ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY

(BNJ 10903)

CHAPTER 4
ENERGY STORAGE ELEMENTS
Ts Dr Amirul Syafiq bin Sadun
01116602509
[email protected]
Jabatan Teknologi Kejuruteraan Elektrik
Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
CHAPTER 4
ENERGY STORAGE ELEMENTS

1. Capacitors
2. Energy Storage in Capacitors
3. Series and Parallel Capacitors
4. Inductors
5. Series and Parallel Inductors
 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
• Express the equations for voltage, current, power and energy in a
capacitor and inductor
• Determine the total capacitance either in series or parallel connection
• Determine the total inductance either in series or parallel connection
• Explain how capacitor behaves in the present of constant voltage
• Explain how inductor behaves in the present of constant current
 CAPACITOR
• A capacitor is a passive electrical device that can store
electrical charge thereby creating an electric field which
in turn stores energy.
• Two types C
1. Fixed capacitors, e.g.
i. Mica capacitor
ii. Ceramic capacitor Symbol
iii. Electrolytic capacitor
2. Variable capacitors e.g. trimmer (for fine adjustment) and varactor
CAPACITOR
 TYPES OF CAPACITORS

Small capacitors used in electronic equipment Capacitors used for power factor correction
on electrical power system
CAPACITOR: Basic Construction
• An electrical device constructed
of 2 parallel conductive plates
separated by an insulating
material called the dielectric.
• This means that electric charge is
not transported through the
capacitor
CAPACITOR: How a Capacitor Stores Charges
Neutral (uncharged) capacitor (same charge on When connected to a voltage source, electrons flow
the both plates) from plate A to plate B as the capacitor charges
 CAPACITOR: How a Capacitor Stores Charges (cont.)
After the capacitor charges to Vs, no Ideally, the capacitor retains
electrons flow. charge when disconnected from
the voltage source

A charged
capacitor can act
as a battery

The amount of charge stored in the capacitor is

proportional to the applied voltage i.e. Q = CV
 CAPACITANCE
• Capacitance is a measure of a capacitor’s ability to store charge.
• Unit : Farad, i.e. F
CAPACITOR: Current expression
• When a voltage is applied to the terminals of capacitor, the displacement of
charge will take place and it varies with time, causing what is known as
displacement current.
• Displacement current is proportional to the rate at which the voltage varies with
time.

This equation reflects the passive sign convention, i.e. current

reference is in the direction of the voltage drop across the capacitor.
CAPACITOR: Voltage expression
• From displacement current equation, we get the voltage
equation as:

The initial voltage implies that the capacitor has memory.

In many practical applications, initial time, t0 is defined as 0s.
CAPACITOR: Power and Energy Expressions

Power

Energy stored in a capacitor

(derived from power equation)
Example 4.01
a. Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF capacitor with 20V across it.

b. Find the energy stored in the capacitor.

Solution 4.01
Example 4.02
Solution 4.02
Example 4.03
The voltage across a 4-wF capacitor is
shown in Fig. Find the current waveform.
Solution 4.03 1
2

3
Solution 4.03 m1
m2

m3

How to calculate C1 & C2

ANSWER
Example 4.04
Solution 4.04
Solution 4.04 (cont.)
Given
CLASS ACTIVITY WEEK 8 : Practice Problem
1. Determine the amount of charge stored on either plate of a
capacitor (4x10-6F) when connected across a 12 volt battery.
2. If the plate separation for a capacitor is 2.0x10-3m, determine
the area of the plates if the capacitance is exactly 1F.
3. A parallel plate capacitor is constructed of metal plates, each
with an area of 0.2m2. The capacitance is 7.9nF. Determine the
plate separation distance.
4. Calculate the voltage of a battery connected to a parallel plate
capacitor with a plate area of 2.0cm2 and a plate separation of
2mm if the charge stored on the plates is 4.0pC.
Upload your answer to :
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Z1HddFG7Sa7riZ39UKoReCvXl_sVQle3?usp=share_link
END OF CHAPTER 4 PART 1
 PARALLEL CAPACITORS
Parallel connection of Cs Equivalent circuit
 SERIES CAPACITORS
Parallel connection of Cs Equivalent circuit
Exercise 02
Exercise 03
Exercise 04
 INDUCTOR
• An inductor is a passive electrical component designed to store energy in its
magnetic field.
• Use in electronics and power systems, for e.g. power supplies, transformers,
radios, televisions and radio motors.
• Both fixed and variables inductors are classified according to the core materials. 3
main ones are:
i. Air core
ii. Iron core
iii. Ferrite core
INDUCTOR: Basic Construction
• Any conductor that exhibits the property of inductance may be
regarded as an inductor.
• To enhance the inductive effect, a practical inductor is usually formed
into a cylindrical coil with many turns of conducting wires as shown
here.

