190 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

Multiply (1) and (2), find Y in terms of x, cube both sides of (1),
find x.1
32. Find the fourth root of
(1) 5 6-24V5, (if) 193+132y2.
ANSWERS
1. (I), (lv) are surds
2. (a) (I) j9+.j3+ l ,( ii) (iii) ,/11-5/6
(lv) (\/7--V5-\/2)(l0-2v'5) (b) (i) 0

(Ii) 6 \/5-7 \/3+-/2, (Iii) 17/7. 3. (a) ,/3 (b) 13/24-9v3

4. (a) (1) 16— ,V3=14"268 (ii) 3, (b) 0, (C) 1.
5. j?j-/5--- b=6 7. a=0,x-=l 8. a=., :=$.
6. a=11,
9. /5— ,/6 13. 194. 14. (f) 10, (ii) 98, (iii) 98, 15. 0
16. 126\/15 17. (a) 4, (h) 2 \/3 18. (i) 0, (ii) 26-12V2.
3-2/2
(iii) 10, (N)v'7, (v) (vi) I, 19. y'o 22. 970 23. x=28, y=3

24. (1) 4— ,/3 (ii)(iii) \/i +/3 (iv) 3-,/2+

3-,/2+2-,/3
2+2'3
(v) j [\/x -- y t /x—y] 26 1 29. 7 30. a=2, b-0
31. V3[ I -I- ,/fl 32. (i) \/5 1, (ii) (3 1- /2).
 7
Logarithms
STRUCTURE
70 INTRODUCTION
71 LAWS OF OPERATIONS
T2 LOGARITHMS TABLES
73 OPERATIONS WITH LOGARITHMS
74 COMPOUND INTEREST
75 DEPRECIATION
76 ANNUITIES
OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to understand
• Logarithms, its laws, tables and calculations with the help of
logarithms
• Calculations with logarithms in case of compound interest,
depreciation and annuities.
70. INTRODUCTION
Logarithms are simply the powers or the indices to a given base.
Once we have converted values into logarithms to a given base we can per-
form difficult mathematical operations of multiplication by addition of
logarithms and division by subtraction of logarithms and like that the other
higher order operations. Similarly problems on involution and evolution
are reduced to those of ordinary multiplication and division. This is
because, as explained in the preceding chapter, the indices of power func-
tions are added in case of the multiplication and subtracted in case of the
division.
The conversion of values into logarithms is, however, no problem since
readymade conversion tables are available for the purpose. With little
practice the use is very easy. The first such use was suggested by John
Napier (1557-1610) who invented lopirithms to the base e=271828


192 BUSINESS MATHBMAT!S

which is used mostly for theoretical mathematical purposes. But for

common calculations, logaritms to the base 10 are used. These common
logarithms given by Henry Briggs (1561-1630), have further simplified
the work. So much is the importance of logarithms that we cannot think
of tedious power or root calcuiations without the use of logarithms; the
slide rule for calculation is also based on logarithms.
Logarithms are in fact corollary to the theory of indices. In order
to understand the theory and the application of logarithms, a thorough
knowledge of indices and laws governing them is essential.
Definition. The logarithm of a number to a given base is the index
or the power to which the base must be raised to produce the number, i.e.,
to make it equal to the given number. If
there are three quantities indi-
cated by say a, x and vi, they are related as follows
a=n

then . is said to be the logarithm of the number n to the base 'a'.

Symbolically it can be expressed as follows
loga n=x
i.e., the logarithm of n to the base 'a' is x. We give some illustra-
tions below
(i) 2=16 log, 164,
i.e., the logarithm of 16 to the base 2 is equal to 4.
(ii) loI000 log10 1000=3,
i.e., the logarithm of 1000 to the base 10 is 3.
logs r=-3,
i.e., the logarithm of -3 to the base S is —3.
(iv) 2=8 log, 8=3
i.e., the logarithm of 8 to the base 2 is 3.
Remarks 1. It should be noted that the two equations a=n and
X=log it are only transformations of each other and should be remem-
bered to change one form of the relation into the other.
2. The logarithm of I to any base is zero. This is because any
number raised to the power zero is one. Since a ll -=1*log. 1=0.
3. The logarithm of any quantity to the same base is unity. This is
because any quantity raised to the power I is that quantity only.
Since loge al
Restrictions. There are a few restrictions on the base : it
should not be taken as 0 or 1 because a zero raised to any power is mean-
ingless and I raised to any power is one only. Nor can the base be a
negative number otherwise certain values will become imaginary.
LOGARITHMS 193

As regards the number a for which we flhd the logarithm, the restric-
tion is that is should be a positive value not equal to I.
Illustration S
I (a) If log , /2==,Ji,:d the value of a
We have a"8\/2
2. Find the logarithm of 5832 to the base 3/2.
Let us take log,,/2 5832=x
(3 \/2)=5S32-.=8 x 729=2 1 x 36=(/2)6x(3)6==(3i/2)
Hence

71. LAWS OF OPERATIONS

We shall now proceed to prove the laws of logarithm which are valid
for any base a (>0 but^e-l). Since the term "logarithm" is merely a
substitute for the term "index", the laws of logarithms can be easily
deduced from the laws of indices.
I. Logarithm of the product of two numbers Is equal to the sum of
the logarithms of the numbers to the same base, i.e.,
loge rnn=log rn-I- log, n
p rf. Let logo In =x so that ax=m
and loge n==y so that a'=n
Multiplying (1) and (2), we get
m X n=& x 0Y==0'+Y
log, mn=x4-y (by def.)
log, 'nn=log m -1-log, n
Remark. This formula can be extended in a similar way to the
product of any number of quantities, i.e.,
logs (mnpqr ... )=log, rn+log. n+loga p-+-logu q+Iog, r+...
It should be remembered that log (i'n +-n):?4_log in -f--log n unless
111 + n = inn.
II. The logarithm of the quçtienl of two numbers is equal to the
difference of their logarithms to the .tbme base, i.e.,

log. "f- =10g. m--log a

Proof. Dividing (1) and (2) of (1), we get

M
-
n a'
 194 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
ffen by the definition of logarithms, we get
nI
logo
n =—y= log. ?fl—log fl

Remark. !oga[--]=log4 I—log. n =—log n•

[I: log i=oj

II!. Logarithm of the number rai ged to a power is equal to the index
of the power multiplied by the logarithm of the number to the same base, i.e.,
log. m"r=n IOga in
Proof. Let log,, m—x so that a-m
Raising the power n on both sides of (), we get
(a s )" = (m

* log, mM=rnx (by def.)

log, rn'=n log. m
Remarks 1. The logarithm of a number to the base 'e' (e=27[8
appro.) is called 'Natural logarithm' or 'The Naplerian Logarithm'.
2. The logarithm of a number to the base 10 is called 'Common
Logarithm' or 'Briggslan Logarithm'.
3. In theoretical calculations, the base 'e' is used whereas for
numerical calculations the base '10' is most convenient. The tables that
are given at the end of the book are all calculated with '10' as base.
4. When no base is mentioned, it is understood to be 10, I.e., by the
word 'logarithm' we generally mean 'Common Logarithm'.
Illustrations.
1. (a) Find the logarithm of 1728 to the base 2V.

(b) Find the logarithm of to the base

Solution. (a) We have 1728=2 6 x 3=2' x

lo3l728=6

(b) We have
1_I
3243 . 2

iog
3V2[324] —4


LOGARITHMS
195
2. Simplify: j log 1 25-2 log 10 3+1og10 18,
Solution. The given expression
=log10(25)—log10 33+1og10 19
=109 10 5—iog 0 91'1og10 18
5 18
=1og 10 ----=log 10 IOL

3. (1) log, 210==log, (2x3x5x7)

= log. 2+ log, 3+Iog 1 S-1-log 7
45 5x3x3
(u) log10=1og10
11x7
log10 5--1og10 3+1o& 0 3--1og10 Il—log10 7
(ill) log, x a =3 log, x
(iv) 1og / )rr1og, (X + y ) L i loge (X+y)
(v) log, 81 ==1og (3)==4 log, 3
4. Without using log-tables, fi nd x if
log1 (IIl-4y7)=1og10 (2+x)
Solution. i log 10 (11 +4/7)-=log 1 (11 +4'7)
=10910 (i/7+V4)
log 10 (i/7+4)=log10(2+x)

Y7+22+x
xr=/7
CHANGE OF BASE
If the logarithm of a number to any base is given, then the logarithm
f the same number to any other base can be determined from the following
relation

log, m = log, m x log. b . log m 109, 777

Proof. Let 1og m=x, logo m=y and logo b=z,

Then by def.
a=—m, b y =m and a=b
Also a= b' = (a')' =a", therefore x=yz
log, m=log b 'nx log. b


