Optimal Location of Electric Vehicles in a

Wind Integrated Distribution System Using

Reptile Search Algorithm

Nasir Rehman1,∗ , Mairaj-ud din Mufti2 and Neeraj Gupta3

1
National Institue of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, NIT Srinagar, India
3
Electrical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar,
J&K, India
E-mail: [email protected]
∗
Corresponding Author

Received 15 January 2022; Accepted 07 March 2022;

Publication XX XXXXXX XXXX

Abstract
Distributed generation (DG) has been employed over the years in distribution
systems to enhance system voltage profile, improve voltage regulation and
minimise power losses leading to improved stability besides economic ben-
efits. This work addresses an application of reptile search algorithm (RSA)
based optimization technique to determine the optimal placement of electric
vehicles (EVs) in distribution systems. A matrix approach based radial dis-
tribution load flow method is adopted to determine the optimal location of
DGs with the heuristic intelligent search approach of RSA looking after the
optimal placement of EV loads. This work presents a standard IEEE-33 and
69 bus system integrated with a wind turbine generating system (WTGS). The
system is modeled for optimal placement of EV loads such that the system
voltage is maintained within allowable limits by reducing overall system
losses. The optimal placement of EV loads in a radial distribution network
(RDN) implies establishing an efficient active distribution network satisfying

Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal, Vol. 38 1, 1–28.

doi: 10.13052/dgaej2156-3306.3817
© 2022 River Publishers
2 N. Rehman et al.

several operating parameters like bus voltage limits and current capacity
of feeders while maintaining network radiality with minimal system losses.
The proposed technique is investigated on the benchmark IEEE-33 and 69
bus test systems. The simulated results depict a substantial improvement in
convergence characteristics and reduction in system losses.

Keywords: Distributed generations, reptile search algorithm, electric vehi-

cle, optimal location, wind turbine generating system.

1 Introduction
Renewable energy sources (RES) have grown in popularity over the years and
have become a vital feature of the integrated grid. They are environmentally
beneficial and also provide consumers with a cost-effective alternative to
conventional fossil fuels, which are becoming increasingly expensive. The
variable significance of renewable energy form power generation units such
as wind and solar, along with the inclusion of electric vehicles (EV) into
the distribution system, is growing rapidly with each day, causing substantial
challenges and uncertainties. A comprehensive understanding of the effects
of distributed generations (DGs) and load fluctuation in distribution systems
is important for better renewable energy integration. The RES are installed in
distribution systems at appropriate locations keeping in mind objectives like,
minimizing overall network losses, improving voltage profile, reducing peak
load, and managing system security [1]. The overall improvements in the
network due to the integration of RES could be both economic and technical
in nature [2]. The most significant technical advantages include: minimiza-
tion of overall network losses, voltage profile improvement and frequency
improvement. Besides, reduction in greenhouse emissions, enhancement in
power quality, enhancement of reliability and system security are also some
added technical advantages. Further, the integration of RES provides some
substantial economic advantages including overall reduction of capital expen-
diture, fuel expenses and reserve requirements leading to the improvement
in overall system efficiency. Therefore, the accurate positioning of DGs in
the network is of critical concern in the distribution systems. Sizing is also
an important concern and must be chosen along with positioning of DGs
to achieve the aforesaid benefits. To address these problems, many novel
strategies and approaches have been proposed by researchers in the literature
so far. All methodologies have merits and drawbacks that are consistent with
the data and systems under consideration.
 Optimal Location of Electric Vehicles in a Wind Integrated 3

Meta-heuristic techniques have been extensively used in determining

size and optimal locations for DG placement in the distributed networks.
These algorithms are computational artificial intelligence paradigms espe-
cially used for solving sophisticated optimization problems. To name a few,
these include genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO),
differential evolution (DE) algorithm, Artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm.
These techniques range from simple local search procedures to complex
learning processes. In [3], GA is used to identify the appropriate location
and size of DG units with the objective of minimizing power losses. In [4],
the objective function is to reduce the economical and technical constraints
of the distribution network for DG employment. To achieve better voltage
stability of the distribution system, a stability index [5] for scaling DGs is
developed to include DGs at appropriate locations. The authors in [6] have
proposed that DGs be planned through GA in order to decrease the cost
of energy loss and improve system advancement. The optimal allocation
of multi-distributed generators on distribution system reliability and power
losses using DE algorithm is investigated in [7]. An effective cumulative
performance index, utilizing voltage profile improvement, loss reduction and
voltage stability index is considered to minimise system loss using PSO
in [8]. Owing to the inherent drawbacks of meta heuristic approaches, many
researchers are experimenting with these approaches in conjunction with
other optimization methods to achieve best possible results [9–11].
Meta heuristic techniques have also been employed to determine the
optimal placement of EV charging stations by incorporating uncertainties
in charging as well as in demand. The objective functions to be minimised
comprises energy loss, voltage deviation of the power system network and
minimization of resources to incorporate large scale EV integration. In [12],
the optimal placement of EV charging stations is determined in a radial dis-
tribution network by using DE and harris hawks optimization methods. [13]
considers techno-environmental aspects in a distribution system to determine
the optimal sites of DGs and EVs by using future search algorithm. The effect
of EV charging stations on 33 bus and 85 bus test system by minimizing
power loss and maintaining voltage level in presenece of EVs is discussed
in [14]. The optimal allocation of EV charging stations using hybrid bi-level
programming verified on a 84 bus test system in Tamil Nadu is reported
in [15].
The various application of meta heuristic techniques in power system
are discussed in [16–19]. These techniques are employed in reactive power
planning and positioning problems of phasor measurement units in the power
4 N. Rehman et al.

