Delta Computer Institute, Birendranagar-6, surkhet.

9858077977 upendra malla

Chapter 2: Operating System

***Operating System:
 An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the
computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.
 An Operating System (OS) is software that acts as an interface between computer
hardware components and the user.
 The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which user can
execute other application programs in a convenient and efficient manner.
 The kernel is the central component of computer operating systems.
 OS also called heart of computer system.
 Without operating system computer cannot work or run.
 Some examples of operating system are MS-DOS, Windows 3.1, Windows 95,
Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10, Windows ME,
Windows XP, UNIX and Linux etc.
****History Of OS
 Operating systems were first developed in the late 1950s to manage tape storage
 The General Motors Research Lab implemented the first OS in the early 1950s for their
IBM 701
 In the mid-1960s, operating systems started to use disks
 In the late 1960s, the first version of the Unix OS was developed
 The first OS built by Microsoft was DOS. It was built in 1981 by purchasing the 86-DOS
software from a Seattle company
 The present-day popular OS Windows first came to existence in 1985 when a GUI was
created and paired with MS-DOS.

***Functions of an Operating System.

 IO Management
 Data Management
 Process Management
 File Management
 Security Management
 User Interface
 Controlling Resources
 Program Execution
 Virtual Storage
 Time Sharing
 Command Interpreter
 Error Detection
 Resource Allocation

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***Types of Operating System:

a. Based On Interface:
i. CUI(Command or Character User Interface):
 CUI( Command or Character User Interface) is a traditional user
interface.
 CUI requires the user to interact with operating system in the form of
text keyed in from the keyboard.
 MS DOS is the example of CUI based operating system.
ii. GUI(Graphical User Interface):
 The lead the development of graphical user interface where users can
interact with the computer using picture or icon rather than character
and commands.
 It displays the icon, buttons, dialog box etc.
 Popular GUI is MS Windows.
b. Based on Operation:
i. Single Task Operating system:
 Single tasking operating system is a type of operating system which can
execute only a single task at a time.
 MS DOS is a single tasking OS.

ii. Multi Task Operating system:

 Multitasking operating system supports execution of more than one job
at a time on a computer.
 EX: Window 2000, UNIX, Linux, Windows NT, Windows 8 etc

c. Based on User:
i. Single user Operating system:
 Single user operating system is a type of operating system designed for
use by single user at a time.
 Ex: MS DOS
ii. Multi user Operating System:
 Multi user operating system is a type of operating system which allows
many users to simultaneously use a single computer.

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 Multiuser OS is also called time-sharing.

 Ex: Windows 2000 server.

d. Some other types of OS:

i. Real time Operating System:
 Real time operating system is a multitasking operating system that aims
at executing real-time applications.
 Responds to input instantly.
 Windows CE, OS-9, Symbian and Lynx OS are some of the commonly
known real-time operating systems.

ii. Multithreading Operating System:

 Multithreading operating system is a type of OS which allows different
parts of the single program to run concurrently.

iii. Multiprogramming Operating System:

 Multiprogramming system allows multiple processes to reside in main
memory where only one program is running.
 The running program keeps executing until it blocks for IO and the next
program in line takes the turn for execution.

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iv. Multiprocessing Operating System:

 Multiprocessing is the ability of an operating system to execute more
than one process simultaneously on a multi processor machine.
 In this, a computer uses more than one CPU at a time.

v. Batch Processing Operating System:

 Batch processing is a technique in which an Operating System collects
the programs and data together in a batch before processing starts.
 Some computer processes are very lengthy and time-consuming. To
speed the same process, a job with a similar type of needs are batched
together and run as a group.

vi. Distributed Operating System:

 An operating system that manages a group of independent computers
and makes them appear to be a single computer is known as a
distributed operating system.
 Distributed systems use many processors located in different machines
to provide very fast computation to its users.

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vii. Embedded OS:

 An operating system that is designed to operate on small machine like
PDA with limited number of resources.
 They are very compact and extremely efficient .Eg: windows CE and
Minix 3, Android OS.

viii. Network Operating system(NOS):

 Network operating system runs on a server.
 It provides the capability to serve to manage data, user, groups, security,
application and other networking functions.

***Some Examples of Most popular Operating system:

AmigaOS Android CP/M MS-DOS Linux Unix

OS
Windows 95 IBM OS/2 Windows CE Windows 98 Windows Windows XP
Wrap CE ME
Windows Windows Windows 3.x Windows 98 Windows NT Windows
Vista 7 2000
Windows Solaris Netware QNX MAC OS Fedora
2000 server
Windows 8 Windows
10

***MS DOS(Microsoft Disk Operating System)

 MS-DOS is one of the oldest and widely used operating system. DOS is a set of computer
programs, the major functions of which are file management, allocation of system
resources, providing essential features to control hardware devices.
 It is a Command User Interface. All commands and correct syntax has to keep in mind
and all are in text form
 It is single user and single tasking operating system.
 MS DOS was developed by Microsoft in 1981 AD.