196 BUS1NE5S MATHEMATICS

toga m
109b In
loge b
Remarks. Putting m=a, we have
log. alogs ax log, b
logs axlog,b=1
This result can also be shown otherwise.
Let Lg0 a=x and log. b=y, then by dcl'.,
b=a and a'=b

br=a X07
1
-- =y or xy= 1
Hence logo axlog b=l
Illustrations.
1. Change the base of log 5 31 into the common logarithmic base.
logs x
Solution. Since log. X=
logo a
10 31
lo&31 log

2. Prove that
log, 8
=3 log10 2
log, 16 log4
Solution. Change all logarithms on L.H.S. to the base 10 by using
the formula
logs X = 109- X
loga b
log 8 log 10 2 3 log10 2
log,
8 log10 3 loo-g10-3 log10 3
10g,16= toglo_16 129 1024 4 log 10 2
log10 9 - 1og 103 5 2 log10 3
10 1 1
log,,,4 log10 2' = 2 log10 2
[: log 10 10=1)
>< 2 log,, 3 2 log 10 2
L.H.S.=3 log,, 2
log 10 3 4 loglQ 2
=3 1og102=rR.H.S.
Erem pie 1. Prove that
2 log x+2 log x4 + 2 log x'--. + 2 log x' =n(n -1--i) log x


LOGARITHMS 197

Solution. L.H.S.=log x 2 -i log x 4 -1-log x 6 + ... + log x

=log ( x 2 . . X° ... X2)
log(X2'4 f+ 42n)
n(n+1)
=1og(x242+S"ft)
1 ... 2
= log xe"' =n(n-)--l)log x=R.H.S.
Example 2. Show that
log3 ( 1+--)+log, ( 1+J)f 1095 ( i+-)

Solution. L.H.S.=log3( )+Ioga (-- ) + log,

243
4-logs -
14 5 6 242 243
log 3 X X --i-- X ... X --j-->< -

=log3 )=log3 8l=log 34=4 log3 3=4R.11.S.

Example 3. Show that
1625 81
log 216
+ log log log =1
24
T5-3'2 TO
(I.C.W.A. June 19901
2
Solution. L.I-l.S.=Iog 2+16 log (- 5 )+12 log( 52
--)
34
+ 7 log
24 X 5
=log 2+ 16(Iog 2 4 -log 3-log 5)
+12(log 5---log 2 3 -log 3)-f-7(log 34 -log2'-log 5)
=log 2+16(4 log 2-log 3-log 5)
+12(2 log 5-3 log 2-log 3)
+7(4 log 3-4 log 2-log 5)
(l +64- 36-28) log 24 (-16--124-28) log 3
-l-(--- 16+24-7) log 5
=log 2 0 log 3-flog 5=log 2+log 5
=log 10 1og 5 IO=lr=R.H.S.
Second Method
1p5 ) 16
L.H.S.=-log 2 -1 log og() +log

( I 16' (25 81
=log12
--) To)


198 BUSfNBSS MATHEMATICS

2 51 / 34
=109 (
2x( 35 j x2a3)

=log 2 264 524 326 j

X
3' x5 2° x 312 >< 57
I 285x5x328
=log ]=. iog(2x5)=log 10=1=R.HS.
L
be 10. Remark. Since no base of logarithm is mentioned, it is taken to

2 log 6-j-6 log 2

Example 4. Find the value of
4 log 2+ log 27-log

Solution. Expression= 2 log (2x 3)+6 log 232

log 2+log 33-log
2 (log 2+log 3)+6 log
4 log 2+3 log 3-2 log 3
8 log 2+2 log 3 2 (4 log 2 + log 3)
4 log 2 + log 3 4 log 2 + log 3
=2
log 6 2 +log 26
Miter.
Expression = log 2 + log 27 -log 9
log (6 2 x 26) log 481
( 2 'X 7tog48
log

_!g 48
log 48 =2
Example 5. Without using tables, show that
log li/ 27 + log /8 - log / lB 3
log6-togS
(C.4. Intermediate May I982)
Solution.
L.H.s.=S +log /8- log Y
log 6-log 5
-- log 27+ T log 8- log 125
log (2x3)+log 5
3 3 3
T log 3+-i log 2- •- log
log 2-F-log 3-log S

LOGARITHMS 199

-
log 3+ log 2—log 5
- 2 ' log 2-F1og 3—log 5

R.FE.S.

Example 6. Prove that

tog y - log z < lo - log x
X z log
X--log y j

Solution. Let
= to y-log z ), y tog z '-log x < Z log x-log y

y-log: XyI0 z-log X XZlog x-log Y

log u-log (x1°

=log (X
log y-Iog Z)+log (y loa z-log X )flog (z log x- log)y)
=(logy—log z) log x-1 (log z—log x) logy
+(log x—log y) log z
=0
u=ao=1 (a being any base:j60)
Example 7. (a) Find log e 25 given that log 10 2=030I0.
[l.C.W.A., June, /975; December 1989]
(b) If log 2=0-3010 and log 3=04771,find the value of

log (16) (5)

(108)
100\
10 25
Solution. (a) log, 25- log
= log 10 8 log10 2
log 10 100—log 10 4 .2 log 10--2 log
- 3log,02 - 3 log 2
2--2 x03010 2 06020 13980
3x03010 0030 09030 155

5 (5)2
(b) Let X= log (16)
(lor
(2') I (JO
T)
log
(22x3
4

2x(l0) 2 X(2) 2
=log
(21 x 3 ")


200 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

log 2+2 log 10-2 log 2-6 log 2-9 log 3

x030101-2x1--2x03010-6x03010
—9 x €Y4771
=-02408- 2-06020— 18060-42939
=--4461 I

Example 8. Find the value of the following

5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
09729 (92 + 2 + log 7., 9 (27 3
1 3 + 3 ) -- /og 9 (81 + 7)
23 31
+ log 7 .29 (243

Solution. Let the given expression be equal to X then

x=log79(9 6 )4 log-,,, (27 11 ) + log729 (81 ')-f log 729 [243271
log729 [(31)11+109719 [(31)"]-f 109729 [(34)I1]
-1- log,..,, [(31271
, (3)
"
=-109729 (312) + 1097 1 1 (3)1- I0979 (372) + log_.
= log729 (312 x 333 x 372 x 3132)
X= 109729 (3252)
729 r _s 3751 (By definition)

36; 3252

6x=252
Hence x=42

Example 9. Without using a log table, prove that

25
( _____71 '8i 3_15)
75 _2 log, + log2(215

75 '\
Solution. log, =log2 75—log2 16

=log2 (5x 3)—log 3 2

=2 log2 5+log2 3-4 log2 2


LOGARITHMS 201

25 25
2 log, 81 81
1 (25 \

3 1 7
('25 (25 (25 \2
=2 logç . jj- )
)

-2 log, 81 + log,

=2 log 2(_-)=2 (log, 5—log2 32)

-=2 (log 2 5--2 log, 3)r2 log, 5-4 10 92 3

log, ( 2 16 3- 11) = ( 15 log, 2-- i5 log, 3)=5 1og 2 2 —5 log 2 3
Substituting these in the L-11-S., we get
L.H.S.=2 log, 5-i- log 2 3-4 log, 2--2 log, 5-4-4 logs 3
1-5 log, 2-5 log, 3
log-2 2 1 =- R.
Example 10. Find the simplest value of
log 3 /729 . :/9- 1 . 27-'

Solution. Let xio/729 V9 I 27'

= log 2 V729.3 . 3
=r l0g4. /729 3
=log, /3 . 3_ 2 = log 5 /3'
x=log3 3=l
log, a=]]

Example 11. (a) If log (log x+ log y). show that

y x
(b) Prove that log ( ( a -l- h )) = (log 04 log b), ifa S +b 2 =r7 ab.
(c) If x2.-i-y 2 =1i xy, show that
(1) log'_.2'=-i (log x-f logy)


202
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

(ii) 2 log (x —y) 2 log 3 -1 log x+ log y

(d) If a'+b' 7 ab, show that
2 log (a }-b)r=(og a-f-log b + 2 log 3
[I. C. W.A.. December 19901
Solution. (a) log ----
x+y = (log X+logy)
log (Xy)=log (xy)

(x+y)249Xy
X2+y2+2xy49xy
X2+y247y
Dividing both sides by xy, we get
x
y x
(b) here a2 +h2 +2 ab=9 ab
(a4-b)
—ab
log I (a+b)1 2 =log (lb
2 log [ ( a +- b)]log a+logb
log [ (a-f-h)J- (log a-!og b)
(c) (I) xlly2J xy
X2y2_2Xy9xy
* (x—y)2-. q xy

Taking logaritin of both sides, we get

log(2) (log X +log y)
(ii) Taking logarithm of both sides of (), we get
log (x_y)2rlog 9 flog x+log Y
=log 3 2 +log x-f-log y
2 log (x—y)2 log 3 flog x-Flog y
(a') We have 0+ b -='7 ab
or a2+b2-2ab_9 ab
or (afb)2 9 ab 32 ab
Taking logarithms of boIh sides, we have
2 log (a + b) = 2 log 3 1-log + log h.


