MM 312

Solid Mechanics 2
Chapter 1 (Part 2)
Presented by:
Dr. Farid Mahboubi Nasrekani
Outline:
• Elastic stress-strain relations

• Strain rosettes

• Strain energy for a 2D stress system

• Strain energy for a 3D stress system

• Isotropic, orthotropic and anisotropic

• Volumetric strain in material under hydrostatic pressure

• Isotropic Material

• Generalized Hooke’s Law using E and ν

Elastic stress-strain relations
• When a point of a body is acted upon by stresses σx and σy in mutually perpendicular
directions the strains are found by superposing the strains due to σx and σy acting
separately.
Elastic stress-strain relations
• The rectangular element of material in Figure (i) is subjected to a tensile stress σx in the
x-direction; the tensile strain in the x-direction is
x
E
• and the compressive strain in the y-direction is

 x
−
E
• in which E is Young's modulus, and ν is Poisson's ratio. If the element is subjected to a
tensile stress σy in the y-direction as in Figure (ii), the compressive strain in the x-
direction is
 y
−
E
• and the tensile strain in the y-direction is
y
E
Elastic stress-strain relations
• These elastic strains are small, and the state of strain due to both stresses σx and σy,
acting simultaneously, as in Figure (iii), is found by superposing the strains of Figures
(i) and (ii); taking tensile strain as positive and compressive strain as negative, the
strains in the x- and y-directions are given, respectively, by

 x − y  y − x
x = ; y =
E E

• These are the elastic stress-strain relations for a two-dimensional system of direct
stresses. When a shearing stress τxy is present in addition to the direct stresses σx and σy,
as in Figure below, the shearing stress τxy is assumed to have no effect on the direct
strains εx and εy caused by σx and σy
Elastic stress-strain relations
• Similarly, the direct stresses σx and σy are assumed to have no effect on the shearing
strain γxy due to τxy. When shearing stresses are present, as well as direct stresses, there
is, therefore, an additional stress-strain relation having the form in which G is the
shearing modulus.

 xy = G xy
E
G=
2(1 + )
Strain rosettes
• A special application of strain transformation is “strain rosette”. Using the equations,
the strain at any angle can be determined. Inversely, if the strain at any angle q has
been measured, the equations can then be used to determine the direct and shear
strains in the structure about the x and y axes. One of the typical approaches is that
these measurements are done using a Strain Gauge Rosette. A normal arrangement is to
have three strain gauges oriented at three different angles w.r.t the horizontal axis of the
structure as in the figure below From the experiment, we can acquire three sets of data
as q1, q2, q3.

• Based on these three sets of data, we want to determine the normal and shear strains
about the x and y axes. Because we have three unknown terms and aim to find, xx, yy,
xy, we can use the equations three times, once for each angle. Then simultaneously
solve for the three unknown strain terms, xx, yy, and xy.
Strain rosettes
• Example: A “thick bar” is subjected to a set of external loads within the xy-plane as
illustrated in the figure below. Using the strain gauge rosette shown in the figure, the
direct strains at a point are measured to be εA= -0.0001, εB= 0.0001, and εC= 0.00018.
Determine εxx, εyy, and εzz.
Strain rosettes
• Example (Solution):

• By solving the equations, we can obtain the strains.

Strain rosettes
• Example: A long bar section shown in the figure below is under plane strain state in the
xy-plane. Using the strain gauge technique, the normal strains at a surface point in the
directions as described in the figure are obtained as ε0=8×10-6, ε60=11×10-6, and
ε90=4×10-6. Find the expressions of principal strains at the point, ε1, and ε2.
Strain rosettes
• Example (Solution):
Strain rosettes
• Example (Solution):
Strain energy for a 2D stress system
• If σ1, and σ2 are the principal stresses in a two-dimensional stress system, the
corresponding principal strains for an elastic material are as follows:

• Consider a cube of material having sides of unit length, and therefore having also unit
volume. The edges parallel to the direction of σ1 extend amounts ε1 and those parallel to
the direction of σ2 by amounts ε2. The work done by the stresses σ1 and σ2 during
straining is then:

Strain
Energy U
per unit
volume
Strain energy for a 3D stress system
• If σ1, σ2, and σ3 are the principal stresses in a three-dimensional stress system, the
corresponding principal strains for an elastic material are as follows:

• The strain energy stored per unit volume of the material is:
Isotropic, orthotropic and anisotropic
• A material is said to be isotropic when its material properties are the same
in all directions.

• An orthotropic material is said to exhibit symmetric material properties

about three mutually perpendicular planes. In two dimensions, typical
orthotropic materials are in the form of many composites.

• An anisotropic material is a material that exhibits different material

properties in all directions.
Volumetric strain in material under hydrostatic
pressure
• A material under the action of equal compressive stresses σ in three
mutually perpendicular directions, as shown below, is subjected to
hydrostatic pressure, σ. The term hydrostatic is used because the material is
subjected to the same stresses as would occur if it were immersed in a fluid
at a considerable depth.
Volumetric strain in material under hydrostatic
pressure
• If the initial volume of the material is V0 and if this diminishes an amount
δV due to the hydrostatic pressure, the volumetric strain is δV/ V0.

• The ratio of the hydrostatic pressure, σ, to the volumetric strain, is called the bulk
modulus of the material and is denoted by K.

• For an elastic material it can be concluded that:

E
K=
3(1 − 2 )
Isotropic Material
• Stress-strain relations are the same in all
directions. Only two constants are independent.

• Consider an infinitesimal element of an isotropic

material:

• Let’s assume its surfaces are the principal stress

and strain directions, where all shear stress/strain
are zero. We can simplify by presenting only non-
zero components in the principal planes, as:
Isotropic Material
• Since the material is isotropic (which means that material behaves the same in different
directions), the magnitude of σ1 should not change if we interchange ε2 and ε3.

• In general, ε2 ≠ ε3, thus C12 = C13. Similarly, we can derive C12 = C23 and C13 = C23
which gives:

C12 = C21 = C23 = C32 = C13 = C31

• Since isotropic behaviours, Young’s modulus should be the same in all directions. Thus
C11=C22=C33

• We only need two independent parameters to determine isotropic material

properties.
Generalized Hooke’s Law using E and ν
• For isotropic material elastic modulus E and v are the same in every direction.

• In the figure the differential element is subjected to three different normal stresses (σxx,
σyy, and σzz). Although if only σxx is applied to the cube, normal strains are produced in
the y and z directions because of the Poisson’s effect. Note that these strains in the
transverse direction are negative. Hence, for all three forces acting alone we have;
Generalized Hooke’s Law using E and ν
• If all three normal stresses are
present together then we have

• Further, the deformations by

shear stresses τxy, τyz and τxz are
shown in figure and can be
determined by

• Where G is the shear modulus

given by
E
G=
2(1 + )
Generalized Hooke’s Law using E and ν
• Equations can be solved for stresses in terms of the strains as
Generalized Hooke’s Law using E and ν
• Example: At a point of a material subjected to a state of plane stress, the strains
measured by the strain rosette are εa = 0.006 (-68o), εb = −0.003 (0o), and εc = −0.002
(56o). The modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of the material are E = 30 GPa and ν
= 0.33. What is the state of stress at the point?
Generalized Hooke’s Law using E and ν
• Example: (Solution)