FACULTY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND ACCOUNTANCY

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH

BUSINESS STATISTICS (BT10403)

SEMESTER 1, 2022/2023
PLUMS

GROUP ASSIGNMENT

PREPARED TO:
DR. DEBRA TORIA ANAL NIPO

Hereby, we declare that the work contained in this assignment is our own, except where
acknowledgement of sources is made.
PREPARED BY:
No. Name Matric No. Signature
1 Muhammad Noorhasnan Bin Tajol Arus YE21110016
2 Sabaruddin Bin Musap YE21110003
3 Fadzlan bin Pazar Rahman YE21110021
4 Hairul bin Yahya YE21110012
5 Mohd Syaffiq bin Mohd Sahid YE21110024

Submission Date: _09 Dec 2022

1
 GROUP ASSIGNMENT 1 (15%)

Airports Council International (ACI) Asia Pacific has forecasted that the region will record
62% of air traffic recovery in 2022 compared to 2019 traffic of 3.4 billion passengers. ACI
Asia Pacific director general, Stefano Baronci said the early momentum of Asia Pacific was
severely dampened in the second half of 2021 due to a resurgence of Covid-19 and the
re-introduction of travel restrictions in the region.

Stefano said, the ACI Asia Pacific was urging governments in the Asia Pacific to
unilaterally relax the travel rules for international travelers and impose a standardized
measure to ease inbound and outbound travel. He added that having a seamless airport
experience was one way to encourage passengers to travel and contactless airport
boarding using biometric technology is a good example to reduce the number of person-
to-person contact at airports. Many airports in Asia Pacific have implemented the
biometric system, including airports in Malaysia, which is operated and managed by
Malaysia Airports Holdings Bhd (MAHB).

As a data analyst, you wish to study how digitalization has impacted the demand for both
domestic and international travels worldwide. Assume that you have collected monthly
data on the total number of domestic and international passenger traffic of all airlines in
the Asia Pacific region. A portion of the data is shown in the following table:

2
Airline Domestic International
Air Asia 4570798 4713336
Asiana 3515460 2974856
Bouraq Air Lines 2082028 1273829
Cathay Pacific 88829 40466
CEBU Pacific Air 200640 32362
China Airlines 393370 46858
Dragonair Hong Kong 1268825 89484
EVA Air 1415153 84298
Japan Asia Airways 1699035 88100
Japan Airlines 610901 89232
JetLite 239635 77536
Jetstar Asia Airways 1032146 77141
Korean Air 681057 96002
Malaysia Airlines 245002 72915
Paramount Airways 482406 102269
Pelita Air Service 530698 106584
Philippine Airlines 403971 75102
Royal Brunei Airlines 125079 59062
Shanghai Airlines 187448 72884
Silkair 205608 87569
Sun Air 363100 95891
Thai Airways International 1211979 120117
Tiger Airways 2253570 149251
Vietnam Airlines 2925157 320474

3
1. INSTRUCTIONS

Based on the sample information above, conduct the following descriptive analysis
and interpret your findings:

 Part 1: Construct appropriate graphs/charts to compare the relative frequency

and cumulative relative frequency in each dataset

DOMESTIC
RELATIVE CUMULATIVE
VARIABLE (,000) FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY FEQUENCY
100 - 400 9 0.375 0.375
400 - 800 5 0.21 0.585
800 - 1,200 1 0.042 0.0627
1,200 - 1,600 3 0.125 0.752
1,600 - 2,000 1 0.042 0.794
2,000 - 2,400 2 0.08 0.874
2,400 - 2,800 0 0 0,874
2,800 - 3,200 1 0.042 0.916
3,200 - 3,600 1 0.042 0.958
3,600 - 4,000 0 0 0.958
4,000 - 4,400 0 0 0.958
4,400 - 4,800 1 0.042 1
  24 1  

4
 INTERNATIONAL

RELATIVE CUMULATIVE
VARIABLE (,000) FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY FEQUENCY
10 - 400 21 0.877 0.877
400 - 800 0 0 0.877
800 - 1,200 0 0 0.877
1,200 - 1,600 1 0.041 0.918
1,600 - 2,000 0 0 0.918
2,000 - 2,400 0 0 0.918
2,400 - 2,800 0 0 0.918
2,800 - 3,200 1 0.041 0.958
3,200 - 3,600 0 0 0.958
3,600 - 4,000 0 0 0.958
4,000 - 4,400 0 0 0.958
4,400 - 4,800 1 0.041 1
  24 1  

