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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 6

Unit 2: Derivatives and Polynomial Functions

• demonstrate an understanding of rate of change by making connections between
average rate of change over an interval and instantaneous rate of change at a point,
using the slopes of secants and tangents and the concept of the limit;
• graph the derivatives of polynomial, sinusoidal, and exponential functions, and make
connections between the numeric, graphical, and algebraic representations of a
function and its derivative;
• verify graphically and algebraically the rules for determining derivatives; apply these
rules to determine the derivatives of polynomial, sinusoidal, exponential, rational,
and radical functions, and simple combinations of functions; and solve related
problems.
• make connections, graphically and algebraically, between the key features of a
function and its first and second derivatives, and use the connections in curve
sketching;
• solve problems, including optimization problems, that require the use of the concepts
and procedures associated with the derivative, including problems arising from real-
world applications and involving the development of mathematical models.

Copyright © 2011, Durham Continuing Education Page 2 of 53

MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 6

Lesson 6: Difference and Sum Rules of Derivatives

The Derivative of Any Polynomial

The Sum Rule

If h( x ) = f ( x ) + g ( x ) and f and g are both differentiable, then h '( x ) = f '( x ) + g '( x ).

d d d
In Leibniz notation this is express as [f ( x ) + g ( x )] = [f ( x )] + [g ( x )].
dx dx dx

Example 1

Find the derivative.

g( x ) = 7x 3 + 4x 2 + 5x + 2

Solution
d
g '( x ) = (7 x 3 + 4 x 2 + 5 x + 2)
dx
d d d d
= (7 x 3 ) + (4 x 2 ) + (5 x ) + (2)
dx dx dx dx
= 21x 2 + 8 x + 5 + 0
= 21x 2 + 8 x + 5

The Difference Rule

If h( x ) = f ( x ) − g ( x ) and f and g are both differentiable, then h '( x ) = f '( x ) − g '( x ).

d d d
In Leibniz notation this is express as [f ( x ) − g ( x )] = [f ( x )] − [g ( x )].
dx dx dx

Example 2

Find the derivative.

g ( x ) = 5 x 2 − 4 x −2 − 7 x − 3

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 6

Solution

d
g '( x ) = (5 x 2 − 4 x −2 − 7 x − 3)
dx
d d d d
= (5 x 2 ) − (4 x −2 ) − (7 x ) − (3)
dx dx dx dx
= 10 x + 8 x −3 − 7 − 0
= 10 x + 8 x −3 − 7

The Derivative of Any Polynomial Function

For any polynomial function,

P ( x ) = an x n + an −1x n −1 + ... + a2 x 2 + a1x 1 + a0 ,where n ∈ N,

P '( x ) = nan x n −1 + (n − 1)an −1x n − 2 + ... + 2a2 x 1 + a1.

Example 3

Find the derivative.

y = −2 x 4 + 3 x 3 − 4 x 2 − 2 x + 9

Solution

dy d
= ( −2 x 4 + 3 x 3 − 4 x 2 − 2 x + 9)
dx dx
d d d d d
= ( −2 x 4 ) + (3 x 3 ) − (4 x 2 ) − (2 x ) + (9)
dx dx dx dx dx
= −8 x 3 + 9 x 2 − 8 x − 2 + 0
= −8 x 3 + 9 x 2 − 8 x − 2

Copyright © 2011, Durham Continuing Education Page 4 of 53

MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 6

Support Question
1. Differentiate each function.

a. y = 3 x 2 − 5 x + 2 b. y = 7 x + 3
c. y = x 3 − 4 x 2 + 3 x − 7 d. y = −3 x −2 + 6 x + 4

2. Determine the slope of the tangent line at the given point for each function.

a. y = −2 x + 6 at ( -3, 12) b. y = 3 x 2 + 4 x + 5 at ( 1, 12)

c. y = −3 x 4 at (-1, -3)

3. Determine the equation of the tangent to each curve of y = x 2 − 3 x + 1 at each point.

a. (-1, 5) b. (0, 1)

4. Find the equation of the tangent to each curve.

a. y = x 2 −4 x + 3 where x = 2 b. y = 4 x 2 + x − 3 where x = -1

Key Question #6 (68 marks)

1. Differentiate each function. (12 marks)

a. f ( x ) = 8 x + 3 b. f ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 2 x − 5
3 2
c. f ( x ) = 4 − + 5 d. f ( x ) = 6 x 4 − 3 x 3 + 9 x 2 − 5 x + 8
x x

2. Determine the slope of the tangent line at the given point for each function.
(15 marks)

a. y = 5 x 4 − 4 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 6 x + 2 at ( 0, 2) b. y = −5 x 2 + 6 x − 3 at ( 0, -3)
c. y = 7 x 4 − x 2 + 6 x at (1, -2)

3. Determine the equation of the tangent to each curve of y = x 2 − 3 x + 1 at each point.

(10 marks)
⎛ 1 1⎞
a. (-2, 11) b. ⎜ ,− ⎟
⎝2 4⎠

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 6

4. Find the equation of the tangent to each curve. (10 marks)

a. f ( x ) = x 3 − 5 x 2 + 6 x − 7 where x = -1 b. 5 x 4 + x 3 − 6 x where x = 3

5. Find the equations of all the tangents to the graph of f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 x + 25 that passes
through the origin. (5 marks)

6. The population, P, of bacteria colony at t hours can be modelled by; (10 marks)

P (t ) = 100 + 120t + 10t 2 + 2t 3

a. What is the initial population of the bacteria colony?

b. What is the population of the colony at 5 h?
c. What is the growth rate of the colony at 5 h?

7. a. Determine f’(3), where f ( x ) = −6 x 3 + 4 x − 5 x 2 + 10 . (3 marks)

b. Give two interpretations of the meaning of f’(3). (3 marks)

Copyright © 2011, Durham Continuing Education Page 6 of 53

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First
F Derrivative and
a Mod
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Polynom
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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 7

Lesson 7: First Derivative and Modelling Polynomial

Functions
Polynomial Models involving Velocity and Speed

Often an object’s position, s, can be described by a function of time, s = f(t).

Average velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement over an interval of

time.

Instantaneous velocity is the rate of change of displacement at a specific point in time.

On a displacement-time graph, the slope of a secant represents average velocity, while

the slope of a tangent represents instantaneous velocity.

Difference between Velocity and Speed

The velocity of an object measures how fast it is moving and the direction of
movement.

Speed is the magnitude or absolute value of the velocity, without regard to directions.

Horizontal Motion

Example 1

A stone is tossed from a tower 15 m above the ground. The height of the stone, h, in
metres above the ground at t seconds can be modelled by the function

h(t ) = −4.9t 2 + 12t + 15

Determine the instantaneous velocity a 1 s and 3 s.

Solution
d
Instantaneous velocity = ( −4.9t 2 + 12t + 15) h '(1) = −9.8(1) + 12
dt
= 2.2
= −9.8t + 12

h '(3) = −9.8(3) + 12
= −17.4

At 1 second the stone was moving up at 2.2 m/s and at 3 seconds the stone was
moving down at 17.4 m/s.

