IOT and Applications

GTU # 3160716

Unit-2
Sensors, Microcontrollers
and their
Interfacing
Prof. Tushar J. Mehta
Computer Engineering Department
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
[email protected]
+91-8866756776
Microcontrollers
Section - 1
Overview of Microcontrollers
Microcontroller is a digital device consisting of CPU, peripheral I/Os, memories, interrupts,
etc. in a single chip or IC.
Microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed for a specific operation in an
embedded system.
The examples of various microcontrollers are given as:

Atmel AVR Microchip – PIC Intel 8051

AtMega8 PIC18F452 AT89C51
AtMega328P PIC16F877 AT89S52
AtMega16 PIC16F676 AT89c2051
AtMega2560 PIC16F72 P89V51

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 3
 Introduction to Arduino Uno
USB Socket Digital Pins • Atmega328p Microcontroller inside
• The operating voltage is 5V which is given by
• USB socket or
• External power socket
• DC Current for each input/output pin is 40 mA
• Digital input/output pins are 14 to interface digital
input or output devices
• There are 6 Analog i/p pins used for interfacing analog
input devices.
• What is Digital and Analog?
• Memory Components:
• 32KB flash (program) memory
• SRAM is 2 KB
External Power socket Atmega328p Analog Pins
• EEPROM is 1 KB

Prof. Tushar J. Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 4
 Components in Arduino Uno
6 2 3 1. Atmega328p Microcontroller: The heart of the board.
2. On-board LED interfaced with pin 13.
3. Power LED: Indicates the status of Arduino whether it
is powered or not.
4. GND and 5V pins: Used for providing +5V and ground
to other components of circuits.
5. TX and RX LEDs: These LEDs indicate communication
between Arduino and computer.
6. Reset button: Use to reset
the ATmega328P microcontroller

5 4 1

Prof. Tushar J. Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 5
Sensors and Their Interfacing
Section - 2
Definition of Sensor
Sensor is a device that detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates, or
otherwise responds to it.
A sensor is a device that measures physical input from its environment and converts it into
data that can be interpreted by either a human or a machine.
Normally, the sensors are input devices and there are two types of sensors.
Analog Sensors
Digital Sensors

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 7
List of Sensors
The list of sensors which is to be covered in the chapter is as follows:

MQ-02/05 Gas Sensor Obstacle Sensor Ultrasonic Distance Sensor

LDR Sensor Heartbeat Sensor Gyro Sensor

GPS Sensor Color Sensor pH Sensor

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 8
MQ-02/05 Gas Sensor
MQ -02 sensor is used to detect smoke.
H2, LPG, CH4 alcohol and smoke can be detected
by MQ-02.
MQ-05 is not sensitive to smoke, hence less used
in the application.
Pinout of MQ-02 sensor module are
Vcc – Connected to 5V
Gnd – Connected to ground
D0 – Digital output pin
A0 – Analog output pin

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 9
MQ-02/05 Gas Sensor – Working principle
When any flammable gas passes through the coil of the sensor, the coil burns and internal
resistance decreases.
This results in an increased voltage across it. Hence we get variable voltage at A0 pin of MQ-05
gas sensor.
If gas present -> voltage is high.
If gas is not present -> voltage is low.

Smoke/Gas MQ-05 Gas Sensor Variable Voltage

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 10
MQ-02/05 Gas Sensor – Interfacing with Arduino
The interfacing of MQ-02 with Arduino
Uno is as shown in the figure.
Here, Vcc and Gnd pins of MQ-02 are
connected to 5V and GND of Arduino
board.
We want to take the input from a Gas
sensor in an analog format so pin A0 is
connected to one of the analog pins of
Arduino i.e. A0.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 11
MQ-02/05 Gas Sensor – Code explanation
The code in Arduino for MQ-02 gas sensor can be written as following
gas_sensor.ino
1 int gas_level;
2 void setup() { Initialize the serial communication between
3 pinMode(A0, INPUT); Arduino and computer with baud rate 9600.
4 Serial.begin(9600);
5 } Reads the analog value from specified pin and
6 stores it in the mentioned variable.
7 void loop() {
8 gas_level = analogRead(A0); Prints data on the serial port in ASCII text given in
9 Serial.print("Gas Level : "); double quotes.
10 Serial.println(gas_level);
11 delay(500); Prints the data of specified variable on the serial
12 } port and also prints new line at the end.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 12
Functions in Arduino IDE
Serial.begin( ): It is used to start serial communication between Arduino board and other
device. Normally, it is connected with computer for monitoring the data. Serial communication
uses pin 0 and 1 also working as Rx and Tx respectively.
Syntax : Serial.begin(baud_rate)
Parameters :
▪ baud_rate: It defines the speed of data transfer rate between Arduino and other device. It is compulsory to set this
baud rate same at both the side for proper transfer of data.
Serial.print( ) : Print the data from Arduino to other device.
Syntax : Serial.print(“text”)
Parameters :
▪ The text which is to be printed by Arduino board is written in double quote so as to convert it in its ASCII values.
Serial.println( ) : Print the data with newline from Arduino to other device.
Syntax : Serial.println(“text”)
Parameters :
▪ The text which is to be printed by Arduino board is written in double quote so as to convert it in its ASCII values.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 13
Functions in Arduino IDE (Cont.)
analogRead( ): The syntax reads analog value from specified pin and converts it into 1024
levels or in 0 to 1023 range. The values is stored into specified variable in the code statement.
The value is converted into 1024 levels because Arduino has 10 bit built in A-D converter unit.
Syntax : analogRead(pin)
Parameters :
▪ pin: The Arduino analog pin number.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 14
MQ-02/05 Gas Sensor – Output

