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Solution to
Model Question Paper 1
Basic Electronics & Communication Engineering
 Model
Question Paper-1
SOLUTION
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Diagram 2+2=4M

Explanation 3M

Write two to
three lines of
Explanation for
these points

 Step down transformer reduces the AC voltage to low voltage

 Rectifier is a circuit which converts a.c signal into pulsating d.c signal
 Reservoir/smoothing circuit reduces ripples/pulses present in rectifier output
 Voltage regulator make the dc output voltage constant even in small variation in input

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Advantages of Negative Feedback
Stabilizes Amplifier Gain.
Advantages 3M Reduces Non-linear Distortion.
Increases Circuit Stability. Equations &
2M
Increases Input Impedance/Resistance. Explanation
Decreases Output Impedance/Resistance.
Reduces Noise Level.
Improves Frequency Response & Bandwidth.

Overall Gain …………(1)

Diagram 2M
Amplifier Gain

…………(2)

Explain Phase …………(3)

shift in three to
four lines of Overall Gain
explanation
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Diagram 2M

Waveform &
Explanation

4M

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Diagram 2M Diagram 2M

 On positive half-cycles, Waveform &

 point A will be positive with respect to point B. Explanation
 In this condition D1 and D2 will allow conduction
 while D3 and D4 will not allow conduction. 4M

 Conversely, on negative half-cycles, point B will be positive

with respect to point A.
 In this condition D3 and D4 will allow conduction while D1
and D2 will not allow conduction.

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Waveform 2M
Waveform 2M

These frequencies are those at which the output power has

dropped to 50% (otherwise known as the -3 dB points) or
where the voltage gain has dropped to 70.7% of its mid-
band value. Explanation 2M

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1. The feedback must be positive

(The signal fed back must arrive back in-phase with the signal at the input). 2 conditions 2M
Phase Shift of Amplifier and feedback network should be 0 or 360 degree
2. The overall loop voltage gain must be equal to 1
(The amplifier’s gain must be sufficient to overcome the losses associated with any frequency selective
feedback network). |A.β|=1

The frequency of oscillation of the circuit is

Expression 1M

EXPLORE ELECTRONICS Solution 2M Circuit 1M

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Explanation 2M
Circuit 2M
 Main clock is applied to First Bistable
 All the bistables are not clocked simultaneously
 Output of first will be the clock for second
 Similarly for next bistables
Truth Table 2M
Input Q2 Q1 Q0
(Cloc MS LSD
k) D

0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
2 0 1 0
3 0 1 1
4 1 0 0
5 1 0 1
6 1 1 0
7 1 1 1
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Diagram 3M Explanation 4M
 The operation of the microcontroller is controlled by a
sequence of software instructions known as a control
program.

 The control program operates continuously, examining inputs

from sensors, user settings and time data before making
changes to the output signals sent to one or more controlled
devices.

The input port signals can be derived from a number of sources, including:
 switches (including momentary action push-buttons)
 sensors (producing logic-level compatible outputs)
 keypads (both encoded and unencoded types)
The output port signals can be connected to a number of devices, including
 LED indicators (both individual and multiple bar types)
 LED seven-segment displays (via a suitable interface)
 Motors and Actuators (both linear and rotary types) via a suitable buffer/driver or a dedicated
interface
 Relays (both conventional electromagnetic types and optically couple solid-state types)
 Transistor drivers and other solid-state switching devices.
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 The D-type bistable has two inputs: D (standing for ‘data’ or ‘delay’) and CLOCK (CLK).
 D-type bistable is a modified Set-Reset bistable with the addition of an inverter to
prevent the S and R inputs from being at the same logic level.
Diagram 1M

Truth Table 2M
Timing Diagram 2M
INPUTS OUTPUTS COMME
CLO D 𝐐𝐍+𝟏 𝐐𝐍+𝟏 NTS
CK
0 X Q Q Memory
(Hold)
1 0 0 1 Reset
1 1 1 0 Set
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Diagram 1M
Half
Adder

Half Adder 2M
Half Adder
Truth Table 2M

Expressions 1M

Circuit 2M

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 Shift register is a type of digital circuit using a cascade of flip-flops where the output of one flip-
flop is connected to the input of the next.
 They share a single clock signal, which causes the data stored in the system to shift from one location
to the next.
Circuit 3M Explanation 2M
When CLR=0 all Flip-Flop output is 0
When Pr= 0 all Flip-Flop output is 1
When CLR=1 and Pr=1 and depends on
Serial in data, Flip-Flop stores data and
shift to next stage in clock cycle

Truth Table 2M

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Representation 2M
Explanation 2M
 Individual bits within a byte are numbered from 0 (least
significant bit) to 7 (most significant bit).

