Health Care Ethics

(Bioethics)

Module #8 Student Activity Sheet

Anthony C. Badili
Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson Title: Confidentiality and the Management of Health Materials:

Care Information
Pen, paper, index card, book, and class List
Learning Targets:
At the end of the module, students will be able to:
1. Understand further what confidentiality all is about especially References:
in Health care;
2. Give five instances in which the practitioner would have a Ethics of Health Care: A Guide for Clinical
legal requirement to report confidential matters that relate Practice Fourth Edition, Raymond S. Edge, J.
to health care Randall Groves
3. Understand what human subjects are; and,
4. Identify the purpose of Institutional Review Board to human
subject.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW

Brain Teaser: You will be asked to answer the following questions.

1. What was our topic last meeting?

2. What are the characteristics of a legal person?
3. What are the common problems of rights?

B. MAIN LESSON

Confidentiality: A Principle with Qualifications

 Any breach of confidentiality is invasion of privacy
 Expectation of patient-provider relationship
 Arrived at and defended using the four systematic approaches to ethical decision making

Utilitarian
 Health care conducted under agreement of confidentiality
 Practitioners who breach trust in violation of agreed-on expectation

Duty-oriented
 Privacy viewed as person’s right
 Confidentiality is professional’s duty

Virtue ethics
 Patient confidentiality mainstay of health care practice
 Forms virtue from the “good practitioner”
 Emphasizes virtue of character and sense of honesty
 Protective privilege of confidentiality is limited where health and safety of others involved
 Harm principle: requires health care providers refrain from acts or omissions that would foreseeably result in harm
to others, especially in cases in which individuals vulnerable to the risk

Invasion of Privacy Tort Actions

 Misappropriation: deals with unpermitted use of a person’s name or likeness for another’s benefit or advantage
 Intrusion: involves intrusion upon another’s solitude or seclusion

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 Health Care Ethics
(Bioethics)

Module #8 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

 Public disclosure of private facts involves publicity of objectionable nature of private information
 Presenting someone in a false light to the public involves publication of information that leads to the public
regarding the plaintiff falsely.

Common Legal Reporting Requirements

 Child abuse
 Drug abuse
 Communicable disease
 Births and deaths
 Injuries with guns or knives
 Blood transfusion reactions
 Poison and industrial accidents
 Misadministration of radioactive materials

Modern Health Care and Confidentiality

 Patients record accessible to physicians and technical and administrative staff who generate and handle patient
data
 Access to patient information exacerbated by use of computerized information systems
 Prior to enactment of HIPAA and the Privacy Rule there was no unifying federal privacy act for medical records

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

 Encourage use of electronic transmission of health information
 Provide safeguards to protect security and confidentiality of the information
 Encourage use of electronic transmission of health information
 Provide safeguards to protect security and confidentiality of the information
 Protect and enhance rights of consumers by providing them access to their health information and controlling
inappropriate use of information
 Improve quality of healthcare in U.S. by restoring trust in health care system
 Improve efficiency and effectiveness of health care delivery by creating a national framework for health privacy
protection
 HIPAA rules affect virtually all health care records

DATA PRIVACY ACT- In 2012 the Philippines passed the Data Privacy Act 2012, comprehensive and strict privacy
legislation “to protect the fundamental human right of privacy, of communication while ensuring free flow of information to
promote innovation and growth.”

Medical Record
 Property of hospital or clinic
 Patient has legal interest and right to information
 Record is confidential

Medical Record Maintenance

 Access limited to patient, authorized representatives, attending physician, hospital staff members who have
legitimate interest
 If correction is significant, someone designated in facility’s policy should review correction to determine it meets
policy requirements
 Health care practitioners should only make changes within scope of practice for their specialty
 Draw single line to cross out incorrect entry, enter correction, error initialed and dated.
 Mistakes should not be erased or unreadable

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 Health Care Ethics
(Bioethics)

Module #8 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

 If legal suit threatened, no changes in medical record without consulting risk management.

Human Subject Research

 Protocol that sets forth explicit objectives
 Formal procedures designed to reach objectives
Researchers may conduct both invasive and noninvasive procedures

Basic ethical principles in planning research protocol involving human subjects:

 Autonomy
 Beneficence
 Nonmaleficence
 Confidentiality
 Justice

Human subject research generally requires:

 Risks to subjects minimized by using procedures consistent with sound research design that do not unnecessarily
expose subjects to risk
 Risks to subjects reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits
 Selection of subjects is equitable Informed consent sought and appropriately documented from subject or
subject’s legal representative
 Provision for monitoring data collected to ensure safety of subjects
 Provision for protection of privacy and maintenance of confidentiality of collected data.

