UNIT 3

DOS and Its History

•A DOS, or disk operating system, is an operating system that
runs from a disk drive. The term can also refer to a particular
family of disk operating systems, most commonly MS-DOS, an
acronym for Microsoft DOS.
•Early computers of the 1940s and 1950s did not have disk drives.
Instead, they were hard-wired to carry out specific computations.
•Early computers, such as the Commodore 64, Atari 800, and
Apple II, all featured a disk operating system, including
Commodore Business Machines DOS, Atari DOS, and Apple
DOS.
 Initially Tim Patterson (considered the father of DOS)called it
QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System), which was soon
renamed 86-DOS
 A year later, fledgling company Microsoft
purchased exclusive rights to sell the system, renamed MS-
DOS, to IBM for their newly developed IBM-PC.
 IBM-compatible versions were marketed as PC-DOS.Version
1.0 was released in 1981
 Windows 95 and Windows NT, fully integrated Windows and
DOS and offered built-in Internet support, including the World
Wide Web browser Internet Explorer.
 Although MS-DOS enjoyed enormous popularity in the 1980s
and early 1990s. The system lacked the multitasking ,
multiuser capabilities of the UNIX operating system
 MS-DOS was limited to a command line interface, in contrast
to the user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) of the early
Macintosh computer from Apple Inc
 Features of DOS
 MS-DOS does not offer GUI (Graphical User Interface) and
doesn't accept mouse inputs. It is a character-based interface
system where all commands are entered in the text at the
command-line prompt.
 A disk operating system manages files, folders and allows
program loading and execution. It can control hardware devices
such as disk, memory and allocate resources.
 It is a single-user operating system
 MS-DOS does not support a multiuser operating system, and it
is less secure and does not have a concept of user roles. It is
very lightweight due to its basic interface and limited features.
How does a disk operating system work?
When a computer is powered on it goes through various
steps called the boot process. For a computer running a disk
operating system, the following six steps are standard:

1. The read-only memory (ROM) bootstrap loader reads

the Master Boot Record and passes control over to it.
2. The boot record loads the disk operating system into
memory, and it takes control of the machine.
3. The computer transfers data stored on a magnetic disk to
its main memory, the random access memory.
4. It also transfers data to external devices attached to the
computer, such as a computer screen or printer.
5. The computer provides various application programming
interfaces for programs like character input/output (I/O),
memory management, program loading and termination, as
well as handling input from the user through a keyboard.
advantages of MS-DOS Operating
System are as follows
 This will run on smaller systems, and due to its size, it
will "boot" much faster than any windows version.
 MS-DOS is very lightweight and it allows direct access
to most hardware. However, it does not have the
overhead of a multitasking operating system.
 Gives you more "direct" control of the processes.
 The OS also provides file management that organizes,
reads and writes files on storage. The files are organized
in a hierarchical structure of directories, subdirectories
and files.
Disadvantages of MS-DOS
 File naming – File names in MS-DOS are limited to upper
case only.
 Security – For file ownership and permissions, MS-DOS
doesn‟t have any built-in security.
 No multi-user – MS-DOS can run only one program at a
time thus it does not support multitasking and multi-users.
 Difficult to use – As MS-DOS is a command-based OS
thus, making it difficult for beginners to use as it requires
commands to be remembered for specific actions.
 Command-line interface -MS-DOS has a command-line
interface that is not very user-friendly.
DOS Internal Commands
These are those commands for which the code for executing
them is stored in COMMAND.COM and they execute
without the requirement of any other file
 Date
It displays the current system date and prompts you to
change the date, if necessary.
Syntax : C:\>date < mm-dd-yy >
 Time
It sets the computer„s internal clock if command is issued
with parameters otherwise displays the systemtime.
Syntax : C:\>time < hours: minutes: seconds: hundredths >
 Clear Screen
It clears the screen. The cleared screen shows only the
command prompt and the blinking cursor.
Syntax : C:\>cls
 Ver
Ver command displays the MS-DOS version no.
Syntax : C:\>ver
 Vol
It displays the current volume label and the serial number of
the specified drive. If drive specifier is omitted Vol takes the
current drive by default.
Syntax : C:\vol < d:>
 Break
It enables the DOS to check for Ctrl + C and Ctrl – break as
the signal to terminate the current program less frequently. If
you run Break without any parameters, the current state of
break checking is displayed.
Syntax : C:\>break < on/off >
 Dir
It displays the list of the files and sub-directories that are in
the directory specified.
Syntax : C:\> dir < drive: > < path > < filename >
 Copy
It copy one or more files to the location specified and can also be
used to combine.
Syntax : C:\>copy < source > < target >
 Del
It deletes the files specified.
Syntax : C:\>del < drive: > < path > < filename >
 Rename (or REN)
It changes the name of the file or files specified and can also
rename all files matching the specified filename.
Syntax : C:\>rename (or REN) < drive: > < path >< original
filename > < changed filename >
 MKDIR (or MD)
It creates a multilevel directory.
Syntax : C:\>MKDIR (or MD) < drive: > < path >
 CHDIR (or CD)
It changes the current directory or displays the name of the
current directory.
Syntax : C:\>CHDIR (or CD) < drive: > < path >
DOS External Commands
a. These external commands are for performing
advanced tasks and they do need some external file
support as they are not stored in COMMAND.COM
b. They are not commonly used commands.