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 7

Example 2

Using example 1, what is the velocity of the stone when it hits the ground?

Solution

h(t ) = −4.9t 2 + 12t + 15

0 = −4.9t 2 + 12t + 15

−b ± b 2 − 4ac
t=
2a
−12 ± 122 − 4( −4.9)(15)
=
2( −4.9)
−12 ± 144 + 294
=
−9.8
−12 ± 438
=
−9.8
−12 + 438 −12 + 20.93
t1 = = = −0.91
−9.8 −9.8
−12 − 438 −12 − 20.93
t2 = = = 3.36
−9.8 −9.8

Ignore t1 because we can’t have negative time, so;

h' (3.36 ) = −9.8(3.36 ) + 12 = −20 .93

Therefore the stone hits the ground at 20.93 m/s [down].

REMEMBER – Velocity must include direction.

Example 3

Using example 1, what is the initial velocity of the stone? HINT: time = t = 0 at initial
velocity.

Solution

h' (0) = −9.8(0) + 12 = 12

Therefore the initial velocity of the stone is 12 m/s [upward].

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MCV4U – Calculus
s and Vecto
ors nit 2 – Lessson 7
Un

Example 4

xample 1, when
Using ex w is the stone at its
s maximum
m height and
d what is th
hat height?

n
Solution

he stone is at its maxim

When th mum heightt the tangen
nt is 0.

Thereforre h’(t)=0

1 =0
−9.8t + 12
−9.8t = −12
8t −12
−9.8
=
−9.8 −9.8
t ≈ 1.2

The max
ximum heig
ght occurs at
a 1.2 secon
nds.

h(t ) = −4.9t 2 + 12
2t + 15
h (12 ) = −4.9(1.2)2 + 12(1.2) + 15
1
= 22.3

The max
ximum heig
ght is 22.3 m.
m

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 7

Vertical Motion

Example 5

The position of an object moving along a straight line can be modelled by the function
s(t ) = 3t 3 − 40.5t 2 + 162t , where s is the position in metres at t seconds and t ≥ 0 .

a. Determine the initial position of the object.

b. Determine the velocity at 2 s and 5 s.
c. When is the object stationary?
d. When is the object advancing? Retreating?
e. Determine the total distance travelled during the first eight seconds of motion.

Solution

a. The initial position occurs when t = 0. Since s(0) = 0 then the object starts at
the origin.

b.
s '(t ) =
d
dt
( 3t 3 − 40.5t 2 + 162t )
= 9t 2 − 81t + 162

s '(2) = 9(2)2 − 81(2) + 162

= 36
s '(5) = 9(5)2 − 81(5) + 162
= −18

At 2 s, the object is moving at 36 m/s. In this situation the positive velocity

means the object is moving right. At 5 s, the object is moving at –18 m/s, that
is, at 18 m/s to the left.

c. The object is stationary when the velocity s’(t) = 0. Substitute and solve for t.

9t 2 − 81t + 162 = 0
9(t 2 − 9t + 18) = 0
9(t − 6)(t − 3) = 0

t = 6 and t = 3 so the object is stationary at 3 and 6 seconds.

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 7

d. For the object to be advancing s’(t) > 0 (the velocity is greater than 0).
Substitute and then solve the inequality.

9t 2 − 81t + 162 > 0

9(t 2 − 9t + 18) > 0
(t − 6)(t − 3) > 0

Since t ≥ 0 then there are three intervals to consider.

0≤t <3 3<t ≤6 t>6

t – 6 6 subtracted from all 6 subtracted from all 6 subtracted from all

values between 0 values between 3(exclusive) values greater than 6
and 3 (exclusive) and 6 (inclusive) are positive
are negative are negative
+
- -
t – 3 3 subtracted from all 3 subtracted from all 3 subtracted from all
values between 0 values between 3(exclusive) values greater than 6
and 3 (exclusive) and 6 (inclusive) are positive
are negative are positive

- + +
s’(t)
(-)(-) = + (-)(+) = - (+)(+) = +

The object is increasing between 0 and 3 seconds then decreasing between 3

and 6 seconds and then again increasing when greater than 6 seconds.

e. The total distance travelled includes both the advancing and retreating
motion. The total distance is the sum of the absolute distance travelled. The
object changes directions at 3 s and 6 s and starts at the origin.

Time Position Time Distance Travelled

, t(s) s(t ) = 3t 3 − 40.5t 2 + 162t interval
3 s(3) = 3(3) 3 − 40.5(3) 2 + 162(3) = 202.5 0 < t < 3 s(3) − s(0) = 202.5 − 0 = 202.5

6 s(6) = 3(6)3 − 40.5(6) 2 + 162(6) = 162 3<t <6 s(6) − s(3) = 162 − 202.5 = 40.5

8 s(8) = 3(8)3 − 40.5(8) 2 + 162(8) = 240 6<t <8 s(8) − s(6) = 240 − 162 = 78

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 7

The total distance travelled is 202.5 + 40.5 + 78 = 321 m.

Support Question
1. Imagine standing in the centre of an open space and taking 5 steps forward and
then three back.

a. How many steps are you from your starting point? The number of steps is
your displacement.
b. How many steps have you taken? The number of steps is the distance
travelled.

2. When any object is in motion, three related characteristics of the motion can be
measured. Copy and complete the table. Indicate the appropriate units.

Displacement f(t) Velocity f’(t) Time, t

Kilometres per hour
metres seconds

3. For each function, find an expression for the velocity and the value of the
displacement (m) and velocity at t = 5s. Displacement is in metres and time is in
seconds. Include appropriate units in your responses.

a. s(t ) = t 2 − 4t + 5 b. s(t ) = 12

4. An object is projected directly up so that its height in metres at time t seconds can
be modelled by h(t ) = −0.5t 2 + 9t + 9.1 .

a. From what height was the object initially projected?

b. What was the initial velocity?
c. Find the velocity when t = 2, 5, 9, and 11 s.
d. Find the height when t = 8, 9, and 10 s.
e. When does the object return to its initial height?

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 7

Key Question #7 (32 marks)

1. When any object is in motion, three related characteristics of the motion can be
measured. Copy and complete the table. Indicate the appropriate units. (3 marks)

Displacement f(t) Velocity f’(t) Time, t

Metres per minute
centimetres seconds

2. For each function, find an expression for the velocity and the value of the
displacement and velocity at t = 5. Displacement is in metres and time is in
seconds. Include appropriate units in your responses. (4 marks)

a. s(t ) = 3t + 7 b. s(t ) = t 3 − 2t 2 + 4t − 1

3. When a flare is launched from a hilltop, its height above the ground, in metres, at t
seconds is described by h(t ) = −4.9t 2 + 16t + 200. (5 marks)

a. What is the initial velocity of the flare?

b. What is the height at launch?
c. How fast is the flare descending at 6 s after launch?
d. When does the flare hit the ground?
e. What is its velocity when it hits the ground?