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 15
Obstacle Sensor
Obstacle sensor is used for detection of obstacle.
It is a digital sensor, hence gives binary output ‘1’ or
‘0’.
The range for detection of obstacle can be changed
by potentiometer given.
Pinout of obstacle sensor module are
Vcc – Connected to 5V
Gnd – Connected to ground
Out/D0 – Digital output pin

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 16
Obstacle Sensor – Working principle
IR emitter transmits IR signals and IR receiver receives those signals from reflection.
If the obstacle is present then the transmitted signals are reflected back by obstacle and if they
have amplitude greater then threshold the output signal will be ‘0’.
If the obstacle is not present then the transmitted signals are not reflected and the output
signal will be ‘1’.

Obstacle in the way Obstacle IR Sensor Digital Output

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 17
Obstacle Sensor – Interfacing with Arduino
The interfacing of obstacle sensor with
Arduino Uno is as shown in figure.
Here, Vcc and Gnd pins of obstacle
sensor is connected to 5V and Gnd of
Arduino board.
The output of obstacle sensor is in
digital form. So it is connected to
digital pin 2 of Arduino.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 18
Obstacle Sensor – Code explanation
The code in Arduino for Obstacle sensor can be written as following:
obstacle-detect.ino
1 int obstacle_pres=0;
2 void setup() {
3 pinMode(2, INPUT);
4 pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
5 Serial.begin(9600);
6 }
7
8 void loop() {
Reads the digital data from specified pin
9 obstacle_pres = digitalRead(2);
10 if (obstacle_pres == LOW) and stores it into given variable.
11 {
12 Serial.print("Obstacle is present");
13 digitalWrite(13,HIGH);
14 }

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 19
Obstacle Sensor – Code explanation (Cont.)
obstacle-detect.ino
13 else
14 {
15 digitalWrite(13,LOW);
16 }
17 delay(1000);
18 }

digitalRead( ) : Reads digital data from specified pin and stores it into given variable.
Syntax : digitalRead(pin)
Parameters :
▪ Pin : The Arduino digital pin number.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 20
Obstacle Sensor – Output

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 21
HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sound Sensor
Ultrasonic Sound Sensor is used to measure the
distance of an object.
The sensor can only measure the distance of
object. It can not identify the type of object.
It is also known as Ultrasonic distance sensor.
Pinout of HC-SR04 module are
Vcc – Connected to 5V
Gnd – Connected to ground
Trigger – Generates the transmit pulse
Echo – Receives echo from obstacle

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 22
HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sound Sensor – Working principle
The emitter transmits ultrasonic sound waves which are reflected by near by objects.
The reflected pulse is received by sensor.
Some mathematical operations are performed to obtain the distance value.
The distance value is converted into desired unit.

Ultrasonic waves Mathematical operations Measurement of distance

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 23
HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sound Sensor– Interfacing with Arduino
The interfacing of HC-SR04 sensor with
Arduino Uno is as shown in figure.
Here, Vcc and Gnd pins of HC-SR04
sensor are connected to 5V and Gnd of
Arduino board.
The trigger and echo pin is connected to
(any) digital pins of Arduino board.
In this case, trigger is connected to 11
and echo is connected to 12.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 24
HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sound Sensor – Code explanation
The code in Arduino for HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sound Sensor can be written as following
Distance-measure.ino
1 int trigPin = 11; // Trigger
2 int echoPin = 12; // Echo
3 long duration, cm, inches;
4
5 void setup() {
6 Serial.begin (9600);
7 pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
8 pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
9 }
10 void loop() {
11 digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
Generates the delay of specified
12 delayMicroseconds(5);
13 digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH); microseconds.
14 delayMicroseconds(10);
15 digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 25
HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sound Sensor – Code explanation (Cont.)
Distance-measure.ino Reads a HIGH pulse on specified pin and
16 pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); returns the value of time in microsecond
17 duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH); for transition from LOW to HIGH.
18
19 // Convert the time into a distance Distance(m) = Speed (m/s)x Time (s)
20 cm = (duration/2) / 29.1;
21 inches = (duration/2) / 74; But, Time of pulse we receive is in µs
22 Serial.print(inches); and distance we want to find is in cm.
23 Serial.print("in, "); Distance(cm) = Speed (cm/µs) x Time
24 Serial.print(cm);
(µs)
25 Serial.print("cm");
26 Serial.println(); Speed of sound is 343m/s which is
27
converted into 0.0343 cm/µs.
28 delay(250);
29 } So either we have to multiply 0.0343 or
divide 29.1

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 26
Functions in Arduino IDE
delayMicroseconds( ): It pauses the program for amount of time in microseconds specified as
the parameter.
Syntax : delayMicroseconds(μs)
Parameters :
▪ μs : The number of microseconds to pause.
pulseIn( ) : Reads a pulse HIGH or LOW from specified pin and wait for the time to go the pulse
from HIGH to LOW or LOW to HIGH. It returns the time required to transit the pulse in variable.
Syntax : pulseIn(pin, value)
Parameters :
▪ Pin: The number of the Arduino pin on which you want to read the pulse.
▪ Value: The type of pulse that you want to read.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 27
HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sound Sensor – Output

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 28
LDR Sensor
LDR is known as Light Dependent Resistor.
The internal resistance of LDR changes with
respect to light intensity.
Normally LDR works with voltage divider network.
The LDR is used in the application where the task is
performed with light intensity as input.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 29
LDR Sensor – Working principle
The LDR works on principle of Ohm’s law.
As the light intensity on LDR is higher, the resistance of LDR decreases.
The decreased resistance will drop more voltage across LDR according to Ohm’s Law.
The presence of light can be identified by the value of voltage across LDR.

