Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels-University of Sadat City, Vol.

3, Issue 1, June, 2019

The Forms of the Rekhyt Bird during the New Kingdom

Hany Hamdy Aish1 Manal Masoud1 Hebatallah Ibrahim1 Hesham Zaki1
1
Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, University of Sadat City

Abstract
The main aim of this study is to investigate the scenes of the rekhyt bird, forms
and positions of the rekhyt in the scenes and its indication. This is accomplished
through the survey of the accessible scenes, and monuments, followed by a
detailed examination of the source evidence. In essence, this study may be
regarded as effective in the sense of providing a thorough examination of rekhyt
bird accessible scenes and monuments involving its depiction.
Key words: Bird, Rekhyt, New Kingdom.
Introduction

The Rekhyt bird appeared for a period of over three thousand years, It is
represented in both Egyptian art and the Egyptian language. The rekhyt can be
identified by its characteristic short pointed bill, rounded head, long squared tail
and especially by the long crest on its head. To the Egyptians the bird was referred
to as rekhyt. They were often depicted in Egyptian art in papyrus marshes,
perching on their nests. It is generally accepted that the rekhyt people are to be
identified as the lowest class of society in ancient Egypt and have been called
“subjects”, “common people”, “plebeians” or “mankind”. However, other scholars
have suggested that the rekhyt people were actually foreigners who had settled in
Egypt.1
The first appearance of the rekhyt bird in Egyptian art was in the Protodynastic
Period. The bird is depicted on the deck of a boat, on a fragment of slate palette
known as the “Plover Palette”, which is housed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.2
The earliest depiction of the rekhyt bird during the Old Kingdom comes from the
statue base of the pharaoh Djoser. This base, which is on display in the Egyptian
Museum in Cairo, depicts three rekhyt birds, each with their wings intertwined,
under the feet of the pharaoh.3

1
Griffith, Images of the Rekhyt from Ancient Egypt, AEM 38, Vol. 7, p. 45.
2
Nibbi, Lapwings and Libyans in Ancient Egypt, p.4.
3
Griffith, Images of the Rekhyt from Ancient Egypt, p.46.

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Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels-University of Sadat City, Vol. 3, Issue 1, June, 2019

One relief from an Old Kingdom mastaba that does stand out comes from the Fifth
Dynasty mastaba of Nefer at Saqqara. Here the tomb owner is accompanied by his
wife or daughter who holds a lotus blossom in one hand, while in the other she
clutches a rekhyt bird by its wings. It has been suggested by Partick Houlihan 4
that the rekhyt in this depiction was a pet or plaything. He points out that children
often carry their pet birds, the hoopoe being the most common, while
accompanying their parents.
During the Middle Kingdom the depiction of the rekhyt bird was rare. The relief,
which is on display in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, depicts two images of
Amenemhat I seated on his Sed-festival pavilion. Beneath the pavilion there are
seven representations of the rekhyt bird in an act of praising. It is likely that there
were originally nine birds depicted 5, but unfortunately the left side of the relief is
missing. Nine in ancient Egypt was a significant number, which appears many
times.6
The depictions of the rekhyt during the New Kingdom are numerous. The most
common depiction of the rekhyt is the rekhyt rebus 7 , which first makes an
appearance during the reign of Hatshepsut and continues to be depicted through to
the Graeco- Roman Period.8 The most important element of the rebus is the rekhyt
figure itself. The figure is usually depicted resting upon a hieroglyph in the shape
of a basket, meaning “all”. This reminds one of the nests upon which the lapwing
bird would commonly be seen by the ancient Egyptians.
Another element of the rebus is the hieroglyph in the shape of a five-pointed star,
meaning “worship”, which is usually placed just in front of the face of the rekhyt
figure. The act of worshipping is confirmed by the depiction of upraised human
arms which often formpart of the rebus. While the simplest form of the rekhyt
rebus depicts the lapwing bird withhuman arms raised, in an act of adoration, and
wings pinned back, in an act of submission, it was possible to have variants.9

4
Houlihan, The Birds of Ancient Egypt, p. 94.
5
Wilkinson, Symbols and magic in Egyptian art, p. 127.
6
Nibbi, A., Lapwings and Libyans in Ancient Egypt, pl. IX, p.124.
7
A rebus is an artful intertwining or decorative arrangement of hieroglyphic and other pictorial
elements. At first glance, a rebus looks like a picture, but it is meant to be read as a phrase or
clause. The use of the rebus was fairly common in ancient Egypt, where writing and art were
never really separated.
8
Baines, Temple Symbolism, RAIN 15, p. 10.
9
Griffith, Archaeological Survey of Egypt, P.130.