4. A model rocket is launched with an initial velocity of 55 m/s. Its height as a function
of time can be modelled by h(t ) = −4.9t 2 + 55t . Determine the maximum height
reached by the rocket. (5 marks)

5. A particle moves along a line. The particle’s position, s, in metres at t seconds is

modelled by s(t ) = 2t 3 − 15t 2 + 36t + 40 , where t ≥ 0 . (10 marks)

a. Determine the initial position of the particle.

b. What is the velocity at 1 s and 5 s?
c. When is the particle stationary?
d. When is it advancing? Retreating?
e. Determine the total distance travelled during the first five seconds.

6. A particle moves along a line. The particle’s position, s, in centimetres at t seconds

is modelled by s(t ) = t 3 − 9t 2 + 24t + 20 , where t ≥ 0 . What is the total distance
travelled by the particle in the first 8 seconds? (5 marks)

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 8

Lesson 8: Second Derivative and Modelling Polynomial

Functions
Application of the Second Derivative

The derivative of velocity is acceleration. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity

with respect to time. Velocity is the rate of change of position or displacement with
respect to time. Therefore acceleration is the rate of change of the rate of change of
position.

To summarize, acceleration is the second derivative of displacement.

Displacement is modelled by the function s = f(t)

Velocity is modelled by the function V = f’(t)
Acceleration is modelled by the function a = f’’(t)

Note: Acceleration has both magnitude and direction just like velocity.

Example 1

Determine the second derivative y’’ for y = 4 x 3 − 3 x 2 + 7 x − 5 .

Solution

Determine the first derivative. Then find the derivative of the first derivative.

y = 4x3 − 3x 2 + 7x − 5
d dy
y'= y=
dx dx
d
y'= (4 x 3 − 3 x 2 + 7 x − 5)
dx
= 12 x 2 − 6 x + 7

d
y '' = (12 x 2 − 6 x + 7)
dx
= 24 x − 6

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 8

Example 2

A rock is thrown into the air from a bridge 10 m above the water. Its height above the
water is a function of the time since it was thrown. The height of the rock, in metres,
above the water can be modelled by the function h(t ) = −4.9t 2 + 12t + 10 , where h(t)
represents the height in metres at t seconds. What is the rock’s acceleration when it
enters the water?

Solution

In order to find acceleration, you must determine the second derivative.

h(t ) = −4.9t 2 + 12t + 10

d
h '(t ) = ( −4.9t 2 + 12t + 10)
dt
= −9.8t + 12

d
h ''(t ) = ( −9.8t + 12)
dt
= −9.8

While it is in the air, the rock is accelerating at all time at the same rate, -9.8 m / s 2 .

In this example, the acceleration is a constant and is called the acceleration due to
gravity. The fact that it is negative means that any object moving away from the Earth
slows down, while an object moving towards the Earth speeds up.

Example 3

The position at t seconds of an object moving along a straight line can be modelled by
the function s(t ) = 3t 3 − 40.5t 2 + 162t , where s is the position in and t ≥ 0 .

a. Determine the acceleration at 6 s.

b. Determine when the velocity is decreasing.
c. Determine when the velocity is increasing.
d. Determine when the velocity is not changing.

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 8

Solution

a. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity

h(t ) = 3t 3 − 40.5t 2 + 162t

d
h '(t ) = (3t 3 − 40.5t 2 + 162t )
dt
= 9t 2 − 81t + 162

d
h ''(t ) = (9t 2 − 81t + 162)
dt
= 18t − 81

sub t = 6
h ''(6) = 18(6) − 81
= 27m / s 2 [right ]

b. The velocity is decreasing when h’’(t) < 0.

18t − 81 < 0
18t < 81
t < 4 .5

Since t ≥ 0 then velocity is decreasing when 0 ≤ t < 4.5 .

c. The velocity is increasing when h’’(t) > 0.

18t − 81 > 0
18t > 81
t > 4.5

Since t ≥ 0 then velocity is increasing when t > 4.5 .

d. Velocity is not changing when h’’(t)=0. Therefore velocity does not change at t = 4.5

h ''(4.5) = 18(4.5) − 81
= 0m / s 2

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 8

Support Question
1. Find the first and second derivatives for each function.

a. f ( x ) = 7 x 2 + 3 x b. y = − x 4 + 2 x − 5
c. f ( x ) = 6 x − 9 d. y = 2

2. For each function, evaluate.

a. f ' (2) if f ( x ) = −3 x 2 + x − 4
b. f ' ' ( −1) if f ( x ) = 5 x 3 − 4 x 2 + 3 x − 2
c. f ' (1) if f ( x ) = x 4 + 5 x 2 − 2 x + 11
⎛ 1⎞
d. f ' ' ⎜ ⎟ if f ( x ) = x 3 − x 2 − 2 x + 12
⎝2⎠

3. Find y’’.

a. y = 5 x 3 + 3 x b. y = −3 x 3 + x 2 − 8
c. y = 7 x d. y = x 2 − 3 x − 10

4. The displacement of an object in motion is described by s(t ) = 2t 3 − 18t 2 + 75t ,

where the displacement, s, is measured in metres at t seconds.

a. Find the displacement at 4 s.

b. Find the velocity at 6 s.
c. Find the acceleration at 3 s.

5. A ball is thrown into the air. Its motion can be described by h(t ) = −4.9t 2 + 5t + 7 ,
where the height, h, is measured in metres at t seconds.

a. Find the initial velocity.

b. When does the ball reach its maximum height?
c. When does the ball hit the ground?
d. What is its velocity when it hits the ground?
e. What is the acceleration of the ball on the way up? On the way down?

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 8

Key Question #8 (91marks)

1. Find the first and second derivatives for each function. (20 marks)

a. f ( x ) = 5 x 3 b. y = x 4 − 3 x 3 + 5 x − 7
c. f ( x ) = 9 d. y = 7 x 2 − 8 x + 2

2. For each function, evaluate. (20 marks)

a. f ' (3) if f ( x ) = x 4 − 2 x
b. f ' ' ( −1) if f ( x ) = 3 x 3 + 4 x 2 − x + 9
c. f ' (0) if f ( x ) = −3 x 2 + 5 x − 7
⎛ 1⎞
d. f ' ' ⎜ ⎟ if f ( x ) = −2 x 3 − 3 x 2 + 7 x − 1
⎝2⎠

3. Find y’’. (20 marks)

a. y = −2x 3 b. y = 6 x 4 − 2 x 3 + 6 x 2 − 5
c. y = 20 d. y = −13 x 2 + 3 x − 18

4. The displacement of an object in motion is described by s(t ) = t 3 − 21t 2 + 90t , where

the displacement, s, is measured in metres at t seconds. (9 marks)

a. Find the displacement at 3 s.

b. Find the velocity at 5 s.
c. Find the acceleration at 4 s.