 In the case of 16-bit words, the bits are numbered from 0 (least
significant bit) to 15 (most significant bit).
 In Signed: most significant bit indicates the sign of the
number (1 = negative, 0 = positive).

Table 2M

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Explanation 2M Diagram 2M
 A Stepper motor is an electro-mechanical device which
generates discrete rotation in response to dc electrical signals.
 Stepper motor rotor has a permanent magnet and the stator
has four electromagnetic coils which remain stationary.
 Whenever the coils energized by applying the current, the
electromagnetic field is created, resulting the rotation of rotor.
 Coils should be energized in a particular sequence to make
discrete rotation of the rotor.
Full Step Table 2M
Step Coil Coil Coil Coil
A B C D
1 H H L L
2 L H H L Applications 2M
3 L L H H
•3D printing equipment., Textile machines.
4 H L L H •Printing presses., Gaming machines.
Two coils are energized at a time, produces •Medical imaging machinery.
more torque. Hence, the power consumption is •Small robotics., CNC milling machines.
also high. •Welding equipment.
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Categories 3M Explanation 3M
Based on Generation
First Generation

Second Generation

Third Generation

Fourth Generation

Based on complexity

Small Scale Embedded Systems

Medium Scale Embedded Systems

Large scale Embedded Systems

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UART
 Protocol for serial data communication
 Only two wires are needed to transmit data between two UARTs.
 Data flows from the TXD pin of the transmitting UART to the RXD pin of the
receiving UART and vice versa.

Diagram 3M
USB Pin Pin Description Explanation 3M
No. Name
1 VBUS Carries Power 5v
2 D- Differential Data Carrier Line
3 D+ Differential Data Carrier Line
4 GND Ground Signal Line

 The USB communication system follows a star topology with a USB host at
the center and one or more USB peripheral devices.
 A USB host can support connections up to 127, including slave peripheral
devices and other USB hosts.
 Each device receives unique address from the host (PC). USB transmits
EXPLORE ELECTRONICS data in packet format. Each data packet has a standard format.
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 A loudspeaker is a transducer that converts low frequency electric current into audible sounds.
 A microphone, on the other hand, is a transducer that performs the reverse function, converting sound
pressure variations into voltage or current.

 A loudspeaker is an output transducer designed for use in conjunction with an audio system.
 A microphone is an input transducer designed for use with a recording or sound reinforcing system.
Explanation 3M
 A Active transducer operate without any external power supply called as self generative.
Examples 3M
 A Passive transducer operate with external power supply.

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RISC CISC
 Reduced Instruction Set Computer.  Complex Instruction Set Computer.
Any 5
 Software centric design.  Hardware centric design.
 Low power consumption.  High power consumption. 3M
 Requires more RAM  Requires a minimum amount of RAM
 Simple decoding of instruction.  Complex decoding of instruction.
 Processors are highly pipelined.  Processors are not pipelined or less pipelined.
 Execution time is very less  Execution time is very high
 Uses multiple registers.  Uses a single register.
 It does not require external memory for
 It requires external memory for calculations
calculations
 Compound addressing mode.  Limited addressing mode.
 RISC architecture can be used with high-end  CISC architecture can be used with low-end
applications like telecommunication, image applications like home automation, security
processing, video processing, etc. system, consumer goods etc.
 Large Code Size.  Small Code Size.
 Varying formats (16 to 64 bits for each
 Fixed Instruction format (32-bit)
instruction).
 Examples: ARM, PIC, Power Architecture, Alpha,  Examples: VAX, Motorola 68000 family,
 AVR, ARC and the SPARC.  System/360, AMD and the Intel x86 CPUs.

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 It is ancient computer architecture based on stored  It is modern computer architecture based model.
program computer concept. Any 5
 CPU is connected data memory (RAM) and program  CPU is connected data memory (RAM) and program 3M
memory (ROM) by a single memory. memory (ROM), separately.

 CPU cannot access instructions and data at the same  CPU can access instructions and data at the same
time. time.
 Same physical memory address is used for  Separate physical memory address is used for
 instructions and data.  instructions and data.
 Common bus is used for data and instruction  Separate buses are used for data and instruction
 transfer. transfer.