networks to improve grid observability. [20, 21] have employed the meta
heuristic techniques for the parameter estimation of transmission line conduc-
tors. These techniques are also used to solve complex engineering problems
of other fields as discussed in [22, 23]. This work proposes a similar nature
inspired algorithm based on the hunting and encircling behavior of crocodiles
known as reptile search algorithm (RSA). It differs from the conventional
optimization algorithms in that it uses a special approach developed to update
the locations of the solutions utilizing four distinct processes of crocodile
hunting. The main focus of RSA is to develop advanced search strategies
capable of producing relatively high solutions to complex problems and to
obtain new best possible results that can improve in the solving of complex
real life scenarios. In this work, its application is performed for optimal
allocation of EV loads along with the integration of wind turbine gener-
ating system (WTGS) as a DG into distribution system. To determine the
superiority of RSA, first the locations of DGs are specified using distribution
system load flow method, then the optimal placement of EVs are optimized
using the RSA. The integration of various DGs in the distribution network
enhances the voltage profile and lowers the overall system losses and thus
may cause the restructuring of networks and increase the capital costs. The
main contribution of this work is summarized as:
• The impact of EV loads are evaluated in an active distribution network.
• A new advance strategic nature based algorithm inspired by crocodile
hunting is proposed to evaluate the EV load sites in the network.
• The network is integrated with WTGS units and EV loads in such a
way that the voltage profile is maintained and overall system losses are
minimised.
This work is divided into several sections; The WTGS is discussed with
the mathematical modeling in Section 2 and EV modeling in Section 3. The
distribution load flow method is discussed in Section 4 and in Section 5, the
optimization algorithm employed is thoroughly illustrated with mathematical
modeling. The problem formulation in Section 6. The consolidated flowchart
of the approach employed is discussed in Section 7. Results and discussions
in Section 8 and, finally, the conclusion in Section 9.

2 Wind Turbine Generating System

2.1 Principle
RES like solar and wind are in demand due to their abundance and renewable
nature. Wind energy conversion systems (WECS) convert wind energy into
 Optimal Location of Electric Vehicles in a Wind Integrated 5

Generator

Wind
Mechanical
Drive unit
Gear train AC
Output

Control and
Supervision

Figure 1 Wind energy conversion system.

mecchanical energy by employing wind generators like permanent magnet

synchronous generators (PMSG), doubly fed induction generators (DFIG),
induction generators and synchronous generators. Wind turbine generators
convert mechanical energy into electrical energy which is then utilized to
power windmills, pump water, process grains, or drive machinery. To get
optimum power output from a WECS, the generator’s rotational speed is
raised. A pulse width modulation converter, a generator-side converter, and a
grid-side inverter are in charge of delivering the generator’s output power to
the grid. Figure 1 depicts the integration of a WECS in a power system.

2.2 Wind Power Statistics

Renewable resources, such as wind, are becoming a big aspect of energy
generation in recent times, and their significance is growing. For the reliable
integration of wind energy into the grid, appropriate models must be applied
to study the impacts of wind power, which vary on wind speed. Although
wind speed is uncertain, the probability of a specific wind speed can be pre-
dicted. The discrete histogram represents the wind speed (m/s) and number of
hours per year that the wind blows (as measured from site data). A continuous
probability density function (PDF) can be used to describe the information
provided in a discrete histogram. The region between any two wind speeds
represents the possibility that the wind is between those two speeds, which
is the distinguishing property of such a PDF. The Weibull PDF is the basic
foundation for analyzing wind speed statistics. The wind stastics of wind
power is thouroughly illustrated in [24], and it is derived as:
k Vw k−1
    k 
Vw
f (Vw ) = exp − (1)
c c c
where Vw represents wind speed, c as scaling factor and k is the shape
parameter, which modifies the characteristics of PDF. For k = 2, the weibull
6 N. Rehman et al.