Light Intensity to be measured Output voltage measurement Calculate the intensity

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 30
LDR Sensor– Interfacing with Arduino
The interfacing of LDR sensor with Arduino
Uno is as shown in figure.
Here, one terminal of 10kΩ resistor is
connected to 5V of Arduino and second
terminal is connected to A0 pin.
One terminal of LDR is connected to A0 pin
of Arduino and other is connected to Gnd.
This creates a voltage divider network
between fixed resistor and LDR.
The voltage at A0 pin remains near to 5V
when LDR is in dark (high resistance).
The voltage at A0 pin remains near to 0V
when LDR is in Bright light (low resistance).

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 31
LDR Sensor – Code explanation
The code in Arduino for LDR Sensor can be written as following
Light-intensity-measure.ino
1 void setup()
2 {
3 pinMode(A0, INPUT);
4 Serial.begin(9600);
5 }
6
7 void loop()
8 {
9 int light_intensity = analogRead(A0);
10 if (light_intensity > 800)
11 {
12 Serial.println(“Darker");
13 }

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 32
LDR Sensor – Code explanation (Cont.)
Light-intensity-measure.ino
16 else if (light_intensity < 500)
17 {
18 Serial.println(“Too Bright");
19 }
20 delay(1000);
21 }

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 33
LDR Sensor – Output

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 34
Heartbeat Sensor
Heartbeat sensor is having typical application in
health care domain.
This is mainly used in wearable devices to monitor
the heart beat / heart rate of the person.
The sensor is inexpensive and generates square
waves for each pulse. The averaging of pulses gives
analog voltage according to the heartbeat.
Pinout of heartbeat sensor module are
Vcc – Connected to 5V
Gnd – Connected to ground
A0 – Analog output pin

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 35
Heartbeat Sensor – Working principle
The sensor senses the heartbeat as per blood circulation in the body.
It generates the output pulse signal according to the rate at which heart beats.
The output pulses are considered as PWM waves. Hence they are converted into analog
signals.
This analog signal is converted to digital which gives the output beat rate.

Heartbeat input Generation of Digital Pulse Calculates the BPM

as output

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 36
Heartbeat Sensor – Interfacing with Arduino
The interfacing of Heartbeat sensor
with Arduino Uno is as shown in the
figure.
Here, Vcc and Gnd pins of heartbeat
sensor are connected to 5V and GND of
Arduino board.
We want to take the input from the
sensor in an analog format so the
signal pin of the sensor is connected to
one of the analog pins of Arduino i.e.
A0.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 37
Heartbeat Sensor – Code explanation
The code in Arduino for Heartbeat sensor can be written as following:
Heartbeat_sensor.ino
1 int UpperThreshold = 518;
2 int LowerThreshold = 490;
3 int reading = 0;
4 float BPM = 0.0;
5 bool IgnoreReading = false;
6 bool FirstPulseDetected = false;
7 unsigned long FirstPulseTime = 0;
8 unsigned long SecondPulseTime = 0;
9 unsigned long PulseInterval = 0;
10
11 void setup(){
12 Serial.begin(9600);
13 }

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 38
Heartbeat Sensor – Code explanation (Cont.)
Heartbeat_sensor.ino
14 void loop(){
15 reading = analogRead(0);
16 if(reading > UpperThreshold
17 && IgnoreReading == false){
18 if(FirstPulseDetected == false){ millis( ) function gives the time in
19 FirstPulseTime = millis(); millisecond from where the Arduino
20 FirstPulseDetected = true; board powered or reset.
21 }
22 else{
23 SecondPulseTime = millis();
24 PulseInterval = SecondPulseTime -
25 FirstPulseTime;
26 FirstPulseTime = SecondPulseTime;
27 }
28 IgnoreReading = true;
29 }

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 39
Heartbeat Sensor – Code explanation (Cont.)
Heartbeat_sensor.ino
PulseInterval is in milliseconds.
30 if(reading < LowerThreshold){
31 IgnoreReading = false;
∴Rate = 1/Time
32 }  
33
34 BPM = (1.0/PulseInterval) * 60.0 * 1000;
 
35 Serial.print(BPM);
36 Serial.println(" BPM");
37 Serial.flush();  
38 }
 

millis( ) : Returns the number of milliseconds passed since the Arduino started running the
current program.
Syntax : millis( )

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 40
Heartbeat Sensor – Output

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 41
Colour Sensor
Colour sensor is used to detect the RGB colour
coordinates of a particular colour.
The colour sensor module has TSC3200 IC that
converts colour to frequency by enabling a
particular colour diode turn by turn.
The colour sensor is mainly used in the application
where the objects are identified by their colour.
Pinout of colour sensor module are
Vcc – Connected to 5V
Gnd – Connected to ground
S0, S1 – Used for output frequency scaling
S2, S3 – Type of photodiode selected
(OE)’ – Enable for output
OUT – Output frequency (fo)