5. A ball is thrown into the air. Its motion can be described by h(t ) = −4.9t 2 + 6t + 2 ,
where the height, h, is measured in metres at t seconds. (10 marks)

a. Find the initial velocity.

b. When does the ball reach its maximum height?
c. When does the ball hit the ground?
d. What is its velocity when it hits the ground?
e. What is the acceleration of the ball on the way up? On the way down?

6. For each displacement function, find the velocity and acceleration at the indicated
time. State whether the object is accelerating or decelerating. (6 marks)
2
a. s(t ) = −3t 3 + 5t − 6t when t = 3
b. s(t ) = (2t − 5) 3 when t = 2

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 8

7. An object is moving horizontally. The object’s displacement, s, in metres at t

2
seconds is described by s(t ) = 2t 3 − 7t + 4t . (6 marks)

a. Find the velocity and acceleration at t = 2.

b. When is the object stationary?
c. At what time, to the nearest tenth, is acceleration equal to 0?

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 9

Lesson 9: Increasing and Decreasing Intervals

Intervals of Increase and Decrease of a Polynomial Functions

The terms decreasing and increasing help explain how a function changes over an
interval.

By calculating the first derivative of a polynomial function it can be determined whether

a function is increasing or decreasing.

The sign of the derivative, positive if increasing and negative if decreasing, will help
establish the intervals.

Test for Increasing and Decreasing Functions

If f’(x) > 0 for all x in the interval a < x < b, then f is increasing on the interval a < x < b.

If f’(x) < 0 for all x in that interval, then f is decreasing on the interval a < x < b.

Example 1

Determine the intervals where the function increases and decreases for

f ( x ) = x 2 − 2x + 3

Solution

The first derivative is needed.

f ( x ) = x 2 − 2x + 3

f '( x) =
d
dx
(
x 2 − 2x + 3 )
= 2x − 2

The increasing interval The decreasing interval

2x − 2 > 0 2x − 2 < 0
2x > 2 2x < 2
x >1 x <1

Note: If you multiple (or divide) both sides of an inequality by a negative number, then
you must reverse the direction of the inequality.

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MCV4U – Calculus
s and Vecto
ors Un
nit 2 – Lessson 9

Example 2

Determine the interrvals where

e the functio
on increase
es and decrreases for

2 3
f (x) = − x + x 2 + 12 x − 1.
3

Solution
n

The firstt derivative is needed:

2
f ( x ) = − x 3 + x 2 + 12 x − 1
3
d 2
f '( x ) = ( − x 3 + x 2 + 12 x − 1)
dx 3
= −2 x 2 + 2 x + 12
= −2( x 2 − x − 6)
= −2( x − 3)(( x + 2)

s us that the function crossed

This tells c e x-axis at x =3 and x = -2 and so
the o there are
three inttervals x< -2
- ; -2 < x < 3 ; and x > 3

Use a chhart to help

p us determine the dire
ection of the
e intervals a
and choose
e a value off x in
each interval to dettermine the
e sign.

Inte
ervals
Factors
F x < −2 −2 < x < 3 x >3
-2 Negativ
ve Negative
e Negative
e

x −3 Negativ
ve Negative
e Positive

x+2 Negativ
ve Positive
e Positive

Sign off y’ ( − )( − )( − ) = ( − ) ( − )( − )( + ) = ( + ) ( − )( + )( + ) = ( − )

Behaviour of y Decreasing Increasin

ng Decreasing

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 9

Therefore the function: decreases when x <-2

increases when –2 < x < 3
decreases when x > 3

Example 3

TEEs, a clothing store, predicts that for every dollar increase in the price of any t-shirt
will cause sales to decrease by 10 000 units per year. The store now sells 300 000 t-
shirts a year at $15 each.

a. Develop a model that represents TEEs revenue.

b. Using this model, determine when revenue will increase and when it will
decrease.
c. The store’s manager is thinking of increasing the price of each t-shirt by $2. At
this new price, what is the rate of change in revenue?

Solution

a. Revenue = (price) X (units sold)

Let x represent the price increase or the number of times the t-shirts will increase
in price.

Price = (15 + x) Units sold = (300000 – 10000x)

Revenue = (15 + x )(300000 − 10000 x )

= 4500000 − 150000 x + 300000 x − 10000 x 2
= 4500000 + 150000 x − 10000 x 2

Let R represent revenue. The model for sales revenue is

R = 4500000 + 150000 x − 10000 x 2

b. Revenue increases when R’>0 and decreases when R’<0.

R = 4500000 + 150000 x − 10000 x 2

d
R' = (4500000 + 150000 x − 10000 x 2 )
dx
R ' = −20000 x + 150000

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MCV4U – Calculus
s and Vecto
ors Un
nit 2 – Lessson 9

In
ncrease Dec
crease
0 < 20000 x + 150000 0>220000 x + 15
50000
−150000 < −20000 x −1500000 > −20
0000 x
−150000 −20000 x −1500000 −20000 x
< >
−20000 −20000 −200000 −20
0000

7.5 > x 7.5 < x

The
T revenue e will increa
ase for a price increasee less that $7.50 and will begin to
o
decrease forr any price increase more
m than $ 7.50

c. The
T derivativ
ve represen
nts the (instantaneouss) rate of ch
hange at a p
point.

To
T find the rate
r of chan
nge for a prrice increasse of $2, eva
aluate R’(2).

R ' = −200
000 x + 1500
000
R '(2) = −200
000(2) + 150000
= 1100
000

Revenue
R wo
ould increas e of $110000 per dollar increase iin price.
se at a rate

Supporrt Questi
tion
1. Identify the inte
ervals on wh
hich the fun
nction incre
eases and/o
or decrease
es.

a. b.

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 9

2. Solve for x, x ∈ R .

a. 3 x + 9 > 0 b. ( x + 5)( x − 2) > 0

c. x 2 − 16 > 0 d. x 2 − x − 30 < 0
e. 2 x 2 − 3 x − 20 < 0

3. For each function f(x), determine f’(x). Also determine when f’(x)>0. State the
intervals on which f(x) is increasing.

a. f ( x ) = 4 x + 8 b. f ( x ) = x 2 + 5 c. f ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 6 x

4. For each function f(x), determine f’(x). Also determine when f’(x)<0. State the
intervals on which f(x) is decreasing.

a. f ( x ) = −3 x − 15 b. f ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 11 c. f ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 12 x − 1

5. Determine the intervals where each function increases and decreases.

a. f ( x ) = 4 x + 12 b. f ( x ) = 9 − 3 x 2 c. f ( x ) = −2 x 3 + 6 x − 2

6. A plastic juice bottle holds 2 L of liquid. In an experiment, a small hole is drilled in

the bottom of the bottle. The volume of liquid, V, remaining after t seconds can be
t t2
modelled byV (t ) = 2 − + , where t ≥ 0 . How long does it take for the 2L of
5 200
liquid to drain from the bottle?

7. A pitcher throws a ball towards home plate as a lob. The height of the ball in
metres, h, at t seconds can be modelled by h(t ) = −4.9t 2 + 10.5t + 0.2 .

a. When is the height of the ball increasing? Decreasing?

b. When is the velocity of the ball increasing? Decreasing?