Examples of External Commands are:-

 DELTREE- Short for delete tree, deltree is a command used
to delete files and directories permanently from the
computer.
 TREE- Allows the user to view a listing of files and folders in
an easy to read the listing.
 PRINT – The print command allows users to print a text file
to a line printer, in the background.
 FIND – Allows you to search for text within a file.
 XCOPY – Xcopy is a powerful version of the copy command
with additional features; has the capability of moving files,
directories, and even whole drives from one location to
another.
 FORMAT – Format is used to erase information off of a
computer diskette or fixed drive..
 CHKDSK- Chkdsk is a utility that checks the computer‟s hard
drive status for any additional errors with the hard drive.
Batch Files
 A batch file is a script file that stores commands to be
executed in a serial order. It helps automate routine
tasks without requiring user input or intervention.
 Some common applications of batch files include
loading programs , running multiple processes or
performing repetitive actions in a sequence in the
system.
 batch file is a text file created in Notepad or some
other text editor
 A batch file eliminates the need to retype commands,
which saves the user time and helps to avoid mistakes. It
is also useful to simplify complex processes
 Creating and saving a batch file
A batch file is ideal for users who regularly open a particular
website, create or rename files in bulk or check IP addresses using
the ipconfig command. It automate these routine tasks, saving the
user time and effort.
Here are steps to create a batch file:
 Open Notepad or any text editor
 Start with the @echo off command
 Add these other commands, each one on a new line:
1. title [title of the batch script]
2. echo [first line]
3. Pause
 Once all commands are in, click on File and select the Save
As option
Steps to execute a batch file:
 Step 1 − Open the command prompt (cmd.exe).
 Step 2 − Go to the location where the .bat or .cmd file is
stored.
 Step 3 − Write the name of the file and press the Enter
button to execute the batch file
Steps to execute a batch file:
 Step 1 − Open windows explorer.
 Step 2 − Go to the location where the .bat or .cmd file is
stored.
 Step 3 − Right-click the file and choose the “Edit” option
from the context menu. The file will open in Notepad for
further editing.
 Types of Operating Systems
An Operating System performs all the basic tasks like
managing files, processes, and memory. Thus operating system
acts as the manager of all the resources, i.e. resource
manager. Thus, the operating system becomes an interface
between user and machine.
Important functions of an operating System:
 Security –
The operating system uses password protection to protect
user data and similar other techniques.
 Job accounting –
Operating system Keeps track of time and resources used
by various tasks and users, this information can be used to
track resource usage for a particular user or group of
users.
 Memory Management –
The operating system manages the Primary Memory or Main
Memory. It keeps track of primary memory, i.e., which bytes of
memory are used by which user program.
The memory addresses that have already been allocated and the
memory addresses of the memory that has not yet been used
 Processor Management –
In a multi-programming environment, the OS decides the order
in which processes have access to the processor, and how much
processing time each process has. This function of OS is called
process scheduling
 File Management –
A file system is organized into directories for efficient or easy
navigation and usage.
It keeps track of where information is stored, user access settings
and status of every file, and more… These facilities are collectively
known as the file system.
1. Batch Operating System
This type of operating system does not interact with the
computer directly. There is an operator which takes similar jobs
having the same requirement and group them into batches. It is
the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar
needs
Advantages
 In a batch system, all jobs are performed in repeating form without
the user‟s intervention.
 Can be feed input data in the batch processing system without using
extra hardware components.
 Sharing of the batch system for multiple users is possible.
 You can assign a specific time for the batch jobs so when the
computer is idle it starts processing the batch jobs.
Disadvantages
 Due to any mistake, any job can enter into an infinite loop
 The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails
 Batch systems are hard to debug
 If anyone's job halts, then increase the workload for predicting
time
 Examples
Payroll System , Bank Invoice System , Transactions Process
2.Time-Sharing Operating Systems –
Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work
smoothly. These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems.
 The task can be from a single user or different users also. The
time that each task gets to execute is called quantum.
 After this time interval is over OS switches over to the next
task.
Advantages
 Each task gets an equal opportunity.
 Fewer chances of duplication of software.
 CPU idle time can be reduced.

