B.Sc. Sem.-5 Physics 501 12 Jo | 1. Fourier Series 11 Introduction : ' i A fourier is a way to represent a function as the sum of simple sine and / or cosine waves. More formally, it decomposes any periodic function op periodic signal into the sum of a set of simple oscillating functions, namely sines and cosines. Fourier series is just a means to represent a periodic signal as infinite sum of sine and/or cosines wave components. A periodic signal is just a i signal that repeats its pattern at some period. The primary reason that we use Fourier series is that we can better analyze a signal in anofher domain rather in the original domain. i The physics relevance of fourier transform is that it tells the relative | amplitude of frequencies present in the signal. It can be defined for both discrete time and continuous time signal. Any signal can be represented as mixture of many harmonic frequencies. A fourier series is a specific type of infinite mathematical series involving trigonometric functions. 12 Definition : A Fourier series may be defined as a function in a series of sines and / or cosines. i.e. erie ,cosnx +3"b, sin nx =a, $8, COSX +a, COS2x +a, COS3K +... +b, sinx +b, sin 2x +b, sin3x+. constants a,, a, and b, (n = 1, 2, 3, ...) are called coefficients of the Fourier series. Functions sinnx and cosnx have the period 2x, so far any integer n, The sinn(x+2x)=sinnx and cosn(x+2n) = cosnx 1.38 Evaluation of the coefficient of Fourier series : Remember the following standard integrals ; @ J cosmx cosnxdx = 0 Gi) Nee mx sin nxdx =0 _— ‘ (ii) J sinmx sinmxdx =0 ef haa Ekta Prakashan & Com)(a) (ivy J cosmx cosmxds = x (y) J sinms cosnxdx = 0 For m =n (wi) J sinmy sinnxdy = x Fourier series is given as; acosns + 5b, sinnx a f(x) =a + Evaluation of a, : Integrate both sides of equation (1), from -z to x with respect to x, J f(x)a odx+ Y fa, cosnsdx + fo, sinnxdx (2) Now in equation (2) ai) (ii) (iii) | ok cos nx ~cos(~nr) =~by| =0 Substituting these values in equation (2), we have J e(x)as = 220 cage PE @) Ekta Prakashan & Cor!f B.Sc. Sem.-5 Physics 501 th) Evaluation of a y multiply equation (1) by cosmx and integrate from = 4. Now in equation (4). sinmy, 0 m i, (iy f cosmseosnxds = (for m=n, using standard integral) (ii) | cosmssin nxdy =0 Substituting these values into equation (4), we have wag, | f(x Joos nxds =, +4 (x)eosmxdy a) (©) Evaluation of b, : Now multiply equation pect to x, by sinmy and integrate from . Fe(sx)sinmads =n f sinms coments ‘in mx cos nxdx + Xb, J sinms sinnsds : net) oe tha Prakshen § Co 6)BSc. Sem.-5 Physics 501 S000) Now in equation (b), ¥ [ -cosms |* @ inmxdy =|") Lo | Lom Gi) J simmycosnxds 0 ( =n, using standard integral) (ii) inmy sinnxds = x Substituting these values in equation (6), we have, J f(s)sinnsdx = b,x By putting the values of coefficient from equations (3), (5) and (7) in equation (1), the Fourier series becomes, - ftixjdv+t Le x)eosnxdx }eos nx \ : J \ J Mm a Sd fc J £(s)sinnsds }sin ny ® miles e | Remember the following important terms : (i) For even function, f(s); f+ Gi) For odd function, f(x); f(-x)=-f(x). (iii) cosine is an even function and sine is an odd function in internal (—7,7). (iv) If f(s) is an odd function, then f(x)sinnx is even function and f(x) cosnx is odd function, (vy. If 0x) is an even function, then sinnx is odd function, and f(x)cosnx is even