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Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels-University of Sadat City, Vol. 3, Issue 1, June, 2019

Forms of the Rekhyt Bird:-

During the New Kingdom the rekhyt bird was shown with many forms, Each form
has its purpose and indication like:

A. Bird with two out stretched wings over “nb” sign.

This form appeared especially during the 18th dynasty. In this form the rekhyt
appeared as a bird over “nb” sign which means all. The rekhyt appeared with two
out stretched wings which refers to the loyalty and the respect. This form means
“all people are under the control and pay loyalty to the king.10

Nibbi, Rhy. t again, Discussions in Egyptology, P. 44.

Goddess of the west is shown bringing the rubbed chiefs of the enemies. The frontal
part of the rope is connected with the rekhyt bird which is upon the nb sign “all”.

B. Human body over “nb” sign with the head of the rekhyt bird.

This form represented new form of the rekhyt bird appeared during the new
kingdom.11 In this form the rekhyt had human body standing over nb sign. In this
form the rekhyt had two upraised arms for adoring.12

(10)
Nibbi, Alessandra. Discussions in Egyptology.Oxbow Books, 2000.p. 44, fig. 3.
11
Cannata, Current Research in Egyptology, P.69.

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Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels-University of Sadat City, Vol. 3, Issue 1, June, 2019

Bell, The New Kingdom Divine Temple P.127.

Reconstructed column from the third tier of the temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el–Bahari

C. Bird
This form of the rekhyt was the main form of the rekhyt bird during the old and
the middle kingdom. This form appeared rarly during the new kingdom as I
mentioned. This form of the rekhyt bird appeared during the 18th,19th
dynasty.13 The main purpose of this form of the rekhyt bird was to refer to the
rekhyt people. It gives us the idea of the loyalty and the control.14

33‫ ص‬,‫ المنيا‬, ‫ رخيث في الحضارةالمصرية‬,‫أمنية نصر‬

God Khnum is shown creating King Amenhotep III and his Ka. King Amenhotep III is
shown holding arekhyt bird by his right hand.

12
Naville, The Temple of Deir el Bahar, P.18 .
13
Bell, The New Kingdom Divine Temples, in: temples of ancient Egypt, p.142, fig. 49.

.89 ‫ ص‬,2891 ,‫ الماهرة‬,‫ أهم آثار األلصر الفرعونية‬,‫ سيد جوفيك‬14

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Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels-University of Sadat City, Vol. 3, Issue 1, June, 2019

D. Bird with two out stretched wings over nb sign with two upraised arms
for adoration.
This form of the rekhyt bird was the most form appeared during the new
kingdom.This form of the rekhyt bird was called “rekhyt rebus” which means
that a photo can be read as phrase. The rekhyt rebus was firstly named by
griffin.15 The rekhyt rebus consists of three elements which are:-
 Rekhyt bird with two out stretched wings with two upraised
arms for adoration.
 The hieroglyphic sign “nb” which means “all”
 The hieroglyphic sign “dwa” which means adore.
The all scene means “all people worship”.

BENDERITTER, T. (n.d.).Tombs of Ancient Egypt. TT192, from

http://www.osirisnet.net/e_centrale.htm
A relief from the tomb of Kheruef, depicts Amenhotep III with his wife Tiye behind them
is goddess Hathor, The base of which has fourteen depictions of the rekhyt bird .
15
Griffith, Images of the Rekhyt from Ancient Egypt, AEM 38, p.45-50.

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Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels-University of Sadat City, Vol. 3, Issue 1, June, 2019

This form appeared during the new kingdom especially 18th, 19th dynasty. The first
appearance of this form was the new kingdom.16
E. Human figure with two upraised hands for adoring over “nb” sign with
the crest of the rekhyt bird on the head.

This form of the rekhyt bird appeared during the new kingdom specially the 19th
dynasty. In this form human figure appeared with two arms raised over “nb” sign
with the crest of the rekhyt bird on the top of the head. The crest which appeared
on the top of the head refers to the rekhyt bird that means this human figure refers
to the rekhyt. This form means all the rekhyt people worship the king and under
the control.17

Iskander, The Temple of Ramesses II in Abydos, p. 464, pl. 5-1.

