BFC10103

STATIC and DYNAMIC

By
DR. NOOR AZLINA ABDUL HAMID
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
 CHAPTER 2: FORCES AND EQUILIBRIUM

Content:
2.1 Vectors
2.2 Forces types, characteristic and units
2.3 Resultant force in 2 and 3 Dimension
2.4 Equilibrium of a Particle
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this chapter, the student will be able to:

1. Sketch the free body diagram.

2. Define the conditions for rigid body equilibrium.

3. Resolve forces into components using the Parallelogram law.

4. Determine vector’s magnitude and direction.

 FORCES AND EQUILIBRIUM

∙ Scalars and vectors

∙ Types of forces

∙ Resultant of forces
∙ Equilibrium of particles
 SCALAR AND VECTOR:

• Scalar: a quantity that is completely described by a real number (positive or negative number).
- Indicate size and magnitude.
- e.g. time, length, mass, temperature, speed, power and volume.

• Vector: a quantity that is described by both magnitude (non-negative real number) and direction.
Ԧ
- Represented by boldface letter such as A, or by a letter with an arrow over it 𝐴.
- The magnitude is designated as 𝐴Ԧ or simply A.
- Direction and length of arrow also represent the direction of vector and magnitude of vector
- e.g. displacement, acceleration, force, weight and momentum.
 P Head (end)

O 
Tail (start)

For example, vector A is represented by an arrow which is used to

determine its magnitude and direction. The magnitude of the vector A is
the length of arrow and the direction is defined by the angle .
 TYPES OF FORCES

External force

Tension force

Internal force
RESULTANT OF FORCES IN 2 DIMENSION:

• Scalar: added 2 m2 and 6 m2 = 8 m2

• Vector: added 2 km and 6 km = 8 km and direction must be consider.

• Resultant : a single vector giving the result of the addition of two or more
vectors.
 RESULTANT OF FORCES: GRAPHICAL

✓ Two component forces act on an object, F1 and F2 can be sump up and

replaced by a single force, called resultant, R.
F2
✓ Extended parallel lines from the head of R can form components.
✓ The resultant of two forces can be determined by parallelogram law
and triangle construction:
F1 F1 + F2 = F2 + F1 = R
a) Parallelogram Law

-F2
R = F1 - F2 F1 F2
R = F1 - F2
F1
F1
R = F1 + F2

-F2
c) Triangle Construction
b) Parallelogram Law
 RESULTANT OF FORCES: ANALYTICAL

Trigonometric:

• Procedure for analysis: Redraw a half portion of the parallelogram to illustrate the
triangular components.
• The magnitude of the resultant forces can be determined by law of sines and
cosines:

 B 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Law of Sine : = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽 =
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛾

A
 Law of cosine : 𝐶2 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 − 2𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾

C
Resolution of vectors:

Pythagorean Theorem Formula:

j
• Resolve vector FR into components using x and y
axis system.
• Can use the unit vectors i and j to designate the x
and y axes
FR
Fy
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝑥2 + 𝐹𝑦2


𝐹𝑌
X  = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐹𝑋
Fx i
Example 1:

Figure shows an initial design sketch of part of the roof of a sports stadium to be supported by
the cables AB and AC. The forces the cables exert on the pylon to which they are attached are
represented by the vectors FAB and FAC.

The magnitude of the forces are |FAB| = 100 kN and |FAC| = 60 kN. Determine the magnitude and
direction of the sum of the forces exerted on the pylon by the cables (a) graphically and (b) using
trigonometry.
Solution:

(a) Graphically construct the parallelogram rule with FAB and FAC proportional to their
magnitudes:

By measuring the figure, we estimate the magnitude of the vector FAB + FAC to be 160 kN
and its direction to be 19° above the horizontal.
Solution:

(b) Consider the parallelogram rule:

Since α = 180° − 30 ° = 150°

Applying law of cosine to the triangle:

Magnitude |FAB + FAC| = 154.9 kN

To determine the angle β between FAB + FAC and the horizontal, apply law of sines to
shaded triangle:

Find the solution by using LAW of SINE (Ans. 18.80):

Example 2:
Determine the horizontal and vertical components of P
Example 3:
The ring shown in figure is subjected to two forces, Fl and F2. If it is required that the resultant
force have a magnitude of 1 kN and be directed vertically downward, determine the magnitudes
of Fl and F2, provided θ = 30°.


200
Solution:

Vector addition sketch according to the parallelogram law:

Using the law of sines:

F1 = 635 N

F2 = 446 N
Exercise:
Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.
Example 4:

Determine the resultant of forces

that acts on bolt A.

