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Smart water meter system for user-centric consumption measurement

Conference Paper · July 2015

DOI: 10.1109/INDIN.2015.7281870

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 Smart Water Meter System for User-Centric
Consumption Measurement

Mduduzi John Mudumbe and Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz

Advanced Sensor Networks Research Group
Meraka Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
Pretoria, South Africa
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract²- Water scarcity and water stress issues pose a Sensor systems for monitoring have to an increasing extent
serious threat to the global population. The traditional way of been applied in the manufacturing industries, environmental
manual meter reading is furthermore inconvenient and time sector [3], Life Sciences [4-6], and electrical power systems
consuming, and it wastes resources. This method is also unable to [7]. It is part of the growing Internet-of-Things trend that aims
manage the sustainable water resources effectively since it to connect all aspects of our lives [8, 9], and allows for any
requires efficient, accurate and reliable monitoring techniques application ± from surveillance to home automation. The
that enable the utilities sector and consumers to know the level of sensors can be strategically deployed on the ground, inside the
water consumption in real-time. Real-time smart water meters investigated objects (vehicles, mobile phones), under water or
that can be monitored by the user are essential and constitute a
around volcanic areas, while the military deploys them
key component of the water management system. A smart water-
monitoring system will make users mindful of their water
especially for tracking and sensing threats [10]. Network-based
consumption and help them to reduce their water usage. At the sensor nodes, coupled with a visual application, facilitate real-
same time, users will be alerted to abnormal water usage to time analysis and the execution of the designated event. These
reduce water loss. This paper introduces the water management nodes furthermore do not require large bandwidth for
system based on wireless sensor networks (WSN). The system communication, because of their low data rate.
uses the IEEE 802.15.4 standard embedded in ContikiOS The current paper focuses on implementing a smart water
LibCoAP as an open-source application to create a robust and management system to assist users in obtaining real-time data
intelligent system. Visualisation and monitoring of the system is
for real-time analysis. The system provides the user with real-
achieved following the development of a web-based system and
through Pandora FMS.
time data for water consumption since it monitors consumption
as a whole. It also creates various visual graphs of the collected
Keywords² Smart water-monitoring system, IEEE 802.15.4, data and represents them in a readable manner to the customer.
Automatic Meter Reading, LibCoAP, 6LoWPAN, sensor interface The scope of the paper does not allow for it to focus on the
node, WSN. continuous development of analogue water meters for greater
accuracy [11] or to consider how the raw data can be linked to
the billing utility system.
I. INTRODUCTION
The importance of water sustainability has been well There are plenty of reasons for introducing smart water
documented. Numerous initiatives addressing the challenges meter systems. Previously data was collected by hand by a
posed by its dwindling quantity and declining quality are representative of a company using pen and paper, but lately the
currently under way and many of these are supported by use of hand-held computers (also known as meter readers) or
substantial funding investments. Despite a technology and data drive-by vehicles that collect data has become common.
³ELJEDQJ´QRWPXFKLPPHGLDWHLPSDFWKDVEHHQGHPRQVWUDWHG However, the increase in the population, which results in more
for the case of more effective and efficient water usage. residential areas being constructed, industry sites constantly
expanding and utility companies seeking billing systems for
South Africa, like most other countries, relies to a large residential and industrial environments to require less human
extent on analogue and manually read water-metering systems interaction, necessitates a reduction in the cost of implementing
to manage water usage and supply. Such readings are labour a water-metering system. Smart water meter systems increase
intensive and often inaccurate, since they lag in time or are time efficiency and adequacy, since bills are delivered timely
estimates based on historical data. Locally, there is a clear need and more accurately. Another advantage is that the system can
for improved water use efficiency, particularly for be adapted for use in other domains such as gas or electricity
municipalities with a goal of building smart cities supported by [12-14]
smart grid networks [1, 2]. This requires the development of a
suitable technology for a relatively low-cost and highly Section II highlights several techniques that can be used to
scalable solution for near real-time water consumption build a smart meter-reading system. The smart water meter
monitoring. interface is introduced in Section III. Section IV concludes the
paper and highlights some future work.
This work is funded mainly by the South African Department of Science
and Technology (DST).