Disadvantages
 Reliability problem.
 One must have to take of security and integrity of user
programs and data.
 Data communication problem.
 Examples
Windows 2000 server, Windows NT server , Unix , Linux
3. Distributed operating system
 A distributed operating system allows the distribution of entire
systems on the couples of center processors, and it serves on
multiple users.
 All processors are connected by valid communication mediums such
as high-speed buses and telephone lines,
 it is always possible that one user can access the files or software
which are not actually present on his system but some other system
connected within this network.
Advantages
 A distributed operating system may share all resources from one
site to another, increasing data availability across the entire system.
 It reduces the probability of data corruption because all data is
replicated across all sites.
 The entire system operates independently of one another, and as a
result, if one site crashes, the entire system does not halt.
 Reduction of the load on the host computer.

Disadvantages
 It is hard to implement adequate security in a distributed operating
system since the nodes and connections must be secured.
 Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication
 These types of systems are not readily available as they are very
expensive. Not only that the underlying software is highly complex
and not understood well yet
 Examples
Solaris , Micros
4.Client/server network OS
Client/server network operating systems are those networks that
contain two types of nodes, the servers, and clients. The servers
host the applications or services for users while clients use these
applications. In a client/server system, both the server and client
computers must have certain software installed to connect to
each other securely over a network connection.
Advantages
 Allows companies to scale their computing resources to
handle increased demand without having to buy new
hardware.
 Client-server systems can be quickly reconfigured to meet
the changing needs of an organization.
 They also tend to be more reliable and easier to maintain
than dedicated server systems.
 Lower operating cost.
 More reliable and easier to maintain than dedicated server
systems
Disadvantages
 These OS need more sophisticated management and networking
technologies, longer startup times, and increased vulnerability to
attack.
 Less secure than dedicated server systems.

 More challenging to scale than dedicated server systems.

5.Real Time Operating System
In Real-Time Systems, each job carries a certain deadline
within which the job is supposed to be completed,
otherwise, the huge loss will be there, or even if the
result is produced, it will be completely useless.
Real-time systems are used when there are time
requirements that are very strict like missile systems, air
traffic control systems, robots, etc.
Advantages
 In a Real-time operating system, the maximum utilization of
devices and systems.
 The time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems are very
less
 Focus on running applications and less importance to
applications which are in the queue
Disadvantages
 Very few tasks run at the same time and their
concentration is very less on few applications to avoid
errors
 Real-time operating systems are very costly to develop.
 Real-time operating systems are very complex and can
consume critical CPU cycles.
 The algorithms are very complex and difficult for the
designer to write on.
 Windows Operating system
 Windows is a graphical operating system developed by
Microsoft. It allows users to view and store files, run the software,
play games, watch videos, and provides a way to connect to the
internet
 Microsoft introduced the first version as 1.0
 It was released for both home computing and professional
functions of Windows on 10 November 1983
 In 1993, the first business-oriented version of Windows was
released, which is known as Windows NT 3.1.
 XP Windows was released by Microsoft in 2001, the company
designed its various versions for a personal and business
environment.
 Windows Vista introduced by Microsoft In January 2007. It was
brought the better look and feel user interface and included
transparent elements, security, and search
 Windows 7 It was introduced on 22 October 2009 .It
was released with user-friendly features and less dialogue
box overload. It was more stable, faster, and easy to use as
compared to release other previous versions.
 Windows 10 On 29 July 2015, Microsoft introduced
Windows 10. It was released with some new features,
 As of September 2022, the most recent version of
Windows is Windows 11 for consumer PCs and tablets,
Windows 11 Enterprise for corporations, and Windows
Server 2022 for servers.
Features of Windows Operating system
Control Panel: Windows provides a Control Panel feature that
includes many tools to configure and manage the resources on
their computer.
Cortana: Windows 10 introduced a feature named
Cortana, which is able to accept voice commands. It can
perform various tasks such as it can answers your questions,
search data on your computer, online purchases, set reminders,
and appointments, etc
File Explorer: It is also known as Windows Explorer, which
displays your files and folders on the computer. It allows users
to browse the data on the hard drive, SSD and other inserted
removable disks like pen drives and CDs, and you can manage
the content according to the requirements such as delete,
rename, search, and transfer the data.
Internet browser: As the internet browser is very important
to search for anything, view pages, online shopping, play games,
watch videos, etc. Windows come with a pre-installed internet
browser. in Windows 10, the Edge internet browser is the
default browser.
Microsoft Paint: Since November 1985, Microsoft Windows
comes with pre-installed Microsoft Paint. It is a simple
software to create, view, and edit an image. It offers several
tools to draw an image, crop, resize, and save an image with a
different file extension.
Taskbar: Windows comes with a taskbar that displays currently
opened programs, it also allows users to access any specific
programs.
Additionally, it includes the notification area on the right side that
shows date and time, battery, network, volume, and other
background running applications.

