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CSE513 Tall Building Structures:

Core Walls
Subject lecturer: Dr. Bo-Tong ZHENG
Research Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, PolyU
Office: Z220 (CEE)
Email: [email protected]
 Lecture Contents

• Introduction to Torsion

• Torsional Behavior of Tall Buildings

• Non-Uniform Torsion of Open Cross-Sections

– Sectorial properties of thin-walled cross-sections
– Theory of non-uniform torsion
– Examples

2
 Introduction to Torsion

Torsion of circular sections

(i) Plane cross sections remain plane when torque is applied;
(ii) The cross sections remain undistorted in their own plane.

3
 Introduction to Torsion

Torsion of circular sections

(i) Plane cross sections remain plane when torque is applied;
(ii) The cross sections remain undistorted in their own plane.

  max  max J
T =   max   dA =   dA =
2
AR R A R
R

ρ
J =   2 dA Polar moment of inertia
A

TR T 
  max = , = =  max
J J R

1
For a solid circular section of radius R, J =  R 4 . For an annular cross section of exterior
2
1
( )
radius Re and interior radius Ri, J =  Re4 − Ri4 .
2
4
 Introduction to Torsion

Torsion of circular sections

(i) Plane cross sections remain plane when torque is applied;
(ii) The cross sections remain undistorted in their own plane.

For small angles: BB = RBA  L max

 R  x max

x max
=
R
d  max  max T
 = = =
dx R GR GJ

Twist rate: twist angle per unit of x-length

R

5
 Introduction to Torsion

Torsion of non-circular sections

(1) Uniform torsion (or St. Venant’s torsion, or pure torsion): warpings in the cross
sections are not constrained；
(2) Non-uniform torsion (or warping torsion, or constrained torsion): warpings in the
cross sections are fully or partially constrained.
 Introduction to Torsion

Torsion of thin-wall sections (closed sections)

“Thin-wall”: typically, wall thickness ≤ 10% overall cross section dimensions

T=  dT =  qds  r = q  ( rds ) = q  2dA

s s s s E = q ( 2 AE ) = 2qAE

T q T q T
q = , = = ,  max = =
2 AE t 2tAE tmin 2tmin AE
d q ds T ds T 4 AE2
*  = =
dx 2GAE  t
=
4GAE2  =
t GJ
, J=
ds
 t 7
*F. Beer, E. R. Johnston and J. T. DeWolf, Mechanics of Materials, McGraw-Hill, 4th ed., 2006
 Introduction to Torsion

Torsion of thin-wall sections (open sections)

Characteristics:
•Cross sections do not remain plane but warp. This is actually the case for any non-
circular cross section;
•In a rectangle, the maximum shear stress occurs at the midpoint of the longer sides.
At the 4 rectangle corners, which are the points located at the greatest distance from
8
the center, shear stresses vanish.
 Introduction to Torsion

Torsion of thin-wall sections (open sections)

Tt d T
 max = ,  = =
J dx GJ 

J =  bt 3 and J  =  bt 3
If the rectangle qualifies as “thin-wall”, one can adopt:
1 1
 =   , J = J = J   bt 3
3 3
If the cross section consists of several portions of different thicknesses:
1
J =  bi ti3
3 i
See, e.g., S. P. Timoshenko and J. N. Goodier, Theory of Elasticity, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1969, Sec 109.
 Torsional Behavior of Tall Buildings
• Reinforced concrete cores usually comprise an assembly of connected shear walls forming
a box section with openings that may be partially closed by beams or floor slabs.
• If a building is subjected to twist, as many are, the torsional stiffness of the core can be a
significant part of the total torsional resistance of the building.
• As the thickness of core walls is generally much smaller than the size of the cross section,
core walls can be taken as vertical thin-walled cantilever bars in the analysis.
• When the core twists, originally plane sections of the core warp.
• Thin-walled cores in tall buildings are generally free at the top end and are prevented from
warping at the bottom by the foundation (i.e., non-uniform torsion).
• The vertical warping stresses at the base of the core may be of the same order of
magnitude as the bending stresses.