l-))) 
 II. RELATED WORK rendered. Fig. 1 depicts the entire implemented smart water
One possible technique to obtain the meter reading and management system. The developed system enables the mesh
send it to a gateway device (concentrator) is by using a networking among the meter interface nodes within a radius of
dedicated serial line. However, the water meter should have a 100m. The gateway collects the data sent by the meter interface
suitable physical connector (e.g. RS232, RS485 or USB). node and sends it directly to the server. As an addition to this
Although a wired system may provide low levels of system, Pandora Flexible Monitoring Software (FMS) is used
interference and high data security, the time and cost of its as a monitoring application, while a web-based visual tool for
installation and maintenance make it impractical in various analysis is developed. A web-based application is also
scenarios. User-driven reading collection by means of a mobile designed to provide more graphical meaning to the collected
device may be convenient [15] in some applications, but it is data, which also can be extended to build a billing system and
not suitable for autonomous systems, regular readings or real- other services. However the current paper focuses more on the
time monitoring. meter interface node and the monitoring application.

An alternative option for establishing a dedicated serial line

is by using a wireless system where a wireless sensor node is
attached to both water meter and gateway device. Low data bit
rate sensors make use of the Zigbee specification that embeds
the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol stack (a wireless standard for low
data rate networks). This provides a low-cost and energy
efficient solution for a sensor network with a range from 10
meters to 100 meters. The range of the device can be increased
based on the network topology it was built upon [16] (i.e. a star
network, cluster network and even mesh network. Various
types of technologies for communication are used on smart
water meter systems and are dependent on network topology
and infrastructure such as wireless packet data services (GSM Fig. 1. Smart Water-Monitoring System
and GPRS), RF technology [17], Broadband and satellite.
However, satellite tends to be more complex and expensive The developed system consists of three major components;
since it needs a constant maintenance plan. the meter interface node, gateway device and back-end system.
Fig. 2 shows the hardware and software architecture of these
Design schemas for a wireless smart water meter-reading components, which will be explained in the rest of this section.
system based on 802.15.4 [18] basically consist of a lower The meter interface node is attached to the digital meter to
network that connects the water meters, actuators and data collect the meter reading, which will be sent through the
concentrators, and an upper network that is mainly used for gateway device to the back-end system. At the back-end
visualisation, creating reports and information management. system, the data is processed and archived within the database.
Other systems that are proposed are based on hybrid systems A web-based interface is used to provide various kinds of
that can make use of robust networking topologies such as the graphs and tools to enable the monitoring and analysis of water
GSM and ZigBee [19-21]. However, the main restrictions of usage.
these systems are their power consumption, operation and
maintenance, and their hierarchical network architecture [22].
Broadband over Power-Line (BPL) is another typical
medium for data communication over power lines. Bi-
directional broadband communication [23, 13] can be achieved
by merging BPL technology and smart water meter systems.
However, BPL-based system is expensive system because it
requires other components such as the collector, concentrator
and master station. Similar to the wireless system, there is a
reduction in the cables used, but a security problem arises due
to the use of an open physical layer.
Fig. 2. System Hardware and Software Architecture

III. SMART METER SYSTEM

A. Meter interface module
Smart Metering is defined in the 2014 Review of Smart
Metering and Intelligent Water Networks in Australia and New Simulation tools, [26, 27] or testbeds based on off-the-shelf
Zealand as [24@ WKH µLQWHJUDWLRQ RI PHWHU GDWD LQWR EXVLQHVV sensor nodes [28, 29] were used widely to evaluate various
systems (e.g. Billing System) and the sharing of information aspects of wireless sensor networks. However, due to the
ZLWKFXVWRPHUV¶The main aim of a smart water management limitations of such simulators and restrictions within the off-
system is to build a reliable relationship between the customer the-shelf sensor nodes, several wireless sensor nodes were
and the utilities sector [25]. Well-implemented and visual developed to be used in various kinds of applications, such as
application is beneficial to the customer and service provider to [30, 31]. Similarly, to be able to get the meter reading and send
detect any flaws that might exist in respect of the service it wirelessly to the main server for further analysis, a wireless