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 42
Colour Sensor (Cont.)
The combination of S0 and S1 are used for output Output Frequency Typical full-scale
S0 S1
frequency scaling. Scaling (f0) Frequency
The different microcontrollers have different L L Power Down ———
counter functionality and limitations. Hence, we L H 2% 10 – 12 KHz
need to scale the frequency according to
microcontroller used. H L 20% 100 – 120 KHz

The percentage of output scaling for different H H 100% 500 – 600 KHz
combinations of S0 and S1 are shown in the table.
The S3 and S4 pins are used for photodiode S3 S4 Photo Diode Type
selection. The photodiodes are associated with
L L Red
different colour filters.
L H Blue
The table shows combinations of S3 and S4 for
different photodiodes. H L Clear(No Filter)
H H Green

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 43
Colour Sensor – Working principle
The sensor works by imparting a bright light on an object and recording the reflected colour by
the object.
The selected photodiode for colour of red, green and blue converts the amount of light to
current.
These RGB values are further processed to identify the exact colour combination.

Input to photodiode Output RGB colour values Calculation of actual

of colour sensor colour of object

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 44
Colour Sensor – Interfacing with Arduino
The interfacing of Colour Sensor with
Arduino Uno is as shown in figure.
Here, Vcc and Gnd pins of Colour Sensor
are connected to 5V and Gnd of Arduino
board.
As we need to enable the sensor OE’ is
connected to GND.
All selection pins S0, S1 S2 and S3 are
connected to digital pins of Arduino that
is 9,8,11 and 12 respectively.
The output of colour sensor are taken as a pulse count. So OUT pin is also connected to digital
pin. In our case it is connected to pin 10.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 45
Colour Sensor – Code explanation
The code in Arduino for Colour sensor can be written as following:
Colour_sensor.ino
1 #define s0 9
2 #define s1 8
3 #define s2 11
4 #define s3 12
5 #define out 10
6
7 int frequency=0;
8
9 void setup()
10 {
11 pinMode(s0,OUTPUT);
12 pinMode(s1,OUTPUT);
13 pinMode(s2,OUTPUT);
14 pinMode(s3,OUTPUT);
15 pinMode(out,INPUT);

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 46
Colour Sensor – Code explanation (Cont.)
Colour_sensor.ino
16 Serial.begin(9600);
17 digitalWrite(s0,HIGH);
18 digitalWrite(s1,HIGH);
19 }
20 void loop()
21 {
22 digitalWrite(s2,HIGH);
23 digitalWrite(s3,HIGH);
24 frequency = pulseIn(out,LOW); This syntax maps the value of given
25 frequency = map(frequency, 30,90,255,0); number or variable from its defined
26 Serial.print("G = "); range to desired range.
27 Serial.print(frequency);
28 Serial.print("\t");
29 delay(100);
30

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 47
Colour Sensor – Code explanation (Cont.)
Colour_sensor.ino
31 digitalWrite(s2,LOW);
32 digitalWrite(s3,HIGH);
33 frequency = pulseIn(out,LOW);
34 frequency = map(frequency,25,70,255,0);
35 Serial.print(“B = ");
36 Serial.print(frequency);
37 Serial.print("\t");
38 delay(100);
39 digitalWrite(s2,LOW);
40 digitalWrite(s3,HIGH);
41 frequency = pulseIn(out,LOW);
42 frequency = map(frequency,10,56,255,0);
43 Serial.print(“R = ");
44 Serial.print(frequency);
45 Serial.print("\t");
46 delay(100);
47 }
Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 48
Functions in Arduino IDE
map( ): The syntax maps a number from one range to another.
Syntax : map(value, fromLow, fromHigh, toLow, toHigh)
Parameters :
▪ value: the number or variable to map.
▪ fromLow: the lower bound of the value’s current range.
▪ fromHigh: the upper bound of the value’s current range.
▪ toLow: the lower bound of the value’s target range.
▪ toHigh: the upper bound of the value’s target range.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 49
GPS Sensor
GPS sensor is used to get the location data of the
place where sensor is situated.
The data from sensor is acquired in National Marine
Electronics Association (NEMA) format. The format
is used by marine department for communication.
There are multiple variants of GPS sensors available
in the market. We can select based on our
requirements.
Here, the given sensor is GY-GPS6MV2 as shown in
the image.
Pinout of GPS sensor module are
Vcc – Connected to 5V
Gnd – Connected to ground
Tx – Serial Data Transmit
Rx – Serial Data Receive
Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 50
GPS Sensor – Working principle
The sensor is placed in the system whose location is to be tracked.
The GPS device communicates with GPS satellite and the satellite returns its current location in
form of latitude and longitude.
The sensor transmits the data to the microcontroller in a predefined format from which we can
extract the tracked location.

Latitude
Longitude

GPS device with antenna Returns latitude and longitude Tracked Location
for communication as output

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 51
GPS Sensor – Interfacing with Arduino
The interfacing of GPS Sensor with Arduino
Uno is as shown in figure.
Here, Vcc and Gnd pins of GPS Sensor are
connected to 5V and Gnd of Arduino board.
As the GPS communicates with Arduino
serially, we need to connect Tx and Rx pin
of GPS with serial pins of Arduino.
But, we want the data received from the
GPS sensor in serial monitor also to read
the current location.
Therefore, we need to use any digital pins
of Arduino as serial transmit and receive
pins which is done by software serial.
Here, the Tx and Rx pins of GPS are connected with pins 3 and 2 respectively.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 52
GPS Sensor – Code explanation
The code in Arduino for GPS sensor can be written as following:
GPS_sensor.ino
1 #include <TinyGPS++.h> Includes the TinyGPS++ library to use
2 #include <SoftwareSerial.h> built in functions for reading GPS
3 static const int RXPin = 3, TXPin = 2;
4 static const uint32_t GPSBaud = 9600;
sensor.
5 TinyGPSPlus gps;
Includes the SoftwareSerial library to
6
7 SoftwareSerial ss(RXPin, TXPin); use software serial communication
8
Defining gps as object of TinyGPSPlus
9 void setup()
10 { Defining ss as object of SoftwareSerial
11 Serial.begin(115200);
12 ss.begin(GPSBaud);
13 }