Open-section core Core partially closed Core partially closed 10

by beams by floor slabs
 Torsional Behavior of Tall Buildings
• The torsional resistance of a thin-walled core is provided by horizontal shear in the walls,
which consists of two parts:
(a) in-plane bending of the walls (warping torque Tω)
(b) plate twisting action (St. Venant torque Ts)

T T ( z ) = T ( z ) + Ts ( z )

Twisting shear stresses in Twisting shear stresses in

open section closed section

(b) Plate twisting action (Ts)

(a) Twisted core: in-
plane bending (Tω)
11
 Sectorial properties of thin-walled cross-sections

 ( s ) =  rds
s
d = r  ds
* *
0

s1 * ( s1 )

P s
AE
 ( s ) = 2 AE
* * ( s )

Profile of section
12
 Sectorial properties of thin-walled cross-sections

Origin with
zero warping
displacement
 (s)

Bending Warping
13
 Sectorial properties of thin-walled cross-sections

Warping Function
s
It is defined as  =  r  ds → d = r  ds
0
ds
B
N
1
 ( s) s
2

P
1 1 rds d
Area of PNB =  Base  Height =  ds  r = =
2 2 2 2
 = warping function, representing the longitudinal distribution of
displacement over a cross-section = sectorial coordinate
= double sectorial area (twice the sectorial area swept out by the
radius vector PN) 14
 Sectorial properties of thin-walled cross-sections
Determination of the Principal Pole and Principal Origin

y
v
N

r
s
 P(Pole)

Principal Axes x

Tangential displacement along wall centre line v(s) = r (s)  (z)

15
 Sectorial properties of thin-walled cross-sections
Determination of the Principal Pole and Principal Origin
y

N(x,y)
 − 90

b 
a

P(xp, yp)  − 90

x
b = ( y − y p ) sin( − 90 ) = −( y − y p ) cos
0

a = ( x − x p ) cos( − 900 ) = ( x − x p ) sin 

 r =( x − x p ) sin  − ( y − y p ) cos 

16
 Sectorial properties of thin-walled cross-sections
Determination of the Principal Pole and Principal Origin

y
N(x, y)

1

2

P(xp, yp) O*
1 *
 O
2

P*(xp*, yp*)

17
 Sectorial properties of thin-walled cross-sections

y
ds
 sin   ds = dy r = ( x − x p ) sin  − ( y − y p ) cos 
cos   ds = dx r ds = ( x − x p )dy − ( y − y p )dx
x
Let a x = x p − x p* , a y = y p − y p*
(O*) = value of  at O*
P and O can be determined once ax, ay and (o*) are found.
d = rds = ( x − x p )dy − ( y − y p )dx
d * = r * ds* = ( x − x p* )dy − ( y − y p* )dx
 d − d * = −a x dy + a y dx and  =  * + a y x − a x y + c
where c is a constant.
The difference between  and * is a linear function of x and y.
18
 Sectorial properties of thin-walled cross-sections

With  =  * +a y x − a x y + c

and noting (see Slide 26):

  ( s )dA = 0
A

  ( s )xdA = 0
A

  ( s ) ydA = 0
A

I x = A y 2 dA A  * dA + cA = 0
A xydA = 0 ➔ A  * ydA − a x I x = 0
I y = A x 2 dA A  * xdA + a y I y = 0

19
 Sectorial properties of thin-walled cross-sections

1
Hence c = − A  * dA
A
1
a x = A  * ydA
Ix
1
a y = − A  * xdA
Iy
Principal pole: x p = a x + x p*
y p = a y + y p*

Principal origin:

find O(xo,yo) at which =0

20
 Sectorial properties of thin-walled cross-sections
Example
If a cross-section is symmetrical about the y axis, show that
1) the principal pole P lies on the y axis, and
2) the principal origin O coincides with the intersecting
point of the contour with y
y O*(xo*, yo*)
y + -

P*

x
Proof: Assume P* and O*
* = anti-symmetrical
21
 Sectorial properties of thin-walled cross-sections

1
 c = −  A  *dA = 0
A ➔ x p = ax + x p* = 0 ➔ P on y
1
a x =  A   y dA= 0
Ix

Since c = ax = xo* = 0

 (O *) =  * (O *) + ay x − ax y + c = 0 + 0 − 0 + 0=0

O = O* = intersecting point of the y axis and the contour.

