Rehabilitation and Retrofitting -18CV824

Maintenance and Retrofitting Techniques

4.1 Maintenance
Maintenance is defined as the work done to keep the civil Engineeringstructures in working
conditions so as to enable them to carry out the functions for which they areconstructed.It is
preventive in nature. Activities include inspection, necessary to fulfil theintended function, or
to sustain original standard of service.

4.1.2 Scope of maintenance

1. Petty repairs, replacements and structural repairs of buildings, white and colour
washing,distempering and painting at prescribed intervals
2. Repair and renewal of furniture
3. Operation, periodical maintenance, repairs renewals of machinery and equipment
forelectric etc
4. Repair of roads, culverts and resurfacing the roads

4.1.3 Aim of Maintenance

1. To avoid accidents, which may harm inhabitants/users
2. To continue the intended operations of a facility
3. The protection of the capital investment in the asset

4.1.4 Maintenance can be classified as

1. Preventive maintenance
2. Remedial maintenance
3. Routine maintenance
4. Special maintenance

Preventive maintenance:The maintenance work done before the defects occur in the
structure is calledpreventive maintenance. It includes through inspection, planning program
of maintenance and executing the work.

Remedial maintenance: It is the maintenance done after the defects occur in the structure. It
involves the following steps.

1. Finding the deterioration

2. Determining the causes

Department of Civil Engineering, SJBIT 1|Page

Rehabilitation and Retrofitting -18CV824

3. Evaluating the strength of the existing structures

4. Selecting and implanting the repair procedure

Routine maintenance: It is the service maintenance attended to the structure periodically.

Itdepends onspecifications and materials of structure, purpose, intensity and condition of use.
It includes white washing, patch repair to plaster, replacement of fittings and fixtures, binding
of road surface etc.

Special maintenance: It is the work done under special condition and requires sanction. It is
performed to rectifyheavy damage. It may be done for strengthening and updating of the
structure to meet the new condition of usage or to increase its serviceability.

4.1.5 Importance of Maintenance

1. Improves the life of structure
2. Improved life period gives better return on investment
3. Better appearance and aesthetically appealing
4. Leads to quicker detection of defects and hence remedial measures
5. Prevents major deterioration that leads to collapse
6. Ensures safety to occupants
7. Ensures feeling of confidence by the user

4.2 Retrofitting
When loss of structural integrity or serviceability is encountered inreinforced concrete
structures, remedial measures may need to be taken.Environmental and economic
considerations dictate that it is preferableto maintain and upgrade existing structures rather
than demolishing andbuilding new ones.

The requirements for repair and retrofitting of deterioratedreinforced concrete structures, may
be more easily met by a new class of constructionmaterials, the Fibre-Reinforced Polymer
(FRP) composites. After their initialintroduction into the construction market in early 1990s,
the use of FRPcomposites increased steadily as progress was made in the understandingof
their performance.

Department of Civil Engineering, SJBIT 2|Page

Rehabilitation and Retrofitting -18CV824

4.2.1 Need for retrofitting

1. Load increases due to higher live loads, increased number of floors, change of
functional utility of building, increased wheel loads, installation of heavy machinery
or vibrations
2. Damage to structural parts due to aging, fire damage, corrosion of steel reinforcement
and impact of vehicles
3. Improvements in suitability for use due to limitation of deflections, reduction of stress
in steel reinforcement and reduction of crack widths
4. Modification of structural system due to the elimination of walls/columns and
openings cut through slabs
5. Errors in planning, design and construction

4.3 Retrofitting of Structural Members

TECHNIQUES OF RETROFITTING

The main scope of strengthening of the structure is to enhance its load carrying capacity and
serviceability in respect of its previous conditions. Many techniques are used successfully for
a number of years are as follows:

1. Steel jacketing for columns and beams

2. External post tensioning

3. Shortcreting or Guniting

4. Plate bonding and bolting to structural members

5. Concrete jacketing of beams and columns

6. Sheet wrapping using FRP(Fibre Reinforced Polymer) composites

When a concrete structure or member exhibits inadequate strength, behaviour or stability, it

may be feasible to modify the structure using various retrofitting techniques.

Strengthening of structural members such as column and beams is usually achieved either by
replacing poor quality or defective material by better quality material or by adding additional
material to the existing member. In either case, the new material will usually be reinforcing
steel, high quality concrete, thin steel plates or various combinations of these materials.

Department of Civil Engineering, SJBIT 3|Page

Rehabilitation and Retrofitting -18CV824

The difficulty in this type of operation is to achieve continuity of structural action between
the original material and the new material. The various techniques of bolting, gluing,
dowelling and keying have been developed to provide positive force transfer and composite
action.