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MCV4U – Calculus
s and Vecto
ors Un
nit 2 – Lessson 9

Key Qu
uestion #9
# (45 marks)
m
1. Identify the inte
ervals on wh
hich the fun
nction incre
eases and/o
or decrease
es. (4 markss)

a. b.

ve for x, x ∈ R . (10 ma
2. Solv arks)

a. −2x + 8 < 0 b. ((3 x + 2)( x − 3) < 0

c. x 2 − 5 x − 14 > 0 d. 2 x 2 − x − 6 < 0
e. 3 x 2 − 11x > 4

3. For each
e functio
on f(x), dete
ermine f’(x)). Also dete
ermine whe
en f’(x)>0. State the
interrvals on which f(x) is in
ncreasing. (6
( marks)

a. f ( x ) = −4 x + 9 b. f ( x ) = −2 x 2 − 8 cc. f ( x ) = −5 x 2 − 20 x + 3

4. For each
e functio
on f(x), dete
ermine f’(x)). Also dete
ermine whe
en f’(x)<0. State the
interrvals on which f(x) is decreasing. (6 marks)

a. f ( x ) = 5 x + 35 b. f ( x ) = −3 x 2 − 1
12 cc. f ( x ) − 4 x 2 − 32 x + 5

5. Dete
ermine the intervals
i wh
here each function
f inccreases and
d decreasess. (9 markss)

a. y = −3 x − 1 b. y = x 2 + 4 x + 1 cc. − x 2 + 2 x − 1

6. The profit, P, in
n dollars forr selling x ha
amburgers is modelled by
2
x
P ( x ) = 2.44x − − 50000, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 350000. For wwhat quantitties of
20000
hamburgers is the t profit in
ncreasing? Decreasing g? (5 markss)

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 9

7. The world population from 1900 to 2000 can be modelled by

P (t ) = 0.0012t 3 + 0.3197t 2 + 0.2109t + 1688.951, where P is the population in
millions and t is the number of years since 1900. Did the world population ever
decrease in the 20th century? Justify your answer. (5 marks)

Copyright © 2011, Durham Continuing Education Page 29 of 53

 MC
MCV4
4UU
Calcu
C ulus and Vecttors
Grrade 12
2

Lesson 10
MCV4U – Calculus
s and Vecto
ors Uniit 2 – Lesso
on 10

Lesso
on 10: Maximum
M m and Miinimum on an In
nterval
Maximu
um and Min
nimum Values of a Polynomial Function

Functionns can havee many maximum and d minimum vvalues over a defined range of th
he
function. Finding th
he value that has the least
l minim
mum value o
or the greattest minimu
um
value is the task.

The greaatest extrem

me value is
s called the absolute m
maximum. T
The least e ue is
extreme valu
called th
he absolute minimum value.
v

Other obbvious minimum or ma

aximum values yet are
e not the exxtreme valu
ues are calle
ed
local min
nimum/max ximums.

Defining
g Absolute
e Maximum
m and Minimum Value
es

f(d) is th
he absolute m value if f (d ) ≥ f ( x ) fo
e maximum or all x in the domain o
of f.

f(d) is th
he absolute m value if f (d ) ≤ f ( x ) for all x in the
e minimum e domain of f.

Defining
g Local Ma
aximum an
nd Minimum
m Values

Functionn f has a local maximum at c if f (c ) ≥ f ( x ) ffor all x suffficiently clo

ose to c (on
n
both sides of c.

Function um at c if f (c ) ≤ f ( x ) ffor all x suffficiently closse to c (on both

n f has a local minimu
sides of c.

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MCV4U – Calculus
s and Vecto
ors Uniit 2 – Lesso
on 10

Example 1

ximum and minimum values for ea

Identify all the max ach function. Then de
ecide wheth
her
these vaalues are lo
ocal or abso
olute, or botth.

a. f ( x ) = − x 2 + 2
b. f ( x ) = ( x − 2) 3
c. f((x) = x 3 − 3 x + 2, - 2 ≤ x ≤ 3

Solution
n

a. Graph
G f (x) = −x 2 + 2

he graph is (0, 2), and f(0) > f(x) ffor all value
T highest point on th
The es of x.

(00, 2) corres
sponds to th
he local, and absolute,, maximum
m points of th
he function.
f((0)=2 is the absolute maximum
m va
alue.

Since
S f (x ) → −∞ as x → −∞ and f (x ) → −∞ as x → ∞ , there is no
o minimum
value.

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MCV4U – Calculus
s and Vecto
ors Uniit 2 – Lesso
on 10

b. Graph
G f ( x ) = ( x − 2) 3

The
T graph shows that f(x)
f is increa
asing for alll values of x. This function has no
maximum
m orr minimum values.

c. Graph
G f(x) = x 3 − 3 x + 2, -2≤ x ≤3

T graph shows that the

The t function
n has a loca al minimum m value for
x = 1. The absolute
a minimum valu
ue for this cclosed interrval is P(-2,, 0)

The
T local ma aximum vallue is 4 for f(-1). The a
absolute m
maximum va
alue is at f(3
3) =
20 on this closed interv
val.

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 10

Critical Numbers and Critical Points

Defining Critical Number of a Polynomial Function

For any polynomial function f(x), a point on the graph of the function where f’(x)=0 is a
critical point.

A critical number is a number c in the domain of f(x) such that f’(x) = 0.

Example 2
4 3
Determine the critical number of f ( x ) = − x + 3x 2 + 4x + 1.
3
Solution

First determine the derivative. Then factor. The critical numbers occur where f’(x)=0.

4 3
f (x) = − x + 3x 2 + 4x + 1
3
f '( x ) = −4 x 2 + 6 x + 4
= −2(2 x 2 − 3 x − 2)
= −2(2 x + 1)( x − 2)

1
x=− and x = 2
2
1
Therefore the critical numbers are − and 2.
2

Steps for Finding the Absolute Extremes (Extrema)

Follow these steps to find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function f
on a closed interval. a ≤ x ≤ b .

1. Determine f’(x). Find all critical numbers of f on the interval a ≤ x ≤ b .

2. Evaluate f at the endpoints a and b and at each critical number c.

3. Compare all the values found for step 2.

The largest value is the absolute maximum of f on the interval a ≤ x ≤ b .

The smallest value is the absolute minimum of f on the interval a ≤ x ≤ b .

The critical numbers indicate where possible extrema can occur. On an interval the
absolute extrema will occur at the critical points or at the endpoints of the interval.