Start menu: Microsoft Windows contains a start menu to the left

side of the taskbar. It displays programs and utilities that are installed
on the computer. It can be simply opened by clicking on the Start
menu button or pressing the start key on the keyboard.
Disk Cleanup: It is used to free up disk space with the help
of deleting temporary or unnecessary files. It also helps to
enhance the performance of the computer, and boost storage
space to download the programs and documents.
Task Manager: Windows includes the task manager feature
that provides detail of the running applications or programs on
the computer.You can also check how much of the system
resources, such as RAM, CPU, disk I/O, are being used by each
of the applications.
Advantages of windows operating system
 Support for all hardware: As windows OS is used by 95% of
users so most of the hardware vendors make drivers for windows.
 Ease of use: All versions of Microsoft Windows have something
common in it which makes users easy to shift from one version to
another.
 Software support: Windows platform is best suited for game and
software developers. Windows have large number audience so
developers prefer to make utilities, games and software for
windows OS.
 Plug and play feature: Most hardware can be detected
automatically by plug and play feature. You do not need to manually
install the hardware but it is ready to use.
 Desktop and touch screen: Windows 10 is made for both touch
screen devices and desktop computers.
Disadvantages of Windows operating system
 Virus attacks: Windows have a high amount of hacker attacks. The
hackers can easily break windows security.
 Most of the software is paid: Most windows programs are paid e.g.
games, graphics software
 Rebooting a system: If your system becomes slow in performance
then you have to reboot it. If you load many programs at the same time
then your system slows down and hangs up
 High price: Linux OS is open source and is free to use for everyone
but windows OS has paid license and you cannot use windows OS
legally free.
 High computer resources: If you are installing windows OS then
your computer should have high ram capacity, a lot of hard drive space
and good graphics card.
 Control Panel
 The control panel, in the context of Windows, is a software
module used to perform administrative and management
operating system tasks and/or provide access to specific
software features.
 The control panel is normally part of the system‟s graphical
user interface (GUI), which provides easy management and
access to panel components.
The control panel is used to configure and manage almost
all aspects of Windows.
 It consists of a set of tools that include adding or removing
hardware and software, controlling user accounts, changing
accessibility options, and accessing networking settings.
How to open Control Panel
 Start Menu
To open the Control Panel, we need to double click on the
icon on the desktop or you can also open it by typing
„Control Panel‟ in the search bar below and clicking on the
„Open‟ option provided on the right.
 Run Box
To open the Control Panel on your desktop or laptop, press
the Win + R keys simultaneously on your keyboard, then
enter Control and press the Enter key.
Control Panel Functions
1. .Device Manager
Device Manager is used to connect internal hardware and
computer software. For example, if you put a mouse on a
computer, it‟s hardware the functions that will be in your
window will be with the software. The device manager does
the work of connecting the two together.
2. Devices and Printers
Like Device Manager, it also connects hardware and
software
In addition, when connecting external hardware such as
external mouse, external keyboard, printer, scanner etc. can
be done right from here.
3.Display
you can increase or decrease the size of the computer display,
play. The display can also be viewed by zooming in with the
help of a magnifier. You‟ll find more display settings than these
on your computer‟s home screen
4. Mouse and keyboard
we can increase or decrease the repetition speed of keyboard.
you get the button configuration options, with it you can
change the mouse button. That means left -clicking is right -
clicking. And that right click works, is left. So, you need to click
on Switch Primary and Secondary Buttons.
5. Language
In this setting, we can add many types of languages ​to the
computer. Whatever language you want to view on your
computer, you must select a language by clicking Add
Language. And you can add that language.
6. Internet Options
The Internet Options section of Control Panel allows you
to manage Internet and Internet Explorer settings for your
computer
7.Systems Information
The computer configuration can be detected with this option.
For example, which window is installed on your computer and
how many GB of RAM is on your computer, and which
processor it has, you will know from this option what is the
speed of the processor
8.Sound Settings
Any audio settings on the computer are done with the help of
this option. Audio is recorded on the computer with the help of
a microphone , so any settings need to be done with this
option.
9.Programs and Features
All software installed on your computer appears in the
Programs and Features options. And with this option you can
easily find out the size and version of the software. And you can
also remove the unused software from your computer.
10. Personalization Setting
With this option, you can change the theme, your computer
wallpaper. In this, you can change the design of your computer,
and install new themes on your computer. And from here you
can also change the color of the computer.
 Taskbar
 The taskbar is an element of an operating system located
at the bottom of the screen. It lets you locate and launch
programs through Start and the Start menu or view any
currently open program.
 On the right side of the taskbar is the Notification
Area that lets you check the date and time, items running in
the background.
 The taskbar was first introduced with Microsoft Windows
95 and is found in all subsequent versions of Windows.
Notification Area
 The Notification Area is located at the right side of the
Taskbar. It shows different types of notifications from your
computer like your Internet connection, or the volume
level.