meter interface sensor node was designed and attached to a MSP430G2231 will enable the inclusion of the wired and
digital water meter, as shown in Fig. 1. The node itself is wireless m-bus protocol to communicate with other hand-held
attached to the analogue Reed switch, which generates pulses water meter readers. The MSP430G2231 has an internal
from the meter each time a specific volume of water flows programmable flash memory that could store enough data for
through the water meter. two months, which eliminates the need to include an external
flash memory.
As shown in Fig. 3, the meter interface node consists
mainly of the Dizic module (transceiver module) [32], 32-Mbit The processor would be in a dormant stage, while the
serial flash (AT25DF321) and the power system. The Dizic external interrupt triggered with pulses generated from the
module is an IEEE 802.15.4 compliant RF module that consists water meter. The processor would only be activated when the
of an STM32W108 processor with an integrated 2.4 GHz data was stored on the internal Flash or when the STM
transceiver. The Dizic module is a System on Chip (SoC) that requested the data via the I2C data line. Once we had a better
has a 32-bit ARM Cortex processor, 128 KB of flash, 8KB of understanding of Contiki OS on the STM processor, we could
Ram memory, 128-bit AES encryption, accelerator and the 2.4 allocate and control some of the peripherals without making
GHz CCS transceiver. This module can be used on the ZigBee the processor halt or disrupt the normal functionality. We
supporting network. subsequently decided to discard the usage of the MSP
processor and use a serial flash for data storage, and also
incorporated a firmware that would synchronise the reading
and writing of the serial flash and the control of the external
interrupts from the Reed switch.

B. Communication system
The communication infrastructure connects various
components of the system. The meter interface nodes are
attached to the digital water meter through a Reed switch as
they collect data and send it to the gateway. The data is sent to
Fig. 3. The PCB of the meter interface node the back-end system for further analysis and visualisation
application. On the other hand, new firmware or configuration
We ported Contiki OS on the meter interface node as a Real parameters can be transmitted from the monitoring application
Time Operating System (RTOS). Contiki OS is an open source to the sensor interface node.
operating system [33] that incorporates a 6LowPAN (IPv6 over
Low Power Wireless Area Network) protocol stack intended The gateway device [37] is the core of the communication
for devices that conform with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard with infrastructure, as it provides data exchange between the back-
short transmission range, low power usage, low bit rate and a end system and the sensor node. The gateway implements the
low expense cost [34]. 6LoWPAN is intended for devices with 802.11 and the 802.15.4 communication interface, while it uses
constrained resources (memory, power consumption, the 802.15.4 for wireless communication with the meter
processing speed, range of data transmission and bandwidth); interface node. This gateway provides the means to translate
hence we used a protocol that is designed for lightweight the short IPv6 data packets sent from the node to full IPv6, so
applications such as CoAP [35]. as to be used by CoAP or HTTP.

The STM PLFURFRQWUROOHU¶Voperating system is modified in C. Power management system

such a way that it reads external data from the reed switch, as
The interface meter node is designed to conserve energy. At
well as from the serial flash memory. The external serial flash
night time, the sensor node uses the battery as the main source,
is used to store data with a precise time-stamp that can be
whereas during the day the node runs on the solar system's
adjusted based on the system requirement [36]. The flash
energy. The solar system circuit is designed in such a way that
memory provides a log file that can be accessed whenever
it charges the battery and discharges at a controlled rate to
needed to provide the current status of water consumption.
prevent overcharging. It has the capability to detect and switch
Fig. 3 shows the printed circuit board (PCB) of the off the charging of the battery due to overheating resulting
interface meter node, which fits into a 6.5 cm x 9.5 cm from temperature and/or from the battery itself. As shown in
enclosure casing. The node is attached along with a 7800mAh Fig. 4, the charging system is controlled and monitored by the
Lithium battery. The sensor node can be programmed easily by dedicated MCP73871 microprocessor. This IC can be set to
connecting a USB to the serial interface cable and connecting it charge the battery at a low (0.5 mA) or high (0.98 mA) current
to the node via the USB/UART header connectors. The setting by adjusting the programmable resistors. If the battery
interface node communicates with the gateway over a distance is fully charged, the MCP 73871 IC will only charge the
of 80 to 100m along a clear line of sight. battery at 0.06mA, while the discharge circuitry system of the
battery steps in. This mechanism protects the battery from
The first prototype was designed with two microprocessors, overcharging and prolongs its longevity. We used a buck-boost
the STM32W_108 and the MSP430G2231. The reason for this converter (TPS63001) to step up or down the input voltage
initial prototype was to use the second processor as an external while maintaining the output voltage at a constant of 3.3 V at
interrupt to deal with the pulse signals from the Reed switch less than 50mA. By using Pandora FMS [38], any failure to the
and to monitor and control the battery level. The battery is noted and flagged to the user. Applying this


technique also increases the longevity of the sensor interface some kind of monitoring system, such leakage could be left for
node. Without considering the solar system, the battery¶V life several weeks and, if it was invisible, it could easily remain
cycle ± from fully charged at 4.2 V to 2.4 V ± lasts for unfixed for several months or even years.
approximately six weeks of constant usage (i.e. every ten
minutes by the web application and every five minutes by the
Pandora FMS console. This means that if the data were to be
polled once every month, the battery would last for a period of
over three years.
Solar panel Interface Meter Node
Gateway
STM32W108
Pandora
GPIO FMS agent
ĂƚƚĞƌLJ
ƐƚĂƚƵƐ