Institutional Review Boards

 Ensure satisfactory compliance with appropriate research standards
 Review research protocols prior to implementation
 To protect rights and welfare of human subjects

Research: systematic investigation designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge

Human subjects: living individuals whom investigator conducting research obtains:
 Data through intervention or interaction with individual

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be given to correct
answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in you answer/ratio is not allowed.

1. Which of the following privacy issues usually deals with the unpermitted use of a person's name or likeness for
another’s benefit or advantage?
A. Slander
B. Libel
C. Misappropriation
D. Fraud
Answer: ________
C
Misappropriation usually deals with the unpermitted use of a person's name or likeness for another’s benefit or
Rationale:________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
advantage
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. The allowance of unessential or lay personnel to be present during a surgical procedure examination in a clinical is an
example of?
A. Slander

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 Health Care Ethics
(Bioethics)

Module #8 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

B. Libel
C. Intrusion
D. Misappropriation
Answer: ________
C
Rationale:________________________________________________________________________________________
The allowance of unessential or lay personnel to be present during a surgical procedure examination in a
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
clinical is an example of Intrusion
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. This usually involves the publication of information that leads to the public regarding the plaintiff falsely.
A. Public disclosure of facts
B. Intrusion
C. Misappropriation
D. Presenting someone in a false light to the public
D
Answer: ________
Presenting someone in a false light to the public usually involves the publication of information that leads to the
Rationale:________________________________________________________________________________________
public regarding the plaintiff falsely.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Invasion of privacy is a breach of what health care principle.

A. Beneficence
B. Maleficence
C. Confidentiality
D. Veracity
C
Answer: ________
Invasion of privacy is a breach of confidentiality
Rationale:________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. A review of the appropriateness of care and the various types of patient care provided within an institution.
A. Institutional Review Board
B. Utilization review
C. Privacy review
D. Third party payers
B
Answer: ________
Utilization review is a review of the appropriateness of care and the various types of patient care provided
Rationale:________________________________________________________________________________________
within an institution.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. All but one is TRUE about a medical record?

A. Property of hospital or clinic
B. Patient has legal interest and right to information
C. Record is confidential
D. None of the above
D
Answer: ________
All are true about medical record
Rationale:________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. With regards to medical record maintenance, which of the following is NOT true?
A. Draw single line to cross out incorrect entry, enter correction, error initialed and dated
B. Mistakes should be erased or unreadable

THIS DOCUMENT IS THE PROPERTY OF PHINMA EDUCATION 4

 Health Care Ethics
(Bioethics)

Module #8 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

C. If legal suit threatened, no changes in medical record without consulting risk management
D. None of the above
Answer: ________
B
Rationale:________________________________________________________________________________________
Mistake should not be erased or unreadable
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
.

8. HIPAA has three self-declared major purposes which includes?

A. To protect and enhance the rights of consumers by providing them access to their health information and controlling
the inappropriate use of information.
B. Safeguards to protect the patient’s privacy will be part of the research protocol
C. Only those involved in the study will have access to the raw data
D. All of the above
D
Answer: ________
Rationale:________________________________________________________________________________________
All of the options include major purpose of HIPAA
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Basic ethical principles in planning research protocol involving human subjects include?
A. Autonomy
B. Beneficence
C. Nonmaleficence
D. All the above
Answer: ________
D
Basic ethical principles in planning research protocol involving human subjects include, autonomy,
Rationale:________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Beneficence, and Nonmaleficence
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Which of the following is NOT considered a minimum standard set by institutional review boards?
A. Research results should be presented in such a fashion as to protect the anonymity of the patients.
B. Safeguards to protect the patient’s privacy will be part of the research protocol.
C. Any member of the public will have access to the raw data collected from the study.
D. The same level of obligation to maintain patient confidentiality in the practice of health care is expected in the conduct
of medical research.
C
Answer: ________
Rationale:________________________________________________________________________________________
Any member of the public will have access to the raw data collected from the study is not considered a
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
minimum standard set by institutional review boards
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

C. LESSON WRAP-UP

AL Activity: Formative Assessment

This strategy focuses on the assessment of your learnings after a lesson. You must answer the following questions, as
honest as possible, based on your own understanding.

1. What specific part of the Main Lesson for this session do you find the most confusing?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

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 Health Care Ethics
(Bioethics)

Module #8 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. What makes your answer in #1 confusing? What is the question in your mind?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. Since that is your most confusing lesson, what are the interventions that you must do to understand the topic?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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