22
 Theory of non-uniform torsion
Governing Differential Equation for Non-Uniform Torsion

T ( z ) = T ( z ) + Ts ( z )

T = Q1 x1 + Q2 x2 Ts = GJ ' ( z )
(Warping torque) (St. Venant torque)
 Theory of non-uniform torsion
Assumptions
•Rigid section contour (i.e., the section rotates as a rigid body about the central
axis, although it is allowed to warp in the z direction);
•Shear strain of the middle surface is zero, i.e.,

v w
 sz = + = 0
z s

y
v
v

w
w
z x

24
 Theory of non-uniform torsion
Axial displacement w
v w w v
Since  sz = + =0 =−
z s s z
v 
 = [( r ( s ) ( z )] = r ( s ) ( z )
z z

Note:  ' ( z ) = ( ( z ))
z
Integration to find w (s)
v
s s
w = −  ds + w0 ( z ) = − ' ( z )  r ( s )ds + w0 ( z )
0 z 0

w0 ( z ) = w( z ) |s = 0

i.e., w at the origin O from which s is measured

25
 Theory of non-uniform torsion
Normal Stress due to Warping
w
z = = − ( z ) ( s) + w0 ( z )
z
  = E ( v s +  z ) = E z    = − E ( z ) ( s ) + Ew0 ( z )
ω is the warping normal stress and is proportional to the
warping function.
For torsional problems: Nz = Mx = My = 0

N z =  A   dA ➔   A  ( s) dA = w0 ( z ) A Note that dA = tds

M x = A   y dA = 0 ➔ A  ( s ) ydA = 0

M y =  A   xdA = 0 ➔  A  ( s ) xdA = 0

Note: A
w0 ( z)xdA =  w0 ( z) ydA = 0
A
26
 Theory of non-uniform torsion

Principal Origin O and Principal Pole

If the position of the origin is so chosen that A  ( s )dA = 0 ,
then w0 ( z ) = 0 and w0 ( z ) = constant. This origin is referred
to as the principal origin (principal sectorial coordinate).

w0 ( z ) is a rigid body displacement and can be ignored, so

w = − ( z ) ( s )   = − E ( z ) ( s )

A  ( s ) xdA = 0
Determines the principal pole P
A  ( s ) ydA = 0

27
 Theory of non-uniform torsion
Warping Moment (Bi-Moment)
Since   = − E ( z ) ( s )
Define: M  =  A   dA = − E " A  dA = − EI  "
2

EI = warping rigidity

I  = A  dA = warping constant or second sectorial moment
2

Compare the above formula with I x =  y 2dA

A

M
Since   = −
EI
M M 
  = − E " ( z ) ( s) = − E ( − ) ( s ) =
EI  I
M= summation of the moments of the elemental force
 ωtds when  is taken as the “moment arm” 28
 Theory of non-uniform torsion

Warping and Flexural Normal Stresses Comparison

Warping Normal Stress Flexural Normal Stress

Mx
f = y
Ix
M  = A  dA M x = A  x ydA
Stress resultants = 0 Resultant moment  0
M = Generalised force Mx = Resultant moment
of  with  as of f with y as moment
moment arm arm

29
 Theory of non-uniform torsion

Shear Stress

 
 + ds 
s

ds ω
dz
t

 
 + dz 
z
z

t may vary with s but not z

30
 Theory of non-uniform torsion

Equilibrium in the z direction:

 (  t )  
dsdz + t dsdz = 0
s z
 (  t )
= Et ( z ) ( s )
s
  t = E ( z ) 0s  ( s )tds = E ( z ) A  ( s )dA
N

Let S = A  ( s )dA which is equal to the first

o

sectorial moment of the shaded area

N
then   t = E ( z)S ( s) sN

31
 Theory of non-uniform torsion

Warping Torque

T = A (  tds)  r = E ( z ) A S d
where
  tds = elemental shear force
r = distance to the principal pole

Integration by parts  udv = uv −  vdu

 S d =   dAd = S  − A  2 dA
se
 A Ao  0
A

since S = 0 at the free edges, and dS = dA

32
 Theory of non-uniform torsion

→  S d = −   2 dA = − I
A A

T = E '''( z )  S d = − EI '''( z ) = M 

A

EI  = warping rigidity
Thus the warping shear stress
T
  t = E ( z ) S ( s) = − S ( s)
I
Compare with the formula for flexural shear stress

QS
= Q Q
Ib
b
33
 Theory of non-uniform torsion
Governing Differential Equation for Non-Uniform Torsion

T ( z ) = T ( z ) + Ts ( z ) T = − EI  (z ) Ts = GJ ' ( z )

T = − EI ( z ) + GJ ( z ) y

dT x
= − EI IV ( z ) + GJ ( z )
dz
m T
EI IV ( z ) − GJ ( z ) = m( z )
dT
m=−
dz
Primary unknown:  (z ) z T+dT

Once  (z ) is found, all stresses and displacements can be found.

34
 Theory of non-uniform torsion

Solution of the Governing Differential Equation

EI  l
Let d 2 = , k = l = l GJ , then d =
GJ d EI  k

EI IV − GJ  = m ( z )

GJ m(z)
 IV
−   =
EI EI

1 m(z)
 IV
− 2   =
d EI
Closely analogous to the
governing equation of
k2 m( z )
 IV − 2  ( z ) = wall-frame structures.
l EI
35
 Theory of non-uniform torsion

k is non-dimensional
d has the dimension of length = characteristic length for non-
uniform torsion

Solution:
 kz   kz 
 (z ) = C1 sinh  + C2 cosh  + C3 z + C4 +  p (z )
 l   l 
where C1, C2, C3, C4 are to be found using boundary conditions,
and  p is a particular solution.
Solution = Complementary Part + Particular Solution
e x − e− x
sinh( x ) =
2
e x + e− x
cosh( x ) = 36
2
 Theory of non-uniform torsion

Boundary Conditions

4th order differential equation

Solution with 4 constants
Needs 4 end boundary conditions

Forces and Associated Displacements

Generalized force T M
Associated displacement  ’
Pair I Pair II

Only one of each pair can be specified at one end

Note that w is proportional to  
37
 Theory of non-uniform torsion
Common Boundary Conditions

Case Description Kinematic Force B.C.

B.C.
1  =0
Fixed end '= 0
2
 =0 M  = 0 →  = 0
Simply supported
3 T=T0
'= 0
T=T0
4 T=T0
T=T0 Free M  = 0 →   = 0
38
 Theory of non-uniform torsion

Other Quantities of Interest

k  kz  k  kz 
 '( z ) = C1 cosh   + C2 sinh   + C3 +  p ( z )
l  l  l  l 
  kz   kz  
M  ( z ) = − EI ( z ) = −GJ C1 sinh  + C2 cosh  + d  p ( z )
2

  l   l  

Note: EI = GJd = GJ l k 2

( ) 2

T ( z ) = − EI   ( z )
 k  
kz k  
kz l 2

= −GJ C1 cosh  + C 2 sinh  + 2  p ( z )

 
 l  l  l  l  k 

39
 Theory of non-uniform torsion
T s ( z ) = GJ ( z )
 k  kz  k  kz  
= GJ C1 cosh  + C 2 sinh  + C 3 +  p ( z )
 l  l  l  l  