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 53
GPS Sensor – Code explanation (Cont.)
GPS_sensor.ino
14 void loop()
15 {
16 while (ss.available() > 0) The syntax reads the data serially from
17 gps.encode(ss.read()); GPS and gps.encode( ) function encodes
18 displayInfo(); that data as per the format.
19
20 if (millis()>5000 &&
21 gps.charsProcessed()<10)
22 {
23 Serial.println("No GPS detected: Check
24 wiring.");
25 while(true);
26 }
27 }

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 54
GPS Sensor – Code explanation (Cont.)
GPS_sensor.ino
28 void displayInfo() { gps.location.isValid( ) function returns
29 Serial.print("Location: "); “TRUE” if the location is in valid form
30 if (gps.location.isValid())
31 { gps.location.lat( ) function returns the
32 Serial.print(gps.location.lat(), 6); current latitude value and it is printed
33 Serial.print(",");
34 Serial.print(gps.location.lng(), 6);
with 6 decimal point precision.
35 } gps.location.lng( ) function returns the
36 Serial.println();
37 }
current longitude value and it is printed
with 6 decimal point precision.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 55
GPS Sensor – Output

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 56
Gyro Sensor
The Gyro sensor is very useful in wearable devices.
It is used to find the position or angle of rotation of the
body.
It mainly senses
Rotational motion
Changes in orientation
The Gyro sensor communicates with microcontroller with
I2C (Inter-Integrated Communication).
I2C is the most sophisticated two-wire communication
protocol.
It works with the device address and its respective data
frames.
Normally, I2C is used when more numbers of devices are
connected.
Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 57
Gyro Sensor (Cont.)
The pin out of Gyro sensor MPU6050 are as
following.
Vcc – connected to 5V
GND – connected to ground
SCL – Serial Clock Line
SDA – Serial Data Line
XDA – Auxiliary Serial Data
XCL – Auxiliary Serial Clock
AD0 – This pin can be used to vary the address incase of
multiple sensors used
INT – Interrupt pin available for certain application

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 58
MPU-6050 Gyro Sensor – working principle
The MPU 6050 senses the gravitational force applied to it.
Place the sensor in device whose inclination is to be measured.
Obtain the values of x, y and z coordinates.
Determine the elevation angle by performing mathematical caluculations

x,y,z : 507 506 617

x,y,z : 507 504 616
x,y,z : 506 505 617
x,y,z : 506 506 618

Sensor placed for x, y, and z coordinates Determination of Angle

finding Inclination

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 59
MPU-6050 Gyro Sensor – Interfacing with Arduino
The interfacing of MPU-6050 with
Arduino Uno is as shown in figure.
Here, Vcc and Gnd pins of MPU6050 is
connected to 5V and Gnd of Arduino
board.
The SCL and SDA pins are used for I2C
communication. These pins are
available in Arduino with A5 and A4 pins
as second functionality.
Hence, SCL and SDA are connected to
A5 and A4 pins of Arduino.
The INT pin of MPU6050 gives interrupt when angular velocity increases than defined threshold
value. So interrupt pin of MPU6050 is connected to external interrupt by Arduino supported at
digital pin 2.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 60
PH Sensor
The pH sensor is used to detect hydrogen ions concentration of a liquid.
pH sensor are mostly used in laboratories to test the acidity of solution.
By the use of pH sensor we can identify the pH of a solution and whether it is acid or base.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 61
pH Sensor – Working principle
When this sensor is placed in a solution, the smaller ions penetrate the boundary area of glass
and the lager ions remain in the solution. This creates potential difference.
The pH meter measures the difference in electrical potential between the pH electrodes.
The potential difference generates different analog values for different liquids.
By knowing the analog value of standard water, the pH value of other liquid can be determined.

pH Sensor with Output Voltage Determination of alkalinity

Electrodes of the liquid

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 62
pH Sensor – Interfacing with Arduino
The interfacing of pH sensor with Arduino
is as shown in figure.
Here, Vcc and Gnd pins of pH Sensor are
connected to 5V and Gnd of Arduino board.
The output pin of pH sensor is connected
to analog pin of Arduino.
The connection of pH sensor is done with
voltage converter via BNC pin.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 63
pH Sensor – Code explanation
The code in Arduino for pH sensor can be written as following:
PH_sensor.ino
1 #define SensorPin A0 Defining offset for correction of pH
2 #define Offset 0 value. The offset value can be obtained
3 unsigned long int avgValue;
4 float b; by measuring the pH of standard water.
5 int buf[10],temp;
6 Defining buf as an integer array.
7 void setup()
8 {
9 pinMode(SensorPin,INPUT);
10 Serial.begin(9600);
11 }