Column Jacketing:

One of the simplest and most effective methods of strengthening a column in an existing
building is jacketing.

Jacketing of columns consists of adding concrete with longitudinal and transverse

reinforcement around the existing columns. This type of strengthening improves the axial
load carrying capacity while the flexural strength of column and strength of the beam-column
joints remain the same. It is also observed that the jacketing of columns is not successful for
improving the ductility. A major advantage of column jacketing is that it improves the lateral
load capacity of the building in a reasonably uniform and distributed way and hence avoiding
the concentration of stiffness as in the case of shear walls. This is how major strengthening of
foundations may be avoided. In addition, the original function of the building can be
maintained, as there are no major changes in the original geometry of the building with this
technique.

Department of Civil Engineering, SJBIT 4|Page

Rehabilitation and Retrofitting -18CV824

Beam Jacketing:

Jacketing of beams is recommended for several purposes as it gives continuity to the

columnsand increases the strength and stiffness of the structure. While jacketing a beam, its
flexural resistance must be carefully computed to avoid the creation of a strong beam-weak
column system. In the retrofitted structure, there is a strong possibility of change of mode of
failure and redistribution of forces as a result of jacketing of column, which may
consequently cause beam hinging. The location of the beam critical section and the
participation of the existing reinforcement should be taken into consideration.

Jacketing of beam may be carried out under different ways, the most common are one-sided
jackets or 3 and 4sided jackets. At several occasions, the slab has been perforated to allow the
ties to go through and to enable the casting of concrete. The beam should be jacketed through
its whole length. The reinforcement has also been added to increase beam flexural capacity
moderately and to produce high joint shear stresses. Top bars crossing the orthogonal beams
are put through holes and the bottom bars have been placed under the soffit of the existing
beams, at each side of the existing column. Beam transverse steel consists of sets of U-shaped
ties fixed to the top jacketing bars and of inverted U-shaped ties placed through perforations
in the slab, closely spaced ties have been placed near the joint region where beam hinging is
expected to occur.

Department of Civil Engineering, SJBIT 5|Page

Rehabilitation and Retrofitting -18CV824

4.4 External Bonding Technique

In this technique, suitable laminates are attached externally in the flexural zone to improve
the strength and deformation characteristics of distressed structural members. The laminates
may be fabricated from any one of the following materials: Steel, Fibre Reinforced Polymers
(FRP), Ferrocement. The laminates are attached to distressed structural elements using epoxy
resin or by using mechanical connections.

Externally bonded steel plates:

Repair technique often require an attachment of steel to concrete. Many strengthening

techniques utilize steel to strengthen connections or provide additional tensile capacity.
Attachment methods utilize mechanical connections and/or adhesives, permitting load
transfer between steel and concrete. Use of adhesives as a connecting mechanism provides
for uniform load transfer and corrosion protection at the concrete steel interface. For
maximum bond, the steel requires a high level of abrasive cleaning. The concrete surface
requires roughening by mechanical or abrasive/liquid blast methods and removal of surface
laitance. Mechanical anchorage methods utilize different types of anchor devices. Where
vibrations exist in the connections, resin anchors or through-bolting should be utilized. In
critical applications, a combination of adhesives and mechanical systems should be
considered.

Strengthening with external plate bonding has following limitations,

1. Difficulty in manipulating the plates in filed

2. Deterioration of the bond steel concrete interface

Department of Civil Engineering, SJBIT 6|Page

Rehabilitation and Retrofitting -18CV824
18CV824

3. Lack of proper formation of joints

External Wrapping using FRP:

Generally, from the past conventional methods like Jacketing, plate bonding and post
tensioning are employed as retrofitting of structures, but problem like early debonding of
adhesively bonded steel plates in plate bonding and complexity of work in post tensioning
methods leads to uneconomical restoration techniques.

Now a day’s new retrofitting methods are being developed by incorporation of polymers and
fibres as Fibre-Reinforced
Reinforced polymer. These composites have combination
ation of strength of fibres
with the stability of polymer resins.
resi

FRP composites contain non-metallic

non metallic fibres and the polymer, where polymer matrix is
thoroughly reinforced with the fibre. Generally, the fibres are carbon, glass, basalt or aramid,
and the polymers are generally polyester thermosetting plastic and phenol formaldehyde
resins are presently in use.

Department of Civil Engineering, SJBIT 7|Page

Rehabilitation and Retrofitting -18CV824

Generally, FRP composites are of

1. Glass fibre material

2. Carbon fibre

3. Aramid fibres

Thus, the above fibres are in combinations with the resins like Vinyl ester, unsaturated
polyester and Epoxy.