T ( z ) = Ts + Tw = GJ [C3 +  p ( z ) + d 2 p( z )]

 ( s)
Warping normal stress   ( s, z ) = M ( z)
I
S ( s)
Warping shear stress   ( s, z )t = − T ( z )
I
where I  = A  2dA

S ( s ) = A  ( s )dA
o 40
 Examples
Example 1
Pure torsion as a special case of non-uniform torsion
y
Solution: T0
x
m = 0 → p = 0
B.C.s:
z = 0: T = To , M = 0 l
z=l: T = To , M = 0 z
T0
To
T = To = GJC3 → C3 =
GJ
M  (0) = 0 → C2 = 0
M  (l ) = 0 → C1 = 0
41
 Examples

To
  ( z) = z + C4
GJ
To
 ( z ) =
GJ
M  ( z) = 0
Ts ( z ) = To
T ( z ) = 0
T ( z ) = To

42
 Examples

Example 2

Shown below is a thin-walled open section bar with fixed

lower end and free upper end which represents a core wall in
a tall building. The core wall is subject to a linearly varying
distributed load q applied at the middle of one side of the
member. Plot the diagram of warping function  and derive
the expressions for warping moment M(z) and warping
torque T(z).

43
 Examples

z
q = q0 (1 − )
l
l

B t A
a
4a
a

3a

44
 Examples

Solution:
First, draw * diagram with both the origin and the pole at
the middle of the web.

 * =  r *ds
3a
B* =  2ads1 = 6a 2 ,  * = 2as1 , between A and B
0
a
s1
 = 6a +  3ads 2 = 6a + 3a = 9a
* 2 2 2 2
c 6a2
0
s2 B A
y P*, O* 2a
9a2 x
2
9a P 2a
ax
6a2
3a
45
 Examples

1 2  3a a

ax = A  ydA = I x  0  2ads1  t + 0  ( 2a − s2 ) tds2 
* * *

Ix
1  1  3 
2

I x =  t  (4a ) + 2  (3at )  ( 2a ) + 2   a t + at  a   = 34a 3t
3 2 3
12 12 2  
 3a a a

A  ydA = 2 2at 0  ds1 + 2at 0  ds2 − t 0  s2ds2 
* * * *

 1   9 a 2
+ 6 a 2

= 2 2at   3a  6a  + 2at 
2
 a 
 2   2 
 2 a 1 2 
− t  6a  a  +  3a  a  a 
2

 2 2 3 

= 2[18a 4t + 15a 4t − 3a 4t − a 4t ] = 58a 4t

46
 Examples

4
1 58a t
 ax = A  ydA = 34a3t = 1.706a
*

Ix

3.4a2
 =  + ay x − ax y + c
*

1 7.3a2
with c = − A  * dA = 0
A 7.3a2
1
a y = − A  * xdA = 0
Iy
2.6a2 3.4a2
 =  * −a x y
Diagram of 

47
 Examples

Torque per unit length about shear center

 3   z
m =  a x + a  q = 3.206qo a 1 − 
 2   l
The governing equation for non-uniform torsion of open
section bars is:

EI IV ( z ) − GJ ( z ) = m( z )

k2 m( z )
or  IV
− 2   =
l EI
where
l GJ EI 
k = =l d =
2
d EI  GJ
48
 Examples
Solution of the Differential Equation

 = h +  p
 kz   kz  3.206qo a  z 3 z 2 
= C1 sinh  + C2 cosh  + C3 z + C4 +  − 
 l   l  GJ  6l 2 

 k  kz   k  kz  3.206qo a  z 2 
  = C1   cosh  + C2   sinh  + C3 +  − z 
l  l  l  l  GJ  2l 
2 2
 k  kz   k  kz  3.206qo a  z 
  = C1   sinh  + C2   cosh  +  − 1
l  l  l  l  GJ  l 

