Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
CALANTAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
ROSARIO, BATANGAS

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

Physical Science

BIOLOGICAL MICROMOLECULES

NAME: ________________________ Score: ________

GRADE/SECTION: _____________

1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR LEARNERS

The lesson is about How Galileo Inferred that Objects in Vacuum Fall in Uniform Acceleration. The students will
understand the different concept on how Galileo Galilei proves that a different object will fall with uniform
acceleration.

2. LEARNING COMPETENCY WITH CODE

Explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid,
and proteins determine their properties and functions (S11/12PS-IIIe-22)

3. DIRECTIONS/ INSTRUCTIONS
1. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
2. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
3. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
4. If you have any questions, you may ask your subject teacher.
5. Always remember, YOU CAN DO IT!

4. EXERCISES/ ACTIVITIES
D.1 INTRODUCTION
a. What I Need to Know
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. discuss the functions and properties of the structures of biological macromolecules;
2. identify the structures of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and
proteins; and
3. appreciate the importance of biological macromolecules in our daily life.

b. What’ New
Challenge Yourself
Activity No. 1: Acrostics
Directions: Make an acrostic using the words below, then answer the questions that
follows. Answer in your notebook.

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Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
CALANTAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
ROSARIO, BATANGAS
C
A N
R U
B C
O L
H E
Y I
D C
R A
A C
T I
E D
S

P
R L
O I
T P
E I
I D
N S
S

Questions:
What are the four key terms used above known as?

D.2 DEVELOPMENT
What I Know
Use the terms above related to biological macromolecules. List down these words on the table and write what
you know about each of them.

TERM What I Know About It?

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
CALANTAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
ROSARIO, BATANGAS

WHAT’S IN:
Macromolecules
Biological macromolecules are important cellular components and perform a wide array of functions
necessary for the survival and growth of living organisms. Nutrients are the molecules that living organisms
require for survival and growth, but animals and plants cannot synthesize themselves. Animals obtain nutrients
by consuming food, while plants pull nutrients from soil. Foods such as bread, fruit, and cheese are rich sources
of biological macromolecules. The four major classes of biological macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleicacids.
Many critical nutrients are biological macromolecules. The term “macromolecules” was first coined in
the 1920’s by Nobel Laurete Herman Staudinger. He was the first to propose that many large molecules are
built by covalently linking smaller biological molecules.

Figure 1: Biological macromolecules and their structures

Living organisms are made up of chemical building blocks. All organisms are composed of a variety of
these biological macromolecules. Each of these types of macromolecules performs a wide array of important
functions within the cell; a cell cannot perform its roles within the body without many different types of these
crucial molecules.

Figure 2: Macromolecules and their building blocks

A. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules in nature. They are present in human,
animal tissue, plant and in micro-organisms. Carbohydrates are also present in tissue fluids, blood, milk,
secretion, and excretions of animals.
Sugars can be categorized into three namely: monosaccharide, disaccharide, and
polysaccharide.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
CALANTAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
ROSARIO, BATANGAS

Monosaccharide The simplest sugars such as glucose, which is known as a blood

sugar.
Disaccharide This is composed of two simple sugars like sucrose, which is a
table sugar and made of glucose and fructose bonded
together.
Polysaccharide It is made of series of bonded glucose molecules like starch.
Starchy foods are eaten such as potatoes and pasta, enzymes in
the body breaks them down and this makes glucose available
as a nutrient for your cells.

General Functions of Carbohydrates

➢ STORAGE form of energy (starch and glycogen)
➢ Main SOURCE of energy in the body (glycogen)
➢ Excess carbohydrate is converted to fat.
Structural basis of many organisms
1. Cellulose of plants
2. Exoskeleton of insects
3. Cell wall of microorganisms

Components of several animal structure and plant structures (cartilage, tendons)

Carbohydrates are components of blood group substances.
Ascorbic acid, a derivative of carbohydrate is a water-soluble vitamin.

Think about it:

Name and describe other examples of monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide. Answer in
your notebook.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

B. Proteins
➢ The term protein is from the Greek proteios, or “primary”. These molecules appear in very diverse structures. Proteins
are composed of hydrogen (H), carbon (C), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and sometimes sulfur (S).