function. dx, (vi) For an even function, f(x); fees) Jeisjex, ‘ (ii) For an odd function, f(x); Freya ax = a Prakashan & Cor" nnnics 501 (Even series) Fourier serie: f(x) =n + Fa, cosns + Xb sinus vow (1) Where the fourier coefficients are, 1 a= | fls)as. s : i aet Je(sjeosmsds and 1 J £(x)sinnx dx If f(x) is an even function, then | ‘I it ah ‘| m= 52 J e(x) ds= = fe(x)dx i J#(6) cosmnds == [f(s)eosmeds ae @) i Trea a | ba ag J (3) sinmdx=0 = co) | Substituting equations (2), (3) and (4) in (1), f(x)=2 [rtsjaxs? 5 [frorosmnts nem a ‘This series contains cosine terms, therefore, it is known as cosine series: 1.5 Sine series (Odd series) : Fourier series is, { f(x) = 04 Da, cosnx x b, sinnx. Where, ae i i(x)ax 1 % ot 1 Oy J F(x)eosmxax and “by == J £(x)sin nxdx = If f(x) is an odd function, then EEE n> hr ee _—ang Jrnaree oo aot | re}eonneaa 0 | re ea} fabinonae «2 fran da a Substituting equations (2), (3) and (4) in (1), te? E [jecyein ant sin nx a fale f) ‘This series contains sine terms only, therefore it is known as sine series. 16 Dirichlet’s Theorem : Every function f(x), which has only a finite number of finite discontinuities | and only a finite number of extreme values, maxima and minima may be expanded in a Fourier series. Above theorem is known as Dirichlet’s theorem. Such functions are called piece wise regular (smooth) functions. These conditions imposed on function f(x) are known as Dirichlet's condition. The fourier expansion is valid only for those | functions which are regulat or piecewise regular in the interval -x to x, with the period 2x. 17 Extension of the interval (The fourier series for a function with period 2/): : i Let f(x) be a periodic function with period 2/, it can be expanded in a fori series, Make the substitution, x=. Then the function (4) wail 6) periodic function of t with period 2x- . See, é Sk : E(x)=a9 + Zane + Zedysin = =o: 4 and the coefficient are, t L songz [at| (it B.Sc, Sem.-5 Physics 501 f | rt { as 4 J F(e)o0s ie 4 1 ! «nat b, => [f(t)sin =~ dt Pet J (hein By putting the values of coefficients, the fourier series becomes 1 * : f(x) = frtaesy EI frio eos feo oes c FE [fooantt asin ae a If f(t) is even in (2, D, : } i \ | 1 fr 1 L Then, % =— [f(t)dt =+ Then, ral (0) j Jel | 1 | oy} Jo Bae 2 Jr (ejoos at | a and | by +} [Csi 2 “pat =0 ». Fourier series b os | stvaion (, ‘ries becomes by substituting the values of cocfliciente { if «ft f(x)=" fr(eyans 2 | ) iJ (t) Ea Jr(jeos BH ag eos wi This is known as cosine ‘ies j i @) e809 is oda in Cry, HM the interval C2, p SS it 3 Then, % =; JA@ae=o t t a, =F J €(t)eos MRat=o 4 andBy'putting the values of coefficients in equation (1), aft 3] £(t)sin = a) = we get, aztlo This is known as sine series in interval (-t,2) Complex form of Fourier series: 3 Suppose wi ‘period. 27; i f(x)=a9+ Ya, cosnx + Yb, sinnx nl nl We express cosnx and sinnx in terms of exponential functions:: Eve ins A ae’ —) sinnx = =| cosnx = Putting these values in equation (1), we'get" a ef eit germ gins Sars £(x)=ap+ Ya, <—=S.