3 3
k   kz  k   kz  3.206qo a
 = C1  cosh  + C2   sinh  +

l  l  l  l  GJl
49
 Examples
M ( z ) = −EI  ( z )
  kz   kz  3.206q0ad  z 
2
= −GJ C1 sinh  + C2 cosh  +  − 1  (1)
  l   l  GJ l 
Ts = GJ  2
l
T = − EI   = −GJd 2  = −GJ    
k 
 k   kz  k   kz  3.206q0ad 
2
= −GJ C1   cosh  + C2   sinh  +  (2)
  l   l   l   l  GJl 
 k  kz  k  kz  3.206q0 a  z 2 
T = GJ C1   cosh   + C2   sinh   + C3 +  − z 
 l  l  l  l  GJ  2l 
 k  kz  k  kz  3.206q0 ad 
2
− GJ C1   cosh   + C2   sinh   + 
  l   l   l   l  GJl 
 3.206q0a  z 2  3.206q0ad 2 
= GJ C3 +  − z  −  50
 GJ  2 l  GJl 
 Examples

Boundary Conditions:

z = 0: M = 0 , T=0
z=l:  = 0,  = 0
(I) T ( 0) = 0  3.206qo ad 2 
GJ C3 −  =0
 GJl 
3.206qo ad 2
 C3 =
GJl
(2) M  (0) = 0
 3.206qad 2 
− GJ C2 −  =0
 GJ 
3.206qad 2
 C2 =
GJ
51
 Examples

(III)  (l ) = 0
k  k  3.206q0a  l 
C1   cosh k + C2   sinh k + C3 +  − l =0
l l GJ  2 
1.603q0 al / (GJ ) − C2 (k / l ) sinh k − C3
 C1 =
(k / l ) cosh k
(IV)  (l ) = 0
3.206q0 a  l 3 l 2 
C1 sinh k + C2 cosh k + C3l + C4 +  − =0
GJ  6l 2 
 3.206q0 al 2 
 C4 = − C1 sinh k + C2 cosh k + C3l − 
 3GJ 
The expressions for M and T are given by equations (1)
and (2) with the constants given above.
52
 Examples
Example 3 2b
Locate the principal pole, plot the
warping function, and determine

t
t

h
the warping constant for the mono-
symmetric I-section shown on the

t
right.
b

Solution:
y
P*,O* x
Since y axis is the axis of symmetry,
the principal pole and the principal
origin are on y axis.

P* and O* are as shown

53
 Examples

 =  * + a y x − ax y + c
1
c = − A  dA = 0
A
1
a x = A  ydA = 0


Ix
1 bh
a y = − A   xdA +
2
Iy −
bh -
2
1 3 3
I y  t[( 2b) + b ] = tb
3 3
  diagram
12 4
3 b/2 3 3 3
thx th b b thb
A  
xdA = −b / 2 ( hx ) xtdx =
b/2
= ( + )=
3 −b / 2 3 8 8 12
  
ydA thb 3
4 h
ay = − A
=−  3 =−
Iy 12 3tb 9
54
 Examples

 h  bh
 =  + ay x =  − x 9 P
h
−
bh
9
9 h 9
b b/2 2 − x
I =   dA =   tdx +   tdx
2 2 9
−b −b / 2

b b/2 4
= 2   tdx + 2   tdx
2 2 bh
4 9
0 0 − bh 8
9 hx
h2 2
b b / 2 64 2 2 9
= 2 x tdx + 2  h x tdx
0 81 0 81 ωdiagram
 diagram


2h t x23 b
64 x 3 b/2
2h 2t  b3 8b3 
=  + =  +
81  3 0 3 0  81  3 3 
 
2 2 3
= h tb
27
55
 Examples

2 2
Note: I = I yof top flange   1 h  + I y of bottom flange   8 h 
9  9 
1 1 1 64
= t ( 2b)3  h 2 + tb3  h 2
12 81 12 81
1  8 64  1 72 2
= th 2b3  +  = th 2b3  = h 2tb3
12  81 81  12 81 27

56