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*File:
 File is the collection of related information.
 A file is a collection of data stored in one unit, identified by a filename. It can be a
document, picture, audio or video stream, data library, application, or other collection
of data.
 Types of File:
 Data File: It is the collection of data that is used by computer program.
 Program File: It is the collection of instruction that performs specific operation in
the computer.
 Information File: It is the collection of information that has been produced by
computer, It is also called output.
 System File : It is the special program files that are used to initiate or start the
system. The DOS system files are:
 MSDOS.SYS: It controls & Provide OS interface.
 COMMAND.COM: It interprets the user command.
 IO.SYS: It controls the input /output units.

*File Name:
 The identification of file is called file name that can be used to access information, data
or instruction in a computer.
 All of the information is stored under a unique file name.
 File names are divided into two parts:
a. Primary File Name:
 It is the compulsory and must be defined.
 It contains 1 to 8 characters(255 characters in windows)
b. Secondary Name/ File Extension:
 It is an optional in DOS. The extension automatically supplied by
programs.
 Up to 3 characters.

*Rules for writing the file name:

a. Valid Characters for File Name:
 Characters a to z and number 0 to 9 can be used for file name.
 Punctuation marks: @(at symbol), #(Hash- Number Symbol), $(Dollar Sign),
%(percent symbol), ^(Caret), _(underscore) and & (Ampersand) can be used for
the file name.

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b. Invalid Characters for File Name:

 The file name does not use some symbols that are only used for specific
operation such as >,<,|,*,?(wildcard characters)
 Invalid Extension:
 Some extensions that are not used by a user because they are in machine
language and generated by software such as .exe, .com, .sys etc.
***Directory:
 It is the space(room) of disk (Secondary memory) which is used to organize the files
and other subdirectories.
 It is the file container of file cabinet that makes document secrete and separate.

*** Wild Card Characters:

 Wild cards are special characters which represent other characters.
 ? Represents only one character.
 * display one or more characters.
 To display files and folder starting with letter 'a'
C:\>DIR a*.*
 To display files starting with 'p' and having only 3 characters
C:\>DIR P??.*
 To display all files with extension txt:
C:\>DIR*.txt

**DOS COMMANDS:
 A command is a set of instructions used to perform a specific task.
 There are two kinds of DOS commands. They are:
a. Internal commands:
 Internal commands are built-in the command.com
 Internal commands are memory resident.
 Internal commands are primary commands and available in RAM.
 Internal commands execute immediate because they are built in for DOS.
 Therefore, when DOS is loaded, these commands are ready to be executed.
 Some internal commands are as follows:
DATE TIME DIR CLS DEL or EXIT COPY
ERASE
COPY CON REN MD CD RD PROMPT VOL
TYPE VER PATH BREAK ECHO PAUSE VERIFY
SET START COLOR MKDIR RD CHDIR MOVE
VOL RMDIR

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b. External Commands:
 External commands are stored on directory of disk having the extension .exe
or .com.
 External commands are disk resident and are on the disk as a program files.
 Commands available on disks are called external command.
 The disk drive must read the content of each file before execution.
 There are many external commands or files:
CHKDSK DISKCOPY FORMAT LABEL SYS TREE
ATTRIB DEL TREE PRINT MORE SCANDISK DISKCOMP
MEM XCOPY BACKUP CHOICE DEBUG DEFRAG
EDIT EDLIN EXTRACT FIND FORMAT HELP
MODE MORE MOVE RESTORE RECOVER SORT
SHARE START SETVER UNFORMAT UNERASE SUBST
FC MSD DOSKEY FDISK REPLACE
***Internal Commands:
A. DATE:
 This command displays system date and lets user to modify it.
 Syntax: DATE
 EX: C:\>Date
B. TIME:
 This command displays system time and lets user to modify it.
 Syntax: Time
 Ex: C:\>Time
C. CLS:
 This command clears the screen.
 Syntax: CLS
 Ex: C:\>CLS
D. DIR:
 This command displays a list of files and directories in different order.
 Syntax: Dir(Options)
 DIR : Displays all files and directories at a time.
 DIR/P : Displays all files and directories page by page
 DIR/W : Displays all files and directories in wide form in five columns
 DIR/S : Displays files in specified directory and all subdirectories.
 DIR/A : Displays file with specified attributes:
 DIR/AD : Displays directories only.

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 DIR/A-D : Displays files only.

