MATH 10 QUARTER 3 Week 6

Competency:

The learner illustrates events, and union and intersection of events (M10SP-IIIf-1).

Expectations

This module was designed to help you understand the concept of events, and union and
intersection of events.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Familiarize the basic concepts of probability
2. illustrate events, union of events, intersection of events; and
3. identify union and intersection of events.

Pre - Test

Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of these is a simple event?
A. picking a red and yellow ball C. roll a die and get a 2
B. draw a king and a diamond D. get an average of 90 and rank first in school

2. The following are compound events EXCEPT ________.

A. rolling an even number less than 5 on a die
B. drawing a red ace from a deck of cards
C. tossing three coins and getting at least 2 heads
D. the team winning a match

3. Which of the following is NOT a union of events?

A. rolling a die and get a 2 or an even number
B. picking a black or a face card
C. tossing a coin
D. spinning a numbered wheel cart from 1-10 and getting a 5 or a number divisible by 2

4. In rolling a die, getting an odd number or a multiple of two. What is 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵?

A. {1,2,3,4,5,6} B. {1,2,3} C. {1,2} D. {2}

5. Which of the following is an intersection of events?

A. picking a black or a face card
B. spinning a numbered wheel cart from 1-10 and getting an 8 and a number divisible by 2
C. tossing a coin and getting a head
D. rolling a die and get a 2 or an even number

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 Looking Back at your Lesson

Your previous lessons enabled you to learn about the concepts related to permutations and
combinations. You learned that the permutations care about the order of the elements, whereas
𝑛!
with combinations don’t. The permutation, written 𝑃(𝑛, 𝑟) is defined as 𝑃(𝑛, 𝑟) = (𝑛−𝑟)! and
𝑛!
combination, written C(n, r) is defined as 𝐶(𝑛, 𝑟) = (𝑛−𝑟)!𝑟!. You also learned how to illustrate the
permutations and combinations, and how to solve problems involving permutations and
combinations.

Introduction of the Topic

Lesson 1: Basic Concepts of Probability.

“It is likely to rain today, so please bring your umbrella with you”
“Our exam in Math was not easy, I’ll probably get a 90% on it”.
All statements given above shows uncertainty, this statements can be an examples of
probability which use estimation in making decision. This will be a reason why probability is one
of the most interesting topic in statistics. Its concept is very practical in nature, it is applicable in
various aspects such as business, conducting experiments, forecasting weather, etc. (Young, 2010)
There are basic concepts that you may study in probability and this are; event, sample space,
outcomes and experiments. When we say Experiment it is an activity by which an observation or
measurement can be made. An outcome is a result of an experiment. Sample space is a set all
possible outcomes and event is a subset of a sample space.

Example 1: Teacher Matt wants to toss a coin and know if it lands head. Note: The two possible
outcomes in tossing a single coin are head and tail.

Result of after tossing the coin using tree diagram

First Toss Outcomes

Head(H) H

Tail(T) T

Experiment: Tossing a single coin

Sample Space: 𝑆 = {𝐻, 𝑇}
Event: Tossing a single coin and it landing head

One of Teacher Matt students ask “What if sir, we toss it again and find if head comes out
again?” Teacher Matt and the class became interested to toss the coin again. But this time,
teacher Matt tells the class to write all the result in their notebook.

Results: Second Toss Outcomes

First Toss

H HH
Head(H)
T HT

H TH
Tail(T)
T TT

Experiment: Tossing a single coin twice

Sample Space: 𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇}
Event: Tossing a single coin twice and it landing heads

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The given example tells us how an event occurs in a certain experiment. To know more about
event let’s identify its type and how they differ from each other. An event may be a simple event
or a compound event.

SIMPLE EVENT
A simple event is an event with a single outcome.

Examples 2: Ralph and Aly are playing a BIG SIX a board game that uses one die. Ralph will roll
the die first, after rolling a die he got “6”. After Ralph’s turn, Aly will roll the die and the number
that Aly got after her turn is “4”.

If we analyze the given example, the experiment done is rolling a die in which the sample
space found in the experiment are {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. The event occur here is “getting a 6” after rolling a
die and this event is an example of simple event.

• Ralph’s turns: “getting a 6” Simple event

• Aly’s turn “getting a 4”

What if the experiment conducted is to roll a die but the event need to occur will be getting an
even number less than 4? Can we consider this as a simple event? Maybe some of you will
answer yes, but definitely it is not. If we analyze this situation the event that is expected to
occur in the experiment is an even number but less than 4. Consider that the first event here
is an “even number” and the other event will be “less than 4”. Since there are two events occur
in the experiment, therefore this event is called compound event

What is Compound Event?

