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    Forces of Attraction in Materials

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    Raymon Inolino Ileto
    1. There are three main types of chemical bonds: ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. 2. Ionic bonds form between metal and nonmetal atoms via the transfer of electrons from the metal to the nonmetal. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Metallic bonds arise from the interaction of the free-floating valence electrons in metal atoms. 3. The type of bond that forms depends on factors like the electronegativity difference between the atoms - ionic bonds form when this difference is greater than 2.0, while covalent and metallic bonds form when it is less than 2.0.

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    Forces of Attraction in Materials

    Uploaded by

    Raymon Inolino Ileto
    18 views33 pages
    1. There are three main types of chemical bonds: ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. 2. Ionic bonds form between metal and nonmetal atoms via the transfer of electrons from the metal to the nonmetal. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Metallic bonds arise from the interaction of the free-floating valence electrons in metal atoms. 3. The type of bond that forms depends on factors like the electronegativity difference between the atoms - ionic bonds form when this difference is greater than 2.0, while covalent and metallic bonds form when it is less than 2.0.

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    Forces of Attraction in Materials

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    FORCES OF ATTRACTION IN MATERIALS

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    1. There are three main types of chemical bonds: ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. 2. Ionic bonds form between metal and nonmetal atoms via the transfer of electrons from the metal to the nonmetal. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Metallic bonds arise from the interaction of the free-floating valence electrons in metal atoms. 3. The type of bond that forms depends on factors like the electronegativity difference between the atoms - ionic bonds form when this difference is greater than 2.0, while covalent and metallic bonds form when it is less than 2.0.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    18 views33 pages

    Forces of Attraction in Materials

    Uploaded by

    Raymon Inolino Ileto
    1. There are three main types of chemical bonds: ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. 2. Ionic bonds form between metal and nonmetal atoms via the transfer of electrons from the metal to the nonmetal. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Metallic bonds arise from the interaction of the free-floating valence electrons in metal atoms. 3. The type of bond that forms depends on factors like the electronegativity difference between the atoms - ionic bonds form when this difference is greater than 2.0, while covalent and metallic bonds form when it is less than 2.0.

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    of 33

    FORCES OF ATTRACTION

    IN MATERIALS
    rjileto
    CHEMICAL BOND

    • It is an electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence


    electrons of an atom and which binds them together.
    • A bond results from the attraction of nuclei for electrons
    • Forces that hold groups of atoms together and make them
    function as a unit.
    • A bond will form if the energy of the aggregate is lower than
    that of the separated atoms.
    • Bond energy – energy required to break a chemical bond
    • All atoms trying to achieve a
    stable octet
    • Octet rule – the valence s and p
    orbitals of an atom has eight
    electrons
    • IN OTHER WORDS
    • the p+ in one nucleus are
    attracted to the e- of another
    atom
    • Electronegativity
    • Octet Rule =
    atoms tend to
    gain, lose or
    share electrons
    so as to have 8
    electrons

    ✓C would like to Gain 4 electrons


    ✓N would like to Gain 3 electrons
    ✓O would like to Gain 2 electrons
    • Three types of chemical bonds may exist in substances:
    1. Ionic bonds
    2. Covalent bonds
    3. Metallic bonds
    IONIC BONDING
    • forms ionic compounds
    • Ionic compound results when a metal reacts with a nonmetal.
    • bond formed between two ions by the transfer of electrons
    • Metals lose electrons to match the number of valence electrons
    of their nearest noble gas
    • Positive ions form when the number of electrons are less than
    the number of protons
    Group 1 metals ⎯→ ion 1+
    Group 2 metals ⎯→ ion 2+
    Group 13 metals ⎯→ ion 3+
    IONIC BONDING