 DIR/AR : Display read only files.
 DIR/AH : Display hidden files.
 DIR/AA : Display files ready for archiving
 DIR/AS : Display System File.
 DIR/O : List files in order:
 DIR/ON : Displays all files and directories in ascending order.
 DIR/OS : Displays all files and directories with size.
 DIR/OG : Displays group directories first.
 DIR/OD : Displays all files and directories with date of modification.
 DIR/B : Displays in bare or blank format without file details.
 DIR/L : Display list in lowercase.
E. PROMPT:
 This command changes the MS-DOS command prompt.
 Syntax: Prompt(Prompt options)
 Ex: C:\>prompt(any text)
 Options:
 $d: current date
 $t: Current time
 $q: Equal sign
 $$: Dollar sign
 $p: current drive and path
 $v: MS-DOS version number
 $g: greater than sign
 $l: less than sign
 $p$g: original prompt
F. COPY:
 This command allow user to copy one or more files from one location to another
or at the same location by using different name.
 Syntax: Copy[source path\filename] [Destination path\filename]
 Example: C:\> COPY C:\itsolutionnepal\operatingsystem.txt D:\desktop.txt
G. COPY CON:
 This command allows user to create a text file.
 Syntax: copy con<file name>
 Ex: C:\>COPY CON ITsolutionnepal.txt
 [press 'ctrl+z' or 'f6' to save]
 [Note: maximum character in a line is 127]

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H. TYPE:
 This command displays the contents of previous making text files.
 Syntax: Type <file name>
I. REN:
 This command allows user to change the name of the existing text file by new
name.
 Syntax: Ren <old file name> <New file name>
 Ex: C:\> Ren Nepal operator
J. DEL or ERASE:
 This command allows user to delete or erase the existing files.
 Syntax: DEL or ERASE <file name>
 Ex:C:\>DEL or ERASE Nepal
K. MD(make directory):
 This command is used to create a directory.
 Syntax: MD<Directory Name>
 EX: C:\> MD Nepal
L. CD(Change Directory):
 This command is used to change (enter) into the directory.
 Syntax: CD(Directory Name)
 Ex: C:\>CD Nepal
 Note: use CD. or CD/ to close the existing (all) directories and return into the
main drive.
M. RD( Remove Directory):
 This command is used delete or removes the existing directory (Empty only).
 Syntax: RD<Directory Name>
 Ex: C:\>RD Nepal
N. Exit:
 This command is used to exit from DOS into the windows mode. It works only if
DOS is loaded from windows mode.
 Syntax: Exit
 EX: C:\> Exit
O. VOL:
 This command displays the volume label and serial number (if exists) of the disk
drive.
 Syntax: vol <Drive name>
 Ex : C:\>VOL C: 

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P. VER:
 This command displays the MD-DOS version currently in use.
 Syntax: Ver
 Ex: C:\> ver

Q. Path:
 It creates links(path) with different directories which associated with computer
programs that is used run linked program anywhere without accessing it
permanent location.
 Syntax: Path=……….
 Ex: C:\>Path=C:\Typeshala

***External Commands:
A. MOVE:
 This command allows user to move the files from one location to another.
 This command is also used to rename the directory.
 Syntax: Move <Sources> <Destination>
 Ex: C:\> Move C:\MYDOC\*.DOC A:
B. XCOPY:
 This command is used to copy files and subdirectories from one location to
another.
 Syntax: XCOPY<Source Files> < Destination>
 EX: C:\>XCOPY C:\MYDOCU\*.*/s A:
 where Options:
/s: Copies directories and sub-directories except empty ones.
/e: Copies all directories and sub—directories.
C. SYS:
 This command is used to transfer system files.
 Syntax: Sys<Source Drive> <Destination Drive>
 Ex: C:\> Sys A 
A:\>SYS A:C

D. LABEL:
 The command displays the disk drive volume label. It also allows changing the
volume label of the disk drive.
 Syntax: LABEL DRIVE:
 Ex: C:\> LABEL A: 

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E. FORMAT:
 This command is used to prepare a disk for use with DOS.
 After formatting a disk, sectors and tracks are created into a new disk.
 It removes all contents of the disk and creates new sectors and tracks.
 Syntax: FORMAT [DRIVE:] [/s][/q]
 Ex: C:\>FORMAT A: 
 Options:
/q: perform a quick format
/s: copies the system files on the formatted disk.
F. ATTRIB:
 This command allows user to change the attributes of files.
 Attribute Function
+H Hide
-H Unhide (make hidden file visible)
+R Read-only ( File cannot be overwritten or erase)
+S System files (Specify file as a DOS system file)
-S Non-System( Removes DOS system file system)
G. More:
 This command is used to display the output page by page instead of continuous
scrolling.
 Syntax: <command> More
 Ex: C:\>Dir/more
H. Mem:
 This command displays the memory status of computer system.
 Syntax: Mem
 Ex: C:\>Mem
I. Tree:
 This command displays the directory structure of a drive or path. You can use a
switch to display all the file of each sub directory.
 Syntax: Tree <driv:> <path>
 Ex: C:\>TREE
J. CHKDSK:
 This command checks the drives( including directories, subdirectories and files)
for errors and provides a disk and memory status report.
 Syntax: CHKDSK Drive:
 Ex: C:\>CHKDSK/F/V
 Option:
/F: Check and fixed errors on the disk

