Introduction to emerging technologies (EmTe 1011/1012)

Chapter 4
Internet of Things

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 Overview of IoT
 The most important features of IoT include AI, connectivity, sensors, active
engagement,and small device use.
 AI - IoT essentially makes virtually anything smart- meaning it enhances
every aspect of life with the power of data collection, AI algorithms, and
networks.
• This can mean something as simple as enhancing your refrigerator and
cabinets to detect when milk and your favorite cereal run low, and to then
place an order with your preferred grocer.
 Connectivity - New enabling technologies for networking and specifically
IoT networking, mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major
providers.
• Networks can exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale while still being
practical.
• IoT creates these small networks between its system devices.
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 Cont…
 Sensors - IoT loses its distinction without sensors.
• They act as defining instruments that transform IoT from a standard
passive network of devices into an active system capable of real
world integration.
 Active Engagement - Much of today's interaction with connected
technology happens through passive engagement.
• IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product or service
engagement.
 Small Devices - Devices as predicted have become smaller, cheaper,
and more powerful over time.
• IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision,
scalability,and versatility.

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 Definition of IoT

 IoT have different definitions used by several groups for promoting

the particular concept in the whole world
 According to the Internet Architecture Board (IAB),
• IoT is the networking of smart objects- meaning a huge number of
devices intelligently communicate in the presence of internet
protocol that cannot be directly operated by human beings but exist
as components in buildings, vehicles or the environment.

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 Cont.…
 According to the Internet EngineeringTask Force (IETF);
• IoT is the networking of smart objects in which these objects
have some constraints like limited bandwidth, power, and
processing for achieving interoperability.
 According to the IEEE Communications category magazine’s;
• IoT is a framework of all things that have a representation in the
presence of the internet in such a way that new applications and
services enable the interaction in the physical and virtual world in
the form of Machine-to-Machine communication in the cloud.

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 Cont.…

 According to Oxford dictionary

• IoT is the interaction of everyday object’s of computing devices
through the Internet that enables the sending and receiving of
useful data.
 The term Internet of Things according to the 2020 conceptual
framework is expressed through a simple formula:
• IoT= Services + Data + Networks + Sensors

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 Cont.…
 Generally, IoT is the network of physical objects or things embedded
with software's, sensors, and network connectivity which enables
these objects to collect and exchange data
 Simply it consists of any device with an on/off switch connected to
the Internet.
 IoT can be applied in several areas
• Connected industry
• Smart city
• Smart home
• Smart energy
• Connected car
• Smart agriculture
• Connected building and campus
• Health care, logistics,…
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 History of IoT

 The Internet of Things has not been around for a long time.
 However, there have been visions of machines communicating with
each other since the early 1800s
 Machines have been providing direct communications since the
telegraph (the first landline) was developed in the 1830s and 1840s.
 Described as wireless telegraphy, the first radio voice
transmission took place on June 3/1900, providing another
necessary component for developing the Internet of Things.

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Cont.…

 The Internet of Things, as a concept, wasn’t officially named

until 1999
 One of the first examples of an Internet of Things is from
the early 1980s and was a Coca Cola machine, located at
the Carnegie Melon University
 Local programmers would connect by the Internet to the
refrigerated appliance, and check to see if there was a
drink available and if it was cold, before making the trip.

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 Cont.…
 By the year 2013, the Internet of Things had evolved into a
system using multiple technologies, ranging from the Internet
to wireless communication and from micro-electromechanical
systems (MEMS) to embedded systems.
 The traditional fields of automation (including the automation
of buildings and homes), wireless sensor networks, GPS,
control systems, and others, all support the IoT.

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 Cont.…
 Kevin Ashton, the Executive Director of Auto-ID Labs at MIT, was
the first person to describe the Internet of Things, during his 1999
speech.
 He stated that Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) was a
prerequisite for the Internet of Things.
 He concluded if all devices were tagged, computers could
manage, track, and inventory them
 Tagging of things has been achieved through technologies such
as digital watermarking, barcodes, and Quick Response codes.
 Inventory control is one of the more obvious advantages of the
Internet of Things.