Task View
 Task View allows you to quickly move within your open
windows and applications.You can access it by clicking the
“Task View” button from the Taskbar.
 You can also press and hold the Windows key, and then
press Tab to achieve the same result.
 By pressing the Alt+Tab keyboard shortcut also serves a
similar purpose.
Pin and Unpin an Application
The icons in the middle of the Taskbar are “pinned”
applications, which is a way to have a quick access to
applications you use frequently. “Pinned” applications will
stay in the Taskbar until you “unpin” them.
Pin an Application to the Taskbar
 Step 1 − Search for the application you want to pin in the
Start Menu.
 Step 2 − Right-click on the application.
 Step 3 − Select “More” option at the top of the menu.
 Step 4 − Select the “Pin to taskbar” option.
Unpin an Application from the Taskbar
To “unpin” it, just right-click the icon in the Taskbar and select
“Unpin from taskbar”. You can “pin” it back again any time
you want.
 desktop
 A desktop is a computer display area that represents the
kinds of objects one might find on top of a physical desk,
including documents, phone books, telephones, reference
sources, writing and drawing tools, and project folders.
 A desktop can be contained in a window that is part of
the total display area or can be full screen, taking up the
total display area.
 Users can have multiple desktops for different projects or
work environments they have and can switch between
them.
Icons are found on the Windows desktop
The desktop includes some of the most common icons, such as
Internet browser, Recycle Bin, My Documents, and My
Computer.
How to quickly get to the Windows desktop
Windows first loads the desktop at the time it starts. there are
various methods to return on the desktop without closing
any opened files.
Desktop shortcut keys
 To get back to the Windows desktop, you can use a shortcut
Windows key and D together (windows + D).
 If you want to restore the hidden windows, press the same
key again.
 You can use Windows key + M; it will minimize all open files,
and the desktop will be displayed. For restoring all minimized
windows, you can use shortcut keys: Windows key + Shift + M.
Aero Peek
There is a feature in Windows 7, Windows 8, or Windows 10 that is
called Aero Peek. It is a simple feature that enables you to get back
to the desktop swiftly. You only need to move your mouse pointer
to the bottom-right corner of the Taskbar and click the tab. You can
repeat the same steps to undo the open windows.
The Lock Screen
The Lock screen serves the same purpose it does on a phone: It gives
a quick glance at the time, the date, your WiFi signal strength, the
weather, and (on laptops and tablets) your battery charge.
The Login Screen
As in any modern operating
system, you have your
own account in Windows. It‟s
your world of files, settings,
and preferences. So the
second thing you encounter
in Windows 10 is the Login
screen.
Here, at lower left, you see
the name and photo for each
person who has an account
on this machine
Windows application
 A program that is written to run under the Microsoft
Windows operating system, also called a "Windows app."
 Windows comes with several useful applications already
installed. These applications can help you with many
common tasks, including browsing the Internet, managing
your calendar, and shopping for music
 Desktop applications are stand-alone application which
runs on system and laptops. These applications are installed
on the systems via downloading online or buying CDs
online or from the store.
Web browsers
Microsoft Edge replaces Internet Explorer in Windows 10. It
has a few new features over Internet Explorer, including an
option to display webpages in an easy-to-read format, better
security, and integration with other parts of Windows 10.
Internet Explorer is one of the most well-known
applications on the Internet, primarily because it has come
bundled with many versions of Windows for the past 20 years
Productivity
Mail and Calendar are apps that connect your accounts with
other services, such as Microsoft, Google, and Apple. They
synchronize your mailboxes and calendars within these
services and display them in a single window on your
computer.
Maps, an app powered by Bing Maps, gives you access to all of
the same navigation and search features. It adds a few other