Solution:
• Trigonometric solution - law of cosines,
Law of sines,
 There are four concurrent cable forces acting on the bracket.
How do you determine the resultant force acting on the bracket ?
 Resultant of forces (component method)

⮚A single force can be broken up into two separated forces

Fy
F

Fx

⮚To add vectors analytically using the method components, one

should be proceed according to the step
• Resolve each vector into a horizontal and vertical component
• Add the vertical components, Ry=∑Fy
• Add the horizontal components, Rx = ∑Fx
• Combine the horizontal and vertical components to obtain a single resultant vector.
Exercise:
Resolve the 200Ib force into components in the

(a) x and y directions

(b) x’ and y directions

300

X’
Exercise:

Determine the x and y components of F1 and F2

Example 5:
Three concurrent forces are acting on a bracket. Find the magnitude and angle of
the resultant force by resolving the forces.

Solution:

F1 = { 15 sin 40° i + 15 cos 40° j } kN

= { 9.642 i + 11.49 j } kN

F2 = { -(12/13)26 i + (5/13)26 j } kN
= { -24 i + 10 j } kN

F3 = { 36 cos 30° i – 36 sin 30° j } kN

= { 31.18 i – 18 j } kN
I = x axis, j = y axis
Summing up all the i and j components respectively, we get,
FR = { (9.642 – 24 + 31.18) i + (11.49 + 10 – 18) j } kN
= { 16.82 i + 3.49 j } kN

FR = ((16.82)2 + (3.49)2)1/2 = 17.2 kN

φ = tan-1(3.49/16.82) = 11.7°
RESULTANT FORCE IN 3 DIMENSION
+y

-Z

-X +X

+Z
-y
 y
6N
R

x
3N 4N
z R1

R = 7.81 N, coordinates (4,6,3)

 VECTOR EQUATION

• Or known as Cartesian vector

• Used right hand coordinate system
EXAMPLE 6:

Express the force F shown in figure as a Cartesian vector

• Since only two coordinate direction angles are specified, the

third angle α must be determined using equation

Hence, two possibilities exist, namely,

α = cos-1(0.5) = 60o or α = cos-1(0.5) = 120o
• By inspection, it is necessary that α = 60o, since Fx must be in the +x
direction, with F = 200 N, we have

F = F cos αi + F cos βj + F cos γk

F = (200 cos 60oN)i + ( 200 cos 60o N)j + ( 200 cos 45o)k
F = {100.0i + 100.0j + 141.4k} N

• Show that indeed the magnitude of F = 200N

 EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE
• The term “particle” used in statics to describe a body when;
• the size and shape of the body will not significantly affect the
solution of the problem being considered.
• the mass of the body can be assumed to be concentrated at a
point.
• A particle can be subjected only to a system of concurrent forces
and that the necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium
can be expressed mathematically as

R = ΣF = 0

where ΣF is the vector sum of all forces acting on the particle.

 APPLICATIONS
For a spool of given weight, what are For a given cable strength, what is the
the forces in cables AB and AC ? maximum weight that can be lifted ?
Procedure for Drawing a Free-Body Diagram:
• Draw Outlined Shape: Imagine the particle to be isolated or cut "free" from its
surroundings by drawing its outlined shape.

• Show all Forces: Indicate on this sketch all the forces that act on the particle. These forces
can be active forces, which tend to set the particle in motion, or they can be reactive forces
which are the result of the constraints or supports that tend to prevent motion. To account
for all these forces, it may help to trace around the particle's boundary, carefully noting
each force acting on it.

• Identify Each Force: The forces that are known should be labeled with their proper
magnitudes and directions. Letters are used to represent the magnitudes and directions of
forces that are unknown.
 EQUILIBRIUM OF PARTICLE IN 2-D
This is an example of a 2-D or coplanar force system. If the whole assembly is in
equilibrium, then particle A is also in equilibrium.
To determine the tensions in the cables for a given weight of the engine, we need to
learn how to draw a free body diagram and apply equations of equilibrium.
 WHAT, WHY AND HOW OF A FREE BODY DIAGRAM (FBD)
Free Body Diagrams are one of the most important things for you to know how to draw
and use.

What ? - It is a drawing that shows all

external forces acting on the particle.

Why ? - It helps you write the equations of

equilibrium used to solve for the unknowns
(usually forces or angles).
How ?
1. Imagine the particle to be isolated or cut free from its surroundings.

2. Show all the forces that act on the particle.

Active forces: They want to move the particle.