PR (Rated Power)

Power delivered (KW) Rated Wind Cut out Wind

Cut in Wind
Speed Speed Speed

VC VR VF
Wind Speed (m/s)
Figure 2 Power wind speed characteristics

PDF is characterised as the Rayleigh PDF computed by Equation (2) and

is the most commonly used distribution function estimating wind speeds,
because it has intervals of low and strong wind speeds.
"   #
2Vw Vw 2
f (Vw ) = 2 exp − (2)
c c

2.3 Output Power From Wind Turbine

In regard to the output power of a wind turbine, a reliable technique of
measuring wind speed is important. The instantaneous output power of a wind
turbine is calculated using a power curve provided by the manufacturer of a
specific model. The output power of a wind turbine is a function of wind
speed and can be converted into mechanical power given in [24] as can be
seen in Figure 2.
In this study, the wind turbine featured in the wind farm are stall-regulated
fixed-speed wind turbines. The steady-state equivalent model of an induction
machine shown in Figure 3 is applied in the mathematical model of wind
turbine [25]. They are directly coupled to power system networks through
a transformer. The active (Pg ) and reactive powers (Qg ) of machine are
computed as:

L + Ks + M s2
 
2
Pg (V, s) = −V (3)
(D − Es)2 + (F + Hs)2
B + Cs2
 
2
Qg (V, s) = −V (4)
(D − Es)2 + (F + Hs)2
 Optimal Location of Electric Vehicles in a Wind Integrated 7

R1 X1 X2
Pg
Qg I1 I2

V Xm R2/S

Figure 3 Equivalent model of an induction machine.

Where V signifies the terminal voltage and s as the machine’s slip. Also
B to X are constants. In [24], the thorough analysis of mechanical power
conversion from wind speed is illustrated. The values of all the variables and
constants used in FSWG parameters are given in [26].

2.4 Load Flow with WTGS

Wind is a major part of producing electrical energy in most countries.
Wind-generated electricity is much expensive to supply to commercial and
residential consumers than it is to industrial customers, as the distribution
market will see the most substantial changes in deregulated electricity net-
works. Electric power generally flows from the substation to the end of
feeders in distribution networks throughout planning and operation. However,
the incorporation of WTGS may result in reverse power flow in the distri-
bution lines. There are various approaches for load flow using WTGS for
distribution systems in the literature. In this research, matrix based approach
is used to integrate power output from WTGS into distribution systems [27].
Induction generators are explored as WTGS power conversion devices; they
primarily function as variable reactive power generators. The wind turbine
power curve given by the manufacturer is used to determine the active power
output, and the reactive power required can be expressed as:

Qi = Qi + Qci (5)

where, Qi is the reactive power at bus i consumed by WTGS. Qci is the

reactive power delivered by capacitor at bus i.

3 EV Load Modelling
Modeling of EVs is divided into several categories based on the various types
of EVs. In this work, the ZIP load model, which is a commonly used form
8 N. Rehman et al.

EV Battery Charger
IB
IR
I0 VR
AC Input AC/DC DC/DC EV Battery
V0 Filter Converter Converter VB Pack

Charger
Control

Figure 4 On-board EV battery charger.

of EV load, is analyzed using voltage dependent load (VDL) modeling for

active and reactive powers.
For steady state analysis, EV load modeling involves a thorough knowl-
edge of the battery profile. Thus, for battery chargers to deliver improved
voltage and current quality, efficient charging techniques are required. Nowa-
days, all battery chargers use traditional charging techniques such as constant
voltage and constant current with unidirectional chargers [28]. Figure 4 illus-
trates a traditional configuration of an on-board EV battery charger, which
represents two converters: an AC-DC converter and a DC-DC converter. The
detailed analysis of the charger parameters is discussed in [29]. As seen in
Figure 4, the grid voltage Vo and grid current Io are given to the battery
charger from the grid side, while the terminal voltage of the battery is VB ,
and IB is the current absorbed by the battery. The dynamic parameters of the
battery describe the terminal voltage of the battery, VB . During the charging
process, the active (Po ) and reactive (Qo ) powers on the grid side can be
calculated as follows:
Po = Vo Io cosφ
(6)
Qo = Vo Io sinφ

The active and reactive powers consumed from the AC side are recorded
at each state of charge (SOC) and voltage level, whereas a set of IB and
VB values are acquired at different nominal voltage levels for a range of Vo
(180V–230V) and SOC (10%–100%). These acquired values are analyzed
to evaluate the voltage-dependent characteristics of the EV load at various
 Optimal Location of Electric Vehicles in a Wind Integrated 9

levels of SOC. To ascertain the EV ZIP values, a constrained least-squared

approach is used to generate a best-fit approximation to the recorded values.
Finally, the best-fit ZIP values can be used in the ZIP equations shown
below:
"   #
Vi 2
 
Vi
PZIP = Po p3 + p2 + p1
Vo Vo
"   # (7)
2  
Vi Vi
QZIP = Qo q3 + q2 + q1
Vo Vo

where Po and Qo are active load power and reactive load power acquired from
Equation (6). Vi is the bus voltage at which load is connected and Vo is the
nominal rated voltage. p3 , p2 and p1 are constant impedance, constant current
and constant power parameters of active fraction of EV load. q3 , q2 and q1
are constant impedance, constant current and constant power parameters of
reactive fraction of EV load.