5
 RELATIVE FREQUENCY
VARIABLE (,000) DOMESTIC INTERNATIONAL
10 - 400 0.375 0.877
400 - 800 0.21 0
800 - 1,200 0.042 0
1,200 - 1,600 0.125 0.041
1,600 - 2,000 0.042 0
2,000 - 2,400 0.08 0
2,400 - 2,800 0 0
2,800 - 3,200 0.042 0.041
3,200 - 3,600 0.042 0
3,600 - 4,000 0 0
4,000 - 4,400 0 0
4,400 - 4,800 0.042 0.041
  1 1

CUMULATIVE

6
 RELATIVE
FREQUENCY
VARIABLE (,000) DOMESTIC INTERNATIONAL
10 - 400 0.375 0.877
400 - 800 0.585 0.877
800 - 1,200 0.0627 0.877
1,200 - 1,600 0.752 0.918
1,600 - 2,000 0.794 0.918
2,000 - 2,400 0.874 0.918
2,400 - 2,800 0,874 0.918
2,800 - 3,200 0.916 0.958
3,200 - 3,600 0.958 0.958
3,600 - 4,000 0.958 0.958
4,000 - 4,400 0.958 0.958
4,400 - 4,800 1 1

Part 2: Calculate and compare measures of central location in each dataset

7
2.1 Mean
Mean is calculated by taking all the values in a set and dividing them by the total
number of values in that set

Formula =

2.1.1 Calculation of Domestic Airline Mean

4570798 + 3515460 + 2082028 + 88829 + 200640 + 393370 + 1268825 +

1415153 + 1699035 + 610901 + 239635 + 1032146 + 681057 + 245002 +
482406 + 530698 + 403971 + 125079 + 187448 + 205608 + 363100 + 1211979
+ 2253570 + 2925157

24

= 26,731,895.00
24

= 1,113,828.96

2.1.2 Calculation of International Airline Mean

8
 4713336 + 2974856 + 1273829 + 40466 + 32362 + 46858 + 89484 + 84298 +
88100 + 89232 + 77536 + 77141 + 96002 + 72915 + 102269 + 106584 + 75102 +
59062 + 72884 + 87569 + 95891 + 120117 + 149251 + 320474

24

= 10,945,618.00
24

= 456,067.42

2.1.3 comparison of Mean between domestic airline and international airline

Airline MEAN
1,113,828.9
Domestic
6
International 456,067.42

2.2 Median
median is the number that is in the middle of a data set that is organized from lowest
to highest or from highest to lowest. The median does not represent a true average but is
not as greatly affected by the presence of outliers as is the mean.

Formula = n+1
2

2.2.1 Calculation of Domestic Airline Median

9
NO Airline Domestic
1 Cathay Pacific 88,829.00
2 Royal Brunei Airlines 125,079.00
3 Shanghai Airlines 187,448.00
4 CEBU Pacific Air 200,640.00
5 Silkair 205,608.00
6 JetLite 239,635.00
7 Malaysia Airlines 245,002.00
8 Sun Air 363,100.00
9 China Airlines 393,370.00
10 Philippine Airlines 403,971.00
11 Paramount Airways 482,406.00
12 Pelita Air Service 530,698.00
13 Japan Airlines 610,901.00
14 Korean Air 681,057.00
15 Jetstar Asia Airways 1,032,146.0
0
16 Thai Airways International 1,211,979.0
0
17 Dragonair Hong Kong 1,268,825.0
0
18 EVA Air 1,415,153.0
0
19 Japan Asia Airways 1,699,035.0
0
20 Bouraq Air Lines 2,082,028.0
0
21 Tiger Airways 2,253,570.0
0
22 Vietnam Airlines 2,925,157.0
0
23 Asiana 3,515,460.0
0
24 Air Asia 4,570,798.0

10
 0

= 530,698.00 + 610,901.00
2

= 570,799.50

2.2.2 Calculation of International Airline Median

NO Airline International
1 CEBU Pacific Air 32,362.00
2 Cathay Pacific 40,466.00
3 China Airlines 46,858.00
4 Royal Brunei Airlines 59,062.00
5 Shanghai Airlines 72,884.00
6 Malaysia Airlines 72,915.00
7 Philippine Airlines 75,102.00
8 Jetstar Asia Airways 77,141.00
9 JetLite 77,536.00
10 EVA Air 84,298.00
11 Silkair 87,569.00
12 Japan Asia Airways 88,100.00
13 Japan Airlines 89,232.00
14 Dragonair Hong Kong 89,484.00
15 Sun Air 95,891.00
16 Korean Air 96,002.00
17 Paramount Airways 102,269.00
18 Pelita Air Service 106,584.00
19 Thai Airways International 120,117.00
20 Tiger Airways 149,251.00
21 Vietnam Airlines 320,474.00
22 Bouraq Air Lines 1,273,829.00
23 Asiana 2,974,856.00