Reactive forces: They tend to resist the motion.

3. Identify each force and show all known magnitudes and directions. Show all unknown
magnitudes and / or directions as variables .

Engine mass = 250 Kg FBD at A

 Since particle A is in equilibrium, the net force at A is zero.
So FAB + FAD + FAC = 0
or Σ F = 0

In general, for a particle in equilibrium, Σ F = 0 or

ΣFx i + ΣFy j = 0 = 0 i + 0 j (A vector equation)

Or, written in a scalar form,

ΣFx = 0 and Σ Fy = 0
These are two scalar equations of equilibrium (EofE). They can be used to solve for
up to two unknowns.
 EXAMPLE

Engine mass = 250 Kg FBD at A

Write the scalar EofE:

+ → Σ Fx = TB cos 30º – TD = 0
+ ↑ ΣFy = TB sin 30º – 2.452 kN = 0

Solving the second equation gives: TB = 4.90 kN

From the first equation, we get: TD = 4.25 kN
• Two-Dimensional Problems
R = Rx + Ry = Rn + Rt = 0
= Rxi + Ryj = Rnen + Rtet = 0
= ΣFxi + ΣFyj = ΣFnen + ΣFtet = 0

Satisfy only if
Rx = Rxi = ΣFxi = 0
Ry = Ryj = ΣFyj = 0
Rn = Rnen = ΣFnen = 0
Rt = Rtet = ΣFtet = 0
EXAMPLE 7:
A free-body diagram of a particle subjected to the action of four forces is shown in Figure.
Determine the magnitudes of forces Fl and F2 so that the particle is in equilibrium
+→ ΣFx = F1x + F2x + F3x + F4x = 0
= F1 cos 60° + F2 cos 30° - 40 cos 56° - 10 cos 15° = 0
= 0.5 F1 + 0.866 F2 – 22.37 – 9.659 = 0
From which
F1 + 1.732 F2 = 64.06 (a)
+↑ ΣFy = F1y + F2y + F3y + F4y = 0
= F1 sin 60° + F2 sin 30° - 40 sin 56° + 10 sin 15° = 0
= 0.8660 F1 + 0.5 F2 – 33.16 + 2.588 = 0
From which
F1 + 0.5774 F2 = 35.30 (b)

Solving Eqs (a) and (b) simultaneously yields

F1 = 20.9 kip
F2 = 24.9 kip
EXAMPLE 8:

Given: The car is towed at constant

speed by the 600 N force and
the angle θ is 25°.

Find: The forces in the ropes AB and

AC.

Plan:

1. Draw a FBD for point A.

2. Apply the EofE to solve for the forces in ropes AB and AC.
 600 N

FBD at point A
A
25° 30°

FAB FAC

Applying the scalar EofE at A, we get;

+ → ∑Fx = FAC cos 30° – FAB cos 25° = 0
+ → ∑Fy = -FAC sin 30° – FAB sin 25° + 600 = 0

Solving the above equations, we get;

FAB = 634 N
FAC = 664 N
 EQUILIBRIUM OF PARTICLE IN 3-D
Three-Dimensional Problems
R = ΣF = 0
= Rx + R y + Rz = 0
= Rxi + Ryj + Rzk = 0
= ΣFxi + ΣFyj + ΣFzk = 0

satisfied only if
Rx = Rxi = ΣFxi = 0
Ry = Ryj = ΣFyj = 0
Rz = Rzk = ΣFzk = 0
EXAMPLE 9:

• A 90-lb load is suspended from the hook as shown in

figure. The load is supported by two cables and a spring
having a stiffness k = 500 lb/ft. Determine the force in
the cables and the stretch of the spring for equilibrium.
Cable AD lies in the x-y plane and cable AC lies in the x-z
plane.
Free Body Diagram
• Equation of equilibrium
ΣFx = 0 FD sin 30° - (4/5)FC = 0 (a)
ΣFy = 0 -FD cos 30° + FB = 0 (b)
ΣFz = 0 (3/5) FC – 90 lb = 0 (c)

• Solving Eq. (c) for FC, then Eq (a) for FD, and finally Eq. (b)
for FB, yields,
• FC = 150 lb Ans
• FD = 240 lb Ans
• FB = 208 lb Ans
• The stretch of spring is therefore:
FB = ksAB
208 lb = 500 lb/ft (sAB)
sAB = 0.416 ft Ans

Note:
1ft = 304.8mm
Thus, 0.416 ft x 304.8 mm = 126.8mm
1 ft
THE END