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 64
pH Sensor – Code explanation (Cont.)
PH_sensor.ino
12 void loop()
13 {
14 for(int i=0;i<10;i++) { Taking 10 different values of analog
15 buf[i]=analogRead(SensorPin);
voltage from the pin where sensor is
16 delay(10);
17 } connected
18 for(int i=0;i<9;i++) {
19 for(int j=i+1;j<10;j++) {
20 if(buf[i]>buf[j])
21 {
22 temp=buf[i]; Sorting the elements of array buf in
23 buf[i]=buf[j]; ascending order.
24 buf[j]=temp;
25 }
26 }
27 }

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 65
pH Sensor – Code explanation (Cont.)
PH_sensor.ino
28 avgValue=0;
29 for(int i=2;i<8;i++) Avoiding lower and upper two (total
30 avgValue+=buf[i]; four) values of array and taking the
31 avgValue = avgValue/6; average of elements of rest of the array.
32 float phValue=(float)((avgValue)*
33 5.0/1024); Converting the average value into
34 phValue=3.5*phValue+Offset; equivalent millivolts.
35 Serial.print("pH: ");
36 Serial.print(phValue,2); Converting millivolts to its equivalent pH
37 Serial.println(" "); values as given in datasheet and
38 delay(800); adjusting with offset.
39 }

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 66
Other Microcontrollers
Section - 3
8051 Microcontroller Architecture
8051 was built by Intel but other companies are also permitted to make 8051 microcontrollers
with same features and compatible set of instructions.
Externa Counte
The diagram shows l r
Architectural representation of Interrup Input
t
8051 microcontroller. Interrupt 128 Byte Timer 1
4K Flash
Control RAM Timer 0

CPU

Bus
Oscillator I/O Ports Serial Port
Control

P P P P
0 1 2 3
Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 68
Features of 8051 Microcontroller
1. 8- bit microcontroller.
2. Many general purpose and few special function registers (SFRs).
Two major 8 bit registers. A and B. Both are used in arithmetic operations mainly.
A is accumulator and it addressable.
There are 21 SFRs among them few are bit addressable. SFRs perform various dedicated operations.
Also, some control registers for timer, counter and interrupt fall in category of SFRs.
3. Four register banks having 8 registers in each bank.
4. Data pointer register which is 16 bit made from combinations of two 8 bit registers – DPH and
DPL.
5. 16 bit Program Counter.
6. 8 bit Program Status Word(PSW) and used as Flag register.
7. Internal ROM and EPROM.
8. Internal user accessible RAM of 128 Bytes

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 69
 Features of 8051 Microcontroller
9. There are four ports P0, P1, P2 and P3 that can be configured as input and output.
10. Two 16 bit timer/counter – T0 and T1.
11. Full duplex serial communication and dedicated serial buffer register SBUF.
12. Supports interrupt programming.
13. Oscillator and Clock circuits are built in.
14. Easier and simpler instruction set.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 70
Memory organization in 8051
There are two categories of memory – program memory and
data memory.
FFh
1. Program memory
In 8051, 4K bytes of program memory is available.
It is normally referred as ROM and non volatile in nature. Special function registers
It is used to store following:
1. Boot up programs (80 – FFh)
2. Interrupt Service Routines (ISR)
3. Macro Functions
2. Data memory
Data memory is used to store temporary data.
8051 has 256 byte data memory neatly organized for various Internal RAM
operations.
The 256 byte data memory is divided into two parts (00 – 7Fh)
1. First 128 Bytes – Internal user accessible RAM
2. Last 128 Bytes – Special Function Registers (SFRs).
00h
Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 71
 R7 1Fh
.
Register Bank 3 .
. Data Memory Organization
R0 18h
► The first 32 Bytes 00h to 1Fh FFh
R7 17h are allocated for register
. banks.
Register Bank 2 . Special function registers
. ► There are four register banks –
R0 10h register bank 0,1,2 and 3. (80 – FFh)
R7 0Fh
► Each register bank has 8
. registers R0 to R7.
Register Bank 1 .
.

R0 08h
R7 07h Internal RAM
.
Register Bank 0 .
(00 – 7Fh)
. 1Fh
R0 00h 00h 00h
Prof. Tushar J. Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 72
Bit b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0
Addresses
7F 78 2Fh
77 70 2Eh Data Memory Organization
6F 68 2Dh
67 60 2C h ► 20h to 2Fh are bit FFh
addressable RAM.
5F 58 2Bh
57 50 2Ah ► Each bit of each Special function registers
register can be set or
4F 48 29h
reset. (80 – FFh)
Bit 47 40 28h
Addressable 3F 38 27h ► The bits have also
different address.
37 30 26h
2F 28 25h
27 20 24h
2Fh Internal RAM
1F 18 23h
20h (00 – 7Fh)
17 10 22h
0F 08 21h
07 00 20h 00h
Prof. Tushar J. Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 73
 ► The last 80 bytes of Internal RAM that is 30h to 7Fh are used as Data Memory Organization
General purpose RAM Area.
FFh
► Any general purpose data is stored in this area.

Special function registers

7Fh
(80 – FFh)

General Purpose
RAM Area 7Fh
80 Bytes
30h
Internal RAM
30h
(00 – 7Fh)

00h
Prof. Tushar J. Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 74
Special Function Registers
There are 21 SFRs in 8051microcontroller.
They are important set of registers used for dedicated operations in 8051 microcontroller.
Some of the SFRs are bit addressable while others are not.
The following list explains the register and their function. The bracket is representing its
address in RAM.
1. Accumulator – A (E0h)
It is 8 bit register used in each Arithmetic and Logical operation.
It is bit addressable.
All the results of arithmetic or logical operations are stored in Accumulator
One operand in all operations such as addition, subtraction, division and multiplication will be accumulator.
2. Register B (F0h)
It is 8 bit register used in multiplication and division mainly.
It is bit addressable.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 75
Special Function Registers (Cont.)
3. PSW Register (D0h)
PSW (Program Status Word) is consisting various flags of 8051.
These flags indicate whether the microcontroller works as expected or something is going wrong.
The format of PSW register is as shown in figure.
It is 8 bit register.
Also PSW is bit addressable and its bits are represented by PSW.X, where X represents bit number.
Bit 0 is LSB and bit 7 is MSB.