Inductance (unit: Henry) is a measure of the ability to store energy in the form a magnetic field. Or
you may describe it as the property whereby an inductor exhibits opposition to the change of current
flowing through it.
 INDUCTANCE
• Current through the coil (inductor) produces an electromagnetic field – by means
of electromagnetic induction.
• When the current changes, the electromagnetic field also changes.
INDUCTOR: Voltage
• The changing electromagnetic field causes an induced voltage across the coil in a
direction oppose the change of current.
• The induced voltage is proportional to the rate at which the current varies with
time.
INDUCTOR: Voltage Expression
Two key points observe from the induced voltage expression
are:
i. Current in an inductance cannot change instantaneously.
ii. Only a time varying current would produce an induced
voltage. If the current is constant, the voltage would be
zero.

INDUCTOR BEHAVES AS A SHORT-CIRCUIT IN THE PRESENCE

OF A CONSTANT CURRENT, i.e. DC CURRENT.
INDUCTOR: Current Expression
From an induced voltage equation, we get the current equation as:
INDUCTOR: Power & Energy Expression
Current responses in a typical RL circuit
Example 4.06
Solution 4.06
Exercise 05
 SERIES INDUCTORS
Series connection of Ls Equivalent circuit
 PARALLEL INDUCTORS
Parallel connection of Ls Equivalent circuit
Exercise 06
Exercise 07
 MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
• So far, we have seen the effect of self inductance property.
• What about the e.m.f is induced in the circuit by a flux change due to current changing in an adjacent circuit?
• We called this property as mutual inductance.
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE is the ability of one inductor to induce a voltage across a
neighboring inductor, measured in henrys (H).

The open-circuit mutual voltage across coil 2 The open-circuit mutual voltage across coil 1
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE (cont.)
 How to determine the dot marking?
1. Method 1
When physical arrangement of the two coils is known
(make use of Right-HandRule)
2. Method 2
By means of the experiment in the laboratory (use
voltmeter to determine the terminals’ polarity)
 Setting The Reference Polarity
(Dot Convention)
• If a current enters the dotted terminal of one coil, the reference
polarity of the mutual voltage in the second coil is positive at the
dotted terminal of the second coil.
Alternatively;
• If a current leaves the dotted terminal of one coil, the reference
polarity of the mutual voltage in the second coil is negative at the
dotted terminal of the second coil.

Source: Alexander C.K. & Sadiku M.N.O., Fundamentals of Electric Circuits (4th edition), McGraw-Hill
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE (cont.)
Normally, we use KVL to analyse the circuit. For example:
Important Characteristics Of The Basic Elements
 DC Steady State
Review
• A capacitor acts like an open circuit to DC
• An inductor acts like a short circuit to DC.

The steps to finding the steady state solution.

i. Replace capacitances with open circuits.
ii. Replace inductances with short circuits.
iii.Solve the remaining circuit.
Example 4.07
Solution 4.07
a. Under DC conditions, we replace the capacitor with an open circuit and the
inductor with a short circuit. Then
Solution 4.07 (cont.)
 References
• Alexander Sadiku, Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill,
2009
• Richard C. Dorf and James A. Svoboda, Introduction to Electric Circuits, 3rd
edition, John Wiley, 1996
• Thomas L. Floyd and David M. Buchla, Electric Circuits Fundamentals, 8th edition,
Pearson, 2010
• James W. Nilsson & Susan A. Riedel, Electric Circuits, 9th edition, Pearson-Prentice
Hall, 2011