LOOARITHMS 203
Example 12. (a) If log2 [log, (log2 x)]==],find x
(b) Find the value of log [log, (log8 (log8 273))]

Solution. (a) Using the definition of logarithms, we get

loge (log, x)=21=2
log, x=32==9
X=2'=512
(b) Let tog2 11092 {log3(1og3273))]=u
Assuming x1og3 27 3 =. 1og3 38 =9 log3 3-=9
y=log39—log 332 =2 1og33=2
z=1og22= I
U=log2l=0
toga log log
Example 13. (a) If - ______show that - ---
y_z - z—x x—y'

a r bjI cz ^a Y ' +Yz-i z' b z'l XZ+ t c

I

(b) If
log x log y = log z
l + rn -2n mjn-21 n±1-2,n
show that xyz=l
log a log loge
Solution. (a) Let -=k, (say)
- x—y
log a=k(y—z), log b==k(z_x), and log c=k(x—y)
If the common base is, say, e, then

a=e < ,b=e and c = e(x Y)

(I) e x e)'
ey)4yk(5)<(5_
(ii) 01z7' bZ2Z + x' c'-2

= z)(y1
x e_ X' +Xz+x')

x
1
'r k(z'--')
=e°= 1
log logy log
(b) Let =k (say)
/-t'n-2n - m - 2/ - nl--2m
-.
log x=k(l+-rn--2n), log y=k(rn+n-21)
and log z.=k(n+l-2rn)
204 OUSINESS MATHEMATICS

Let e be taken as base of logarithms, we have

rn
x=e"' —2n) , y=e2

xyz= e +rn-2n)+k(m1 n-2I)+k(n+1-2m) =e°= 1

Example 14 Simplify : log0 b. loge. log6d. loga.
Solution. Changing the base to a common base, e, the given
expression becomes
log0 b. 1ogc. logd. logda

logeblog,c log,dg,
loga log,b !ogc log,d
Example 15. If x=!og2 , a, y=1og3 2a, z=/og 0 3a,
prove that Xy2 - I = 2yz.

Solution. L.H.S.==xyz1

=1og2 ax IOg3 2axlog Ja+l

log,a log. 2a log. 3a
- loge. 2a log. 3a X log, 4a +1
(Changing to common base eJ
log, (1
+1
log, 4a
- log. a-I-loge 4a loge (ax 4a)
- log. 4a loge 4a
log, (2a) 2 log, 2a
log, 4a - loge 4a
2 loge 2a X log,3 a
- log, 3a log, —4a-
=2 log30 2a x log,.,, 3a
=2YZ=R.H.S.
Example 16. Prove the following:

(a)______ 1 1
log,(xjjj)+ log,(xyz) + log(yz) =2
1 1 1
(b) (log0bc)4iT+ ica)+I ± (log.ab)T=1


LOGARITHMS 205

I I
=0.
(c) log P (x) log (x) log r (x)
r p
-a-----,
Solution. (a) Usiu g the rule iogb = we have
ioga

Log , ) ( x.I z) log.(xyz) Log.,.(xyz)

log 2 (xy) + iog,(yz) -I-- log(zx)
=log(xy x yz x Zx)= Log, (xyz)2
=2 log.(xyz)=:2=R.H.S.
___ I I
(b) L. +(log)l

I I I
Fog ib'1Toj
- ____ I
og,abc logabc log7b
Now proceed in the same way as part (a).
1 1 1
(C)
log7 +log (x) - ±iog(x)
r

=iog(J -)+log. (--)±Iog.. (i.-)

r p q
> -i-- x
=log, 1==O=R,H.S.
Exunple 17. If a3 b6 '=a' 5 ba ', show thai

x log( .P_)=log a.
[C. A. Intermediate November, 1981)
Salution. We have
a3 - - b'=a+ b'
Taking logarithms of both sides, we have
log (a 3 -' . b-)—log (a+5 . b3')
(3—x) log a+5x log b-=(x+5) log a +3 x log b
3 log a—x log a+5x log b = x log a -l-5 log ° t-3 X log b
: 2x log b-2x log a=-2 log a


PM BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

x log b—x log a= log a

X (log b—log a)=log a

x log -b log a.

Example 18. if a, =b' c z dw show that

1
log, (bcd)=x\_-H. -- + 1
Solution. Taking logarithms to the base a, we get
log,, (aX)r= log,, ( bY )-rlog,, (c')=log. (dw)=X
(: logo ax=:x loge a=x)
log,, (b y ) =y log b=x log,, b= - T

log,, (c') =z log,, c—x =' log,, C=r -

and log,, ((lW)_w log o d —x log,, d=L

L.H.S. --log, (hcd) log, b-t log, c-flog, d=-'-+--+.._

=x[ - f-
-- - +4j=R.H.s.

Example 19. Solve the following equations

(a) logs 34 log 9-!-log 729=9,
(b) log(x_9)+log10xr1.
Solution. (a) log 3+log, 9+log, 7299
log (3 x9 x729)=9
log. (311)=9

x=3
(b) log10 (x - 9 )+ 10 910 X=-1
log10 (x-9) x==l
x(x-9) 101 (by definition of logarithm)
x2-9x---10==0

LOGARITHMS
207
X rz IO or X_—_-j

But logarithms of negative numbers are not defined, therefore

x-96 — 1 Hence x=lO.

EXERCISE (t)
1. Change into logarithmic form
(1) (ii) 2=16, (iii) 218=2, (ii') ao=j,
2. Change into exponential form
(/) log 1 64=3, (ii) (iii) 1092 16=8.
log' 625'
3. Find the value of x, if
(i) log, x=3, (ii) log, X=O.
4. (a) Simplify
l ogio 1000 log, 32
Iog 1öO' log, 4 log (Y 2 )--I09 y
(Iii) log 44—log 176, and (iv) log, 2,56-log, 1124.
(b) Prove that
(I) log,, 11 log3 II I
13 2
log, 13 log 5
(/i) (log a)2—(log b ) 2 = log (ab) log (a/b).
5. (a) Find the values of (i) log, 256. (ii) 10 92 64.
(b) Find the logarithm of
(1) 784 to the base 2/7. (ii)
19683 to the base 3y3.
6. (a) Given that u--log9 x, find in terms of u
(1) x, (ii) log,, (3x), (iii) log, (81)
(b) Find x in the following cases
(1) log x=_{, (ii) log,( =4, (iii) log, 125=3
7. (a) If log, X=m, log, y=n, what are the values of
x
(1) log, (_ X (ii) I og
Y (iii) log (), (iv) 1og ( L,
)
(b) Correct the following
(/) If log, N=x, then X'=N


208 BUSINESS MATIII3MATIC3
,n log. ni
(ii) log,, mn) =log,, nix log, n, (in) log,
(iv) log,, (m)=log ni log o in. n times.
(C) Given that log,, y =2— log 10 x, express y in the form ax",
(d) If 3 l-log 1 x=2 log,,, Y, express x in terms of 3".
8. (ci) Prove that
(i) logX.IOg,y.log,Z-1
(ii) log, (x3 ) . log e ( y3) . log, (z)=27
(iii) log, (Vt x) log (Y 3 ) . log, I

(Li) Prove that

(i'. ,Iog y lz flog . z°
(ii) (yz) 10 ,Y/Z (zx)b05 zl X (.)IOS X!Y

9 Show that
xI
(i) log-- +log zn -I- log --

(ii) log( X, l+log(- -- +log

\' yz I z)
x xy1 --O.
10. Show that
log 343
-
1+4 log ('-)+4 log( -)

11. (a) Without using tables, evaluate

1
log +log 70_log +2 log 5

(b) Prove that

log 81_ 21og4. +3log ---fiog--=0

(c) Show that

2581
(i) 7 log ---f 5 log -+3 log +log--==0
15 f4 80 2
75 5 32
(ii) log 1-- - 2 log -- l­ log=log 2

384 81 5
(iii) log -- +log-+3 log - -log 9=2

3 log 1728
12. (a) Find the value of without
i-f - log 036±---1og 8

reference to log tables.