Copyright © 2011, Durham Continuing Education Page 34 of 53

MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 10

Example 3

Find the absolute maximum and minimum value of f ( x ) = 2 x 4 − 8 x 3 + 9 x 2 , − 2 ≤ x ≤ 3

Solution

First determine the derivative. Then factor. The critical numbers occur where f’(x)=0.

f ( x ) = 2x 4 − 8 x 3 + 9 x 2
f '( x ) = 8 x 3 − 24 x 2 + 18 x
= 2 x(4 x 2 − 12 x + 9)
= 2 x(2 x − 3)(2 x − 3)

3
x = 0 and x =
2

Evaluate the critical numbers and the endpoints of the interval.

f ( x ) = 2x 4 − 8 x 3 + 9 x 2
f (0) = 2(0)4 − 8(0)3 + 9(0)2
=0

f ( x ) = 2x 4 − 8 x 3 + 9 x 2
⎛3⎞ 3 3 3
f ⎜ ⎟ = 2( )4 − 8( )3 + 9( )2
⎝2⎠ 2 2 2
3
=3
8

f ( x ) = 2x 4 − 8 x 3 + 9 x 2
f ( −2) = 2( −2)4 − 8( −2)3 + 9( −2)2
= 132

f ( x ) = 2x 4 − 8 x 3 + 9 x 2
f (3) = 2(3)4 − 8(3)3 + 9(3)2
= 27

Therefore the absolute minimum is f(0)=0 and the absolute maximum is f(-2) = 132

Copyright © 2011, Durham Continuing Education Page 35 of 53

MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Lesson 10

Support Question
1. Find all the critical points of each function.

a. y = 3 x 2 + 2 b. y = −2 x 2 + 16 x − 31 c. y = x 4 − 4 x 2

2. Find all the absolute maximums and minimum values on each interval.

a. f ( x ) = x 2 − 2 x + 3, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 b. f ( x ) = −4 x 2 − 16 x − 17, − 5 ≤ x ≤ 0
c. f ( x ) = x 3 + 3 x 2 + 1, -2 ≤ x ≤ 2 d. f ( x ) = x 5 − 5 x 4 + 100, − 1 ≤ x ≤ 5

3. Determine the absolute maximum and minimum values of

h ( x ) = 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 12 x, where − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2 .

4. For f ( x ) = x 4 − 18 x 2 on the interval − 4 ≤ x ≤ 4 , find the critical points and the

maximum and minimum values.

Key Question #10 (36 marks)

1. Find all the critical points of each function. (9 marks)

a. y = x 2 + 6 x + 7 b. y = x 3 − 27 x c. y = 3 x 5 − 25 x 3 − 60 x

2. Find all the absolute maximums and minimum values on each interval. (12 marks)

a. f ( x ) = x 3 − 3 x 2 , − 1 ≤ x ≤ 4 b. f ( x ) = x 4 − 2 x 2 , − 2 ≤ x ≤ 5
c. f ( x ) = ( x + 2) 2 , − 3 ≤ x ≤ 3 d. f ( x ) = 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 36 x + 17, − 3 ≤ x ≤ 3

3. For f ( x ) = x 3 + 3 x 2 − 45 x on the interval − 6 ≤ x ≤ 4 , find the critical points and the

maximum and minimum values. Graph f(x). (5 marks)

4. The volume, V, of 1 kg of H2 O at temperature t between 0° C and 30° C can be

modelled by V (t ) = −0.0000679t 3 + 0.0085043t 2 − 0.06426t + 999.87 . Volume is
measured in cubic centimetres. Determine the temperature at which the volume of
water is the greatest in the given interval. (5 marks)

5. Graph the function with an absolute minimum at (-2, -12), a local maximum at (0, 3),
a local minimum at (2, -1), and an absolute maximum at (4, 9). (5 marks)

Copyright © 2011, Durham Continuing Education Page 36 of 53

 MC
MCV4
4UU
Calcu
C ulus and Vecttors
Grrade 12
2

Unit 2
Supp
port Qu
uestion
n Answ
wers
MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Support Question Answers

Lesson 6
1. a. b.

dy
=
dx dx
d
(
3x 2 − 5 + 2 ) dy
=
dx dx
d
(7x + 3)
=
d
dx
(
3x 2 − )d
dx
d
( 5 x ) + ( 2)
dx
=
d
dx
d
(7x ) + (3)
dx
= 6x − 5 + 0 =7+0
= 6x − 5 =7

c.

dy
=
dx dx
d
(
x 3 − 4x 2 + 3x − 7 )
=
d
dx
( )
x3 −
d
dx
(
4x 2 +
d
dx
) d
(3x ) − (7)
dx
= 3x − 8x + 3 − 0
2

= 3x 2 − 8x + 3

d.

dy
=
dx dx
d
(
−3 x −2 + 6 x + 4 )
=
d
dx
(
−3 x −2 + )d
dx
d
(6x ) + ( 4)
dx
−3
= 6x + 6 + 0
= 6 x −3 + 6

2. a. b.
dy
=
dx dx
d
( )
3x 2 + 4x + 5

dy d =
d
(
3x 2 + )
d d
( 4x ) + (5)
= ( −2 x + 6 ) dx dx dx
dx dx = 6x + 4 + 0
d d
= ( −2 x ) + ( 6 ) = 6x + 4
dx dx
= −2
f 1 (1) = 6 (1) + 4
= 10

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Support Question Answers

c.
dy
=
dx dx
d
( −3 x 4 )
= −12 x 3

f 1 ( −1) = −12 ( −1)

3

= 12

3. a. b.
dy d 2
= ( x − 3 x + 1) dy
=
d 2
( x − 3 x + 1)
dx dx dx dx
d 2 d d
= (x ) − (3 x ) + (1) =
d 2
(x ) −
d
(3 x ) +
d
(1)
dx dx dx dx dx dx
= 2x − 3 + 0 = 2x − 3 + 0
= 2x − 3 = 2x − 3

f '( −1) = 2( −1) − 3 f '(0) = 2(0) − 3

= −5 = −3

y = mx + b y = mx + b
5 = −5( −1) + b 1 = −3(0) + b
5 =5+b 1= b
0=b
y = −3 x + 1
y = −5 x

Copyright © 2011, Durham Continuing Education Page 39 of 53

MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Support Question Answers

4. a. b.
dy d
= (4 x 2 + x − 3)
dy d 2 dx dx
= ( x − 4 x + 3)
dx dx d d d
= (4 x 2 ) + (x) − (3)
d 2 d d dx dx dx
= (x ) − (4 x ) + (3)
dx dx dx = 8x + 1+ 0
= 2x − 4 + 0 = 8x + 1
= 2x − 4
f '( −1) = 8( −1) + 1
f '(2) = 2(2) − 4 = −7
=0

y = 4x 2 + x − 3
f ( x ) = x 2 − 4x + 3 f ( −1) = 4( −1)2 + ( −1) − 3
f ( 2 ) = (2)2 − 4(2) + 3 = 4−4
y = −1 =0

Usin g (2, −1) Usin g ( −1,0)

y = mx + b y = mx + b
−1 = 0(2) + b 0 = −7( −1) + b
−1 = b 0 =7+b
−7 = b
y = −1
y = −7 x − 7