features as well, like pinning locations and saving directions on all
of your Windows devices.
Media
Photos, introduced in Windows 8, is a digital photo organizer
that helps you store, sort, and display photos on your
computer. It also includes features for editing, online storage,
and sharing to social media
Groove Music and Movies & TV are apps included with
Windows 10 that access Microsoft's online media services.
Groove Music can play music stored on your computer
Windows Media Player is Microsoft's default basic media
player that has come with most versions of Windows. It can
play most types of audio and video files stored on your
computer.
 Icon
 An icon is a small graphical representation of a program,
feature, or file. When you click or double-click an icon,
the associated file or program opens or an action is
performed.
 Icons are a component of GUI operating systems,
including Apple macOS X and Microsoft Windows. Icons
help users quickly identify the type of file represented by
the icon
 For example, if you were to double-click My Computer
icon, it would open Windows Explorer.
 UNDERSTANDING DESKTOP ICONS
• The Windows desktop contains a range of icons, some of which
appear when you install Windows , and some that appear when you
install new programs.
• Icons with an arrow are known as shortcuts or links to programs,
files or folders.You can double click on a desktop icon to launch
that program, folder or file
ARRANGING AND RESIZING DESKTOP ICONS
 When a new icon appears on the desktop, it usually sits along the left side
of the screen.
 You can arrange items on your desk,
 You can also resize them, that is, make the icons larger or smaller.
1. Click and hold down the left 1. Right-click on a blank area of
mouse button on a desktop the desktop to display a
icon, and drag to another part shortcut menu
of the desktop, then release 2. Select View > Auto arrange
the mouse button icons to turn this option off
2. The icon returns to its 3. Select View > Align to grid to
original position, as the auto- turn this option off
arrange option is turned on 4. You can now freely move
your icons anywhere on the
desktop...
CREATING A DESKTOP SHORTCUT
 Desktop icons are designed to enable quick access to frequently-
used programs, files, folders and so on.
 shortcuts, which are used to launch a program (or whatever)
from another location.
 You can create desktop shortcuts for pretty much anything on
your computer: programs, files, folders, windows
1. Right-click on a blank area of the desktop to display a shortcut
menu
2. Select New > Shortcut to display the Create Shortcut dialog box
3. Click on [Browse] to display the Browse for files and folders
dialog box
4. Click on the white arrows beside Libraries and then Documents,
and then click on My Documents to select it
5. Click on [OK] and then click on [Next] You will then be asked
to name the shortcut.
6. Click on [Finish]
 Window accessories
Window Accessories Group is a very important part of the
window, very important tools are available inside Window
Accessories, which we can use according to our need.
Character Map:-
There is such a facility in Character Map Window
Accessories, using which we can know which key or key
combination has been determined in which font.
Start button→ All program→ Window accessories→
Character Map
Calculator:-
We use this tool available in Window Accessories to do
arithmetic and scientific calculations.
Start button→ All program→ Window accessories→
calculator
Note Pad:-
Note Pad is the Window‟s Text Editor Program, we use it to
create a text file in the window, the extension (.txt) of the file
Start button→ All programs→ Window accessories→ notepad
Word Pad:-
Word Pad is also called a Word Processor, it is also a text editor
program, it is an advanced form of note pad. You can change the
size of the font in it, we can fix the date and time
Start button→ All program→ Window accessories→ word pad
Remote Desktop Connection:-
Remote Desktop Connection In this, we can get help by
connecting remotely to the person sitting far away, that is, the
person sitting far away can operate our computer, in this, we
can connect from one computer to another computer and take
any help or help anyone.
Start button→ All program→ Window accessories→ remote
desktop connection
Paint:-
The Paint Tool present in the Window Accessories Group is very