LOGARITHMS 209
[(lint. log 1723 =log (28 x3 2)=6 log 2+3 log 3
log 036r=log j =Hog 62 -Iog 102 =2 log 6-2 log 10
=2 iog 2+2 log 3-2 log 10
log 8=-log 2=log 2
Substituting thee values in the given expression.]
(h) Find the value of
1 / 3 log 1728
6 V log 36+4 log 8

14. (a) If i O 2_- (log x Hog y), show that

T x
(b) If x' + y ' 7 xy, prove that
log ( (x-1-)')}=4 (log x-i-log y)
(c) If x 3 4-y .-= 0 and x+ y -r^0, prove that
log (x+y) (log x+log y f- log 3)
(d) If a=-1og 4 12, b . =log,8 24 and c=1og 48 36, then prove that
I -i-abc=2bc
(Hint. Here 24==12, 36 b =24, 48==36
12 .24(36)=48'
12x48=48+L (24)=48'
(24)' [From ()]
Hence 2bc = I + abc]
If log a log b log c
14. (a) ----
q—rr—p p-q prove that
(1) abc=!,
(ii) a' b'+P . cP+.=l
Jf X logy log Z
(b) log show that x 4y 3 z 2 = 1
2
If logx logy
(C) 109—
z how that x4==yz
-
2 X - lOg2)
(d) If log and x3y2z= 1, show that value of
4 6 = 3k
k is
15. th at

(i) .L+
log, xy logy xy
210 RUSINESS MATHEMATICS

1 1 1
(ii) -Fog 24 +og+
2 4
8 lg8
o 24 =2
1 1
(lii) + 1 , where abc==x
10&p Iog p + log, p logs P
(b) If x = I -1- log0 bc, y — 1+ log8 ca, z= 1+ loge ab, prove that
xyz= xy + yz + zx
16. (a) If U= y2 -=W=Z4 , then prove that
10g(uvwz)= 1+ ± 4-f -i-.
(b) If a=b3 =c5 =d, that
1og(abc)=4

17. (a) Solve the following equations:

(1) Jogs 44 logs 16 flog. 64= 12,

(U) Iflog2 x+log4 x+1og18 x=-, find x.

(Iii) log 10 x+1og10 (x-3)=I,

(Iv) log,, (x+3)'-2-=1og10 -'j.-, and

(v) log 8 x4-log1 x+log1 x=11
(b) Solve the equations:
(i) log11 flogs (log, 32)]=2
(II) log, [Iog4(log1 x)J I
18. If p= log 0 be, q=logb ac, r_—loge ab, show that
pqr_—pq+r+2
19. Prove that
Jog0 x+1og x 1 -f-1og01 x8 4 ...+Jog0 x"=Jog0x"
20. Sbbw that

(I)_IfIo,o
(Ii) x=&080t IOc. loged. log4x
I HInt. (I) Let x=a' so that y =logx
x=a08.Xa1/I0*x4

(II) We have x=ab0gX .. (1)

Now 1ogb x Iogc x logd x logjX=Iogx.


OGARU'HMS 211
Substitute in (1), we get the required result.]
21. If a,b,c are any three consecutive integers, prove that
1og(l-iac)'2 log b

22. If x -, show that y = log. (.±_)

[Writ. Apply componendo and dividendo, viz.,

a c a +b c-3-dl
-==--*-------= I
b d a-b c--- -dj
23. If (3 - 7)'=(0 - 37) Y = show that
x-1-Y-1=3-1
[flint, (37)'=1000=10
x log 31=3 log 10=3
I I
—log 37
x 3
and (037) 1000 10
Y log 037=3 log 10=3
I I
—log 037
Y 3
• 1 - 1 ir 311 1
logj= lo 10= ij
= TL
24. Jfa 2 ' 3 b=a6 . b, prove that

3 log a=x log -

(CA. Intermediate November 1981)
25 Without the use of logarithm table, show that

{<Iog i o 3<
-4
- ANSWERS
I, (i) log 6 I = - 1 * (ii) log, 16 4, (iii) loge 2 = , (lv) log. I = 0
2. (i) 43 64, (ii) 54 = , (ill) (V2)" = 16 3. (1) 58 , (ii) 1
4. (1) 3/2, 5/2, (ii) logy, (iii) -log 4, (Iv) 4/5
5. (a) (i) 4, (ii) 6, (b) (1) 4, (ii) 6.
6. (a) (I) 9" (ii) , 4-u, (iii) 2/u.
(b) (I) J, (ii) 1/-V3, (iii) 5, (Iv) 25.
7. (a) (i) rn-n, (ii) 2m--n, (iii) ?n-2n, (iv) 3m-n


212
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

(b) (I) a=N, (ii) logm+logn, (iii) log,, m—log,n

(iv) it loge in, (c) 100x-, (d)
11. (a) 2, 12. (a) (b) J.
17. (a) (I) x==2, (ii) X=8. (i(i) x=5, (iv) x=2 (v) x-:64,
(b) (i) x=625/16, (ii) x=6561.
7'2. LOGARITHM TABLES
The logarithm of a number consists of two parts, the whole part or
the integral part called the characteristic and the decimal part called the
mantissa. Whereas the former can be known by mere inspection, the
latter has to be obtained from the logarithm tables given at the end of
the book.
Characteristic. The characteristic of the logarithm of any number
greater than 1 is positive and is one less than the number of digits
to the left of the decimal point in the given number. The characteristic of
the logarithm of any number less than I is negative and numerically one
more than the number of zeros to the right of the decimal point. If there
is no zero than obviously it will be —1. The following table will
illustrate
Number Charm tensile
37
4623
53l2 One less than the number of digits to
2 the left of the decimal point.
6'21 0 J
'8 —1 )
07 —2
'00507 I One more than the number of zeros
—3 on the right immediately after the
'000670 —4 j decimal point.
Zero or Positive Characteristic

When the numder under consideration is greater than unity

Since l0°=l log 1=0
lO'==lO log l0==1
io==ioo log 100=2
103 _ 1000 , log 1000=3
It is clear that if a number is a positive integral power of 10, its
logarithm is a positive integer. All numbers lying between 1 and 10, i.e.,
numbers with I digit in the integral part have their logarithms lying
between 0 and 1. Therefore, their integral parts are zero only.
All numbers lying between 10 and 100 have two dijs in their
integral parts. Their logarithms lie between I and 2. Therefore, numbers
with two digits in their integral parts have I as characteristic.
LOGARITHMS
213
In general, the logarithm of a number containing n digits only in its
integral part is (n— l)-Ia fraction.
Hence we deduce that the characteristic of the logarithm of a number'
greater than unity Is one less than the number of digits in its integral part
and if positive.

For example, the characteristics of log 75, log 79326, log 116 are
1, 4 and 0 respectively.
Negative Characteristics

Since 10- 01, log 01=—I

10 2 ==0 . 01, log 001-2 etc.

Obviously, if a', number is a negative integral power of 10, the

logarithm is a negative integer. All numbers lying between 1 and 01 have
logarithms lying between 0 and 1, I.e., greater than -- I and less than 0.
Since the decimal part is always written positive, the characteristic is - 1.
All numbers lying between 01 and 001 have their logarithms lying
between —1 and —2. 'Iherefore, such numbers have --2 as characteristic
of their logarithms.
In general, the logarithm of a number having n zeros just after the
decimal point is -- (n 4- 1)-i-a fraction.
Hence, we deduce that the characteristic of the logarithm of number
less than unity is one more than the number of zeros just after the decimal
point, and is negative,
Mantissa. The mantissa is the fractional part of the logarithm of
a given number. It is same for a given set of figures in the same order
and does not depend oil position of the decimal point.
Number Mantissa Logarithm
log 4597 =(.,. 6625) =3'6625
log 4597 =(..:6625) =26625
log 4594 =(..:6625) =1'6625
log 4 . 594 = (...'6625) '=06695
log .4594 (6625) -16625
Thus with the same figures there will be difference in the character-
istic only. However, it can be noticed in the last logarithm that the minus
sign of the characteristic has been placed on the top of it, which is read as
bar 1 point 6625. This is to show that only characteristic has a negative
value. It should be remembered, that the mantissa is always a positive
quantity. The other way to indicate this is
lo '004594=-3+6625325


