed to two decimal

places.

a. 2° b. 12° c. − 36 °

Key Question #5
1. Write each radian measure as a degree measure.

π π 5 3 5
a. b. − c. π d. − π e. − 4π f. − π
6 2 6 4 6

2. Write each degree measure as a radian measure.

a. 30 ° b. 360 ° c. − 330 ° d. 270 ° e. − 90 ° f. − 150 °

3. Find the value of θ in radian measure.

a. b. c.

4. Sketch each angle, given in radian measure, in standard position.

1 7 7
a. π b. π c. π d. − π
2 6 4

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 5

Key Question #5 (continued)

5. Express each radian measure to the nearest degree.

a. 1.4 b. -0.75 c. 0.5

6. Write each degree measure as a radian measure expressed to two decimal

places.

a. 61 ° b. 123 ° c. − 275 °

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 MHF4U
Advanced Functions
Grade 12, University Preparation

Unit 1
Support Questions Answers
MHF4U – Advanced Functions Support Question Answers

Lesson 1
1.

2. a. y is the logarithm of 6 to the base 10

b. y is the logarithm 625 to the base 5
c. y is the logarithm 32 to the base 2

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Support Question Answers

Lesson 2
1. a. b. c. d.
⎛ 1 ⎞
log 2 ⎜ ⎟
log 2 8 log5 625 ⎝ 32 ⎠ log 2 64
= log 2 (2 ) 3
= log5 (5 ) 4
= log 2 (2 −5 ) = log 2 (2 6 )
=3 =4 = −5 =6

e. f.

log x x n log a a
= log x ( x ) n
= log a (a 1 )
=n =1

2. a. b. c. d.
⎛ 1⎞
logx ⎜ ⎟ = −3
logx 27 = 3 ⎝8⎠
log2 x = 3 log5 x = −5
27 = x 3 1
x = 23 x = 5 −5 = x −3
x=8 3 =x
3 3
1
8
x=3 x= 2 = x −3
−3
3125
2=x
e.
x = log2 8 2
8 2 = 2x
1
(23 )(2 2 ) = 2x
23.5 = 2x
3.5 = x

Lesson 3

log4 2 + log4 32 = log4 (2)(32)

1. a. = log4 64
=3

log6 4 + log6 3 + log6 3 = log6 (4)(3)(3)

b. = log6 36
=2

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Support Question Answers

⎛2⎞ 2
log4 48 + log4 ⎜ ⎟ + log4 8 = log4 (48)( )(8)
⎝3⎠ 3
c. = log4 256
=4

2. a. b. c.

log3 2 + log3 2 + log3 5 log 7 3 + log 7 3 + log 7 5 log5 5 + log5 2 + log5 3 + log5 3

3. a. b. c.

log 2 320 − log 2 10 log 2 40 − log 2 5 log3 216 − log3 8

⎛ 320 ⎞ ⎛ 40 ⎞ ⎛ 216 ⎞
= log 2 ⎜ ⎟ = log 2 ⎜ ⎟ = log3 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 10 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠
= log 2 32 = log 2 8 = log3 27
=5 =3 =3

d.

log5 100 − log5 4

⎛ 100 ⎞
= log5 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
= log5 25
=2

4. a. log 2 72 − log 2 35 b. log 7 362 − log 7 19 .3 c. log x 741 − log x 337

5. a. b. c.
log3 8 = log3 (23 ) log5 36 = log5 (62 ) log2 27 = log2 (33 )
= 3log3 2 = 2log5 6 = 3log2 3

6. a. b. c.

3log2 5 = log2 (53 ) 2log7 4 = log7 (42 ) 6log3 8 = log3 (86 )

= log2 125 = log7 16 = log3 262144

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7. a. b.

log2 20 = log2 4 + log2 5 log2 25 = log2 5 + log2 5

= 2 + 2.3219 = 2.3219 + 2.3219
≈ 4.3219 ≈ 4.6438

8. a. b.

log2 ( x − 5) + log2 ( x − 2) = 2
2log x = log32 + log2
log2 ( x − 5)( x − 2) = 2
log x 2 = log(32)(2)
log2 x 2 − 7 x + 10 = 2
log x 2 = log64
x 2 − 7 x + 10 = 4
x 2 = 64
x = ±8 x 2 − 7 x + 10 − 4 = 0
x 2 − 7x + 6 = 0
( x − 6)( x − 1) = 0

x = 6 only because x = -1 is not a real number

c. d.