Is an event which consists of more than one possible outcome. Let’s try to example 3.

Example 3: Tell whether the following is simple event or compound event. Write SE if it is an
example of a simple event and CE if a compound event.
1. Drawing a red ace from a standard deck of card.
2. Getting 4 in rolling a single die
3. Tossing a coin and it lands tail
4. Tossing a three coins and getting at least two heads
5. Drawing an ace of heart from a standard deck of cards.
Answer:
1. CE because there two events occurred these are “red card (heart and diamond)” and “an
ace”
2. SE because there is only one event occur and that is “getting 4”
3. SE because the only event occur here is “it lands tail”
4. CE because the events occur will be “at least two heads”. Note: when we say “at least two”
we are referring to a minimum value, therefore, after finding the number of outcomes of
“getting two heads”, we then consider finding the number of outcomes of “getting three
heads”.
5. SE because there is only one ace of heart present in a standard deck of cards
Lesson 2: Union of Events
In this lesson, you will learn the union of events.

Definition: Union of Events

The union of events A and B, denoted AᴜB, is the collection of all outcomes that are elements of
one or the other of the sets A and B, or of both of them. It corresponds to combining descriptions
of the two events using the word “or”.

To say that the event AᴜB occurred means that on a particular trial of the experiment either A or
B occurred (or both did). A visual representation of the union of events A and B in a sample space
S is given in Figure 1. The union corresponds to the shaded region.

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 U A
B

Figure 1. Union of Events A and B

Examples:
1. If you roll a die. You get a “5” or an even number.
Event A = {5} Event B = {2,4,6}

Since it uses “or”, therefore it is a union of event.

➢ AᴜB = {2,4,5,6}

2. Draw an ace or a club in a standard deck of cards?

Aces and Clubs together is only the Ace of Clubs;
For Aces or Clubs, there are 4 Aces and 13 Clubs;
Therefore, AᴜB = {4 Aces and 12 Clubs}

3. Given Event A = {2,4,6,8} and Event B = {1,2,3,4,5}. What is 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵?

Since the two events have the same element “2 and 4”, they will be written only once.
Therefore, AᴜB = {1,2,3,4,5,6,8}

Lesson 3: Intersection of Events

In example 3 of lesson 2, it shows that there are same elements found in both events. These
elements are considered an intersection of event A and event B in the previous example.

Definition: Intersection of Events:

The intersection of events A and B, denoted A∩B, is the collection of all outcomes that are
elements of both of the sets A and B. It corresponds to combining descriptions of the two events
using the word “and”.

To say that the event A∩B occurred means that on a particular trial of the experiment both A and
B occurred. A visual representation of the intersection of events A and B in a sample space S is
given in Figure 2. The intersection corresponds to the shaded lens-shaped region that lies within
both ovals.
U A
B

Figure 2: Intersection of Events A and B

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Examples:

1. Let’s go back the problem given in lesson 1, if the random experiment done is to roll a die, the
event is get an odd number and less than 4.
𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴 (𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟) = {1,3,5}
𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐵 (𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 4) = {1,2,3}
Since, we need get the intersection of both events. We need to look of elements that is present in
both event. In this case, the elements that is present in both event are {1,3}, and we know this
elements is are odd numbers and these are less than 4.
Therefore, 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 = {𝟏, 𝟑}
If we use to represent our data using Venn Diagram, we come up with this illustration;

U A
B
1 2
5
3

2. When a die is rolled. The number rolled is even and is greater than two.

Event A(even number) = {2,4,6} Event B(greater than two) = {3,4,5,6}

Since it uses an “and”, therefore, it is an intersection of event.

➢ A∩B = {4,6}
3. Draw an ace and a club in a standard deck of cards?

𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴 (𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠) = {𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠, 𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠, 𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒃𝒔, 𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠}
𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒃𝒔, 2 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑠, 3 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑠, 4 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑠, 5 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑠, 6 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑠, 7 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑠,
𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐵 (𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑏) = { }
8 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑠, 9 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑠, 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑠, 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑠, 𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑠

The results of two events shows us that There are 4 Aces and 13 Clubs present in a standard
deck of cards

Therefore, A∩B = {Ace of Clubs}

4. Given: Event A = {2,4,6,8} and event B = {1,2,3,4,5}, what is A∩B?

Since 2 and 4 are the same in the two events, then this will be their intersection.