➢ Proteins function for bodily growth, repair, and replacement of cells and enzymes catalyze cellular chemical
reactions.

➢ The basic unit of protein is the amino acid. Amino acids are the building blocks that form polypeptides and
ultimately proteins. Consequently, they are fundamental components of our bodies and vital for physiological
functions such as protein synthesis, tissue repair and nutrient absorption.

➢ There are about 20 common amino acids although thousands of amino acids exist in nature. Amino acids join
together in a covalent bond (sharing of electrons) known as peptide bond. If two amino acids join together, they
form peptide.

➢ Proteins are made up of long chain of amino acids, hence also called as “polypeptides”.

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Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
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CALANTAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
ROSARIO, BATANGAS

Not all amino acids can be synthesized by our body. They must be obtained from food in order for us to make proteins
and to survive. These amino acids are called essential amino acids that are readily available in our body and considered
non-essential amino acids.
Two most important functions of proteins:
1. Structural Proteins- Proteins are the major structuralcomponents of most living tissues. They
function for growth,repair, and replacement of tissues.
2. Catalytic Proteins- These are the enzymes ( catalyst) which increase the rate of biological
reactions inside the livingorganisms.

Figure 4: Amino Acid Structure

General Functions of Proteins

1. Transport substances in the body, such as hemoglobintransports oxygen.

2. Enzymes which catalyze chemical reactions in the body.
3. Defense function such as immunoglobulin (antibodies).
4. Hormones are proteins. That control many biochemical events. Example is insulin (a hormone made by pancreas
that allows the body to use sugar (glucose) from carbohydrates in the food that is eaten for energy or to store glucose
for future use. Insulin helps keep the blood sugar level from getting too high (hyperglycemia) or too low
(hypoglycemia).
5. Contraction of muscles. E.g. Muscle proteins (actin and myosin)
6. Gene expression. They control gene expression and translation e.g. histones.
7. Nutrient and storage e.g. albumen of egg, casein of milk, Ferritin that stores iron.
8. Proteins acts as buffers e.g. Plasma proteins
9. Proteins function as anti-vitamins e.g. Avidin of egg.
10. Proteins are infective agents.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
CALANTAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
ROSARIO, BATANGAS

C. Lipids

➢ Lipids are hydrophobic molecules like fats, oils, phospholipids,and steroids.

➢ They function as energy storage, water proofing, membrane structure, and some hormones.
➢ Fats and oils are triglycerides composed of fatty acid tails andglycerol head.
➢ Lipids are biological compounds that consist of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. These non-polar
molecules are insolublein water but soluble in ether, alcohol, chloroform, or other organic solvents.
➢ These molecules are considered as the highest form of energy reserve and long-term energy
storage. They are twice the energy as carbohydrates.

Some examples of Lipids:

A. Triglycerides which include fats and oils

Saturated Fats- These molecules contain fatty acids in whichall of the carbon-carbon bonds are single bonded.
Most animal fats are solid at room temperature. Reminder: We should limit these in our diet because they contribute to heart
disease due to plaque depositions in arteries-a cardiovascular disease called atherosclerosis.
Examples: Bacon, meat, oils, sour cream, and butter

Unsaturated Fats- These molecules have fatty acids with atleast one carbon-carbon bond is double bond. These
are liquid at room temperature which the fat molecules don’t stack tightly together. They are from the plant, vegetable,
and fish fats. Plant and fish fats are liquid at room temperature and are known as oils.

B. Waxes- These are long-chain of fatty acids combined with alcohols rather than glycerol. These
molecules form protective coatings on the leaves of plants and the skins of animals.
C. Phospholipids- These are main component of the cell membrane. They have a phosphate group bonded
to one of the fatty acid chains, making the molecules hydrophilic.
D. Hormones and Steroids which include Cholesterol- these are lipidswith carbon rings. Steroids are formed
by different functional groups attached to the rings. One of the important steroids is the cholesterol, which
is an important component of cell membrane. Many of these steroids are hormones such as sex
hormones including testosterone and estrogen.