important, with the help of this tool we can make pictures,
sketches and maps etc.
Start button→ All program→ Window accessories→ paint
Math input panel:-
Math input panel is a part of window accessories. Math input panel
has come into use from window 7. It is used to convert any
word or character to any Digit of Math.
Start button→ All program→ Window accessories→ Math input
panel
Snipping Tool:-
with the help of this we can take Screen short (SS) of any object of
the screen, with the help of this tool we can take Screen short
in the same way as we take in our phone.
Start button→ All program→ Window accessories→ snipping tool
Disk cleanup:-
Disk cleanup is used to clean many things like junk files,
cookies from our PC, due to this the performance of our
computer becomes faster.
Start button→ All program→ Window accessories→
System tool→ disk cleanup
Disk defragment:-
Disk defragment is used to arrange the saved file or folder
in the hard disk, it is used to eliminate the free space on
the disk drive and organize the file & folder.
Start button→ All program→ Window accessories→
System tool→ defragment
 Notepad
Notepad is a generic text editor included with all versions
of Microsoft Windows that lets you create, open, and
read plaintext files with a .txt file extension
Notepad features:
 1] Shortcut to delete previously typed word
Firstly, you can use a simple shortcut Ctrl+Backspace to
delete a previous word you typed/entered\
Status bar
It is visible at the bottom of the Notepad screen and displays
the ending line of the text file in use. Alongside it, you can
find information related to column and line number with
word-wrapping and current zoom level, if enabled.
Wrap-Around
now you can find a new ‘wraparound‟ option visible under
„Find‟ tool to search a fragment of a text. Also, Notepad will
save previously typed values and checkboxes and
automatically apply them when you reopen the „Find‟ dialog
box
Text zooming
Microsoft has also added options to quickly zoom text in
Notepad. So, when you attempt to change the text layout,
you can notice the zoom percentage on its status bar.
ou can change Text Zoom Level by simply heading to „View‟
option, select „Zoom‟ and choose any of the following
options
Search with Bing in Notepad
The new Notepad enables Windows 10 users to quickly find
the meaning or spelling of a word within the app.
you can select the text and use the Ctrl+E keyboard
shortcut to quickly get a Bing answer using Microsoft Edge
 Paint
Microsoft Paint, also known as Paint or MS Paint, is a simple
program that allows users to create basic graphic art on a
computer.
Starting MS Paint
Click on "Start“ "All Programs“ "Accessories“ "Paint“
Menu Bar
This consists of the following menus:
File Menu: This is for creating a new file, saving, printing, setting as
desktop background, etc.
Edit Menu: For undoing, redoing, copying, pasting, etc.
View Menu: For displaying toolbox, color box, status bar, text
toolbar, zooming, and viewing bitmap.
Image: This menu is used for flipping, stretching, and inverting
colors, among others.
Colors: You can use this menu for editing colors.
Help Menu: This provides comprehensive help about the Paint
program.
The Toolbox
Eraser/Colour Eraser: This is for erasing your drawing or the
colour you have applied.
Pick Colour: This picks a specific colour you want and makes it
the active colour, meaning that whatever you do next will have
that colour.
Pencil: You will use it for drawing.
Airbrush: For spraying your object with colour.
Line Tool: For drawing a line. To make your line straight, hold
down the Shift key and then drag your mouse holding the left
button. Select the thickness of the line below the toolbox
Rectangle Tool: For making rectangles. You can also draw a square
by holding the Shift key.
Ellipse: For drawing an ellipse, you can also draw a perfect circle
by holding the shift key before you start dragging your mouse.
Fill With Colour: As the name suggests, you use this tool to
fill an object with colour at once.
Magnifier: This is a zoom tool that you can use to magnify a
part of your drawing.
Brush: Use this for painting, just like you would paint your
house.
Text: You will use this for entering text.
Curve Tool: For drawing a curve.
Polygon Tool: For drawing a polygon, but still you can draw a
lot of other objects.
Rounded Rectangle: This tool helps you to draw a
rectangle with rounded corners.