4 Distribution Load Flow Method

A simplified method of load flow analysis is hinged on the product of
bus injection to branch current (BIBC) and branch current to bus voltage
(BCBV) matrices. This method is briefly elucidated in [30]. The advantage
of this approach include its non-dependence on matrix decomposition and
interchanging of admittance and jacobian matrices resulting in computational
ease. BIBC matrix depicts the correlation of currents between network buses
and branches whereas BCBV matrix depicts the correlation between currents
in a branch and their corresponding bus voltages. Figure 6 illustrates the
flowchart of load flow algorithm used in distribution system.
BIBC is the correlation between currents obtained by applying kirchoff’s
current law in the branches of the distribution radial system.

B5 = I6
B4 = I5
B3 = I4 + I5
B2 = I3 + I4 + I5 + I6
B1 = I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 + I6 (8)
10 N. Rehman et al.

And can be expressed in matrix form as:

    
B1 1 1 1 1 1 I2
B2  0 1 1 1 1 I3 
    
B3  = 0 0 1 1 0 I4  (9)
    
B4  0 0 0 1 0 I5 
B5 0 0 0 0 1 I6
    
B = BIBC I (10)
BIBC matrix contains only 0 and 1 elements to form upper triangular
matrix. By applying kirchoff’s voltage law, BCBV matrix can be obtained in
the same manner as BIBC and is given as:
    
∆V = BCBV B (11)
    
∆V = DLF I (12)
Where DLF represents a distribution load flow that yields the power flow
analysis of the IEEE test bus systems by multiplying the above two matrices
(BIBC and BCBV).

5 Optimization Algorithm
RSA is inspired by the hunting action of crocodiles, recently introduced
by [31]. This search algorithm is motivated by the social behavior, hunt-
ing mechanisms and encircling processes of crocodiles and is given in the
form of exploitation (local search) and exploration (global search) stages.
Crocodiles hunt by surrounding and encircling their prey. To demonstrate the
suggested RSA and execute the optimization procedures, these mechanisms
are mathematically represented in next section. As RSA is a gradient-free
and population based approach, it may be used to both complex and simple
optimization problems with specified constraints.

5.1 Mathematical Modelling of Algorithm

The RSA follows four distinct processes to evaluate the optimization proce-
dure.

5.1.1 Initialization Phase

In RSA, the optimization system starts with a collection of candidate solu-
tions (Y), as shown in Equation (13), which is formed stochastically, and the
 Optimal Location of Electric Vehicles in a Wind Integrated 11

strongest attained solution in each iteration is designated the approximately

optimum solution.  
y1,1 . . . y1,n
 . . . 
 
Y = . yi,j . 
 (13)
 . . . 
yN,1 . . . yN,n
where Y indicates a collection of candidate solutions produced at random
using Equation (14). N is the number of candidate solutions and n is the
number of locations. yi,j means the ith location of the jth solution and is
computed as:

yi,j = rand ∗ (U B − LB) + LB, j = 1, 2, 3 . . . n (14)

where rand is a random variable and UB as upper and LB as lower bounds of

problem respectively.

5.1.2 Encircling Phase

In this portion, the exploration of the RSA is discussed. Crocodiles engage in
two movements when encircling: high walking and belly walking, according
to their encircling behavior. These movements pertain to various reigns, each
of which is dedicated to the exploratory search (globally). Unlike the other
search spaces, the high and belly motion of crocodile motions do not allow
them to reach the intended prey due to perturbations (hunting phase). There
are two requirements that must be met throughout this phase of the search.
t ≤ T /4 condition for the high walking movement strategy, while t ≤ 2T /4
and t > T /4 condition for the belly walking movement approach. This
indicates that this requirement will be met for around half of the exploration
cycles (high walking) and the other half (belly walking). The position update
equations for the exploration phase are provided in this study as:

 Best j (t) × (−η(i,j) (t)) × β − R(i,j) (t) × rand ; t ≤ T4
y(i,j) (t + 1) =
 Best (t) × y T T
j (r1 ,j) × ES(t) × rand ; t ≤ 2 4 and t > 4

(15)

where Bestj (t) indicates the jth place in the best-attained solution thus far,
rand determines a random number between 0 and 1, t signifies the present
iteration number and the maximum iterations represented by T. The hunting
12 N. Rehman et al.

operator η(i, j) specifies the jth location in the ith solution, which is deter-
mined using Equation (16). β is a sensitive parameter that influences the
encircling phase exploration accuracy (i.e., High walking) throughout the
course of iterations and is set to 0.1. To reduce the search area, decrease func-
tion Ri,j is computed using Equation (17). yr1,j signifies a random position of
the ith solution, and r1 is a random value between [1 N]. Evolutionary Sense
ES(t) is a probability ratio derived using Equation (18) that takes randomly
decreasing values between 2 and -2 across the number of repetitions.