11
24 Air Asia 4,713,336.00

= 88, 100.00 + 89,232.00

2

= 88,666.00

2.2.3 Comparison of Median between domestic airline and international airline

Airline Median
Domestic 570,799.50
International 88,666.00

2.3 Mode - The mode is the number that repeats most often in a data set. It’s seldom
used in statistics as a reliable measure of center.

Based on data show, there is no mode to be found since all the number did not repeat.

2.4 Midrange - The midrange is calculated by adding the highest and lowest values of a
data set together and dividing the sum by 2. The midrange is hardly ever used as a measure
of center.

12
2.4.1 Calculation of Domestic Airline Midrange Calculation

NO Airline Domestic
1 Cathay Pacific 88,829.00
2 Royal Brunei Airlines 125,079.00
3 Shanghai Airlines 187,448.00
4 CEBU Pacific Air 200,640.00
5 Silkair 205,608.00
6 JetLite 239,635.00
7 Malaysia Airlines 245,002.00
8 Sun Air 363,100.00
9 China Airlines 393,370.00
10 Philippine Airlines 403,971.00
11 Paramount Airways 482,406.00
12 Pelita Air Service 530,698.00
13 Japan Airlines 610,901.00
14 Korean Air 681,057.00
15 Jetstar Asia Airways 1,032,146.00
16 Thai Airways International 1,211,979.00
17 Dragonair Hong Kong 1,268,825.00
18 EVA Air 1,415,153.00
19 Japan Asia Airways 1,699,035.00
20 Bouraq Air Lines 2,082,028.00
21 Tiger Airways 2,253,570.00
22 Vietnam Airlines 2,925,157.00
23 Asiana 3,515,460.00

13
24 Air Asia 4,570,798.00

= 88,829.00 + 4,570,798.00
2

= 2,329,813.50

2.4.2 Calculation of Domestic Airline Midrange Calculation

NO Airline International
1 CEBU Pacific Air 32,362.00
2 Cathay Pacific 40,466.00
3 China Airlines 46,858.00
4 Royal Brunei Airlines 59,062.00
5 Shanghai Airlines 72,884.00
6 Malaysia Airlines 72,915.00
7 Philippine Airlines 75,102.00
8 Jetstar Asia Airways 77,141.00
9 JetLite 77,536.00
10 EVA Air 84,298.00
11 Silkair 87,569.00
12 Japan Asia Airways 88,100.00
13 Japan Airlines 89,232.00
14 Dragonair Hong Kong 89,484.00
15 Sun Air 95,891.00
16 Korean Air 96,002.00
17 Paramount Airways 102,269.00
18 Pelita Air Service 106,584.00
19 Thai Airways International 120,117.00
20 Tiger Airways 149,251.00
21 Vietnam Airlines 320,474.00
22 Bouraq Air Lines 1,273,829.00
23 Asiana 2,974,856.00

14
24 Air Asia 4,713,336.00

= 32,362.00 + 4,713,336.00
2

= 2,372,849.00

2.4.3 Comparison of Midrange between domestic airline and international airline

AIRLINE MIDRANGE
2,329,813.5
DOMESTIC
0
2,372,849.0
INTERNATIONAL
0

2.5 Comparison of mean, median and midrange between domestic airline and
international airline
Airline Mean Median Midrange
Domestic 1,113,828.9 570,799.50 2,329,813.5
6 0
International 456,067.42 88,666.00 2,372,849.0
0

15
  Part 3: Calculate percentiles and construct boxplot in each dataset

Part 3 : Percentiles & Boxplot

Bil. Airline Domestic      

1 Cathay Pacific 88829 88829 min  
2 Royal Brunei Airlines 125079      
3 Shanghai Airlines 187448      
4 CEBU Pacific Air 200640      
5 Silkair 205608      
6 JetLite 239635 240976.75 / 6.25 / 240976.8
Q1
7 Malaysia Airlines 245002 25%  
8 Sun Air 363100      
9 China Airlines 393370      
10 Philippine Airlines 403971      
11 Paramount Airways 482406      
12 Pelita Air Service 530698 570799.5 / 12.5 / Q2 /  
13 Japan Airlines 610901 50% Median  
14 Korean Air 681057      
15 Jetstar Asia Airways 1032146    
1122062.5 / 15.5 /
Thai Airways
16 1211979 62%    
International
17 Dragonair Hong Kong 1268825      