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/V: Provides report

K. Scandisk:
 This command is used to check and repair a disk.
 Syntax: Scandisk [Drive]:
 Ex: C:\>Scandisk
L. Edit:
 This command is used to edit the existing text files.
 you can also make a new file by using this command.
 Syntax: EDIT [filename]
 Ex: C:\> EDIT Nepal.txt
M. DOSKEY:
 This command records all DOS commands into the memory that you have
previously used in DOS prompt.
 This command also allows editing DOS commands.
 Syntax: DOSKEY [new DOS command=DOS command]
 Ex: C:\>DOSKEY
 C:\>DOSKEY PCI=DIR
Now to display files you can use PCI instead of DIR.
N. Disk copy:
 This command is used to make a duplicate copy of floppy disk.
 You must have a disk with the same capacity as that of the first, which is to be
duplicated.
 Syntax: Diskcopy <Drive1:> < Drive2:>
 Ex: Diskcopy A:A: 
O. Diskcomp:
 DISKCOMP command is used to check that two diskettes are Exact copies of each
other.
 It is usually used immediately after using DISKCOPY command to ensure that
both copies are the same.
 It is not used to compare two disks of different capacity.
 Syntax: Diskcomp <Drive 1> <Drive 2>
 Ex: C:\>Diskcomp A:A: 
P. PRINT:
 This command is used to send the contents of file to the printer for printout.
 Syntax: PRINT<File Name>
 Ex: C:\>Print Nepal

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Q. FIND:
 This command searches for a specific text string in a file or files.
 Syntax: FIND[/v][/c][/n] "string" [drive\filename]
 Ex: C:\>FIND "computer" smart.txt
 Options:
/v: Displaying all lines not containing the specified string.
/C: Displaying only the number count of lines containing the text string .
/N: Displaying line numbers with the displayed lines .
***Some Important Files:
a) Batch File:
 A Batch file is small program file containing the list of DOS commands.
 A file containing a series of DOS commands executed one after other as their
sequence.
 The batch file should have .bat extension because the .bat extension is one of the
executable (Program) file's extensions.
 The special batch file is Autoexec.bat or startup file and it is a self execute file.
b) Himem.sys:
 It is the MSDOS device driver that configured extended memory and High
Memory Area (HMA).
c) EMS(Extended Memory Specification):
 A set of standards and an operating environment that enables all the programs
to access extended memory.
 XMS requires a utility program known as an extended memory manager such as
himem.sys.
d) EMM386.exe:
 The EMM386.exe is required for DOS running in a computer with 80386 or
higher processor and extended memory, an expanded memory emulator that
enables DOS applications to the extended memory.
***Booting:
 The process of loading system files (IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, COMMAND.COM) into
main memory from bootable disk.
 There are two types of booting:
i. Cold Booting:
 Booting by turn on computer.
ii. Warm Booting:
 Pressing reset/restart button while the computer is in ON state
or press ALT+CTRL+DEL

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***System tools:
a. Scandisk:
 Logically fix the error.
 It carries out the lost cluster and to rectify error on disk.
 Best tool for fixing the error.
b. Disk cleanup:
 Remove the temporary files and cleanup unwanted unnecessary files.
c. Disk Defragmenter:
 A utility that can be used to minimize the number of fragmented files and
enhanced the speed.
 It optimizes the disk performance and reduces the fragments by organizing
blocks.
d. Drive space/ DBL space:
 It effectively increases the disk drive's capacity.
 It creates more space.
 It is also called disk compression tools.
e. Backup and Restore:
 It is used to save an extra copy of file.
 The backup data can be restored when it is needed for use
f. Format:
 It is used to prepare a blank disk and create a new blank disk from a used one.
g. System Checker:
 It keeps track of critical files that make your computer run.
 If these are moved or changed, system file check restores them.
h. Registry Checker :
 It is a system- maintenance program that finds and fixes registry problems.
I. Task Scheduler:
 It is a system tools(utility) that is used to schedule any program to run at specific
times such as disk cleanup, virus checking etc.

J. Character Map:

 It is a character or symbol generator that is used to add symbol which is not

present on a keyboard.

k. System Information:
 It is a system tool which shows the information regarding the system such as the
installed applications, drivers, the processor and computer resources.
 It can be used to quickly find the data they need to resolve your system problem.

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*** Some Extensions and their Meanings:

Extension File Type Purpose/ Application

.exe Program/ application file Executable Files
.com Programs file Command files
.sys System Files To define and configure
options.
.bat Batch file A text file that can be run to
execute a series of commands
or launch programs
.txt Text files Plain data
.doc/.docx Document file Word processing file
.drv Driver file Software that configure a
hardware.
.bak Backup Files

*** File and its properties:

a. Read Only:
 Determines whether a file can be modified, deleted or moved.
b. Hidden:
 Determined whether a file can be viewed through the windows explorer.
 If hidden properties are correct, we cannot view the name of file or folder.
c. System:
 It is used by the operating system and some application that are crucial for the
execution of the application or loading the OS.
d. Archive:
 Determines whether a file would be backed up.
 Some tools for backing up data use this attribute to back up files.