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 IoT Advantages

 Improved Customer Engagement

 Technology Optimization
 Reduced Waste
 Enhance data collection

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 IoT Disadvantages
 As the number of connected devices increases and more
information is shared between devices, the security problem
also increases
 If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every connected
device will become corrupted
 Since there’s no international standard of compatibility for IoT
it’s difficult for devices of different manufacturers to communicate
with each other.
 Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers
maybe even millions of IoT devices and collecting and managing
the data from all those devices will be challenging

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 Challenges of IoT
 Security- IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected
devices over network which exposed users to various attacks.
 Privacy- IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme detail
without the user's active participation
 Complexity- Some IoT systems are complicated in terms of
design, deployment and maintenance on given technologies.
 Flexibility- Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT
system to integrate easily with another.
 several conflicting or locking systems
 Compliance- IoT complexity makes the issue of compliance seem
incredibly challenging when many consider standard software
compliance
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 How does IoT work?

 IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use

embedded processors, sensors and hardware to collect, send and
act on data they acquire.
 IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an
IoT gateway or another edge device where data is either sent to the
cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.
 The devices do most of the work without human intervention,
although people can interact with the devices.

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 Architecture of IoT
 IoT devices can be explained as a network of things that consists of
hardware, software, network connectivity, and sensors.
 Hence, the architecture of IoT devices comprise four major components:
 Sensing
 Network
 Data processing
 Application layers

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 Sensing Layer

 The main purpose is to identify any phenomena in the devices

peripheral and obtain data from the real world.
 It consists of several sensors as using multiple sensors for
applications is one of the primary features of IoT devices.
 Sensors in IoT devices are integrated through sensor hubs.
 it is a connection point for multiple sensors that accumulate and
forward sensor data to the processing unit of a device.
 Actuators can also intervene to change the physical conditions that
generate the data.
 It can shut off a power supply, adjust an airflow valve, or move
a robotic gripper in an assembly process.

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 Three categories of sensor devices in IoT

 Motion Sensors: to measure the change in motion as well as the

orientation of the devices.
 There are two types of motions: linear and angular motions.
 Linear motion refers to the linear displacement of an IoT device
 Angular motion refers to the rotational displacement of the devices
 Environmental Sensors: embedded in IoT devices to sense the
change in environmental parameters
 Include sensors such as Light sensors, Pressure sensors, etc.
 Used in many applications to improve user experience (e.g., home
automation systems, smart locks, smart lights, etc.)

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 Cont.…

 Position sensors: It’s about physical positioning and location of the

devices
 The most common position sensors used in IoT are magnetic
sensors and Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors.
 Magnetic sensors; used as digital compass and help to fix the
orientation of the device display.
 GPS is used for navigation purposes in IoT devices

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 Network Layer

 Acts as a communication channel to transfer data collected in the

sensing layer
 In IoT devices, the network layer is implemented by using diverse
communication technologies (e.g.,Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, ZWave,
LoRa, cellular network, etc.) to allow data flow between other devices
within the same network.

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 Data Processing Layer

 Consists of the main data processing unit of IoT devices.

 It takes data collected in the sensing layer and analyze it to make a
decision based on the result.
 In some IoT devices (e.g., smartwatch, smart home hub, etc.), the data
processing layer also saves the result of the previous analysis to
improve the user experience.
 This layer may share the result of data processing with other
connected devices via the network layer.

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 Application Layer

 It implements and presents the results of the data processing layer to

accomplish disparate applications of IoT devices.
 It is a user-centric layer that executes various tasks for the users
 There exist diverse IoT applications, which include smart
transportation, smart home, personal care, healthcare, etc.

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 Devices and Networks
 Connected devices are part of a scenario in which every device talks
to each other in an environment to automate home and industrial
tasks.
 IoT devices are meant to work in concert for people at home, in industry
or in the enterprise.
 As such, the devices can be categorized into three main groups:
 Consumer
 Enterprise and
 Industrial
 Consumer connected devices include smart TVs, smart speakers,
toys, wearable's, and smart appliances.
 Smart meters, commercial security systems and smart city
technologies such as those used to monitor traffic and weather
conditions are examples of industrial and enterprise IoT devices.
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 Cont.…
 In the enterprise, smart sensors located in a conference room can help an
employee locate and schedule an available room for a meeting, ensuring
the proper room type, size and features are available.