16
18 EVA Air 1415153 1628064.5 / 18.75 /  
Q3
19 Japan Asia Airways 1699035 75%  
20 Bouraq Air Lines 2082028      
21 Tiger Airways 2253570      
22 Vietnam Airlines 2925157      
23 Asiana 3515460      
24 Air Asia 4570798 4570798 max outliers

Bil. Airline International      

1 CEBU Pacific Air 32362 32362 min  
2 Cathay Pacific 40466      
3 China Airlines 46858      
4 Royal Brunei Airlines 59062      
5 Shanghai Airlines 72884      
6 Malaysia Airlines 72915 73461.75 / 6.25 /  
Q1
7 Philippine Airlines 75102 25%  
8 Jetstar Asia Airways 77141      
9 JetLite 77536      
10 EVA Air 84298      
11 Silkair 87569      
12 Japan Asia Airways 88100 Q2 /  
88666 / 12.5 / 50%
13 Japan Airlines 89232 Median  
14 Dragonair Hong Kong 89484      
15 Sun Air 95891    
95946.5 / 15.5 / 62%
16 Korean Air 96002    
17 Paramount Airways 102269      
18 Pelita Air Service 106584 116733.75 / 18.75 /  
Q3
19 Thai Airways International 120117 75%  
20 Tiger Airways 149251      
21 Vietnam Airlines 320474     outliers

17
22 Bouraq Air Lines 1273829     outliers
23 Asiana 2974856     outliers
24 Air Asia 4713336 4713336 max outliers

50%
25% Domestic Domestic 75% Domestic
62% Domestic (Q1) (Q2) (Q3)
Lp=(n+1)p/
Lp=(n+1)p/100 Lp=(n+1)p/100 100 Lp=(n+1)p/100
L50 =
(24+1)50/10 L75 =
L62 = (24+1)62/100 L25 = (24+1)25/100 0 (24+1)75/100
= (25)0.62 = (25)0.25 = (25)0.5 = (25)0.75
= 15.5 = 6.25 = 12.5 = 18.75

Pos12 =
Pos15 = 1032146 Pos6 = 239635 530698 Pos18 = 1415153
+Pos 0.5 = +Pos 0.75 =
+Pos 0.5 = 0.5(1211979- +Pos 0.25 = 0.5(610901- 0.75(1699035-
1032146) 0.25(245002-239635) 530698) 1415153)
=
= 0.5(179833) = 0.25(5367) 0.5(80203) = 0.75(283882)

18
= 89916.5 = 1341.75 = 40101.5 = 212911.5

Pos12.5 = Pos18.75 =
Pos15.5 = Pos6.25 = 530698+40101. 1415153+212911
1032146+89916.5 239635+1341.75 5 .5
=
= 1122062.5 = 240976.75 570799.5 = 1628064.5

50% 75%
25% International Internation International
62% International (Q1) al (Q2) (Q3)
Lp=(n+1)p/
Lp=(n+1)p/100 Lp=(n+1)p/100 100 Lp=(n+1)p/100
L50 =
(24+1)50/10 L75 =
L62 = (24+1)62/100 L25 = (24+1)25/100 0 (24+1)75/100
= (25)0.62 = (25)0.25 = (25)0.5 = (25)0.75
= 15.5 = 6.25 = 12.5 = 18.75

Pos12 =
Pos15 = 95891 Pos6 = 72915 88100 Pos18 = 106584
+Pos 0.75 =
+Pos 0.5 = 0.5(96002- +Pos 0.25 = +Pos 0.5 = 0.75(120117-
95891) 0.25(75102-72915) 0.5(89232-88100) 106584)
=
= 0.5(111) = 0.25(2187) 0.5(1132) = 0.75(13533)

19
= 55.5 = 546.75 = 566 = 10149.75

Pos18.75 =
Pos6.25 = Pos12.5 = 106584+10149.7
Pos15.5 = 95891+55.5 72915+546.75 88100+566 5
= 95946.5 = 73461.75 = 88666 = 116733.75

Boxplot
IQR = Q3-Q1
LL = Q1-(1.5XIQR)
UL = Q3+(1.5XIQR)

IQR Domestic IQR International

IQR = Q3-Q1 IQR = Q3-Q1
= 116733.75-
= 1628064.5-240976.75 73461.75
= 1387087.75 = 43272

LL = Q1-(1.5XIQR) LL = Q1-(1.5XIQR)
= 240976.75- = 73461.75-
(1.5X1387087.75) (1.5X43272)
= 240976.75-2080631.63 = 73461.75-64908
= -1839654.88 = 8553.75