214 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

In the common system of Logarithms, the characteristic of the

logarithm may be positive or negative but the mantissa is always positive.
A negative mantissa must be converted into a positive mantissa before
reference to a logarithm table. For examp'e
- 36872= —4-4-(4-36872)=-4+ 0'3128=43128
It may be noted that 43128 is different from —43128.
How to consult a logarithm table? For this purpose the first thing to
remember is that we use all the digits irrespective of the decimal point
(which is relevant for determining the value of the characteristic only).
The second important thing is that we use only the significant digits thus
we ignore zeros because they are there to determine the place of the signi-
ficant digits only. But we do not ignore zeros which are in between the
digits. For example the significant digits for consulting a log table with
the following numbers would be -
Number Sinflcant digits
52 52
37500 375
0163 163
5012 5012
Now, the first two digits form the significant ones which are used for
determining the row of the logarithm table. If there is only one digit then
we add a zero. For example in case of 9 we will see the row which starts
with 90 in the first column. We then proceed along that row till the column
of our 3rd digit is reached. For further accuracy we use the 4th and 5th
digits which we see in the same row in the outer or the difference column
and add that difference to the value indicated by the 3rd digit in the main
column of the relevant row.
Illustrations. 1. Add 414628 and 3'42367
Solution. —4+'74628
3+42367

1 + 116995=016995
2. Subtract T62493 from 3'24567
Solution. —3+'24567
— 5 + 62493
+
+2—L+62074 =162074
3. Multiply 317815 by 5
Solution. —3+'77815

—15+389075 89075


LOGARITHMS 215

In all these examples we have followed the ordinary rules of calcu-

lation except that we kept apart the initial operations of the negative
characteristic from the positive mantissa and then got the final result. The
same thing we are going to do in division with little variation in the
characteristic.
4. Divide 13'15836 by 5
Solution. Here before performing division we raise the negative
characteristic to a value which is divisible by S as follows
15 }215836--5o=343167
5. Find log 34.
Solution. The number has two digits. Its characteristic is 2— 1=1.
To find mantissa move along 34 horizontally and note down the number
under 0 (34 or 340). The number found is 5315.
log 34= 15315
6. Find log 347.
Solution. The number has three digits. Its characteristic is 3— 1 or 2.
To find mantissa move along 34 horizontally and note the number
under 7. It is 5403.
log 347= 25403
Antilogarithms. If x is the logarithm of a given number n, with
a given base then n is called the antilogarithm (antilog) of x to that very
base. This can be expressed as follows
If log, n = x then n = antilog x
For example, if log 61720=41904 then 61720=antilog 47904
The process of finding the antilog of a given logarithm is just the
reverse of the procedure adopted for finding the logarithm of a given
number. Anti-log tables are available but log tables can also be used if
anti-log tables are not available.
For finding out the anti-log of a log, we use only the decimal part or
the mantissa in consulting the table, e.g.. in 19072 we will look 90 in the
first column of the anti-log table to locate the relevant row and then use
the 3", 4° and 5 digits as in the case of finding the logarithm. Now, the
characteristic I in the above case will be used for placing the decimal
point as indicated in the table below
Number Logarithms Antilogarithms
206 21139 2060
206 11139 2060
2106 01139 2-060
206 11139 2060
0206 21139 1)2060
This can be verified from the log and anti-log tables of 4 digits.

216 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

Illustrations. j . Find the value of log 5 if log 2 is equal to 3010.

Solution, log 5-=log ( ) =log 10—log 2 1-3010

=-6990
log 1000
Remark. Remember that is not the same as
log 100
(0),
log Only the latter can be written as log I000—log 100.

2. Find the number whose logarithm is 2'4678.

Solution. From the antilog table,
for mantissa '467, the numbec=2931
for mean difference 8, the number=-5
For mantissa '4678, the number= 2936
The characteristic is 2, therefore the number must have 3 digits in
the integral part.
Hence antilog 2'46782936
3. Find the number whose logarithm is -- 24678.

—2'4678=-3-1-3-2-4678= -3+5322=35322
For mantissa 532, the number =3404
For mean difference 2, the number =2
For mantissa '5322, the number =3406
The characteristic is - 3, therefore the number is less than one and
there must be two zeros just after the decimal point.
Antilog (-2'4678)=0'003406
7,3. O PERATIONS WITH LOGARITHMS

I . MultipUca tfov. 7'o multiply numbers, add their logarithms. The

sum of the logarithms is the logarithm of the product.
Illustra tion. Find the value of 62824 x 93536.
Solution. Let x= 628-24 x 93,536
Then log x= log 62824+ log 93'536
=.27981 d-P9710=4'7691
(The characteristic 4 determines the position of decimal point after
5 digits from the left).
xrr58760

LOGARITHMS 217

The scheme of work may be shown as below

log 62824=27981
log 93536==i9710
41691

anti-log 41691=58760
ii Division. To divide one number by another, subtrac t the log-
arithm of the latter from the logarithm of the former.

Illustration. Find the value of 62&24--93536.

Solution. Let x--- 62824± 93'536

'rlien log x- log 62824--log 93536=27981— 19710

0827l
-anti-1og (0271)r 6761
I. fri volution. To raise a given number to any power, multiply
he logarithm of the number by the index oft/ic power. The product is the
!oarjthm of the power.
Iflustration. Find the value of (3-786)6
Solution. Let x=(3786)6
Then log x=6 log 3785=6x0782== 34692
x=anti-log (34692)=2945
IV. Evolution. To extract any root of a given number, divide the
logarithm of the number by the index of the root. The quotient is the
logarithm of the root.
Illustration. Find the value of (789-45)1 .8
Solution. Let x= (789.45)118
Then log x= log (78945)x289733=036217
x==anti ..log (036217)=23023

Example 20. If log 3=0-477], find the number of digits In 3.

Solution. Let X=3 43
log x= log 343=43 log 343x04771==205153
x=anti-log (205 153)
As the characteristic is 20, the number of digits in the integral part
of x is 20+1=21.
Hence number of digits in 321. 11is
218 nusiss MATHEMATICS

Ezaniple 21. If log 3=47712, find the position of the first signi-
ficant figure in 3-20
Solution. Let x .320

log x=log 3'°=-20 log 3

=-20x47712=-954240
10+(10-954240)
=104576
The characteristic of the logarithm of 3 -10 =-10 which is
numerically one more than the number of zeros immediately after the
decimal point in 31
The number of zeros immediately after the decimal point in
3- 20 =10_I =9.
Hence first significant figure is in the 10th place of decimal.
Example 22. Show that
1 100
i) >100
(
Given that log 2—_030I03, lag 3=47712, log 7=8 450980

) °°21 )l0O
Solution. Let X=r( I

21 10 (21
log x=Iog (-) =l00log)

= 100 log (3x7

-----
2x 10
= 1 00[log (3X7)--log (2x 10)1
IOOjIog 3 -4-log 7—log 2—log 101
=100[4171213+-8450980-1010300---l1
= l00[13222193-13010300]
=100[02118931 =211893>2
(21 100>2=2. (1)=2 log 10=log 10=z Iog 100
log)
21 '°°
log ( -) >log 100

1 100
41 i-) >100
(

LOGARITHMS
219

00
Example 23. Simplify: 6253 (i
(I+)_6253
400
you can use logarithm tables.
Solution. Let

x=6253( 1-_j--) 6( i

' 105 405

-62
--
100) 400
' 405
log x=log 6253+log(_j-105 ) -log( ,)

= log 6253+8 [log 105-log 100}-1- (log 4OS-log 400)

=37961 + 8(2'0212 - 2-000) -P (2'6075 - 2602 1)=397l I
x=-anti-log (3971 1)-9356

Hence 6253( 1+)s( 1-f FO-0 )-6253

Evaluate 24395 x(3 16) 3

Example 24.

x(3 16)
Solution. Let x
879
log x-=log 24395+3 log 316 -log 879
- I 3874 + 3 x 04997- 09440
=l'3874 f- 14991-0'9440==19425
x- anti-log (19425)=8760
0 0357 x /O235
Example 25 Find the value of ,10-0637using logarithm
tables.
(00357 x _ v'235
Solution, log —i--- =log 00357+ log 0235
-1 log 00637
-25527+ (13711)-01041)
Now in T'371 1, the characteristic is negative but the mantissa 3711
is positive. To divide 13711 by 2, we write the logarithm as (2+137l1)
and divide each term separately by 2.
1(1371 l)= 4(2-t- I 171 1)=i+6856=P6856
Similarly (28041)=(3+1iO41)=1 +6014=16014
 220 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

Hence if the characteristic is negative, increase its numerical value

equal to the divisor or its nearest multiple so that the characteristic
remains integral and the mantissa, positive and fractional. For example
59746
+19746) =39873

00357x 02
_/35
Iog---
I /00637
=25527+16856-16014
{(-2)-l- (- l)--(--- 1)}-l- (5527+6856-6014)
--2-I-63692 6369
Here again the characteristics are separately added.