    • electrons are transferred between valence shells


    of atoms
    • ionic compounds are made of ions NOT MOLECULES

    • ionic compounds are called Salts or Crystals


    • Always formed between metals and non-metals

    [METALS ]
    + [NON-METALS ]
    -

    Lost e- Gained e-
    PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS

    • hard solid @ 22oC SALTS


    • high mp temperatures Crystals

    • nonconductors of electricity in solid


    phase
    • good conductors in liquid phase or
    dissolved in water (aq)
    IONIC BONDING
    • Electronegativity is the measure of the tendency
    of an atom to attract electrons toward itself.
    • Electronegativity difference > 2.0
    • Look up electron negativity of the atoms in
    the bond and subtract
    NaCl
    CaCl2
    • Compounds with polyatomic ions
    NaNO3
    Ionic Bonds: One Big Greedy Thief Dog!
    Anion (-) Cation (+)
    Ionic bond – electron from Na is transferred to Cl, this causes a
    charge imbalance in each atom. The Na becomes (Na+) and the
    Cl becomes (Cl-), charged particles or ions.
    IONIC BOND, A SEA OF ELECTRONS
    COVALENT BONDING
    molecules
    • A covalent bond results when electrons are shared
    by nuclei.
    • Pairs of e- are shared between non-metal atoms
    • electronegativity difference < 2.0
    • forms polyatomic ions
    • Between nonmetallic elements of similar
    electronegativity.
    • Formed by sharing electron pairs
    • Stable non-ionizing particles, they are not
    conductors at any state
    • Examples; O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O, SiC
    PROPERTIES OF MOLECULAR SUBSTANCES
    Covalent
    bonding
    • Low m.p. temp and b.p. temps
    • relatively soft solids as compared to ionic
    compounds
    • nonconductors of electricity in any phase
    • Bonds in all the polyatomic ions and diatomics are
    all covalent bonds
    NONPOLAR COVALENT BONDS

    • It a bond in which
    electrons are
    equally shared by
    the bonded atoms.
    Covalent bonds - Two atoms share one
    or more pairs of outer-shell electrons.
    Oxygen Atom Oxygen Atom

    Oxygen Molecule (O2)


    POLAR COVALENT BOND
    • Unequal sharing of electrons
    between atoms in a molecule.
    • One atom attracts the electrons
    more than the other atom.
    • Results in a charge separation in
    the bond (partial positive and
    partial negative charge).
    • The two partially charged regions
    or poles of a molecule are
    referred to as a dipole.
    Polar Covalent Bonds: Unevenly matched, but willing to share.
    Water is a polar molecule because oxygen is more electronegative
    than hydrogen, and therefore electrons are pulled closer to oxygen.
    METALLIC BOND
    • bond found in metals;
    • holds metal atoms together very
    strongly
    • Formed between atoms of metallic
    elements
    • Electron cloud around atoms
    • Good conductors at all states,
    lustrous, very high melting points
    • Examples; Na, Fe, Al, Au, Co
    Metallic Bonds: Mellow dogs with plenty
    of bones to go around.
    ELECTRONEGATIVITY

    • The ability of an atom in a


    molecule to attract shared
    electrons to itself.
    • For a molecule HX, the relative
    electronegativities of the H and
    X atoms are determined by
    comparing the measured H–X
    bond energy with the
    “expected” H–X bond energy.
    • On the periodic table,
    electronegativity
    generally increases
    across a period and
    decreases down a
    group.
    • The range of
    electronegativity values
    is from 4.0 for fluorine
    (the most
    electronegative) to 0.7
    for cesium and
    francium (the least
    electronegative).
    • The absolute value of the
    electronegativity difference Electronegativity
    (ΔEN) between the two given Type of Bond Difference
    atoms gives an idea of the type
    of chemical bond that can exist
    between them. Ionic ΔEN ≥ 2.0
    • Ionic bond result when there is
    a very large difference between Polar Covalent 0.5 < ΔEN < 2.0
    the electronegativity values of
    each atom, resulting to a polar Nonpolar
    0 ≤ ΔEN ≤ 0.5
    bond. Covalent
    Electronegativity
    Type of Bond Difference • Polar covalent bond exist
    between the atoms with
    high ΔEN value, but
    Ionic ΔEN ≥ 2.0 smaller than that in ionic
    bonds.
    Polar Covalent 0.5 < ΔEN < 2.0 • Nonpolar covalent bonds
    have the least
    Nonpolar electronegativity
    0 < ΔEN ≤ 0.5
    Covalent difference among the
    three types of bonds.

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