η(i,j) = Bestj (t) × P(i,j) (16)

Bestj (t) − y(r2 ,j)
R(i,j) = (17)
Bestj (t) + 
 
1
ES(t) = 2 × r3 × 1 − (18)
T
 is a tiny value, r3 is a random integer number between −1 and 1. The
correlation value is utilised as 2 in Equation (18) to yield values between 2
and 0. The percentage difference between the current position of jth and best
attained solution at this place is signified by P(i,j) and computed as:

y(i,j) − M (yi )
P(i,j) = α +
(19)
Bestj (t) × U B(j) − LB(j) + 

M(yi) is the average position of the ith solution, as computed by Equa-

tion (20). The sensitive factor α, which is set to 0.1, regulates the exploration
efficiency for hunting involvement throughout the iteration process.
n
1X
M (yi ) = y(i,j) (20)
n
j=1

5.1.3 Hunting Phase

This section explains exploitative behavior of RSA. Crocodiles have two
hunting tactics, according to their hunting behavior: hunting coordination and
cooperation. The RSA exploitation mechanisms take use of these tactics in
search space to locate the best solution and can be computed using Equa-
tion (21). When t < 3T /4 and t > 2T /4, the hunting coordination approach
is used; otherwise, when t < T and t > 3T /4, the hunting cooperation
strategy is used. The following position reviewing formulations are proposed
 Optimal Location of Electric Vehicles in a Wind Integrated 13

for the exploitation phase.



 Best j (t) × P(i,j) (t) × rand, t ≤ 3 T4 and t > 2 T4


y(i,j) (t + 1) = Best j (t) − η(i,j) (t) ×  − R(i,j) (t) × rand ,


t ≤ T and t > 3 T4



(21)

5.1.4 Time complexity

The intricacy of the proposed RSA is determined by three primary factors i.e.,
solution updates, number of fitness evaluations and initialization processes.
With N solutions, the computational complexity of the initialization
step is O(N). The updating procedures have a computational complexity of
O(T ∗ N ) + O(T ∗ N ∗ D). As a result, the suggested RSA’s computational
complexity is as follows:

O(RSA) = O(N × (T × D + 1)) (22)

where T determines the number of iterations, N is the number and D is the

size of solution utilised respectively.
The overview of the processes executing in the proposed optimization
algorithm is graphically illustrated as a flowchart in Figure 5.

6 Problem Formulation
DGs are often installed on the distribution side that is proximate to the load
side of the power system. Most of the loads connected in a distribution
network are frequency and voltage-dependent loads. A greater level of DGs
in distribution systems significantly impacts the topology and operation of
networks by influencing the planning techniques of distribution companies
considering overall economic and technical factors. In most cases, the DG
allocation task is characterized as a nonlinear, probabilistic, or even as a
heuristic function. The formulation of the objective function varies in every
approach as per varied objectives.
In this work, the voltage profile is being considered with the integration of
the WTGS model by reducing overall system losses. Unoptimized placement
of DGs may have a negative effect in a power system like steep voltage
rise and increased power losses due to reverse power flow. The optimal
placement of EV loads is very important to maintain a steady voltage profile
14 N. Rehman et al.

Initialize the RSA Initialize the

Start
parameters β,α candidate solutions

Determine the Calculate the Fitness Yes While No Return the best
Update ES
best solutions values t<T solution

Update R,P,μ End

IF
Yes t<=2*T/4 No
&
t>T/4
Yes IF No
Yes IF No
t<=T/4 T<=3*T/4
&
T>2*T/4
Apply the hunting Apply the hunting
Apply the high Apply the belly
coordination (Eq. cooperation (Eq.
walking (Eq. 15-a) walking (Eq. 15-b)
21-a) 21-b)
Exploration Exploitation

t=t+1

Figure 5 Flowchart of algorithm.

of the system in addition to WTGS integration. Thus, finding the appropriate

arrangement and placement of EV loads in a radial distribution network
means establishing an efficient active distribution network that satisfies sev-
eral operating parameters, such as voltage limits of buses and current capacity
of feeders, and maintains the network radiality while incurring minimal
overall losses.

6.1 Objective Function for Voltage Profile

 nbus
X 
2
Obj.Fun = max (Vi − Vr ) (23)
i=1
where, Vi is voltage at bus i and Vr is rated voltage.

6.2 Constraints
• Power balance constraint : The active and reactive powers must be equal
to the total generated power and the overall load of the systems included
 Optimal Location of Electric Vehicles in a Wind Integrated 15

the overall losses in the system.