MSB LSB
PSW.7 PSW.6 PSW.5 PSW.4 PSW.3 PSW.2 PSW.1 PSW.0

CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV - P

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

Carry Auxiliary Flag - 0 Register Bank Overflow Unused Parity

Carry Select

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 76
Special Function Registers (Cont.)
3. PSW Register (D0h)
P – Parity Flag (PSW.0)
▪ It is D0 bit of PSW register. The parity flag is set or reset based on the result stored in accumulator. For odd number 1s
in result, the flag is set otherwise it is reset.
PSW.1
▪ It is not used and reserved for future usage
OV – Overflow Flag (PSW.2)
▪ When the result of signed arithmetic operation is very large OV will be set.

PSW.7 PSW.6 PSW.5 PSW.4 PSW.3 PSW.2 PSW.1 PSW.0

CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV - P

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

Carry Auxiliary Flag - 0 Register Bank Overflow Unused Parity

Carry Select

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 77
Special Function Registers (Cont.)
3. PSW Register (D0h)
RS0 and RS1 – Register Bank Select (PSW.3 and PSW.4)
▪ The four register bank available in Internal RAM area can be selected by RS0 and RS1 bits. The table shows
combination of RS1 and RS0 to select a particular register bank. RS1 RS0 Bank Selected
0 0 Register Bank 0
F0 – Flag 0 (PSW.5)
0 1 Register Bank 1
▪ It is a general purpose bit that can be used by a user as per requirement.
1 0 Register Bank 2
1 1 Register Bank 3

PSW.7 PSW.6 PSW.5 PSW.4 PSW.3 PSW.2 PSW.1 PSW.0

CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV - P

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

Carry Auxiliary Flag -- 00 Register Bank Overflow Unused Parity

Carry Select

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 78
Special Function Registers (Cont.)
3. PSW Register (D0h)
AC – Auxiliary Carry (PSW.6)
▪ It is used in BCD operations. When there is a carry from D3 to D4 bit this flag is set otherwise it remains reset.

CY – Carry (PSW.7)
▪ Carry flag is set to one when the arithmetic operation has carry generated from D7 bit. It is also used in shift
operations.

PSW.7 PSW.6 PSW.5 PSW.4 PSW.3 PSW.2 PSW.1 PSW.0

CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV - P

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

Carry Auxiliary Flag - 0

Auxiliary Register Bank Overflow Unused Parity
Carry
Carry Select

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 79
 Special Function Registers
Timer and Counter registers related to timer and counter programming
4. TCON (88h) (Timer Control Register)
5. TMOD (89h) (Timer Mode Register)
6. TL0 (8Ah) (Timer0 Lower Byte)
7. TL1 (8Bh) (Timer1 Lower Byte)
8. TH0 (8Ch) (Timer0 Higher Byte)
9. TH1 (8Dh) (Timer1 Higher Byte)
PORT register – These registers are used for PORT programming.
10. P0(80h) 11. P1(90h) 12. P2(A0h) 13. P3 (B0h)
Interrupt programming registers
14. IE (A8h) (Interrupt Enable)
15. IP (B8h) (Interrupt Priority)
Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 80
 Special Function Registers
Power control register
16. PCON (87h) (Power Control)
Serial Communication Registers
17. SCON (98h) (Serial Control)
18. SBUF (99h) (Serial Buffer)
Data Pointer Registers (DPTR) – This register is combination of two 8 bit registers DPH and
DPL. It is used when data is to be stored in memory pointing out a particular location.
19. DPH (83h) (Data Pointer Higher byte)
20. DPL (82h) (Data Pointer Lower byte)
Stack Pointer – It is used while storing the data into stack memory.
21. SP (81h) (Stack Pointer)

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 81
Advanced RISC Machine (ARM)
An Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) is a processor which is family of CPUs based on Reduced
Instruction Set Computer.
The ARM processor is 32 bit processor developed for high-end applications that involve more
complex computations and calculations.
The ARM is based on RISC but has been enhanced for usage in embedded applications.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 82
Features of ARM
It has large uniform register files with load and store architecture. The load-store architecture
allows a single instruction to perform load operation from main memory into register and store
operation from a register into main memory.
ARM is 32 – bit processor with reverse compatibility. So it has 16-bit and 8-bit variants
embedded into 32 – bit processor.
It has very good speed v/s power consumption ratio and high code density.
It has a barrel shifter in the data path, which can maximize hardware usage available on the
chip.
Built in auto-increment and auto-decrement addressing modes.
It has conditional execution instructions.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 83
ARM Core Data Flow Model
Address
Figure shows ARM core
flow diagram where the Address Register
functional units are Incrementer
connected by data buses. PC-r15

The important blocks can Control

be explained as following. Register file (r0 – r15)
Result Rd
Instruction Decoder Rm Rn B
ACC
It decodes the instruction A
Instruction
before execution. Barrel shifter MAC Decoder
There are three kinds of N and
instruction set supported Control
1. ARM Instruction set ALU
2. Jazelle Instruction set
3. Thumb Instruction set