Think about it:

Predict which of the following would contain saturated fattyacids and which would contain unsaturated fatty acids:

1. Dairy products like cheese and butter .

2. Olive Oil
3. Bacon grease

D. Nucleic Acid

➢ These are large molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
phosphorus. Nucleic acids are polymers made of nucleotide monomers. Nucleotides build
nucleic acids which are made up of three parts: phosphate,sugar group (deoxyribose and
ribose) and nitrogen- containing base. The nitrogen bases are rings of carbon andnitrogen
that come in two types: purines (a type of nitrogenous base made of 2 rings and can only
pair with a pyrimidine) and pyrimidines (a type of nitrogenous basemade of one ring
and can only pair with purine).

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Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
CALANTAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
ROSARIO, BATANGAS
Table 2: Types of Nitrogen Bases

There are two types of Nucleic Acids:

1. Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) –These molecules have two strands that twisted around an imaginary axis to
form a double helix. They provide the template for all the information necessary to every new life. DNA codes
determine the sequence of the amino acids.
2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)- RNA molecule is a single polynucleotide chain. Nitrogenous base Uracil links to
adenine instead of thymine. This store and transfers geneticinformation for making proteins.

Table 3: Comparison between DNA and RNA

Figure 5: Structure of DNA and RNA

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Department of Education
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What is DNA made of?

➢ DNA is made up of molecules called nucleotides. Eachnucleotide contains phosphate group, a sugar group and
a nitrogen base (adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C)

➢ Nitrogenous bases adenine (A)-thymine (T) and guanine (G)- cytosine (C) form the base pairs A-T and G-C.

A base pair is a one of the pairs A-T or G-C. Notice that each base pair consists of a purine and a pyrimidine. The
nucleotides in abase pair are complementary which means their shape allows them to bond together with hydrogen
bonds. The A-T pair forms two.

D.3 ENGAGEMENT

Matching Type: Match the structure in column A with the Macromolecules in column B. Write the letter of your answer in
your notebook.Summarize your understanding about the different terms/names given on the table. Use a separate sheet
of paper for your answer.

Column A Column B

A. Carbohydrates

B. Lipids

C. Nucleic Acid

D. Proteins

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
CALANTAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
ROSARIO, BATANGAS
Let’s Evaluate
I. Brain Challenge!
Read and Match
Directions. Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter ofyour answer in the notebook.
Column A Column B

These molecules have two strands that twisted around an imaginary axis to form a double
1. helix. a. Waxes

They have a phosphate group bondedto one of the fatty acid chains, making the molecules b. StructuralProtein
2. hydrophilic.
These are long chain of fatty acids combined with alcohols rather thanglycerol.
3. c. DNA
These molecules contain fatty acids which all of the carbon-carbon bondsare single bonded.
4. d. Saturated Fats
These molecules are considered as thehighest form of energy reserve and long-term energy
5. storage. e. Carbohydrates

6. STORAGE form of energy (starch and glycogen). Main SOURCE of energy inthe body f. Phospholipids
(glycogen).
7. g. Nucleic Acid
They function for growth, repair and replacement of tissues.

8. h. RNA
These stores and transfers genetic information for making proteins.

9. i. Monosaccharide
The simplest sugars such as glucose, which is known as a blood sugar.

10. These are large molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. j. Lipids

II. Label the parts.

A. Label the diagram of the nucleotide below.

III. Identify the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA

1. ______________________________________
2. ______________________________________
3. ______________________________________
4. ______________________________________

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
CALANTAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
ROSARIO, BATANGAS
Let’s Create

Activity 1.1 Create a Rap song

Now that you have the knowledge about the views of biological macromolecules, create a rap song based
on that.
Rubrics for grading Activity 1.1

5 4 3 2

Content Content was always Content was Content was mostly Not enough
accurate to lesson learned. essentially accurate unclear about the information was
to the lesson learned. lesson learned. presented about the
lesson learned.

Mood Rap song was with emotion Rap song had great Rap song had a little Rap song had no
and feeling had wonderful emotion and energy. bit of emotion but emotion and energy.
energy and verse put not enough.
together.