 The speed of execution is slower. It is because it is  The overall speed of execution is faster. It is
not capable of fetching the instructions and data becausethe processor is capable of fetching both
both at the same time. instructions and data at the very same time.

 It is cheaper in cost.  It is costly.

 Requires less hardware, but low performance.  Requires more hardware, but high performance.
 It is used in personal computers and small  It is used in microcontrollers and digital signal
 computers.  processing.

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 Actuator is a transducer which converts electrical signals to corresponding physical action (motion).
Definition 1M
 Actuator acts as an output device.
Relay 4M Piezo Buzzer 3M
 An electro mechanical device which acts as a dynamic  It is a piezoelectric device for generating audio indications
path selector for signals and power. in embedded applications.
 A Piezo buzzer contains a piezoelectric diaphragm which
 Relay works on electromagnetic principle.
produces audible sound in response to the voltage applied
to it.
 Buzzer can be used as an alarm or as a fire alarm or as
an intruder alarm.

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Diagram 3M

Explanation 3M
 Information source and transducer
 Transmitter
Write two to
three lines of  Channel or medium
Explanation for  Noise
these points  Receiver
 Output transducer and final destination
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Modulation is the process in which any one of the parameters (amplitude, frequency or phase) of the high
frequency carrier signal is varied according to the instantaneous values of the low frequency message signal,
keeping other parameters constant 3 * 2 = 6M

Carrier • The baseband signal, which lies in the low frequency

spectrum, is translated to a higher frequency spectrum
Communication • Modulation is the main function of the transmitter.

Baseband • The baseband signal is transmitted without translating

it to a higher frequency spectrum
Communication • No Modulation
Modulated signal

S(t)
Modulation
baseband signal

carrier signal C(t)

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4 * 2 = 8M

Don’t
Write like
this.

EXPLAIN

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A band limited analog signal can be sampled and perfectly reconstructed from its
Statement 1M samples if the sampling frequency is at least twice the maximum frequency of the
base band signal.
Expressions 2M i.e, fs ≥ 2fmax
Nyquist Rate: the minimum rate at which a signal can be sampled without introducing errors

fs = 1/Ts Ts = 1/ fs
Explanation 3M Aliasing occurred when fs < 2fmax.

Aliasing is avoided by: Aliasing can be avoided when fs > 2fmax

 Applying low-pass filters or anti-aliasing filters (AAF) to the input
signal before sampling and when converting a signal from a
higher to a lower sampling rate.
 Sampling the signal at a higher rate than the Nyquist rate (fs ≥
2fmax).
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Definitions +
1 or 2 line  As a result of reflections and diffractions the signals can take several different
explanation paths from the transmitter to the receiver. This phenomenon is known as multipath.
2M each
 At the receiver end, the incoming rays can add together in different ways, which
are classified as constructive interference and destructive interference.
 If the peaks of the incoming rays coincide, then they reinforce each other, a situation
known as constructive interference.
 If the peaks of one ray coincide with the troughs of another, the result is
destructive interference, in which the rays cancel.
 Destructive interference can make the received signal power drop to a very low
level, a situation known as fading.

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Antenna is a device used for converting electromagnetic radiation in space into electrical currents in
conductors or vice-versa, depending on whether it is being used for receiving or for transmitting,
respectively Definition 1M

Types of Antenna
 Omni-directional Antennas
 Dipole Antennas
 Collinear omni Antennas
 Directional Antennas
 Patch Antennas Omni-directional Antenna Patch array antenna

 Patch Array Antennas

 Yagi Antennas

Types
+ 1 or 2 lines
explanation
3M

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Diagram 3M

Explanation 3M

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Diagram 3M

Explanation 3M

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Diagram 2M + 2M

Explanation 4M

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Explanation 4M
Diagram 2M + 2M

UMTS (universal Mobile Telecommunication Services) is the main technology responsible behind 3G. Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) consists of multiple Radio Network Sub-systems (RNSs) which is
equivalent to the base station subsystem (BSS). RNS consists of radio transceivers referred to as Node B which
are equivalent to the BTSs in the GSM architecture.

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4 points + Explanation 4M

The high level requirements for a 4G technology were identified as:

i) High spectral efficiency
ii) Reduced cost per bit
iii) Increased services by increasing the efficiency

iv) Open interfaces

v) Power efficiency
vi) Flexible usage of frequency bands

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Diagram 3M

Explanation 5M

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