***Program Files/ Executable File:

 .exe
 .com
 .sys
 .bat

*** File Compression Tools:

 Backup
 WinZip
 Winrar

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***Types of disk:

 System disk or bootable disk or startup disk

*** Windows Operating System:

 Windows is a GUI(Graphical User Interface) based operating system produced by

Microsoft Corporation.
 Microsoft windows is a 16,32, 64 bit operating system that takes full advantages
of the processing capabilities of Intel and Pentium processors.
 Microsoft released Windows 1.0 on November 20, 1985, as the first version of
the Microsoft Windows line.
 The various facilities included by windows are as follows:
 Multimedia (CD players, Windows Multimedia)
 Web Browser and Email Program.
 Applications(notepad, Word pad, paint brush etc)
 System Tools ( Scandisk, compress, Backup etc)
 Faster, more responsive performance.
 Betterment for portable computers.

*** Some Windows Operating System:

Windows Version Year File System
Windows 1.0(16 bit) 1985
Windows 3.0(16 bit) 1987 ---
Windows 3.1 (64 bit) 1992 ----
Windows 3.11 (16/32 bit) 1992 -----
Windows 95 (32 bit) 1995 FAT 16,32
Windows 98 (32 bit) 1998 FAT 32
Windows NT (32 bit) Sever 1997 NTFS
Windows 2000 Prof, (32 bit) 2000 NTFS
Windows 2000 server (32 bit) 2000 NTFS
Windows ME (Millennium 32 bit) 2001 FAT 32
Windows XP(Extended Platform 32/64 bit) 2002 NTFS
Windows Vista (32/64 bit) 2008 NTFS
Windows Server (32/64 bit) 2008 NTFS
Windows 7 2009 NTFS
Windows 8 2013 NTFS
Windows 10 2015 NTFS

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***Windows Desktop:
a. Desktop:
 The windows desktop contains applications, folder and file icons, the taskbar and
the system tray.
b. Icons:
 A picture or graphics symbol used to represent an application or folder.
c. Start button:
 The start button provides access to applications, accessories, documents, help
options and system tools.
d. Taskbar:
 This panel contains the start button, task button (open windows) and the system
tray.
 The taskbar is the small blue horizontal bar appears at the bottom of the initial
startup display in the windows OS.
e. System Tray:
 The tray shows the date and time, and the status of system components.
f. Dialog Box:
 Dialog box is a secondary window containing different options and controls that
allows users to perform a specific operation.
 It is a user interface contains group of commands or controls.

***Components of Desktop:

a. MY COMPUTER:
 It is a folder.
 It allows the user to access document or program.
 It allows the user to access location of data storage media such as fixed storage
(hard disk) and removable storage media such as Optical storage, Flash drive etc.
 It also allows the user to view or change the computer system properties (system
configuration and hardware).
b. FOLDER(DIRECTORY):
 It is file container of File cabinet.
 It is a space of disk which is used to holds files and other subfolder that can be
organized efficiently.
 It is a space of Memory ( External / Secondary Memory).
c. RECYCLE BIN:
 It is like Dust-bin or folder on disk.
 It is a holding place for deleted items from windows OS.

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 File that is deleted accidently can retrieve back by restoring file from recycle bin
and remove permanently by empty recycle bin.
 By pass delete- deleting file or folder without putting them into recycle bin-
simply press shift+Delete.
 It is reserved space on your hard disk to store the deleted data.
d. MY NETWORK PLACES/ NETWORK NEIGHBORHOOD:
 It is workgroup folder.
 It allows the user to access different users and their document within a LAN.
 It also use to establish new connection to shared resources and configure our
network connection including LAN and Dialup connections.
e. MY DOCUMENT:
 It is a folder which stores the file created in office package.
 It is the defaults file folder for office document.
f. BRIEFCASE:
 Briefcase is a special folder used for synchronizing the data between the systems
and movable storage devices.
 The contents of briefcase can be update, if any changes are made by another
user.
g. ZIPPED OR COMPRESSED FOLDER:
 The Zip folders compresses the files, folders and programs decreases their size
and reduces the space they use on the drives or removable storage devices.
h. INTERNET EXPLORER:
 It is a default web browser comes with Microsoft windows.
 It is used to access internet or browsing a website.
 It also offers many accessibility options to help increase readability and to work
better with assistive technology.
i. OUTLOOK EXPRESS:
 It is an email program developed by Microsoft that allows user to store, manage,
send and receive email messages.
 It is free and comes bundled with Internet Explorer Web browser.
 It is email management program is also known an email client.
j. WINDOWS EXPLORER:
 It allows the user to access files, folder, disk most efficient way in the explorer
window.
 It is a file manager that provides a hierarchical view of all the resources of
computer.
 It is an indispensible tool of windows OS that is used to organize and control the
files and folders of the different storage systems.