Vocabulary Vocabulary was accurately Vocabulary was Vocabulary was not There was no
used There are 5 or more mostly used correctly used correctly or there vocabulary used.
words. or there are only 3-4 are 1-2 words used.
words used.

Lyrics Rap song lyrics are Rap song lyrics are Rap song lyrics are Rap song lyrics are
outstanding good somewhat coherent incoherent

References:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/types-of-biological-macromolecules/
https://quizlet.com/329230145/macromolecules-macromolecules-structure- and-function-diagram/
https://microbenotes.com/carbohydrates-structure-properties-classification-and-functions/
http://chubbyrevision-a2level.weebly.com/amino-acids.html
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/course/introduction-protein-classification-ebi/protein-classification

Prepared by:

MICHELLE M. GARCIA
Teacher II/Subject Teacher

Calantas, Rosario, Batangas

[email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
CALANTAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
ROSARIO, BATANGAS
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS
Physical Science

NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION

NAME: ________________________ Score: ________

GRADE/SECTION: _____________

Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)

Lesson Understanding Newton’s

1 First Law of Motion

Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist change when in motion or when at rest. Newton’s first law of motion is also
called law of inertia. If an object is moving, inertia will keep it in motion. When it is at rest, it will continue to be at rest,
unless there is a force applied on it.

I. Galileo and Inertia

Galileo Galilei 1564-1642
Galileo developed the first concept of laws of motion.
Among these are the following:
• Developed the concept of motion in terms of velocity (speed and direction) by
using inclined planes.
• Developed the idea of force that causes motion.
• Determined that the natural state of an object is rest or uniformed motion.
• Developed the idea that objects resist motion, inertia.
According to Galileo, objects in motion eventually stop because of a force called friction. Friction
is a force that opposes motion between any surfaces that are touching. This is based on his
experiment observed in inclined planes. He said that a difference between initial and final heights
was due to the presence of friction. Galileo hypothesized that if friction could be entirely eliminated,
the ball would reach exactly the same height. Or if the ball rolls horizontally and there’s no friction
that acts on it, the ball will never stop.

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CALANTAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
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II. Isaac Newton and his First Law of Motion

Isaac Newton 1642-1727

Isaac Newton was born the same year Galileo died. Newton’s law of inertia is based on
Galileo’s idea of inertia. He expanded Galileo’s work and came up with his Three Laws of
Motion.

Newton’s first law of motion states that…

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed
and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Mass and Inertia

An object’s tendency to resist change in its motion depends on its mass. Below is a wooden box and a styro foam box,
which do you think has a greater mass? lesser? Which has a greater inertia?

An object’s inertia depends on its mass. Mass is the amount of matter or substance that makes up an object. It
is measured in units called kilogram. An object with a greater mass has a greater inertia and an object with a lesser
mass will also have a lesser inertia.

wooden box styrofoam box

Exploring Inertia

Inertia has three types:

• Inertia of rest- an object will stay in place unless something or somebody moves it.
Example: a plate on the table
• Inertia of motion- an object will continue at the same speed until a force acts on it.
Example: a rolling ball
• Inertia of Direction- an object will stay moving in the same direction unless a force acts on it.
Example: a moving car turning right.

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Department of Education
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Forces
What causes an object to move, to stop or remain at rest? A force causes an object to
move, to stop or remain at rest.
• Force is defined as a push or a pull.
• Newton (N) is the unit of force
• One Newton is the amount of force required to give a 1-kg mass an acceleration of
1 m/s/s. Thus, the following unit equivalency can be stated as:
1 Newton = 1 kg • m/s²

Friction

A rolling marble on the floor that suddenly stops when it reached a rough surface does
not stop because of the absence of a force, it stops because of the presence of a force called
friction.

• Friction is a force that opposes motion between any surfaces that are touching.
• Friction occurs because no surface is perfectly smooth.
• Rough surfaces have more friction than smooth surfaces.
Heavier objects also have more friction because they are pressed harder with greater
force than lighter objects.
• Friction produces heat because it causes the molecules on rubbing surfaces to
move faster and have more energy.