In FRP composites fibres are the main constituent which generally at 60-70% fractions and
rest is polymer. Fibres are stress bearing constituent whereas resins help to transfer stresses to
fibres and protects them. These FRP composites unites the strength of the fibres with stability
of resins of polymers and they are so called polymer matrix, either thermoplastic or thermo-
set which are reinforced with fibres with sufficient aspect ratio.

The deformation of polymer can be explained by the molecules present in it, and their motion
and relaxation system, and this relaxation mechanism depends on structure of molecule and
they are used to initiate link with intrinsic deformation action.

Department of Civil Engineering, SJBIT 8|Page

Rehabilitation and Retrofitting -18CV824

Benefits of FRP technique over other Retrofitting methods are,

1. Easy to install, economically feasible and one of the best alternatives for strengthening
structures.

2. It provides negligible inconvenience existing structure and their occupants

3. FRP strips can easily wrapped to tension zones of slabs and beams leads to increasing in
flexural strength of element.

4. It also provides highly effective confinement at the edges and axial strength for columns.

5. The shape and size of structural members are not altered and members are unrevised. Thus
helpful in strengthening of historic buildings and aesthetic masonry structures.

6. It also prevents decay of concrete and reinforcement.

7. It is reported that flexural capacity can be increased up to 4 to 14 times and shear capacity
from 30 to 80 percent by the use of FRP technique.

8. By previous experimental investigations FRP method we can enhance energy absorption,

strength and stiffness characteristics of poorly designed RC members.

9. As thickness of FRP material is too small its application does not add weight on structural
members.

Limitations of FRP technique are as follows

1. Economically not feasible in most cases.

2. Comparatively low long-term to short-term unvarying strength than AFRP and GFRP.

3. During high temperature deflection of FRP increases this leads to decrease in strength.

4. During collisions impact loading can destruct the materials.

5. Low impact resistance, flammability, aging and loss of strength over time.

4.5 Near Surface Mount (NSM)

The technique of near-surface mounted reinforcement for strengthening concrete structures is

currently being developed as an alternative to externally bonded fibre composite materials.
The process involves cutting a series of shallow grooves in the concrete surface in the
required direction. The depth of the groove must be less than the cover so that the existing

Department of Civil Engineering, SJBIT 9|Page

Rehabilitation and Retrofitting -18CV824

reinforcement is not damaged. The grooves are partially filled with epoxy mortar into which
pultruded carbon fibre composite rods or strips are pressed. The remainder of the groove is
then filled with epoxy mortar and the surface levelled. The approach can be used to increase
the flexural (bending) of beams and slabs, or the shear capacity of beams. It can also be used
for strengthening concrete masonry walls.

As the fibre composite material is embedded in the concrete, it is less susceptible to damage,
for example by fire or vandalism, than material bonded to the surface. It is obviously very
appropriate for strengthening the top surfaces of slabs, where externally bonded fibre
composites would require a protective layer; damage may be caused to the composite if it is
necessary to remove the protective layer at a later date. A further potential advantage of the
technique over the use of externally bonded fibre composite is that no preparation of the
concrete surface is required. Clearly one limitation on the technique is the need to have
sufficient cover to the existing reinforcement to allow the grooves to be cut without the risk
of damaging the steel.

(1) Groove are cutting

(2) Cleaning the groove

Department of Civil Engineering, SJBIT 10 | P a g e

Rehabilitation and Retrofitting -18CV824

(3) Filling groove with adhesive/epoxy

(4) Placing FRP laminate into the groove

(5) Filling the groove and laminate with adhesive/epoxy and finishing the surface

4.6 External posttensioning

Post-tensioning is the introduction of external forces to the structural member using high
strength cables, strands or bars. The PT reinforcement is connected to the existing member at
anchor points, typically located at the ends of the member, and profiled along the span at
strategically located high and low points.

Department of Civil Engineering, SJBIT 11 | P a g e

Rehabilitation and Retrofitting -18CV824

Strengthening systems can be classified into two categories: Passive systems and active
systems. Passive strengthening systems do not introduce forces to the structure or its
components. Passive systems such as steel reinforced concrete enlargement and the addition
of structural steel elements contribute to load sharing and the overall resistance of the
member when it deforms under external loads. As such, the effectiveness and load sharing of
passive systems significantly affects their axial and bending stiffness. Other examples of
passive strengthening systems include the use of bonded steel plates and externally bonded
FRP.

Active strengthening systems, such as external Post-Tensioning (PT), involves the

introduction of external forces to the structural elements that would offset part or all of the
effects of external loads. Active systems are usually engaged in load sharing immediately
after installation and can provide strength increase and instantaneously improve the service
performance, such as reducing tensile stresses (or cracking) and deflections.