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***Start Menu and Its Commands:

 Start menu is the main gateway to the computer's programs, folders and settings and it
provides different list of commands that are used for specific operation.
a. Programs/ All programs group:
 A collection of related programs (windows OS application and other additional
application that are installed into the computer.
 It is quick way to access program.
b. Find/ Search:
 Start menu includes a search box that a user can use to find files, folders,
programs and e-mail messages stored on computer.
c. Recent Documents:
 The list of document that a user had been previously worked.
d. Documents:
 Quickly opens the documents folder that contains user documents such as
text files, spreadsheets, presentations and other kinds of documents.
e. Shut Down:
 The windows will write all unsaved data to the hard disk and prepare the
machine for power off. When a user select this command, the closes all
open programs, along with windows itself.
 The various commands for shut down options are as follows:
 Restart
 Turn off
 Hibernate
 Sleep(stand by)
*** WINDOW:
 A window is a box or frame on the screen.
 Types of window are:
a. Application window:
 The window that contain a program at the time of running and working such
as MS word, MS excel etc.
 Short cut key to close the application window is ALT+F4.
b. Document window/ Child window:
 A window that comes inside an application window is called document
window.
 Shortcut key to close the document window is Ctrl+w.

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***WINDOWS MANAGER (CONTROLLER) programs:

a. Task Manager:
 It is used to monitor the computer's performance or to terminate the process or
program that is not responding.
 It also displays the programs, processes, and services that are currently running on
your computer.
 It also schedule the task that to be executed within a specific time.
 short cut key for task manager is ctrl+Alt+Delete
b. Print Manager:
 It manages different printers and printing jobs within a system such as print queue,
cancel print jobs etc.
 It also offers numerous was to customize print data.
c. Device Manager:
 It provides information of hardware installation, configuration, the hardware status
in graphically and updates the devices drivers into the computer.(Add new
hardware)
d. Program Manager:
 It allows the user to manage the windows and additional applications within
windows OS.(Add/ Remove Program)
e. File Manager:
 It allows the user to manage the files within windows operating systems such as
copy, move, rename etc. (Window Explorer).
***Windows Accessories Applications:
 Microsoft windows operating system comes equipped with basic accessories (tools) such as
notepad, word pad etc.
 Most essential accessories are follows:
a. Notepad:
 It is basic text editor.
 It is used to create HTML file or web page designing and simple document.
 It supports only plain text/ ASCII text ( Least level text format)
 The default file extension is : .txt
 It handles text file up to 64KB

b. Word Pad:
 It is a word processing application that comes with Windows OS.
 It supports the rich formatting text and powerful than Notepad.
 The default file extension is .rtf.
 It is portable type word processing package not require much memory to run.

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c. Paint Brush (paint):

 It is graphics software which allows user to create simple picture and comes with
Microsoft windows.
 It allows the user to create a bitmap picture.
 The default file extension of this program is .bmp
d. Clipboard:
 The clipboard is a temporary storage space for data that is being copied or moved.
 The windows clipboard is used to store one set of data at a time.
 The Microsoft office program has own its clipboard which can holds 12/24 sets of
data.
***Control Panel:
 The control panel is a special folder of windows that contains shortcuts to various
applets such as fonts, internet options , mouse , add new hardware etc.
 The component (Applets) of control panel is used to define a range of settings for
computer resources (hardware and software) and customized the setting.
 This is system tools that used to setting program, device and graphical and environment.
 Steps for opern control panel:
a. Click start SettingControl or
b. StratRun type "control" or
c. My computer Control Panel

***Introduction to control Panel Applets(Components):

a. Accessibility Options:
 It allows users to configure the accessibility of a computer such as behavior of
keyboard, sound, pointer movement with keyboard etc.
b. Add New Hardware:
 It allows users to add new hardware device to the system.
 This can be done by selecting devices form list and specifying the location of the
driver files.
c. Add or Remove programs:
 It allows the user to manipulate software installed on the sytem such as uninstall
or change existing software, chage the windows components that are installed
and specify the default application for specific task.
d. Administrative Tools:
 It provides the tools for system administration including security, data access,
performace and service configuration such as Open database connectivity
(ODBC), Diagnosis tools, Microsoft management Console(MMC) and Event
viewer.