Pgen = Pload + Ploss

Qgen = Qload + Qloss

• Voltage constraint : The voltage at each bus should be limited within

minimum and maximum limits.

0.95p.u ≤ Vi ≤ 1.05p.u

• DG power generation constraints : The DG capacity is constrained by

the resources at any certain locations. Thus, it is required to limit DG
power generation capacities.

Pgmin ≤ Pg ≤ Pgmax

7 Consolidated Flowchart of the Approach

In this work, the RSA approach is employed in the allocation of EV loads in
an integrated distribution network. The flowchart of methodology is shown in
Figure 6 and the step-by-step process of approach in the proposed problem is
stated as:
• The busdata and linedata of the test systems are initialized.
• BIBC\BCBV matrices are formed to obtain distribution load flow
method.
• The bus voltages and line currents are determined to identify voltage
violated buses in the system.
• The proposed DGs (WTGS) are installed at the weak buses to enhance
the voltage profile of the system.
• The busdata and linedata of the system are updated for the allocation of
EV loads.
• The number of EV loads to be connected are decided as candidates for
the initialization of RSA.
– The collection of candidates randomly produces the candidate
solutions using Equation (14) within minimum number of EV
loads (lower bound) and maximum number of EV loads (upper
bound) to be incorporated.
– The placement of EV loads (candidate solutions) are employed at
various buses to determine optimal solutions.
16 N. Rehman et al.

Start

Initialise Linedata and

Busdata

Update bus data

From BIBC/BCBV
Matrices

Integrate WTGs at weak

Obtain DLF and calculate nodes
node voltages and branch
currents

No
0.95<V<1.05 Indentify weak nodes

Yes

Apply RSA to identify

Refer to RSA flowchart
best nodes

Integrate EV loads

Plot line flows and losses

End

Figure 6 Flowchart of methodology.

– The best solutions are identified, depending upon the intricacy of

the approach. The more the location of EV loads set initaially, the
more the exploration of solutions.
• The EV loads are integrated at best candidate solutions.
• The busdata and linedata of the integrated system are updated to
ascertain the voltage profile and losses of the system.

8 Results and Discussion

To verify the efficiency and scalability of the proposed RSA, two IEEE test
bus systems are considered. The distribution load flow approach is initially
employed on test bus systems to identify weak buses by monitoring voltage
limit violations in order to determine where DGs should be placed. The EV
loads are then integrated in the network employing RSA such that the voltage
at buses remains close to unity with minimum impact on active power losses.
 Optimal Location of Electric Vehicles in a Wind Integrated 17

8.1 IEEE-33 Bus Test System

The IEEE-33 bus test system comprises of 33 nodes (buses) and 32 branches.
The rated voltage of the said system is 12.66 kV with base of 100 MVA. The
total active load is 3.715 MW and reactive load is 2.3 MVar.
The distribution system matrix based load flow method is applied on
IEEE-33 bus data to identify voltage voilated buses. As seen in Table 1,
the voltage (p.u) of bus number 17 and bus number 18 are 0.9139 and
0.9133 which is very low and is optimal location for DG integration. By
integrating WTGS at these optimal locations, the voltage profile of overall
system is enhanced. The Figure 8 clearly shows the improvement in voltage
profile at various buses of IEEE-33 bus system. After integration of DGs, the
appropriate sitting of EV loads is performed using RSA by considering the
objective function given in Equation (23) while maintaining the constraints
keeping voltage range close to the voltage profile of wind integrated system.
In Figure 9, the integration of EV loads using RSA approach clearly
depicts that the voltage profile is kept close to the enhanced voltage profile.
The voltage at buses are kept within constraints and the overall active power
losses also remain at lower side shown in Figure 10. The deviation in voltage
profile of system regulates the active power losses which affects the overall
system losses. Thus the integration of WTGS in the system not only enhances
the voltage profile but also lowers the overall system losses as clearly shown
in histogram (Figure 10). The layout of integrating DGs and EV loads in an
IEEE-33 test bus system is shown in Figure 7.

8.2 IEEE-69 Test Bus System

IEEE-69 bus test system comprises of 69 nodes (buses) and 68 branches.
The total active load is 3.8 MW and reactive load is 2.69 MVar. Similar to
IEEE-33 bus system, the load flow is initially run to identify voltage violated
buses.
In IEEE-69 test bus system, there are 5 buses identified as seen in Table
2. The DGs are not integrated on all the 5 violated buses because the voltage
level is enhanced beyond the limit. Thus, only 4 DGs are integrated to
enhance the voltage profile to be within the constraints. The EV loads are
incorporated using RSA such that the voltage at buses are close to unity. As
shown in Figure 11, the integration of WTGS clearly depicts the enhancement
in voltage profile. Additionally, the incorporation of EV loads does not
deteriorate the voltage profile of buses of test system shown by dotted line in
18 N. Rehman et al.