—_jp, Se ae einase (x) na 5] 2 2 =0+ 5 Introducing the notation ay =Cy, Equation (2) becomes, Ha) =04+$(eo™ 40.40%) nat Move ‘compactly, e havea Fourier series for a periodic ‘funetion f(x) withB.Sc. Sem-§ Physics 501 rv Series 1 cH) (ii) (iii) 1.10 (a) ‘Advantages of Fourie Following are the advantages 0! Discontinuous function + f Fourier series. One of the advantages of @ Fourier representation over some g representation, such as & Taylor series, 18 that it may repre, discontunuous function, An example is the sawtooth wave. Periodic function : Related to thisiadvantage i ! a periodic functions. If f(x) has a perior ries of functions with period sey .s the usefulness of a Fourier series Tepreseng dd of 2x, perhaps it is only nan’ that we expand it in a se! ‘This guarantees that if our periodic f(x) is represented over one inteny {0,2} or [mx] the representation holds for all finite x. This is realized in the solution of equation of motion of an oscilatsy particle subject to a periodic deriving force. The fourier expansion of deriving force then gives us the fundamental term and a series harmonics. Properties of Fourier series : Convergence : The fourier series of a continuous function is uniformly convergent serie ‘The fourier series of a function f(x) will converge uniformly if the function fil satisfies the conditions; (b) (f(x) is continuous in the interval (-x,x]. (ii) £(-2) =f(+2) (even function) (iii) f(x) is piecewise (sectionally) continuous. Integration : If we make the integration of fourier series term by term, then the series (x) =9 + Yan cosmx + by sinns 0 nal nel = Becomes, for interval [xo,x] x x 2 7 Feeaceoy-x]% Sa, Smee Sy (cose) x 0 x oon On bo Py ae WI ;ll ¢ Equation but equi “ Bquation (8) shows that the effect of integration is to plate an additional power of jin the denominator of each coefficient. This result is more rapid convergence. (e) Differentiation : Let fix) = x be a function in the interval [-%.x]. To obtain fourier series, ox [tsar xdx=0 it it a, = J flx)eosnsds Se oceaa by = 2 f f(x) nad = + f xsinnxdx es i 0 x (cost) ICsinw amy as. og (=e =; {ssinnxdx my a mn ae do -e] =o A 7 Fourier seriés becomes 9 a ; fava = Uv - ule +4 %y ~~] 252 (ye sinn * nm = 2.1 Ccosmt) a By differentiating, 1 a” may = 2 (-cosmm)= -2 1) om a ; 1 F2(-1)"" + cosnx The operation of differentiation places an additional factor n in the numerator of each term of fourier series. This reduces the rate of convergence. (a) Parseval's theorem: Parseval's theorem gives a useful way of relating the Fourier coefficients to the function that they describe. A form of parseval's theorem may be derived from any of the various Fourier expansions. Let us use, £(x) =a) + Ya, cosnix + Yb, sinnx ol a : x 2 Average of the square of f() over (-x,3) is 3 f[F(x)] ax Thus we have 3 a ee fre 5 3 e 3 LLF)] wend ou Says +S, sins] nel Ekta Prakashan & Co, ia ac+ 2ac J [atbre)t= qteprre? + 2+ 20 .Sc. Sem.-5 Physics 501 Ms Se J aj, cos’ nxdx + 12 o= fee dx =ap+> Dats bh This is one of the form of Parseval's theorem. il Physical application of Fourier series analysis : (a) Square wave: 3 “Mende —— ae ar 0 n Figure 1.1 A square wave is defined as f(x)=0 for —n< <0 =h for 0< Find its Fourier series Here the function is neither odd nor even, We will calculate the, Fourier coefficients; } (i) ay I £(x)ax[email protected]. Sem.-5 Physics 501 if 5 0 : J £(s)sin nsx =+ J o.sinmxds «+ fn.sinnxdx -n uw x 0 Gi) _hl- ly -(- -M-s[ 2 Apecosat cso) ] h = | nz +c0s0] h =< [I-cosnn] =0 for neven p 4 = coset = | eos T= WI Thus the fourier series becomes, 3 « « z f(x) = a+ Da, cosnx + 5b, sinnx + mt mi = De y Beinn 2 toda h, 2h sinx | sin3x eer le) 3 (b) Full wave rectifier : = 0 « Figure 1.2 A full wave rectifier is represented as f(ot)=sinot, 0 0<-ot<7 =-sinwt > 0>0t>-7 = -r -1<-ot <0 =sinot => r>ot>0 => 0), sinnat a Fos - 3+ exes) = cos not 2 4 [eos2at , cosdat , cos6at 28 | eee et P-1 #-1) O41 (c) Half wave rectifier : nm Ekta Prakashan & CmB. Se Sem.