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e. Automatic Updates:
 It allows the user to update the user windows (client) from the Microsoft update
website and also specify the permission before downloading or installing
updates or switch off the update feature.
f. Bluetooth Device:
 It allows the users to configure the Bluetooth connection and showing a list of
Bluetooth devices interacting with the system.
g. Color Management:
 It allows the users to create and load the color profiles which are associate
screen color with printers and cameras and view 3D graphics.
h. Date and Time:
 It allows user to change the date & time stored in system BIOS or specify the
time zone that can synchronize the date & time with internet time server.
i. Display:
 It allows the user to change the display characteristics of the system such as
desktop background (wallpaper), screen saver, theme, screen resolution,
graphics card etc.
j. Folder Options:
 It allows for configuration of how files and folders are presented in file manager(
windows explorer) such as general setting like opening in new window or
existing window to show file extension , modify file type association, showhide
hidden files & folder etc. in the system.
k. Fonts:
 It displays all installed fonts from the computer and allows user to install new
fonts and remove the install font from the system. It is style of symbols.
 To install fonts:
a. Method 1:
 Open fonts box:
-Click start
- Select and click on run
- Type "fonts"
- Click on ok
 Then fonts box will appear and click on file.
 Select and click on install new fonts.
 Choose driver and fonts stored folder.
 Then all fonts will appear and select all and click on install.

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b. Mehod 2:
 First copied the fonts.
 Then open the fonts box and paste there.
l. Game Controllers:
 It allows user to add, display and use advanced settings on joysticks and game
controllers.
m. Infrared:
 It allows the users to configure the wireless infrared ports including options such
as connectivity and security.
n. Internet Options:
 It allows the user to change the way the computer manages internet connections
and setting for internet browser such as specify homepage, delete internet
history, security & privacy settings, modem connection, proxy setting and other
advanced configuration
o. Keyboard:
 It allows user to change keyboard settings such as language, key repeat rate,
cursor blink rate etc.
p. Mail:
 It allows for configuration of the mail client in windows.
q. Mouse:
 It allows user to change configuration of mouse such as double click and scroll
speed, Mouse pointer appearance of each task(busy, resize)
r. Network connections:
 It displays and allows the user to create or edit the network connection such as
LAN and internet connection.
 It also offers troubleshooting function in case the computer has to be
reconnected to the network.
s. Phone and Modem:
 It allows the users to manages the telephone and modem connection in the
system
t. Power options:
 It allows the user to manage energy consumption by specifying the time to turn
off display, dim display, put compute to sleep, brightness control, configure UPS
etc.
u. Printers and Faxes:
 It displays all printers and faxes currently installed on the computer, shows the
jobs queued in a printer, also set the printer and fax preferences.

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v. Regional and Langauge Settings:

 It allows the user to alter between regional and international settings such as
number separators, currency symbols, time & date notation, clock setting, time
zone setting, regional language(Unicode)) installation etc.
w. Security center( Action Center):
 It is a central place to view alerts and take actions that can help to run windows
smoothly.
 It generates the list of important messages about security, maintenance setting
and suggested task that are needed to take palce.
x. Sounds and Audio Devices:
 It allows the user to set the audio settings such as speaker, speaker volume,
MIDI, change the sound card settings, configure the audio device, sound palyed
for the system, change music playback devices etc.
y. Speech Recognition:
 It allows user to select voice the computer use to narrate text and set up the
different profiles for and individual's dialects with a microphone attached with
the system.
z. System:
 It's used to overview system properties where allowed details of computer
system (hardware configuration).
 Device manager for setting hardware peripherals using it also setting of virtual
memory.
aa. Taskbar and Start Menu:
 It allows the user to change the behavior and appearance of the task bar and
start menu such as managing the system tray icons, menu style, locking taskbar,
hiding elements etc.
bb. User Accounts:
 It allows the user to configure the different accounts such as Administrator, user
, guest & their sufficient privileges.
 It also removes & modifies the user account, password and other settings.
cc. Troubleshooting:
 It allows the user to fix automatically some common problems with your
computer, such as problems with networking , hardware and devices, using the
web, and program compatibility .
dd. Windows CardSpace:
 It is a system for creating relationship with websites and online services.

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ee. Windows Mobility Center:

 It provides easy and quickly access settings such as speaker volume, wireless
network connection status, and display brightness within a single location.
 It is more helpful for portable computer such as laptop.
ff. Windows Firewall:
 A firewall is software or hardware that checks information coming from the
internet or a network and then either blocks it or allows it to pass through to
your compter depending on your firewall settings.
 It prevent hackers or malicious software (such as worm) from gaining access to
your computer through a network or the internet.
gg. Windows Defender:
 It is antispyware software that's included with windows and runs automatically
when computer is starting.
 It protects the computer against spyware and other potentially unwanted
software.
hh. Desktop gadgets:
 It is a customizable mini-programs that can display information such as
continuously updated headlines, a picture slide show, or contacts, temperature
etc in the desktop.
ii. Homegroup:
 It is a place in the home network that can be used to share pictures, music,
videos, documents and printers with other people in your homegroup on a home
network.
 It can be protected with a password that can be changed at any point of time.
jj. Personalizing the computer:
 The applets allow the user to change the theme, color, sounds, desktop
background, screen saver, font size and user account picture as their own
desired.
kk. Getting started:
 It allows the user to perform a list of tasks when you set up your computer such
as transferring files, personalizing windows etc.
ll. Default Programs:
 It allows the user to set the default program that windows uses when a user
open a particular type of file such as music file, an image or a webpage.
mm. Bit Locker Driver Encryption:
 It helps prevent unauthorized access to any file stored on a drive by providing
password.