Table 1 Voltage profile of IEEE-33 test bus integrated system

Voltages (p.u)
Voltages (p.u) Voltages (p.u)
Bus Numbers With Integration of
Without Integration With Integration of Wind
Wind and EV Loads

1 1 1 1
2 0.997 0.998 0.9979
3 0.9829 0.9892 0.9887
4 0.9755 0.9857 0.9849
5 0.9681 0.9824 0.9813
6 0.9497 0.9742 0.9721
7 0.9462 0.9753 0.9723
8 0.9414 0.9773 0.974
9 0.9351 0.9827 0.9787
10 0.9294 0.9885 0.9839
11 0.9286 0.9895 0.9848
12 0.9271 0.9915 0.9867
13 0.921 1.0024 0.9965
14 0.9187 1.0078 1.0012
15 0.9173 1.0134 1.0064
16 0.9159 1.0203 1.0128
17 0.9139 1.0363 1.0281
18 0.9133 1.0399 1.0317
19 0.9965 0.9975 0.9974
20 0.9929 0.9939 0.9938
21 0.9922 0.9932 0.9931
22 0.9916 0.9926 0.9925
23 0.9794 0.9857 0.9852
24 0.9727 0.9791 0.9785
25 0.9694 0.9758 0.9752
26 0.9478 0.9724 0.9702
27 0.9452 0.9699 0.9677
28 0.9338 0.9587 0.9566
29 0.9255 0.9507 0.9485
30 0.922 0.9473 0.9451
31 0.9178 0.9432 0.941
32 0.9169 0.9423 0.9401
33 0.9166 0.9421 0.9398
 Optimal Location of Electric Vehicles in a Wind Integrated 19
19 20 21 22

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

23 24 25

Figure 7 IEEE 33 bus test system.

1.05
Without Wind
With Wind
Voltage (p.u.)

0.95

0.9
5 10 15 20 25 30
Number of Buses

Figure 8 Voltage profile of IEEE-33 bus integrated with wind system.

1.05 Without Wind

With Wind
Voltage (p.u.)

With Wind and EV loads

1

0.95

0.9
5 10 15 20 25 30
Number of Buses

Figure 9 Voltage profile of IEEE-33 bus system integrated with wind and EV loads.

1
without wind
With wind
With wind and EV loads

0
120 128.8 135.3 150 160 170 180 190 202.4 210
Total Losses (KW)

Figure 10 Histogram of active power losses of IEEE-33 test bus system.

20 N. Rehman et al.

1.05

Voltage (p.u.)
1

0.95 without integration

with wind
with wind and EV loads
0.9
10 20 30 40 50 60
Number of Buses

Figure 11 Voltage profile of IEEE-69 test bus system integrated with wind and EV loads.

1
Without integration
With wind only
With wind and EV loads

0
35 48 56.6 100 150 224.9 235
Total Losses (KW)

Figure 12 Voltage profile of IEEE-69 test bus system integrated with wind and EV loads.

Table 2 Voltage profile of IEEE-69 test bus integrated system

Voltages (p.u)
Voltages (p.u) Voltages (p.u)
Bus numbers With Integration of
Without Integration With Integration of Wind
Wind and EV Loads
1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1
3 0.9999 1 1
4 0.9998 0.9999 1
5 0.999 0.9998 0.9999
6 0.9901 0.9989 0.9992
7 0.9808 0.9979 0.9984
8 0.9786 0.9976 0.9983
9 0.9774 0.9976 0.9983
10 0.9724 0.9927 0.9934
11 0.9713 0.9916 0.9923
12 0.9682 0.9885 0.9892
13 0.9653 0.9857 0.9863
14 0.9624 0.9828 0.9835
15 0.9595 0.98 0.9807
16 0.959 0.9795 0.9802
17 0.9581 0.9786 0.9793
(Continued)
 Optimal Location of Electric Vehicles in a Wind Integrated 21

Table 2 Continued
Voltages (p.u)
Voltages (p.u) Voltages (p.u)
Bus numbers With Integration of
Without Integration With Integration of Wind
Wind and EV Loads
18 0.9581 0.9786 0.9793
19 0.9576 0.9782 0.9789
20 0.9573 0.9779 0.9786
21 0.9568 0.9774 0.9781
22 0.9568 0.9774 0.9781
23 0.9567 0.9773 0.978
24 0.9566 0.9772 0.9779
25 0.9564 0.977 0.9777
26 0.9564 0.9769 0.9776
27 0.9563 0.9769 0.9776
28 0.9999 1 1
29 0.9999 0.9999 1
30 0.9997 0.9998 0.9999
31 0.9997 0.9998 0.9999
32 0.9996 0.9996 0.9999
33 0.9993 0.9994 0.9997
34 0.999 0.9991 0.9996
35 0.9989 0.999 0.9996
36 0.9999 1 1
37 0.9997 0.9998 0.9998
38 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996
39 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996
40 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996
41 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989
42 0.9986 0.9986 0.9986
43 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
44 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986
45 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985
46 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985
47 0.9998 0.9999 0.9999
48 0.9985 0.9986 0.9988
49 0.9947 0.9948 0.9954
50 0.9942 0.9943 0.9949
51 0.9785 0.9976 0.9983
52 0.9785 0.9976 0.9982
53 0.9747 0.9986 0.9994
54 0.9714 0.9997 1.0006
55 0.9669 1.0013 1.0025
56 0.9626 1.003 1.0044
57 0.9401 1.0119 1.0138
(Continued)
22 N. Rehman et al.