Microcontroller
Battery
MCP73871 ĂƚƚĞƌLJ
ƐƚĂƚƵƐ

Buck-boost a. Accumulative water consumption

TPS63001

Serial flash
AT25DF321

Fig. 4. Power Management system

D. Monitoring management system

Monitoring system constitutes a critical component as it is
necessary to notify the user of any changes on the system.
Therefore, a web-based monitoring application dedicated to a
FXVWRPHU¶VQHHGVLVGHYHORSHGWRPDNHDQDO\VLVIURPthe XVHU¶V b. Water consumption comparison
point of view much simpler. Several tools have been
implemented to enable the user to visualise various graphs of
real-time and historical data. The users are able to view the
real-time water consumption, as well as the historical data for
instantaneous and accumulative daily and monthly water
consumption and can therefore compare the water consumption
between two selected days. This interface would enable the
user to identify any water leakage or unattended open tap in his
actual water flow system.
The smart water meter was installed in an office building
occupied by around 250 employees. Therefore, one can expect c. Instantaneous water consumption
water consumption to occur mainly during working hours (8:00
± 16:30), with lower consumption directly before and after that.
Fig. 5 shows sample graphs of the collected data.
Fig 5.a shows the accumulated water consumption. As
expected, there was no consumption between 17:00 and 7:00.
The system allows the user to compare the water consumption
of two different days so as to identify when more water was
consumed. For example, Fig. 5.b shows that the water
d. Abnormal water consumption due to pipe leakage
consumption was higher on 25 February than on 19 February.
The first graph shows abnormal water consumption between Fig. 5. Sample graphs of the collected water consumption data
00:00 and 7:00, when we expected virtually no water
consumption. To have a closer look, Fig. 5.c shows the Another monitoring tool used in this system, the Pandora
instantaneous water consumption on that day. The graph shows FMS [38], is a console application for monitoring servers,
that there was constant water consumption (10 litters) before sensors and applications that are Linux-, Windows- or
and after working hours, which clearly implied that there was Android-based. It provides notification and time stamping for
either a leak or an unattended open tap (which can probably be any of the monitored elements WKDW FDOOHG µDJHQWV¶ on the
excluded in such a busy building). To confirm this conclusion, Pandora FMS tool. The standard Pandora FMS console is
Fig. 5.d shows the water consumption during the previous capable of providing the user with sufficient information
Sunday, when normally very few people come to work. These between the sensor interface node and the gateway, and there is
graphs show constant water consumption during most of the no need to purchase the full version with additional features.
day. During an investigation, a leakage was found outside the We installed the FMS agent into the gateway to monitor
building. Fortunately, it was visible above the ground. Without network usage, memory usage and the number of processes


currently running on the gateway itself (see Fig. 6. For The CoAP web-based application interacts with the sensor
communication and monitoring between the meter interface node interface through a gateway. The application enables the
node and the gateway, LibCoAP was installed on the gateway user to detect when the sensor node is connected to the network
as a client to the meter interface node. The gateway agent was and when not. The REST application for routing is modified to
modified to interact with the LibCoAP and monitor the needed enable all sensor nodes belonging to the same network to be
elements in the meter interface node, such as network registered and listed for viewing. Several commands can be
connectivity, battery charging status and the last meter reading used to provide functions such as memory reading, offset-
logged. 7KHDJHQW¶VHOHPHQWVWKDWDUHPRQLWRUHGDUHUHDGE\WKH reading, raw data reading, etc. Running the PONG command
FMS console and the user can select specifically how often the (ping command on CoAP) showed that the response time from
data should be retrieved from the sensor node. The console also the sensor node to the gateway was roughly 51msec.
provides the time stamp to show when last the node interacted
with the console and for which element.

Fig. 6. Pandora FMS Console

Security is also becoming important in everyday sensing

IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK applications [40, 41] and in future we will look into how the
A meter interface node was developed that makes use of system could protect user data by means of suitable security
open source tools. This enables the user to modify the source mechanisms [42].
code to suit the own needs or those of the service provider. The
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