Four rekhyt figures in human form with the pointed crest of the lapwing.

16
Nibbi, Lapwings and Libyans in Ancient Egypt, p. 44.
17
Iskander, The Temple of Ramesses II in Abydos, P. 464-465.

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Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels-University of Sadat City, Vol. 3, Issue 1, June, 2019

F. Human body in knelling position with two upraised arms for adoring
with a crest of the rekhyt on the top of the head and two out stretching
wings of the rekhyt..

This form of the rekhyt bird was very unique form.This form appeared only
during 20th dynasty. In this form king Ramses III appeared in knelling position
with upraised arms with the crest and the wings of the rekhyt bird. After
defeating the sea people king ramses III wants to say to the gods of Egypt that
he is the representator of the Egyptians.18 we noticed that this is the first time
that the rekhyt appeared in this form.

King Ramses III in the rekhyt form (wings, pointed head) in front of his cartouches.

18
The Eastern High Gate,V. viii, p. 5, Pl. 599.

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Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels-University of Sadat City, Vol. 3, Issue 1, June, 2019

G. Lion with the wings and the crest of the rekhyt bird on the top of the
head.

This unique form of the rekhyt appeared during the new kingdom in the 18th
dynasty. This form of the rekhyt has many indications:

 Power of the lion

 Rekhyt
 king

This form in general means that “the strong king of Egypt who has the
loyalty of the Egyptians.19

Nibbi, Lapwings and Libyans in Ancient Egypt, pl. Xiii.

Armlet sphinx of Queen Mutnodjeme half-sister of queen Nefertiti.

19
Nibbi, Lapwings and Libyans in Ancient Egypt, p. 124, pl. Xiii.

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Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels-University of Sadat City, Vol. 3, Issue 1, June, 2019

H. Body of lion with human head and two out stretched wingsof the
rekhyt bird with two upraised hands for adoration
This form appeared during the 19th dynasty, reign of king Seti I. The meaning of
this form is to indicate the power of the king and the control over the Egyptian.20

Nelson, Reliefs and inscriptions at Karnak, P. 36.

King Seti I presenting Hittite prisoners and spoil to Members of the Theban triad
and the goddess Maat.

20
Nelson, Reliefs and inscriptions at Karnak, P. 36.

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Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels-University of Sadat City, Vol. 3, Issue 1, June, 2019

Conclusion

During the new kingdom the rekhyt bird had many forms. Each form has its
purpose and indication like the following:
Bird with two out stretched wings over nb sign.
This form appeared specially during the 18th dynasty. In this form the rekhyt
appeared as a bird over “nb” sign which means all. The rekhyt appeared with two
out stretched wings which refers to the loyalty and the respect.This form means “
all people are under the control and pay loyalty to the king.
Human body over nb sign with the head of the rekhyt bird.
This form represented new form of the rekhyt bird appeared during the new
kingdom. In this form the rekhyt had human body standing over nb sign. In this
form the rekhyt had two upraised arms for adoring.

Bird

This form of the rekhyt was the main form of the rekhyt bird during the old and
the middle kingdom. This form appeared rarly during the new kingdom as I
mentioned. This form of the rekhyt bird appeared during the 18th,19th dynasty.
The main purpose of this form of the rekhyt bird was to refer to the rekhyt people.
It gives us the idea of the loyalty and the control.
Bird with two out stretched wings over nb sign with two upraised arms for
adoration.
This form of the rekhyt bird was the most form appeared during the new kingdom.
This form of the rekhyt bird was called “rekhyt rebus” which means that a photo
can be read as phrase. The all scene means “all people worship”. This form
appeared during the new kingdom especially 18th, 19th dynasty. The first
appearance of this form was the new kingdom.
Human figure with two upraised hands for adoring over nb sign with the
crest of the rekhyt bird on the head.
This form of the rekhyt bird appeared during the new kingdom specially the 19th
dynasty. In this form human figure appeared with two arms raised over “nb” sign
with the crest of the rekhyt bird on the top of the head. The crest which appeared
on the top of the head refers to the rekhyt bird that means this human figure refers
to the rekhyt.

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Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels-University of Sadat City, Vol. 3, Issue 1, June, 2019

Human body in knelling position with two upraised arms for adoring with a
crest of the rekhyt on the top of the head and two out stretching wings of the
rekhyt.