Copyright © 2011, Durham Continuing Education Page 40 of 53

MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Support Question Answers

Lesson 7

1. a. Displacement = 5 – 3 = 2 b. distance travelled = 5 + 3 = 8

2. a. kilometres; hours b. metres per second

3. a. s’(t) = 2t – 4; (velocity) b. s’(t) = 0;

s(5) = 52 − 4(5) + 5
(displacement) s(t) = 12
= 10

s '(5) = 2(5) − 4
= 10 − 4 (velocity at t – 5) s’(5) = 0
=6

4. a. b.
t = 0, therefore
t = 0, therefore,
h '(0) = −t + 9
h(0) = −0.5(0)2 + 9(0) + 9.1
= −1(0) + 9
= 9.1 m
= 9 m / s [up]
c.
h '(11) = −t + 9
h '(2) = −t + 9 h '(5) = −t + 9 h '(9) = −t + 9
= −1(11) + 9
= −1(2) + 9 = −1(5) + 9 = −1(9) + 9
= −2 m / s [up ]
= 7 m / s [up] = 4 m / s [up] = 0 m / s [up]
= 2 m / s [ down]

d.
h(8) = −0.5(8)2 + 9(8) + 9.1
= 49.1 m

h(9) = −0.5(9)2 + 9(9) + 9.1

= 49.6 m

h(10) = −0.5(10)2 + 9(10) + 9.1

= 49.1 m

Copyright © 2011, Durham Continuing Education Page 41 of 53

MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Support Question Answers

e.
h ( 0 ) = 9.1m, therefore
9.1 = −0.5t 2 + 9t + 9.1
0 = −0.5t 2 + 9t
0 = −0.5t (t − 18), t = 0 and t = 18

Therefore the object returns to its original height at 18 seconds.

Lesson 8

1. a. b. c. d.
f '( x ) = 14 x + 3 y ' = −4 x 3 + 2 f '(x) = 6 y'= 0
f ''( x ) = 14 y ' ' = −12 x 2 f ''(x) = 0 y'' = 0

2. a. b.
f ( x ) = 5x3 − 4x 2 + 3x − 2
f ( x ) = −3 x 2 + x − 4
d
d f '( x ) = (5 x 3 − 4 x 2 + 3 x − 2)
f '( x ) = ( −3 x 2 + x − 4) dx
dx
f '( x ) = −6 x + 1 f '( x ) = 15 x 2 − 8 x + 3
d
f ''( x ) = (15 x 2 − 8 x + 3)
dx
f '(2) = −6(2) + 1
f ''( x ) = 30 x − 8
= −12 + 1
f ''( −1) = 30( −1) − 8
= −11
= −30 − 8
= −38

c. d.
f ( x ) = x 3 − x 2 − 2 x + 12
f ( x ) = x + 5 x − 2 x + 11
4 2
d 3
d 4 f '( x ) = ( x − x 2 − 2 x + 12)
f '( x ) = ( x + 5 x 2 − 2 x + 11) dx
dx f '( x ) = 3 x 2 − 2 x − 2
f '( x ) = 4 x 3 + 10 x − 2 d
f ''( x ) = (3 x 2 − 2 x − 2)
dx
f '(1) = 4(1)3 + 10(1) − 2 f ''( x ) = 6 x − 2
= 4 + 10 − 2 1 1
f ''( ) = 6( ) − 2
= 12 2 2
=3−2
=1

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Support Question Answers

3. a. b.
y = 5x 3 + 3x y = −3 x 3 + x 2 − 8
d d
y' = (5 x 3 + 3 x ) y'= ( −3 x 3 + x 2 − 8 )
dx dx
y ' = 15 x 2 + 3 y ' = −9 x 2 + 2 x
d d
y'' = (15 x 2 + 3) y'' = ( −9 x 2 + 2 x )
dx dx
y ' ' = 30 x y ' ' = −18 x + 2

c. d.
y = 7x y = x 2 − 3 x − 10
d d
y' = (7 x ) y' = ( x 2 − 3 x − 10)
dx dx
y' = 7 y ' = 2x − 3
d d
y'' = (7 ) y'' = (2 x − 3)
dx dx
y'' = 0 y'' = 2

4. a. b.
s(t ) = 2t 3 − 18t 2 + 75
d
s '(t ) = (2t 3 − 18t 2 + 75t )
s(t ) = 2t 3 − 18t 2 + 75t dx
s(4) = 2(4)3 − 18(4)2 + 75(4) s '(t ) = 6t 2 − 36t + 75
= 140 m
s '(6) = 6(6)2 − 36(6) + 75
= 75 m / s [ forward]
c.
s ( t ) = 2t 3 − 18t 2 + 75t
sI ( t ) = 6t 2 − 36t + 75
d
sI I ( t ) =
dx
( 6t 2 − 36t + 75 )

s ( t ) = 12t − 36
II

sI I ( 3 ) = 12 ( 3 ) − 36
= 0 m / s2

Copyright © 2011, Durham Continuing Education Page 43 of 53

MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Support Question Answers

5. a.
h ( t ) = −4.9t 2 + 5t + 7

hI ( t ) =
d
dx
(
−4.9t 2 + 5t + 7 )
h ( t ) = −9.8t + 5
I

hI ( 0 ) = −9.8 ( 0 ) + 5
= 5 m / s [up]

b. Determine when the ball is released and when it hits the ground. Next
determine the mid-point between these value.

−b ± b 2 − 4ac
t=
2a
−5 ± (5)2 − 4( −4.9)(7)
t=
2( −4.9)
Reaches maximum when
−5 ± 162.2
t= h ' ( t ) = 0 or v = 0
−9.8
OR
−5 − 162.2 −5 + 162.2
t= and 0 = 9.8t + 5
−9.8 −9.8
t = 1.80 and t = −0.789 5
t=
9.8
1.8 + (-0.789)
t=
2
t = 0.51

It takes 0.51 seconds to reach the maximum height.

c.
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
t=
2a The ball hits the ground at approximately
−5 ± (5)2 − 4( −4.9)(7) 1.8 seconds
t=
2( −4.9)
−5 ± 162.2
t=
−9.8
−5 − 162.2 −5 + 162.2
t= and
−9.8 −9.8
t = 1.80 and t = −0.789

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Support Question Answers

d.
h(t ) = −4.9t 2 + 5t + 7
d
h '(t ) = ( −4.9t 2 + 5t + 7)
dx
h '(t ) = −9.8t + 5
h '(1.8) = −9.8(1.8) + 5
= −12.62 m / s

e.
h(t ) = −4.9t 2 + 5t + 7
d
h '(t ) = ( −4.9t 2 + 5t + 7)
dx
h '(t ) = −9.8t + 5
d
h ''(t ) = ( −9.8t + 5)
dx
h ''(t ) = ±9.8 m / s 2

Lesson 9

1. a. increase x < 3; decrease x > 3

b. increase x < 0; decrease 0< x < 2; increase x > 2

2. a.
3x + 9 > 0
3 x > −9
x > −3

b. Case 1 Case 2

( x + 5 )( x − 2 ) > 0 ( x + 5 )( x − 2 ) > 0
(+) (+) > 0 (−) (−) > 0

∴x +5 > 0 & x −2 > 0 ∴x +5 < 0 & x −2 < 0

x > −5 & x > 2 x < −5 & x < 2
∴ x < −5

We know that there are three intervals, x < −5, − 5 < x < 2, x > 2

Continued next page…

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Support Question Answers

Intervals
Factors x < −5 −5 < x < 2 x>2
x +5 Negative Positive Positive

x −2 Negative Negative Positive

( x + 5 )( x − 2) Positive Negative Positive

Therefore, x < −5 or x > 2 are the intervals of increase.