-5 Physics 501 half wave rectifier is represented as, I(t)=Ipsinot , 0 -ne-x so” > m2x20 > Osxsa for f(x)=x for O 0s-x 02x2-n => -nsx<0 ie. fCx) = f(x) _ f(x) is even oo =10 Now, @ |. % =z JF (sex + fax mo fel m2, =i . “2 1} ae Gi) a, = = J f(e)eosm n 2 {xeosnxdx T 0 7 2[ xsinnx |r_ (1)(-cosnx) 4 = 3/1 |o n 0cosnm, cos0 foe nn = 2[s2emt!] <0 tor n even = =—> for n odd 7 Hence, fourier series becomes ; f(x) = + Da, cosnx+ )’d, sinmnx ( * nel nel cos3x | cosSx | ‘ 2 | 1.12 Fourier integral : _3 Nuwl=- Suppose f(x) be a periodic function with period 21. It can be expt Fourier series as, ot L 2 res)agy Jetowes tS fc ae Ms at CG 7 i F(t)sin 2 sin BEX dl 1 1 or iS thdt+- he ant nx. 21 Je i 2) (t) ) [sos as 2 sin a in 1 at bet (eats 2 J t(t)eos 22%) op nat 2) 7 ‘ Now take 1-5. and introduce the following notat otation a =Fay=28 Lade T. f@ B.Sc. Sem.-5 Physics 501 i = amaRTE emma] 21 eam 1 Ea (x)= [rare S{ Jets =n) +1 (2) As I+, the first term on the right approaches zero. For any fixed J, the expression in the parentheses is a funetion of a,, which takes on values from > to o. As J-» +400 equation (2) takes the form, f(s)=4 ii J £(t)cosa(t - st fs The expression on the right is known as the fourier integral of the function f(x). Equation (3) occurs for all points where the function is continuous. At points of discontinuity we have the equation. i £(t)cosa(t-x fo He+o)efe-9) 113 Fourier transform : Let . (] ieee») Lay Jee esotoxor+sinatsines) | mo Z Li (suit ste tf i f f(e)sin cat inane oS Each of the integrals in brackets with respect to t exists, since the function f(t) is absolutely integrable in the interval (-«,«) and therefore the (1)sinat are also absolutely integrable, | functions f(t)cosat and f Let us consider particular cases of equation (2). @ Let £(x) be even. Then £(t) odd and we have, cosat is an even function, while f(t)sinat is j f(t)cosatdt = 2{f(t)eosatdt and J £(t)sinatat=0iB B.Sc. Sem.-5 Physics 501 Therefore equation (2) reduces to, il f(t)cosatdt Jom ola 2 f(x) (ii) Let f(x) be odd, the equation (2) reduces to, 277 ; = [Jeers] axda x olo f(x) Let us return to equation (2). The integrals in brackets are functions of, We introduce the following notation : J f(t)sinatat Then equation (2) may be rewritten as follows : £(x)= f[A(a)eosax+ B(a)sin ax]ea 0 : We say that equation (5) yields an expansion of the function {() il harmonic with a frequency a that varies continuously from 0 to The law d distribution of amplitudes and initial phases as depondens upon the frequency 4 is expressed in terms of the functions A(a) and B(a) | Let us return to equation (3), we set F(a)=f2 fe(ejoosata ‘Then equation (3) becomes, The function F(a) is called the Fouri ‘ it f(x). ; Mer cosine transform of the fun! If in (6) we consider F(a) as given ang " f(t) . it is ain integral equation of the function f() he 2 tke unknown function: equation. ‘ula (7) gives the solutiongaiB.Sc. Sem.-5 Physics 501 Sima 23 | genie On the basis of equation (6), we can write the following equations. o@)=F {F(t)sinatat cece (8) The function >(a)is called the fourier sine transform.