This form of the rekhyt bird was very unique form. This form appeared only
during 20th dynasty. In this form king ramses III appeared in knelling position with
upraised arms with the crest and the wings of the rekhyt bird.After defeating the
sea people king ramses III wants to say to the gods of Egypt that he is the
representator of the Egyptians. We noticed that this is the first time that the rekhyt
appeared in this form.

Lion with the wings and the crest of the rekhyt bird on the top of the head.

This unique form of therekhyt appeared during the new kingdom in the 18th
dynasty. This form in general means that “ the strong king of Egypt who has the
loyalty of the Egyptians.

Body of lion with human head and two out stretched wingsof the rekhyt bird
with two upraised hands for adoration.

This form appeared during the 19th dynasty, reign of king seti I. The meaning of
this form is to indicate the power of the king and the control over the Egyptians.

Bibliography
Baines, J., Temple Symbolism, RAIN 15, 1976
Bell, L., The New kingdom Divine Temple, Cornell University press: London, 1997.
Cannata, M., Current Research in Egyptology, Oxford University press: Oxford, 2007.
Griffith, K., Images of the Rekhyt from Ancient Egypt, AEM 38, 7 vols,
October/November 2006.
Griffith, F. L., Archaeological Survey of Egypt, Regan Paul: London, 1903.
Houlihan, P. F., and Goodman, S. M., The Birds of Ancient Egypt, American University
in Cairo Press: Cairo, 1988.
Iskander, S., and Goelet, O., The Temple of Ramesses II in Abydos, Lockwood: Atlanta,
2015.
Naville, E., &Bergdoll, S., The Temple of Deir el Bahar, Epubli GmbH: Berlin, 2013.

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‫‪Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels-University of Sadat City, Vol. 3, Issue 1, June, 2019‬‬

‫‪Nelson, H. H., Reliefs and Inscriptions at Karnak, University of Chicago Press: Chicago,‬‬
‫‪1936.‬‬
‫‪Nibbi, A., Lapwings and Libyans in Ancient Egypt, DEPublications: Oxford, 1986.‬‬
‫‪Nibbi, A., “Rhy.t Again”, Discussions in Egyptology, (46), Oxbow Books, 2000.‬‬
‫‪Wilkinson, R. H., Symbol and Magic in Egyptian Art,Thames & Hudson, 1999.‬‬
‫‪The Eastern High Gate, 8 vols, Chicago (Illinois), University of Chicago Press, 1970.‬‬

‫‪Website:‬‬

‫‪BENDERITTER,‬‬ ‫‪T.‬‬ ‫‪(n.d.).Tombs‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬ ‫‪Ancient‬‬ ‫‪Egypt.‬‬ ‫‪TT192,‬‬ ‫‪from‬‬

‫‪http://www.osirisnet.net/e_centrale.htm‬‬

‫الوراجع باللغة العربية‪:‬‬

‫أمنية نصر‪ ,‬رخيث في الحضارة المصرية ‪ ,‬رسالة ماجسحير‪ ,‬غير منشورة‪ ,‬جامعة المنيا‪.‬‬

‫سيد جوفيك‪ ,‬أهم آثار األلصر الفرعونية ‪ ,‬الماهرة‪.2891 ,‬‬

‫أشكال طائر الرخيث خالل الدولة الحديثة‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫هشام عزالدين ذكي‬ ‫هبةهللا صبحي إبراهين‬ ‫هنال أحود هسعود‬ ‫هاني حودي عيش‬
‫‪ 2‬كلية السياحة والفنادق‪ ,‬جامعة مدينة السادات‬

‫طائر الرخيت هو أحد الطيور التي ظهرت في الحضارة المصرية القديمة‪ .‬هذا الطائر كان له داللة هامة‬
‫في الحضارة المصرية القديمة‪ .‬بعض العلماء اقترحوا أنه يدل علي الطبقة العامة من المصريين‪ ,‬والبعض‬
‫اآلخر اعتقد أنه يدل علي األعداء‪ ,‬وبعضهم اعتقد أنه يدل علي الليبين‪ .‬لذلك تلقي هذه الدراسة الضوء علي‬
‫هذا الطائر والمغزي من ظهوره في الحضارة المصرية القديمة‪.‬‬

‫الكلوات الدالة‪ :‬طائر‪ ,‬الرخيث‪ ,‬مصر المديمة‪.‬‬

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