Antilog 26369 004334

00357x \/0235
Hence- 0M4334

Example 26. Calculate, with the help of log tables, the value of

?./O8176 x 3621

Solution. Let X [-_ 1'

Il
log x=[1og l—!og O8l76—log 3621]
= 41 0 --i -9125- 15588]
= (l —09125— 15588 )] r= 4(_ 147I3)
=-02102=— 1-f-I - 02102= 1.7898
x-r antilog (7898)=06l03
Example 27. (a) Siraplfy

(63) x (00781) X (46)f

00032 x (2408)--

Solution. Let x= -- , where N and D denote the numerator and

denominator of the given fraction,

Then log N= 4 log 63+ tI log 00791 + log 46

LOGARiThMS 1-2.1

= (11993) (8927)+ (I '6628)

=0'8996+1(-2+08927) 102771
=08996 +(-05 + 02232) + 02771
=08996— 05-I- 02232 -1 . 0-2771 =08999
Similarly log D=log 0'0032-3 log 2408
=-73 , 5051 - 3'(1'3816)
=(-3 +O5051)-04605
= —3+05051 —(Y4605= —29554
Now log x-Hog iV—lo g D =08999 --(-29554)
=08999+29554 -=38553
x =antilog (38553)=7166
Example 27 (b) Evaluate

(/75)3 . (152)

(563) —(124)

Solution. Let the expression

u—v
Now x=075)
log X = i log 175 =(12430)=062l5
4 183
Y-
109 y==-- log 152=—xI181803939.21.6061
Y=0'4037
u
Also
log u '- log 56'3=

4. u=ll'23
Now
log c- 1 log 124=-(l'0934)0'27I35
I'S 77

The expression 4183

II 23 -+04037
1877 -0489

(On usingg logarithms again)

222 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

Example 28. Using log tables, where necessary, calculate the value of
3
/ 321 ---(00624))+ (178j'
'ffTh

Solution. Let x=(4J 32 19 (0-0624) 7 )+ fJ.78\1

00624)')-4-'
(1-78)—1
-
\7213
Assuming utJ32l9--(00624)7
log u== log (3219)-7 log ( 0624)
=[05077]— 71279521
=0l0l54-7( ---- 2-l-07952)
=0i01 54+14— 55664 =8i351
* u=antilog (85351)= 342900000

(1i8)

log v=-- log 118-4 log 2l3

-xO25Q4—x03284
= —0187S-01642=---03520
=-1+1—O3520=1648
• v--anti-log (1648)=04446
Hence x= u-j- v = 3429000004 04446 3429000004446
Example 29. Solve the equation
jJ4z-5 >< 32x 5_z.7.Z

Solution. The equation may be written as

I 1'X 32Z.__53_X x 7'
Taking logarithms of both sides, we get
log ll"+log 3"=log.53 +log 7'
(4x-5) log 11 +2x log 3=(3—x) log 5+x log 7
4xlog 11-5 log 11-4-2x log 3=3 log 5—x log 5+x log 7
* x(4 log 114 2 log 3 + log 5—log 7)=3 log 5+5 log 11
x(4x 10414l-2XO4771+06990-08451)3XO6990+5X1'0414
* 49737 x=71040
71040

LOGARITHMS
223
Again taking logs, we get
log x= 10 73040— log 4 ' 9 737 = 0'8635 - 0-6968= 01667
x:rranti-log (01667)==1'468
EXERCISE (HI)
1. Evaluate log 43 57.
. log 57 17759
Hint log43
I 57 1og 43 16335
2. Given log 3=4771, find
(i) the number of digits in 362,
(ii) the position of the first significant figure in 3-6,
(iii) Find the number of zeros between the decimal point and the
first significant figure in the value of (00504)' (given that
log 2=301, log 3=='477, log 7 =' 845, no log tables are to
be used).
(Hint. Let x=(0504)'2.(504X 10-4)12
x 32 x 23 x 10_1)12
log x= I 2(log 7+3 log 2+2 log 3-4 log 10)
=12(-845+-903+ -954-4-00)
= 1 2(-1-298)= I 2(2'702)==i'424]
3. Given that Jog 2='30103 and log 3- '47712, find the number of
digit in 620.
4. Show that
(i I )1000>

5. Find with the help of log tables, the value of

577002 x 608l8--. 69132

6. Find the value of
(435)3 ('056)
(380)
7. Find with the help of log tables, the value of
2'389 xO'004679
000556 x 52'14
937'6 x(l 1'059)3x(002097)
S. Evaluate -=--.--.-----_-.-.--_
/ 6004x 103 x 8'06
224 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

9. Simplify by using log tables,

(a) 1 9268 X 4 . 573 X 00864

J8765 x 05432

(b) (0,00034)1 X
(937)x(893) x(00l67)'

(O437)x(1407)
(c)
(0015) x(1235)T
(d) Using log tables, hod the numerical value of x from the
relation
2x log 10 2654 -h-log 10 0004321 --log 000001357
and find the value of
/ 2654<0004321
I 00000 1351
correct to the nearest integer.
10. Simplify by using log tables,
85h2—t/9l72
257
It Find the value of 3O{(l ±0035)- l}
12. Evaluate
(i)
(ii) 004 05)°— I
(1,0)
1. Find the square root of
/ööTx V315
000081
[Hint. We can write the above expression in the following form
x=anti-log [ log 00125-4- 1 log 3115— 1 log 0000811

= ,, ( x 20969 + x 14935 - X49O851

= ,, [x(+4-0969)-1-3734-46431
[(16828--0'3734)-24543]
,. [00562-24543J
= [16019]
.v=39'98]
LOGARITHMS 225
14. Solve for x the equations
(i) 2' . 3+t=7I--+-$
(ii) 4' . 202x_2=40 2'-'
15. Pareto law of income for a certain place is
5 x 1010
N--1-2--,
x
where x is incomelevel and N the number of persons earning incomes
$ x and over. Find the number of persons earning S 327500 and over.
You can use logarithms tables.
16. Find the value of N when x =3362 in the following
000603 x(4'6378)-
N(25)

17. Use log-tables to find the value of x (correct to three places of

decimal) if x satisfies the equation
20 =[. 0-0613J 1.32
147

ANSWERS
2. (i) 30, (II) 32nd. 3. 16, 4, 8757
5. 201 6. 0'0009342 7. 0'0382 8. 00426
9. (a) 2 ,063 (b) 1963 (C) 2082 (d) 19635
10. 01986 11. 30(1*6764-1}=20292 12. (1) 1386, (ii) 7076
14. (i) x=--0'9672, (ii) 2301 15. 12040
16. 0000002567 17. 004854.
74. COMPOUND INTEREST
The common logarithms can be conveniently used to solve problems
on compound interest. Let P denote the principal, r the rate of interest
per cent per annum, n the period in years and A the amount of P in
years.

The interest on P for the first year =P r

o
To
The amount at the end of the first year

:P + P. TO =rP (i+)

Similarly the amount at the end of second year

=P(i+)+(i+)
('+)

226 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

Proceeding thus, amount at the end of ii years is

A=P ( l+i)?1

A=P (1+ i ), where

The formula for compound interest admits of logarithmic computa-

tion. Taking logarithm, we have
log A log P+ n log (1 + 1)
The formula involves 4 quantities A, F, n and 1. Given any three of
them, the fourth can be determined. Thus
log P- log A—n log (11 I)
(1••fj)= log AlogP
log
log A—log_P
- 11=. -- -
log (1 +1)

If the interest is compounded half yearly A F -j-- ) and if

i 4fl
the interest is copounded quarterly, A i +. The above
(
) Qfl ,
formula in general may be written as A= ( where the

interest is compounded q times.

Example 30. Find the compound interest on Rs. 10,000 for 4 years
Of 5 per annum What will be the simple interest in the above case ?

Here P= 10,000, n=4,

We know A—P(l+i)
10,000(1 f-05)1 = 10,000 (105)
==l0.000 1 , 215 i x=(105'

=12150 log x4 log 105

Cl. Compound Interest =4x002l2

=-A--P=Rs. 2150 =00848

S I. Simple Interest x= anti-log (0048)

rPflj 10000x4x-j- ==1215

' Rs. 2000

LOGARITHMS 227
Example 31. Find the compound interest on Rs. 6950 for 3 years
if interest is parable ha if yearly, the rate for the first two years being 6%
P.a., and for the third year 9% p.a.
\n
Solution.
tion We have AP I + i

Here P==6950, n-2, i-006

O6 2x2
A=-6950 ( i+--- ) =6950(l03)

log A= log 6950+4 log P03

=38420-f4x00128
=38932
A=antilog (38932)=7820, which is the principal for the third
year.