c.
x 2 − 16 > 0
( x + 4)( x − 4) > 0

Intervals
Factors x < −4 −4 < x < 4 x>4
x+4 Negative Positive Positive

x−4 Negative Negative Positive

( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) Positive Negative Positive

Therefore, x < −4 or x > 4 are the intervals of increase.

d.
x 2 − x − 30 < 0
( x − 6)( x + 5) < 0

Intervals
Factors x < −5 −5 < x < 6 x>6
x −6 Negative Negative Positive

x +5 Negative Positive Positive

( x − 6 )( x + 5 ) Positive Negative Positive

Therefore, x < −5 or x > 6 are the intervals of increase.

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Support Question Answers

e.
2 x 2 − 3 x − 20 < 0
(2 x + 5)( x − 4) < 0

Intervals
Factors −5 −5 x>4
x< <x<4
2 2
2x + 5 Negative Positive Positive

x−4 Negative Negative Positive

( 2x + 5 )( x − 4 ) Positive Negative Positive

−5
Therefore, x < or x > 4 are the intervals of increase.
2
3. a. b. c.

f ( x )3 x 2 + 6 x
f ( x ) = 4x + 8 f (x) = x + 5
2
f '( x ) = 6 x + 6
f '( x ) = 4 f '( x ) = 2 x
6x + 6 > 0

x ∈R ; x ∈R x > 0; x > 0 x > -1; x > -1

4. a. b. c.

f ( x ) = −3 x − 15 f ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 11 f ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 12 x − 1
f '( x ) = −3 f '( x ) = 6 x f '( x ) = 6 x + 12

x ∈R ; x ∈R x > 0; x > 0 x < -2; x < -2

5. a. b. c.

f ( x ) = 4 x + 12 f ( x) = 9 − 3x 2 f ( x ) = −2x 3 + 6 x − 2
f ' (x) = 4 f ' ( x ) = −6 x f ' ( x ) = −6 x 2 + 6

increases: x ∈ R increases: x < 0 increases: -1 < x < 1

decreases: none decreases: x > 0 decreases: x < -1 and x > 1

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Support Question Answers

6.
t t2
V( t ) = 2 − +
5 200
V( t ) = 2000 − 200 t + 5t 2
V( t ) = 5( 400 − 40t + t 2 )
V( t ) = 5(20 − t )(20 + t )

20 − t = 0
20 = t

It takes 20 seconds to drain the bottle

7.
h(t ) = −4.9t 2 + 10.5t + 0.2
h '(t ) = −9.8t + 10.5
0 > −9.8t + 10.5
−10.5 > −9.8t
−10.t −9.8t
>
−9.8 −9.8
t < 1.07

0 < −9.8t + 10.5

−10.5 < −9.8t
−10.t −9.8t
<
−9.8 −9.8
t > 1.07

The ball is increasing when t < 1.07 and decreasing when t > 1.07

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Support Question Answers

Lesson 10

1. a. b. c.
y = −2 x 2 + 16 x − 31 y = x 4 − 4x 2
y ' = −4 x + 16 y ' = 4x 3 − 8x
0 = −4 x + 16 y ' = 4 x( x 2 − 2)
y = 3x 2 + 2
−16 = −4 x
y ' = 6x
4=x 4x = 0
x =0
6x = 0
x =0
x2 − 2 = 0
x2 = 2
x=± 2

2. a.
f ( x ) = x 2 − 2x + 3
f '( x ) = 2 x − 2

0 = 2x − 2
2 = 2x
1= x

f (0) = (0)2 − 2(0) + 3

=3

f (1) = (1)2 − 2(1) + 3

=2

f (3) = (3)2 − 2(3) + 3

=6

The absolute minimum is f(1)=2 and the absolute maximum is f(3) = 6

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Support Question Answers

b.
f ( x ) = −4 x 2 − 16 x − 17
f '( x ) = −8 x − 16
= −8( x + 2)
0= x+2
−2 = x

f ( −2) = −4( −2)2 − 16( −2) − 17

= −1

f ( −5) = −4( −5)2 − 16( −5) − 17

= −37

f (0) = −4(0)2 − 16(0) − 17

= −17

The absolute minimum is f(-5)= -37 and the absolute maximum is f(-2) = -1

c.
f ( x ) = x3 + 3x 2 + 1
f '( x ) = 3 x 2 + 6 x
= 3 x( x + 2)

3x = 0
x =0

x+2=0
x = −2

f (0) = (0)3 + 3(0)2 + 1

=1

f ( −2) = ( −2)3 + 3( −2)2 + 1

=5

The absolute minimum is f(0)= 1 and the absolute maximum is f(2) = 21

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Support Question Answers

d.
f ( x ) = x 5 − 5 x 4 + 100
f '( x ) = 5 x 4 − 20 x 3
= 5 x 3 ( x − 4)

5x 3 = 0
x =0

x−4=0
x=4

f (0) = (0)5 − 5(0)4 + 100

= 100

f (4) = (4)5 − 5(4)4 + 100

= −156

f ( −1) = ( −1)5 − 5( −1)4 + 100

= 94

f (5) = (5)5 − 5(5)4 + 100

= 100

The absolute minimum is f(4)= -156 and the absolute maximum is f(5) = 100 and
f(0)= 100.

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Support Question Answers

3.
h( x ) = 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 12 x
h '( x ) = 6 x 2 + 6 x − 12
= 6( x 2 + x − 2)
= 6( x + 2)( x − 1)

x+2=0
x = −2

x −1= 0
x =1

h( −2) = 2( −2)3 + 3( −2)2 − 12( −2)

= 20

h(1) = 2(1)3 + 3(1)2 − 12(1)

= −7

h(2) = 2(2)3 + 3(2)2 − 12(2)

=4

The absolute minimum is h(1)= -7 and the absolute maximum is f(-2) = 20

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MCV4U – Calculus and Vectors Unit 2 – Support Question Answers

4.
f ( x ) = x 4 − 18 x 2
f '( x ) = 4 x 3 − 36 x
= 4 x( x 2 − 9)
= 4 x( x + 3)( x − 3)

Critical numbers are

x =0
x +3 =0
x = −3

Critical Points are (-3, -81), (3,-81), (0,0)

x −3 = 0
x =3

f (0) = 0 Absolute Maximum (0,0)

f (3) = (3) − 18(3)
4 2

= −81
Absolute Minimum (-3,-81), (3,-81)
f ( −3) = ( −3) − 18( −3)
4 2

= −81

f ( −4) = ( −4)4 − 18( −4)2

= −32

f (4) = (4)4 − 18(4)2

= −32

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