Table 2 Continued
Voltages (p.u)
Voltages (p.u) Voltages (p.u)
Bus numbers With Integration of
Without Integration With Integration of Wind
Wind and EV Loads
58 0.929 1.0163 1.0185
59 0.9248 1.018 1.0203
60 0.9197 1.0204 1.0228
61 0.9123 1.0239 1.0267
62 0.9121 1.0251 1.0279
63 0.9117 1.0262 1.0291
64 0.9098 1.0315 1.0346
65 0.9092 1.0361 1.0394
66 0.9713 0.9916 0.9922
67 0.9713 0.9916 0.9922
68 0.9679 0.9882 0.9889
69 0.9679 0.9882 0.9889

Figure 11. The comparison of system losses by the incorporation of WTGS

and EV loads in the system is shown by histogram in Figure 12.
The improved voltage profile of IEEE-33 and 69 test systems by incor-
porating WTGS and EV loads is graphically shown in Figures 9 and 11
respectively. Also the voltage profile of the both test systems are tabulated
in Tables 1 and 2. It is evident that the proposed algorithm performs better by
maintaining bus voltages close to enhanced voltage eventually leading to an
increased efficiency.

9 Conclusion
This paper presents the maiden application of crocodile-inspired reptile
search algorithm (RSA) to determine the optimal placement of electric
vehicle (EV) load units in a wind integrated distribution system. The RSA
optimized EV load units along with the wind turbine generating systems
(WTGS) effectively minimizes the overall active power loss, leading to a
stable bus voltage profile at weak nodes of the system. To summarize, the
work presents:
• The optimal location of WTGS by employing analytical method of
distribution load flow based on matrix approach.
• The application of RSA technique to ascertain the optimal placement of
EV load units resulting in increased efficiency.
 Optimal Location of Electric Vehicles in a Wind Integrated 23

• Minimization of overall active power losses by maintaining bus voltages

within permissible limits.
The future extension of this work may include various power system
challenges, such as determining the optimal sizing of EV loads, FACTS
and energy storage devices by employing meta-heuristic techniques. The
minimization of objective function can be carried out by employing a
multi-objective approach.

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Biographies

Nasir Rehman born in Jammu and Kashmir in may 1992, graduated in

Electrical and Renewable Energy engineering from BGSB university in 2014
and received his Master’s in Power Systems from Al-Falah university in 2016.
He is currently pursuing Ph.D from National Institute of Technology, Srina-
gar, Jammu and Kashmir. His areas of interest include distribution systems,
renewable energy sources, electric vehicle technologies and optimization
techniques.
 Optimal Location of Electric Vehicles in a Wind Integrated 27

Mairaj-ud din Mufti received Bachelors in Electrical Engineering from

NIT Srinagar in 1986. He completed his Masters in Control engineering and
instrumentation in 1991 and Ph.D. in Power System Control in 1998 from
the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, India. Currently, he is working
as Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, NIT Srinagar. He
has held important positions like Dean Research and Development, Dean
Academic Affairs and Head-Department of Electrical Engineering. In 2006,
he was a visiting research fellow at the Osaka university, Japan. His research
interests include Power System Control, Intelligent and Advanced Control,
Renewable Energy, Application of Energy Storage Devices and Power Sys-
tem Stability, Dynamics and Control.
28 N. Rehman et al.

Neeraj Gupta is Ph.D in power systems from Indian Institute of Technol-

ogy Roorkee, Roorkee, India. He is a senior member of IEEE. He was a
faculty with the Thapar University, from 2008 to 2009, Adani Institute of
Infrastructure Engineering, Ahmedabad, India, in 2015 and NIT Hamirpur
from 2015 to 2018 and presently, he has been working as an Assistant
professor with the Electrical Engineering Department, National Institute of
Technology, Srinagar, J&K, India. His work has been published in Q-1 inter-
national journals of repute like IEEE, Elsevier etc. He is also in the scientific
advisory/organizing secretary of many reputed conferences of the country.
He is referee of reputed journals of IEEE, Elsveir, Taylor and Francis, IET
etc. His research interests include uncertainty quantification of power system,
probabilistic power system, solar, wind, and electric vehicle technologies,
Artificial intelligence, Machine learning, prediction etc.