Again 09 2 1
A=7820 ( i+__) (... n 1)
or A=7820(PO45)1
log A= log 7820+2 log 1-045-r38932+2x00191
3•9314
A =anti-log (39314)r=8539
C.I.=8539- 6950=Rs. 1589
Example 32 What is the present value of Rs. 10,000 due in 2 years
at 8°/i pa., CJ. according as the interest is paid (a) yearly or (b) half-
year/v ?
Solution. (a) A=P(l+j)

Here A = 10,000, i= =.
08, n 2
A 10.000
•
(I +iY (10S)2
* 109 P -109 10,000-2 log 108 4 --2 x 00334
=39332
P =antilog (39332)=Rs. 8574
)b) A=P( l+--)

Here A== 10,000, -- -=0'O4

2
10,000
04)1*2

228 gusiNess MAJItEMATICS
log P=log 10,000-4 log 104=4-4x00170
r39320
P=Rs. 8551.
Example 33. Mr. Mehta borrowed Rs. 20,000 from a money-lender
but he could not repay any amount in a period of 4 years. Accordingly the
money-lender demands now Rs. 26,500 from him. At what rare per cent per
annum compound interest did the lazier lend his money ?
[1.C.W.A., June, 19871
Solution. We have A= P(I -f 1)'
Here A=26,500, P=20,000, n=4,
26,500 -2O,OOO(I j)1
Taking logarithms, we get
log 26,500=log 20,000+4 log (1+1)

log

44232-43010 =00305

(1 1 i)=anti-log (00305)=l073
i-zr: 1073-1=0073
Hence the required rate per cent
—IOOx i =lOOxO073==7 3
Example 34. (a) Find the number of years and the fraction of
year in which a sum of money will treble itself at compound interest at 8
per cent per annum.
(b) In what lime will a sian of Rs. 1234 amount to Rs. 5678 at 8/
pa. compound interest, payable quarterly?
Solution. (a) We have 4_P(l+i)n
Let P100, then A=300,

300=100(1 O8), i.e., 3=0'08)"

log 3 04771
log 108 -oi428 years
I.
(h) We have A=P I +

08 "
5678rr 1234(Il____) rzr1234(102)mn


LOGARITHMS 229
Taking log, we get
log 5678=Iog 1234+4n log 102
log 5678—log 1234
- 4 log 102
37542--30913 06629
---; - o086 Y0344'921 years
Example 3. A man borrows Rs. 750 from a money-lender and the
bill is renewed after every half year at an increase of 21%. What time-
will elapse before it reaches Rs. 7,500 ? [You may use log 10 121=208281
[I. C. W. A., June 1990]
Solution. Let the time elapsed be it years. Since the bill is renewed
every half year, so the number of half years is equal to 2n.
We have
7500=750 (i ±_)th
7500 I121,2
750 100
1
io(2l)

Taking logarithms of both sides, we get

log 10-=2n(Iog 121—log 100)
1 =2n(20828-2)
=604
n=6 years approximately
Hence it will take about 6 years for Rs. 750 to reach Rs, 7,500.
7.5 DEPRECIATION
In case of depreciation, the principal value is diminished every year
by a certain constant amount, and in the subsequent period the diminished
value becomes the principal value. In case of uniform decrease or depre-
ciation '1' is to be substituted by '-1' and the formula is reduced to
A=P(1 -
Example 36. A machine, the life of which is estimated to be 10 years,
costs Rs. 10.000, Calculate its scrap value at the end of its life, deprecia
tion on the reducing Instalment system being charged at 10% per annum.
Solution. We have

10 1
Here A=1O,000,1=---0=,nrrl0
10


230 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

10
A=10,000( i_i-ö-1) =io,000 9 10

(- )
Taking logarithms, we get
log A==log 10,000+10 (log 9—log 10)
=4±10 (09542—i)
= 4 +9542— 10= 3542
A=antilog (3542)== 3483
Hence the scrap value of machine is Rs. 3483.
Example 37. A machine is depreciated In such a way that the
value of the machine at the end of any year is 90% of
the value at the begin-
ning of the year. The cost of the machine was Rs. 12,000 and It was sold
eYentux1Iy as waste metal for Rs, 200, find out the number of years during
which the machine was in use.
Solution. We have A=P(1—i)"

Here P=12,000, A =200, 1= —1 0— n=?

100'
10 \"
200=l2000( 1_i_)

=12,000 (6-'
j9\' 200
io) 12Ofiö
Taking logarithms, we get
n(Log 9—log lO)=log 200—log 12,000
n(09542— 1)=2'3010-40792
n(-00458)=-11782
= =39 years (approx).
76 ANNUITIES
1. Annuity. An annuity is a series of payments, ordinarily of a
fixed amount payable regularly at equal intervals. The intervals may be
a year, a half-year, a month and so on.
Annuities may be divided into two classes—Annuity Certain and
Annuity Contingent.
In Annuity Certain payments are to be made unconditionally, for a
certain or fixed number of years.
In Annuity Contingent the paymeits are to be made till the happen-
ing of some contingent event such as the death of a person, the marriage
of a girl, the education of a child reaching a specified age. Life Annuity
is an example of Annuity Contingent. Annuity Certain may be divided
into (I) Annuity Due, (ii) Annuity Immediate.


LOGARITHMS 231
Annuity Due is one where the first payment falls due at the begin-
ning of the first interval and so all payments are made at the beginning of
SUCCeSSIVe intervals.
Immediate Annuity is one where the first payment falls due at the
end of the first interval.
2. Present value. The present value of an annuity is the sum of
the present values of its instalments. In finding the present value of an
annuity it is always customary to reckon compound interest.
3. Present Value of an Immediate Annuity. Let A be the
annuity, V the present value, I the rate of interest per unit per year and A
the number of years to continue.
A
Then the present value of A due in I year==j—j-.

Present value of A due in 2 years= A

Present value of A due in ii years

The sum of the present values of the different payments is given

by
A A A
V= l+i + ( l +1)2 + +( l which is in G. P.
-i--On'
1 )
AI
l +i I I
L l-fiJ
Ar 1 -,
L 1(l+i)J
4. Present Value of an Annuity Due. An annuity due for n
years is equivalent to an immediate payment of A plus an immediate
annuity for (n— 1) years. Hence the present value of an annuity due is
1
i ( (I +t)'

rr.
1 0+ 04
5. Amount of an Immediate Annuity. Let A be set aside at
the end of every year for n years. Then at the end of n years
the first payment will amount to A([ +i)''
the second payment will amount to A(l +I)72

the nth paymetrt will amount to A(l+ i) or A

The amount at the end of n years is given by
 232 flUSINESS MATHMATCS
M=A ( 1 + 1)_1 +A(1+ fyI_2 I..+A which is G.P.
A
=A (lii)!
6. Amount of an Annuity Due. Let A be the annual payment.
Then each payment A is paid at the beginning of each year. The first
payment earns interest for n years, the second for (n— 1)years.. etc. and
nth payment for 1 year. Hence
the first payment amounts to A(1 +i)
the second payment amounts to A(l -f 0" 1
the nth payment amounts to A(I -i-i)
± i)'±A(I '4 i)"-'- . ... 4 A( I I i)
- i)((J +i)-- ' + (1-f )" 2 + ... + 1

-A(f-i) 04i.:i:
( (1--i)---I

(If i)((1+i)—i}
Example 38 A man borrows Rs, 20,000 at 4% C,!, and agrees to
pay both the principal and the interest in 10 equal annual instalments at the
end of each year, find the amount of these instalments,
Solution. Using the formula for present value
V= A ^ I _ I
i (L -j-ly'

where V=200
i= i_ 0 = 04, n=l0, we have
A Let x=(1'04)°
_.(•4)-iO;
20,000=—_ { log x= —10 log 104
A I = —10(0170)
004 (1-06761)
= —0 1700
(03239) =-1 4-1-01700
20,000 x 004247j =i8300
A=—
03239 x =0'6161

Example 39. A wagon is purcnased on instalment basis, such that

.Rs. 5000 is to be paid on the signing of the contract and four yearly instal-
ments of .Rs. 3000 each payable at the end of the first, second, third and
fourth year. if Interest is charged at 5% pa., what would be the cash down
price ?

LOGARITHMS 233
Solution. To find the present value of four instalments, we use the
formula

V-r {j — (l-l- i )}, where

A=3,000, i=05, n=4
(l —(1 +ft05)-} Jog .v=- 4 log (1*05)

(1 - - 08226) --(0-0212) "- —0848

1774 =1-9152

10,644 x=0'8226

Cash clown price=Rs. 5,000+Rs. 10,644=Rs. 15,644.

Ex a rople 40, A man rerires at the age of 60 years and his employer
gives him a pension of Rs, 1,200 a year paid in Jui/Jyearly instalments for
the rest of his life. Reckoning his expectation of l ,fe to be 13 years and that
interest is at 470 pa, payable half-yearly, what single sum is equivalent to
this pension ?