Data Out Data In

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 84
ARM Core Data Flow Model
Address
Rm, Rn and Rd
ARM has two source Address Register
registers Rm and Rn and
Incrementer
one destination register PC-r15
Rd.
Control
A and B buses Register file (r0 – r15)
A and B buses are used Result Rd
to fetch the data from Rm Rn B
ACC
source register and A
Instruction
provides for further Barrel shifter MAC Decoder
operation.
N and
ALU and MAC Control
The computation is ALU
carried out in ALU or MAC
(Multiply Accumulate)
unit.
Data Out Data In

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 85
ARM Core Data Flow Model
Address
Barrel Shifter
Barrel shifter is often Address Register
used for shift and rotate
Incrementer
operation in a single PC-r15
clock cycle.
Control
Address register Register file (r0 – r15)
The address register is Result Rd
used to hold the register Rm Rn B
ACC
and the address bus will A
Instruction
carry the current address. Barrel shifter MAC Decoder
Incrementer N and
The incrementer is used Control
for auto-increment of ALU
address and stored back
in the address register.

Data Out Data In

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 86
ARM Register Organization
ARM has 13 general purpose registers (r0 to r12)
All the registers are 32 bit in size.
There are 3 SFRs in ARM
r13 (Stack Pointer)
r14 (Link Register)
r15 (Program Counter)
There is one more important register in ARM – CPSR (Current Program Status Register).

r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 r14 r15

Stack Pointer Program Counter

CPSR
Link Register

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 87
ARM Register Organization - SFRs
1. Stack Pointer (SP/r13)
The stack pointer holds the address of the top of the stack.
It is used for accessing the stack memory.
2. Link Register (LR/r14)
This register stores the address of next instruction to be executed when the interrupt is generated and the
processor will jump to execute the service routine or subroutine.
After executing the subroutine, this register will return the address from where the program was interrupted.
3. Program Counter (PC/r15)
The program counter is used to sequence the flow of execution of program.
It holds the address of the next instruction to be executed.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 88
Current Program Status Register (CPSR)
CPSR is the status register or flag register equivalent to PSW in 8051 but
CPSR is of 32 bits.
The format of CPSR register is shown in figure.
Among 32 bits, 20 bits are unused or reserved for future expansion.

31 30 29 28 27 8 7 6 5 4 0
N Z C V Unused I F T Mode

Zero Overflow IRQ FIQ Mode selection bits

Negative Carry Thumb mode selection

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 89
Current Program Status Register (CPSR)
Mode selection bits
ARM can operate in seven different modes. Total 5 bit 0 to 4 are assigned for mode
selection.
T – Thumb mode selection
If this bit is set to 1, ARM works in Thumb mode else ARM works in normal mode.
F – FIQ Interrupt Mask
This bit is set to zero to enable FIQ interrupts.
I – IRQ Interrupt Mask
This bit is set to zero to enable IRQ or normal interrupts.
31 30 29 28 27 8 7 6 5 4 0
N Z C V Unused I F T Mode

Zero Overflow IRQ FIQ Mode selection bits

bits

Negative Carry Thumb mode selection

selection
Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 90
Current Program Status Register (CPSR)
V – Overflow Flag
When result of a signed operation results in an overflow, this flag is set to 1.
C – Carry Flag
This flag is set to 1 if the result of an ALU operation generates carry.
Z – Zero Flag
This flag is set to 1 if the result of an ALU operation is zero.
N – Negative Flag
This flag is set to 1 if the result of an ALU operation is negative.
31 30 29 28 27 8 7 6 5 4 0
N Z C V Unused I F T Mode

Zero Overflow IRQ FIQ Mode selection bits

Negative Carry Thumb mode selection

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 91
Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller

Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller

Microprocessor Microcontroller
Application It is used in applications of General purpose. It is used in specific applications.
Peripheral devices (like memory, I/O ports,
Peripherals ADC/DAC etc.) are required for the operation of Peripheral devices are not required to operate.
Microprocessor based system.
Microprocessor based system will have large Microcontroller based system will have smaller
Size of memory
size of RAM and program memory (MB/GB). size of RAM and program memory (KB/MB).
The cost of the microprocessor is high
Cost It is cheaper than Microprocessor.
compared to the microcontroller.
The structure of Microprocessor based system The structure of Microcontroller based system is
Complexity
is complex compared to Microcontroller simpler.
Power The power consumption for the microprocessor The power consumption for the microcontroller
Consumption is high. is less.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 92
Difference between Analog and Digital

Difference between Analog and Digital Signal

Analog Signals Digital Signals
Analog signals can have any possible values in the given Digital signals can have only discrete values in the given
range. range.
Examples: All physical quantities (like temperature, light
Examples: Count of persons entered in premises, roll
intensity) measured by different analog sensors, sound
numbers etc.
waves

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 93
Comparison of Flash, SRAM and EEPROM
Flash memory is also known as program memory where the program for any microcontroller or
IC is stored.
SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) is where the program creates and manipulates
variables and stores temporary data.
EEPROM(Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) is the space where
programmer need to store long term information.

Prof. Tushar J Mehta #3160716 (IoT and Applications) ⬥ Unit 2 – Sensors, Mirocontrollers and their Interfacing 94
 IOT and Applications
GTU # 3160716

Thank
You

Prof. Tushar J. Mehta

Computer Engineering Department
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
[email protected]
+91-8866756776