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nn. Indexing Option:

 It allows the user to perform fast, accurate searches by using information about
the files to find.
oo. Devices and Printer:
 It is folder that contains typically external devices (peripherals) such as printers,
Flash drive, mobile , digital camera, Bluetooth device etc. Whether they are
connected or disconnect from the computer through a port or network
connection.
pp. Action Center:
 It allows the user to check the results of your recent sync acitivity if you've set up
your computer to sync files with a network server.
 When you sync with a network server, you can access files by keeping synced
copies of those files on your computer, even server computer is not connected.
qq. Credential Management:
 It allows user to store credentials such as user names and passwords that you
use to log on to websites or other computers on a network.
 The credentials are saved in special folders on your computer called vaults that
can be used to automatically log you on to websites or other computers.
rr. Auto Play
ss. Ease of Access center.
tt. Flash palyer
uu. Java
vv. Keyboard
ww. Location and other sensor
xx. Mouse
yy. Notification area Icon
zz. Remote App and Desktop connection
aaa. Sound
bbb. Sync Center
ccc. Windows Update.

***Most essential Windows Shortcut Keys:

a. Win key+D= To show desktop minimizing all opened window.
b. Win key+M= To minimize all opened window.
c. Win key+Shift+M= To maximize all opened window
d. Win key+R= To open run box
e. Win key+E= To open my computer

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f. Win Key+L= To lock the computer

g. ALT+Space, C or Alt+F4= To close opened window or to exit application or shut down
windows.
h. Alt+Space, R= To Restore current window
i. Alt+space, N= To minimize current window.
j. Alt+Space, X= To maximize current window.
k. ALT+Enter= To display the properties window
l. Alt+Spacebar= To display the current window's system menu.
m. Alt+Tab= To switching between different open applications.
n. Backspace= To view the folder one level up
o. Ctrl+c=Copy
p. Ctrl+Esc= To display the start menu
q. Ctrl+F4= To close the current window in (MDI) programs.
r. Ctrl+shift+Tab= to move backward page tab in a dialog box.
s. Ctrl+v= Paste
t. Ctrl+X= Cut
u. Ctrl+z= Undo the operation
v. ESC= To cancel the current task/ menu
w. F10 or ALT= To activate the menu bar in programs.
x. F2= To rename folder or item name
y. F3= To find/ search file
z. F5= To Refresh Screen
aa. F6= To switch between different panes
bb. Shift+Alt+F4= To close the application windows from taskbar.
cc. Alt+ctrl+Delete= To switching the task manager/ Reset the system

*** Some important procedure Tips:

a. Installing new font:
 StartSettingControl PanelFontsInstall new font
b. Installing Unicode:
 StartSettingControl PanelRegional SettingLanguage
c. Installing Printer:
 StartSettingsDevice &Printer Add printer wizard

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*** Windows Basic Operations:

a. Select: Point the mouse primary button once(click)
b. Select multiple objects: By dragging with mouse or click by holding shift or ctrl key.
c. Open: Double click on icons(pressing mouse primary button twice rapidly) or Select
icons and press enter.
d. Move: Drag & Drop (Move the mouse by selecting the object then release mouse
button) or cut & paste
e. Duplicate (Copy) : Drage & Drop by holding ctrl key or copy & paste.
f. Rename: Select icon and press F2/ select rename from context menu.
g. Delete: Select the object and press Delete key.

***Different Filing System:

a. FAT (File Allocation Table )System :
 It is supported by DOS & other OS.
 It is simple, reliable and uses little storage.
i. FAT 12: The initial version of FAT file system and it supports drive sizes up to 32
MB (MS DOS 4.0)
ii. FAT 16: It was second implementation of FAT. It supports drive sizes up to 2GB
(MS DOS 4.0 to windows 95), File name (8,3)
iii. FAT 32: It is the latest version of FAT file system. It supports drive sizes upto 8 TB
(Window 95 to windows ME)
b. VFAT (Virtual FAT): It is an extension of the FAT file system and introduced with
windows 95. It maintains backward compatibility with FAT. File Name (255,3).

c. HPFS(High Performance File system): It is a file system specially designed for OS/2 to
improve the limitation of FAT system.

d. NTFS(New Technology File System) : I support long file names, large volume and data
security. It support drive sizes up to 256 TB (windows NT, WIndows 2000, Windows
Vista, Windows XP, WIndows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10 etc.

***Linux:
 Linux is an open source operating sytem which is freely available .

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