➢ A∩B = {2,4}

Activities

Activity 1.1: HAPPY or NOT

Tell whether the following event is an example of SIMPLE EVENT. If yes, draw a smiley face in
the box. If not, draw a sad face .

1. A die is rolled. You get a “3”

2. A candy is picked from a jar containing 6 red candies and 2 blue candies.
Picking a blue and a red candy.
3. One student is selected to roll a die and get an odd number.

4. A toy is selected from a box which contains 3 balls, 10 puzzle pieces and a teddy bear.
A teddy bear or a puzzle piece is picked.

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5. A bag is having 3 red and 5 green ball. Picking a ball and getting a red.

Activity 2.1: UNITE ME!

Given the events A and B, give the union of events.

1. Event A = {3,6,9,12} 4. Rolling a single die.

Event B = {1,3,5,7,9} Event A = the number rolled is even

2. Event A = {g} Event B = the number rolled is greater than 2

Event B = {b} 5. Rolling a fair die.

3. Tossing a fair die. Event A = odd number turns up

Event A = natural numbers less than four Event B = the number is divisible by three

Event B = even numbers

Activity 3.1: MEET ME

Given the event of an experiment. Write the intersection of each event.
1. If you roll a die, a “6” turns up and an even number.

2. Suppose a die is fair, the number rolled is both odd and is less than four.

3. Event A = {3,6,9,12}
Event B = {1,3,5,7,9}

4. Rolling a fair die.

Event A = odd number turns up

Event B = the number is divisible by three

5. In a deck of cards, you pick a King and a heart.

Remember

- Events
Set of outcomes of an experiment

- Union of Events
The collection of all outcomes that are elements of one or the other of the sets A and B, or
of both of them.
Denoted AᴜB
Symbolizes “ᴜ” which represents OR in the probability

- Intersection of Events
The collection of all outcomes that are in both sets A and B.
Denoted by A∩B
Symbolizes “∩” which represents AND in probability

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 Check Your Understanding

A. Identify if each events are simple or compound. Write S if the event is simple and C if
compound.
__________1. Picking a King in a deck of cards.
__________2. Getting a “2” when rolling a die.
__________3. Spinning a wheel chart with numbers 1-10, and getting a “6”.
__________4. Rolling a two or a four in a 10-sided die.
__________5. Pulling any face card or a three of clubs from a standard deck of cards.

B. Tell whether each events are union of events or intersection of events. Write UE if the events
are union and IE if the events are intersection.
1. Spinning a wheel with parts labelled 1 to 6. It stop at 3 or a prime number.
2. Choosing a red or a yellow candy in a bag of NIPS containing 5 red, 8 blue and 10
yellow candies.
3. Picking a date in a calendar and the date of your birthday.
4. Choosing a briefcase and a jackpot from 26 briefcases in the game “Deal or No Deal”.
_________5.A team wins in a volleyball match or a team loses.

C. Determine the intersection of each events.

1. Rolling an even number less than 5 on a die.

2. Drawing a black ace in a standard deck of cards.
3. 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒} 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐵 = {𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ}
4. Drawing a face card and a spade from a standard deck of 52 cards.
5. Rolling odd number which is divisible by 5 in an ordinary die.

Post-test

Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of these is a simple event?
A. picking a red and yellow ball C. roll a die and get a 2
B. draw a king and a diamond D. get an average of 90 and rank first in school

2. The following are compound events EXCEPT ________.

A. rolling an even number less than 5 on a die
B. drawing a red ace from a deck of cards
C. tossing three coins and getting at least 2 heads
D. the team winning a match

3. Which of the following is NOT a union of events?

A. rolling a die and get a 2 or an even number
B. picking a black or a face card
C. tossing a coin
D. spinning a numbered wheel cart from 1-10 and getting a 5 or a number divisible by 2

4. In rolling a die, getting an odd number or a power of two. What is 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵?

A. {1,2,3,4,5,6} B. {1,2,3} C. {1,2} D. {2}

5. Which of the following is an intersection of event?

A. picking a black or a face card
B. spinning a numbered wheel cart from 1-10 and getting an 8 and a number divisible by 2
C. tossing a coin and getting a head
D. rolling a die and get a 2 or an even number

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 MATHEMATICS 10
Quarter 3 Week 6
ANSWER SHEET

Name: Math Teacher:

Section: Score:

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