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 IoT Tools and Platforms
 There are many vendors in the industrial IoT platform marketplace,
offering similar capabilities and methods of deployment
 These IoT Platform Solutions are based on the Internet of Things and
cloud technology.
 They can be used in areas of smart home, city, enterprise, home
automation, healthcare or automotive, just to name a few.

IoT Platform Key features

 Manage an unlimited number of connected devices
 Set up cross-device interoperability
 Perform real-time device monitoring
KAA  Perform remote device provisioning and configuration
 Collect and analyze sensor data
 Analyze user behavior and deliver targeted notifications
 Create cloud services for smart products

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  Run any number of IoT applications on a single SiteWhere instance
 Spring delivers the core configuration framework
 Add devices through self-registration
 Integrates with third-party integration frameworks such as Mule any point
SiteWhere  Default database storage is MongoDB
 Eclipse Californium for CoAP messaging
 InfluxDB for event data storage
 Grafana to visualize SiteWhere data
 Collect data in private channels
 Share data with public channels
 MATLAB analytics and visualizations
ThingSpeak  Alerts
 Event scheduling
 App integrations
 Worldwide community

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 Cont.…
 Directly integrate with Alexa
 Visualization dashboard of your choice
 It supports Big data solutions such as ElasticSearch, Apache Spark,
Cassandra and Kafka for real-time and batch processing.
 Connect any device
DeviceHive  It comes with Apache Spark and Spark Streaming support.
 Supports libraries written in various programming languages, including
Android and iOS libraries
 It allows running batch analytics and machine learning on top of your
device data
 Supports a wide range of hacker boards
Zetta  Zetta allows you to assemble smartphone apps, device apps and cloud apps
 Real-time data visualization and remote device control
 Customizable rules, plugins, widgets and transport implementations
ThingsBoard  Allows monitoring client-side and provision server-side device attributes.
 Support multi-tenant installations out-of-the-box.
 Supports transport encryption for both MQTT and HTTP(s) protocols
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 Applications of IoT
 The versatile nature of IoT makes it an attractive option for so many
businesses, organizations, and government offices
 Various application of IoT are:
 Agriculture- For indoor and outdoor planting IoT used to
monitor microclimate, sense soil moisture and nutrients, better
control of smart irrigation and fertilizer systems.
 Consumer Use- For private IoT devices in the form of wearables
and smart homes make life easier.Wearables cover
 accessories such as Fitbit, smartphones, Apple watches, health
monitors to name a few
 Healthcare- Wearable IoT devices let hospitals to monitor their
patients’ health at home. In hospitals, smart beds keep
 the staff informed as to the availability, thereby cutting wait
time for free space

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 Cont...

 Insurance- Insurance companies can offer their policy holders

discounts for IoT wearables such as Fitbit.
 Manufacturing- RFID and GPS technology can help a manufacturer
to track a product from its start on the factory floor to its placement in
the destination store, the whole supply chain from start to finish.
 Retail- Online and in-store shopping sales figures can control
warehouse automation and robotics, information gleaned from IoT
sensors.

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 Cont.…
 Transportation- The GPS is being utilized to help transportation
companies to plot faster and more efficient routes for trucks hauling
freight, thereby speeding up delivery times. It can be used to determine
traffic patterns, parking space demand, and road construction and
maintenance.
 Utilities- IoT sensors can be employed to monitor environmental
conditions such as humidity, temperature, and lighting.
 The information provided by IoT sensors can aid in the creation of
algorithms that regulate energy usage and make the appropriate
adjustments

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 IoT Based Smart Home
 Smart Home initiative allows subscribers to remotely manage and
monitor different home devices from anywhere via smartphones or
over the web with no physical distance limitations.
 These smart devices have the potential to share information with each
other over internet connection
 Remote Control Appliances
 Smart home Appliances
 Weather
 Safety monitoring
 Energy and water use
 Intrusion detection system

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 IoT Based Smart City
 In cities, the development of smart grids, data analytics, and
autonomous vehicles will provide an intelligent platform to deliver
innovations in energy management, traffic management and security,
sharing the benefits of this technology throughout society.
 Structural hall
 Lightening
 Safety
 Transportation
 Waste management
 Green house
 Animal farm/tracking
 Compost
 Field monitoring

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