log( x − 2) + log( x + 1) = 1
2log m + 3log m = 10
log( x − 2)( x + 1) = log10
log m 2 + log m 3 = log10000000000
log x 2 − x − 2 = log10
log(m 2 )(m3 ) = 10000000000
x 2 − x − 2 = 10
m 5 = 10000000000
x 2 − x − 12 = 0
m = 100
( x + 3)( x − 4) = 0

x = 4 because x = -3 is not a real number

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Lesson 4
1.
49000000 = 84000(1 + x )40
49000000
= (1 + x )40
84000
1
⎛ 1750 ⎞ 40
⎜ 3 ⎟ = 1+ x The annual rate is approx 17.26%
⎝ ⎠
1
⎛ 1750 ⎞ 40
⎜ 3 ⎟ −1= x
⎝ ⎠
0.1726 ≈ x

2.
1000 = 500(1 + .08)n
2 = 1.08n
log2 = n log1.08
log2
=n It would take approximately 9 years for the amount to
log1.08
double.
9.0006 = n

3.
25 = 100(1 − 0.035)m
0.25 = 0.965m
log0.25 = m log0.965 At depth 38.9 m the intensity would be at 25%.
log0.25
=m
log0.965
38.9 ≈ m

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4.
a.

b. P = 100(.50 ) 28

c.
50

P = 100(.50 ) 28
P = 29%

5.
n
P = 100(.50) 8.1
n
1 = 100(.50) 8.1
n So it takes about 54 days for the level of radiation to
log1 = log100 + log0.5 reach 1%.
8.1
n
0 = 2+ log0.5
8.1
16.2
n=−
log0.5
n ≈ 54

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MHF4U – Advanced Functions Support Question Answers

Lesson 5
1.
π180
a. since π = 180° then == 90°
2 2
π 180
b. since π = 180° then = = 45°
4 4
−2π −2(180) −360
c. since π = 180° then = = = −120°
3 3 3
4π 4(180) 720
d. since π = 180° then = = = 240°
3 3 3

e. since π = 180° then 2π = 2(180) = 360°

−5π −5(180) −900

f. since π = 180° then = = = −300°
3 3 3

2.
180°
a. since π = 180° then = 1π = π
180°
240° 4
b. since π = 180° then = π
180° 3
90° 1
c. since π = 180° then = π
180° 2
45° 1
d. since π = 180° then = π
180° 4
−60° 1
e. since π = 180° then =− π
180° 3
120° 2
f. since π = 180° then = π
180° 3

π
3. a.
2

3 ⎛ π⎞ −6 1 7
b. − π + ⎜− ⎟ = π− π = − π
2 ⎝ 4⎠ 4 4 4

π 6 1 7
c. π + = π+ π = π
6 6 6 6

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4. a. b. c.

π rad = 180° π rad = 180° π rad = 180°

° ° °
⎛ 180° ⎞ ⎛ 180° ⎞ ⎛ 180° ⎞
1 rad = ⎜ ⎟ 1 rad = ⎜ ⎟ 1 rad = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ π ⎠ ⎝ π ⎠ ⎝ π ⎠
⎛ 180° ⎞ ⎛ 180° ⎞ ⎛ 180° ⎞
1.1 rad = 1.1⎜ ⎟ 0.9 rad = 0.9 ⎜ ⎟ −0.3 rad = −0.3 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ π ⎠ ⎝ π ⎠ ⎝ π ⎠
≈ 63° ≈ 52° ≈ −17°

5. a. b. c.

180° = π rad 180° = π rad 180° = π rad

⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞
1° = ⎜ ⎟ rad 1° = ⎜ ⎟ rad 1° = ⎜ ⎟ rad
⎝ 180 ⎠ ⎝ 180 ⎠ ⎝ 180 ⎠
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞
2° = 2 ⎜ ⎟ rad 12° = 12 ⎜ ⎟ rad −36° = −36 ⎜ ⎟ rad
⎝ 180 ⎠ ⎝ 180 ⎠ ⎝ 180 ⎠
= 0.035 rad = 0.209 rad = 0.628 rad

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