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Classification of Rocks

The document classifies and describes the three main types of rocks: igneous rocks which form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks which are formed by the lithification of sediments, and metamorphic rocks which form from the change of existing rocks through heat, pressure, and stress. It provides details on the formation processes, typical locations, and common varieties of each rock type.

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Jomelyn W. Dawi
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54 views33 pages

Classification of Rocks

The document classifies and describes the three main types of rocks: igneous rocks which form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks which are formed by the lithification of sediments, and metamorphic rocks which form from the change of existing rocks through heat, pressure, and stress. It provides details on the formation processes, typical locations, and common varieties of each rock type.

Uploaded by

Jomelyn W. Dawi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

zephiecastle
Where these rocks
TYPE OF ROCK Process of Formation
are usually found
IGNEOUS
Crystallization or At volcanoes, near
solidification of molten cores of volcanoes or
magma underneath the Earth
SEDIMENTARY
Lithification (compaction
Near bodies of water
or deposition)
METAMORPHIC Metamorphism of a
protolith or parent rock In mountain ranges
IGNEOUS ROCKS: hard and tough

“ignis” = fire
Crystallization of molten magma
Varieties are given names based from texture
(crystals) and composition
IGNEOUS ROCKS

TEXTURE: general appearance


Affected by rate of cooling of magma = crystals
Larger Coarse-
slower Phaneritic
crystals grained
smaller fine-
faster Aphanitic
crystals grained
IGNEOUS ROCKS
COMPOSITION: elements / mineral in the magma
Directly related to where the magma is formed
MAFIC FELSIC

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Crustal Crustal compression


spreading & subduction
IGNEOUS ROCK TYPES:

A. IGNEOUS INTRUSIVE / PLUTONIC IGNEOUS


From magma that does not reach the surface
Cools slowly
Formation of minerals
Large-grained crystals
Coarse-grained
Cores of mountains and volcanoes
IGNEOUS ROCK TYPES:

B. IGNEOUS EXTRUSIVE / VOLCANIC IGNEOUS


From magma that may reach the surface or
erupt from volcanoes
Cools quickly
fine-grained crystals and texture
Glassy or aphanitic
Soil fertility
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Weathering
“sediments” –
deposition of Deposition
Earth’s
materials Erosion

Lithification
SEDIMENTARY ROCK TYPES

1. CLASTIC
C-
B-
Mechanical S-
lithified
weathering of rocks S-
S
Conglomerate Breccia Sandstone

Siltstone Shale
SEDIMENTARY ROCK TYPES

2. CHEMICAL

Dissolved materials precipitate


Limestone Chalk Chert

Flint Gypsum Halite


SEDIMENTARY ROCK TYPES

3. ORGANIC or Biologic

Fossils
Accumulated
trapped in
sedimentary debris
sediments
METAMORPHIC ROCKS

“meta”- change, and “morph”- form


Metamorphism: old rocks (protolith) to new one
Earth movements – heat, pressure, stress and
other materials or processes
Physical and chemical change (texture, chemical
and mineral make-up or metamorphic facies)
METAMORPHIC ROCK TYPES:

A. NON-FOLIATED
Formed around igneous intrusive rocks
Colored bands with very small impurities
(pigmented appearance)
Uniform texture, unparalleled appearance
Marble

Quartizite
METAMORPHIC ROCK TYPES:

B. FOLIATED
Formed within Earth’s interior
Under extreme temperature and unequal pressure

Banded, layered appearance


Slate Serpentine

Gneiss
TYPES OF GEOLOGICAL STRESS /
METAMORPHISM:
SHEARING

CONTACT

TENSION

REGIONAL
TYPES OF GEOLOGICAL STRESS:

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