Strengthening with PT is particularly effective and economical for long-span beams and
cantilevered members, and has been employed with great success to increase the bending and
shear resistance and correct excessive deflections.

Department of Civil Engineering, SJBIT 12 | P a g e

Rehabilitation and Retrofitting -18CV824

Tendons have an anchor at each end that consists of a bearing plate to transfer the tendon
force to the concrete, as well as to stress the tendon. The end at which the PT reinforcement is
stressed is referred to as the “live end,” while the other end is known as the “dead end.”
Stressing of PT cables is usually achieved using hydraulic jacks.

The assembly of anchors from multiple cables, typically located at an end of the member, is
referred to as the anchor zone. The force in stressed tendons is transferred from the anchors to
the new concrete jacket through bearing, and from the new concrete to the existing structural
member through shear friction. Proper amount of mild steel reinforcement should be
provided to address all bearing and bursting forces created in the anchor zones. Concrete
surface profiling and steel dowels should be designed and detailed to transfer horizontal shear
forces at the interface of the existing concrete to the new concrete, therefore produce the
desired composite behaviour.

4.7 Section enlargement

This method of strengthening involves placing additional bonded reinforced concrete to an

existing structural member in the form of an overlay or a jacket. With section enlargement,
columns, beams, slabs and walls can be enlarged to increase their load carrying capacity or
stiffness. A typical enlargement is approximately 50 to 75mm for slabs and 75 to 125mm for
beams and columns.

4.8 Guidelines for Seismic Rehabilitation of ExistingBuilding

Advances in earthquake-related technology during the past few decades have led to a
realization that seismic risk to life and property can be reduces significantly by improving
seismic performance of existing seismically deficient buildings.

4.8.1 Seismic vulnerability

The vulnerability of a building to an earthquake is dependent on seismic deficiency of that

building relative to required performance. The seismic deficiency is defined as a condition
that will prevent a building from meeting the required performance.

4.8.2 Common Seismic deficiencies

1. Global Strength: Refers to lateral strength of vertically oriented (vertical members) lateral
force resisting system. Deficiency in global strength is common in older buildings either due

Department of Civil Engineering, SJBIT 13 | P a g e

Rehabilitation and Retrofitting -18CV824

to lack of seismic design or a design to an early methods or linear static procedure have been
used for evaluation.

2. Global stiffness: Global stiffness refers to the entire lateral force resisting system although
the lack of stiffness may not be critical at all floors. For example, in buildings with narrow
walls, critical drift occurs in the upper floors. Although strength and stiffness are often
controlled by the same existing elements, the two deficiencies are considered separately.

3. Configuration: This deficiency category covers configuration irregularities that adversely

affect performance. In codes these are divided into Plan irregularities and vertical irregular
irregularities.

Plan irregularities:Structureshaving one or more ofthe irregular features listed as follows shall
be designatedas having a plan irregularity.

Plan irregularities are,

1. Torsional Irregularity
2. Re-entrant Corners
3. Diaphragm Discontinuity
4. Out-of-Plane Offset
5. Nonparallel Systems

Vertical Irregularity: Structures having one or moreof the irregular features listed as follows
shall be designedas having a vertical irregularity.

Vertical irregularity of Structures,

1. Stiffness Irregularity (Soft Storey)

2. Mass Irregularity

3. Inadequate component detailing:Refers to design that affects a member’s behaviour

beyond the strength demand. When the structures is designed but not detailed as per the
requirements of code

4. Diaphragm deficiency:The primary purpose of diaphragm in the structure is to act as a

horizontal beam spanning between lateral force resisting elements. Inadequate bending
strength, shear strength, stiffness or reinforcement around openings will cause deficiency in
diaphragm.

Department of Civil Engineering, SJBIT 14 | P a g e

Rehabilitation and Retrofitting -18CV824

5. Foundation deficiency: It can occur within the foundation element or due to inadequate
transfer mechanic between foundation and soil. Element deficiency includes inadequate
bending or shear strength of foundations and grade beams, inadequate axial capacity of piles
and piers.

Rehabilitation techniques for seismic deficiency

1. Wood frames/buildings
2. Steel moment resisting frames
3. Steel braced frames
4. Steel frames with infill masonry shear walls
5. Concrete moment resisting frames
6. Concrete shear wall buildings
7. Concrete frames with infill masonry shear walls
8. Precast Concrete frames with shear walls
9. Base isolation of buildings

Department of Civil Engineering, SJBIT 15 | P a g e