Newton’s first law of motion has always stated that:

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the
same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Balanced and Unbalanced Forces

A balanced force is a force in which the net force is equal to zero.

What is a net force? A net force is the total combination of forces (in opposite direction or the same direction)
acting on an object.

Let’s consider the free body diagram of a flower vase on the table. There are two forces acting on
the flower vase. The force of the table pushing the flower vase upward also called the normal force
and the gravitational force pushing the flower vase downward.
The forces on the flower vase are balanced

Normal force of the table pushing the flower vase upwards

flower vase

Gravitational force pushing it downwards

Since the two forces are equal and in opposite directions, they balanced each other. The net force
is zero, it means the flower vase is at its equilibrium. There is no unbalanced force acting on it thus it
remains at rest.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
CALANTAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
ROSARIO, BATANGAS

What is an unbalanced force?

An unbalanced force is a force in which the net force is greater than zero.

40N 50N
The force produced by the right team is greater than the left team by 10N tipping the rope to the right direction.

Unbalanced forces cause acceleration. Only unbalanced force can change the motion and
direction of an object.

Example: Your pet dog can move you faster if he pulls you with enough force.

Let’s Analyze

Activity 1.1 Identification

Test your understanding on the different types of inertia. Read and analyze the different situations
given below. Identify the type of inertia. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.

1. When pulling a Band-Aid off, it is better to pull it fast. Your skin will remain at rest due to inertia,
and the force pulls the Band-Aid off.
2. When pedaling a bicycle and you stop pedaling, the bike continues going until friction or
gravity slows it down.
3. When you stir coffee in a cup and stop, the swirling motion continues due to inertia.
4. If a car is moving forward it will continue to move forward unless friction orthe brakes interfere
with its movement.
5. If the wind is blowing, tree branches are moving. Fruits that fall from the tree will fall in the
direction the wind is moving into because of inertia.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
CALANTAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
ROSARIO, BATANGAS

Activity 1.2 Critical Writing

Answer the questions briefly.

1. State Newton’s first law of motion. What makes the object remain in state of motion or at rest?
Explain why?

2. Explain the difference on Galileo’s idea of inertia and Newton’s first law of motion.

Let’s Evaluate

Modified True or False. Read each statement carefully. Write True if the statement is correct and Write the correct term if
the statement is incorrect. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist motion.
2. Newton’s first law of motion is also called the law of acceleration.
3. If an object is at rest, inertia will keep it at rest.
4. The inertia of an object is determined by its speed
5. The speed of an object changes only when it is acted on by an unbalanced force.
6. A stationary object resists movement only because of gravity.
7. The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion depends on its mass.
8. If the net force acting on an object is zero, its inertia is also zero.
9. When you are moving at a high rate of speed, inertia makes it to stop.
10. Newton’s first law of motion applies to objects that are already moving and at rest.
11. A balanced force is a force in which the net force is greater to zero.
12. Unbalanced force causes an object to accelerates.
13. Isaac Newton was the first one who developed the idea of inertia.
14. In inertia of direction an object will stay moving in the same direction unless a force acts on it.
15. Smooth surfaces has greater friction than rough surfaces.

Let’s Create

Create an Acrostic Poem

Now that you have understood the law of inertia, create an acrostic poem using the word INERTIA. In
creating your poem, you may share what you have learned or experienced facing the COVID-19
pandemic.

I
N
E
R
T

I
A

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
CALANTAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
ROSARIO, BATANGAS

Rubric for Acrostic Poem

4 3 2 1

Poetic Form The acrostic follows Most of the lines of the Some of the lines of The acrostic does not
poetic form acrostic poem follow poetic the acrostic follows follow poetic form
form poetic form

Focus The acrostic is very The acrostic relates to the The acrostic The acrostic does not
well developed and topic somewhat relates to relate to the topic
relates to the topic the topic

Spelling No spelling errors 1 to 2 spelling errors 3 to 4 spelling 5 or more spelling errors

errors

Prepared by:

MICHELLE M. GARCIA
Teacher II/Subject Teacher

Calantas, Rosario, Batangas

[email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
CALANTAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
ROSARIO, BATANGAS

Calantas, Rosario, Batangas

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