20
UL = Q3+(1.5XIQR) UL = Q3+(1.5XIQR)
= =
1628064.5+(1.5X1387087. 116733.75+(1.5X432
75) 72)
= 1628064.5+2080631.63 = 116733.75-64908
= 3708696.13 = 181641.75

Domestic Range International Range

[-1839654.88, [8553.75,
3708696.13] 181641.75]

21
22
 Part 4: Calculate and compare measures of dispersion in each dataset (Syafiq)
Domestic

ܺ௜ ܺ௜ െത
ܺ ሺܺ௜ െത)²
ܺ
4570798 3456969.042 1.19506E+13
3515460 2401631.042 5.76783E+12
2082028 968199.0417 9.37409E+11
88829 -1024999.958 1.05062E+12
200640 -913188.9583 8.33914E+11
393370 -720458.9583 5.19061E+11
1268825 154996.0417 24023772932
1415153 301324.0417 90796178086
1699035 585206.0417 3.42466E+11
610901 -502927.9583 2.52937E+11
239635 -874193.9583 7.64215E+11
1032146 -81682.95833 6672105682
681057 -432771.9583 1.87292E+11
245002 -868826.9583 7.5486E+11
482406 -631422.9583 3.98695E+11
530698 -583130.9583 3.40042E+11
403971 -709857.9583 5.03898E+11
125079 -988749.9583 9.77626E+11
187448 -926380.9583 8.58182E+11
205608 -908220.9583 8.24865E+11
363100 -750728.9583 5.63594E+11
1211979 98150.04167 9633430679
2253570 1139741.042 1.29901E+12
2925157 1811328.042 3.28091E+12
Σ 26731895 5.12227E-09 3.25392E+13
1113828.958

ଶ 1.41475E+12
ܵ௫ =

ܵ௫ = √1.41475E+12 = 1189432.638

23
International

ܻ௜ ܻ௜ െത
ܻ (ܻ௜ െത)²
ܻ
4713336 4257268.583 1.81243E+13
2974856 2518788.583 6.3443E+12
1273829 817761.5833 6.68734E+11
40466 -415601.4167 1.72725E+11
32362 -423705.4167 1.79526E+11
46858 -409209.4167 1.67452E+11
89484 -366583.4167 1.34383E+11
84298 -371769.4167 1.38212E+11
88100 -367967.4167 1.354E+11
89232 -366835.4167 1.34568E+11
77536 -378531.4167 1.43286E+11
77141 -378926.4167 1.43585E+11
96002 -360065.4167 1.29647E+11
72915 -383152.4167 1.46806E+11
102269 -353798.4167 1.25173E+11
106584 -349483.4167 1.22139E+11
75102 -380965.4167 1.45135E+11
59062 -397005.4167 1.57613E+11
72884 -383183.4167 1.4683E+11
87569 -368498.4167 1.35791E+11
95891 -360176.4167 1.29727E+11
120117 -335950.4167 1.12863E+11
149251 -306816.4167 94136313536
320474 -135593.4167 18385574643
Σ 10945618 -2.85218E-09 2.79507E+13
456067.4167

ܵ௬ଶ = 1.21525E+12

ܵ௬ = √1.21525E+12 1102383.781

24
  Part 5: Calculate and compare measures of association in each dataset

 
4570798 4713336 2.16597E+26
3515460 2974856 3.65928E+25
2082028 1273829 6.26878E+23
88829 40466 1.81469E+23
200640 32362 1.49709E+23
393370 46858 8.69180E+22
1268825 89484 3.22840E+21
1415153 84298 1.25492E+22
1699035 88100 4.63699E+22
610901 89232 3.40372E+22
239635 77536 1.09501E+23
1032146 77141 9.58016E+20
681057 96002 2.42818E+22
245002 72915 1.10818E+23
482406 102269 4.99060E+22
530698 106584 4.15322E+22
403971 75102 7.31331E+22
125079 59062 1.54087E+23
187448 72884 1.26006E+23
205608 87569 1.12009E+23
363100 95891 7.31134E+22
1211979 120117 1.08725E+21
2253570 149251 1.22284E+23
2925157 320474 6.03214E+22
Σ 26731895 10945618 2.55390E+26
1113828.958 456067.4167

Covariance = 1.0756E+12

Correlation = 0.8203 Strong Correlation Value

25