Solution.

v= 1=04, n=-13
T1 - f i—( i+2
half-yearly instalment
2{1._(l+'02)26}
x= (l'02)_26
(l-5975)
log x-r - 26 log (1,02)
4025 =-26 ('0086)=-2236
=12,075 =11764
V Rs. 12,075 x=5975

Example 41. A sinking fund is created for the redemption of

debentures of As, 1,00,0001- at the end of 25 years, How much money should
he provided out of profits each year for the sinking fund f cue investment can
earn interest u4% per annum ?
Solution. Let A be the annual instalment. Then Rs. 1,00,000 is
the amount of the annuity A to continue for 25 years. Using the formula

1(1-I


234 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

where M=1,00,000, i= j-4 j=°O4, n==25, we have

l00000=4(1 .o4)!s_ iI x=(1 .04)25

Ax10026611
log x=25 log 104
=AX25x1661 ==25x 00170
1,00,000x 1000 =04250
25x1661 x= antilog (042 50)
4000000 =Rs. 240819 266 I
= 1661
Example 42. A limited company intends to create a depreciation
fund to replace at the end of the 25th year assets costing Rs. 1,00,000.
Calculate the amount to be retained out of profits every year if the interest
rate is 3%.
Salutlon. Here
M=4{(1-f-1)n_.1
where M= 1,00,000, i=03, n=25
1,00,000=z (l+.o3)25_ i} x=(103)25

' j (1.03)25_i } log x=25 tog (103)

=-( 2089--l'i =25(0128)=3200
03 \ I x=antilog (.3200)
A' 1089 x=2089
Ø3 )
1.00,000 03
or A=- =Rs. 2755 (approx.)
1089
Example 43. A machine costs the company Rs. 97,000 and its ejJec_
tive life is estimated to be 12 years. If the scrap realises Rs. 2,000 only,
what amount should be retained out of profits at the end of each year to
accumulate at compound interest at 5% per annum?
Solution. Let A be the annual instalment. Evidently the amount
of the annuity A to continue for 12 years, i.e., balance amount to be
retained
=97,000-2,000=95.00f)
Hence from the formula
M= (1 +i)— 1•

where M=95,000, 1= j- j =005 n= 12, we have

LOGARITHMS 235

95.000= (1 +0.05)12_1} Let x=(1,05)12

P797—i ) log x=12 log 1,05

=' 12x 01212
A
=x 0197 = 02544
95,000 x 005 x=antilog (02544)
0797 P797
=Rs. 5960 (approx).
Example 44. A man wishes to create an endowment fund to provide
an annual prize of Rs. 500. if the fund is invested at 1001 p.a. CJ, find
the amount of this fund. [LC. W.A., December 1989]
Solution. The required amount of the endowment is the present
value V of the perpetuity o f Rs. 500.
P
We have V--

Here P= Rs. 500, '=i- ==

V= 22-=Rs. 5,000.

EXERCISE (III)
1. (a) Find the compound interest on Rs. 1000 for 4 years at 5%
per annum
(b) What will be the simple interest in the above case ?
2. Find the difference between simple and compound interest on
Rs. 5,000 invested for 4 years at 5% per annum, interest payable yearly.
3. Find the compound interest on Rs. 6,950 for 3 years, if interest is
payable half yearly, the rate for the first two years being 6 0/., and for the
third year 9% pa.
4. What is the present value of Rs. 1000 due in 2 years at 5% p.a.
compound interest, according as the interest is paid (a) yearly or (b) half
yearly.
5. Find the compound interest on Rs. 25,800 for 5 years if the rate
of interest be 2% in the 1st year, 2% in the second year, 3% in the 3rd
year and thereafter at 4% pa.
6. A man left Rs. 18,000 with the direction that it should be divided
in such a way that his 3 sons agcd 9, 12 and 15 years should each receive
the same amount when they reached the age of 25. If the rate of interest
is 3% p.a., what should each son receive when he is 25 years old ?
7. A owes B Rs. 1600 but it is not due for payment till the end of
3 years from this date. How much should A pay B if he is willing to

236 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

accept now in order to clear off the debt (a) taking money to be worth
5% per annum simple interest (b) taking it to be worth 5% per annum
compound interest, payable yearly ?
5%
8. In what time will a sum of money double itself at pa.,
compound interest ?
9. In what time will it sum of money treble itself at 5% p.a. com-
pound interest payable half-yearly ?
10. A machine depreciates at the rate of 10% of its value at the
beginning of a year. The machine was purchased for Rs. 5810 and the
scrap value realised when sold was Rs. 2250. Find the number of years
that the machine was used.
II. A machinery in it factory is valued at Rs. 49,074 and it is deci-
ded to reduce the estimated value at the end of each year by 15 per cent of
the value at the beginning of that year. When will the value be (a) Rs.
20,000, (b) 1/10th of the original value ?
12. Find the present value of an annuity of Rs. 1000 p.a. for 14
years following compound interest at 5% p.a.
13. Calculate the amount and present value of an annuity of Rs. 3000
for 15 years if the rate of interest he 41% pa.
14. A mail Rs. 6,000 at 6 %, and promises to pay off the
loan in 20 annual payments begin ling at the cud of the first year, What
is the annual payment necessary '?
15. Calculate the amount and the present value of an annuity of
Rs. 3000 for 15 years, if the rate of interest be 4% p.a.
16. Find the amount and present value of an annuity certain of
Rs. 150 for 12 years, reckoning interest at 3% p. a., given
(1035) 12_ 1511056.
17. A man borrows Rs. 1500 promising to repay the sum borrowed
and the proper interest by 10 equal yearly instalments, the first two falling
due in 1 year's time. Reckoning CI. at 5',1 p.a , find the value of the
annual instalment, given (I 'OS)'° = 1 629.
18. A company buys a machine for Rs. 1,00,000. Its estimated life
is 12 years and scrap value is Rs 5,000. What amount is to be retained
every year from the profit and allowed to accumulate at 5% C 1. for buy-
ing a new machine at the same price after 12 years ?
19. A man borrows Rs. 1000 on the understanding that it is to be
paid back in four equal instalments at intervals of six months, the first
payment to he made six months after the money was borrowed. Calculate
the amount of each instalment, reckoning compound interest at 2% per
half- year.
20. A loan of Rs. 40,000 is to he repaid in equal annual instalment
consisting of principal and interest due in course of 30 years. Find the
amount of each instalment reckoning interest at 4 1/lo pa.
OGARITIIMS 237

2.1. The annual subscription for the membership of a club is Rs. 25

and a person may l)CCO!iLC a life member by paying Rs. 1000 in a lump
sum. Find the rate of interest charged.
22. What sum should be paid for an annuity of Rs. 2,400 for 20 years
atcompound interest pa. ?
(given log I045=00191 and log 4150 -ft6180).
23. A man wishes to create an endowment Cu ud to provide In an nual
prize of Rs. 500 out of its income. if the lund is invcstcd in pa.,
find the amount of this fund.
24. A machine costs the company Rs. 97,000 and its eflective life is
estimated to be 12 years. If the scrap realises Rs. 2,000 onl y , what amount
should be retained out of profits at the end of each year to accumulate at
compound interest at 5 per aniui1
25. A loan of Rs. 1000 is to be paid in 5 equal annual payments
interest being at 6 per cent per annum compound interest and first
payment being made after a year. i\nalyse the payment into these on
account if interest and on account of aniortisatlon of the principal.
26. On his 48th birthday a man decides to make a gift of Rs. 5,000
to a hospital. lie decides to save this amount by making equal annual
payments up to and including his 60th birthday to a fund which gives 3
per cent compound interest, the first payment being made at once.
Calculate the amount of each annual payment. (Answer to the nearest
pa is a
27. A machine costs a company Rs. 52,000 andits effective life is
estimated to be 25 years. A sinking fund is created for replacing the
machine by a new model at the end of its life time, when its scrap realizes
a suni of Rs. 2,500 onl y . The price of the new model is estimated to be 25
per cent higher than the price of the present one. Find what amount
should be set aside every year, out of the profits for the sinking fund, if it
accumulates at 3 per cent per annum corn pound.
28. A man bu y s a ear for Rs. 16,000. lie estimates that its value
ill depreciate each year by 2() per cent of its value at the beginning of
the year. Find the depreciated value (Rs. x, correct to the nearest rupee)
of the car at the end of five years. lithe man sets aside at the end of
each of the five years a certain fixed sum (Rs. y) to accumulate at 4 per
cent compound interest in order to be able to buy at the end of live years
another car costing Rs. 22,000 (after allowing the above depreciated value
Rs. x for the old car in part exchange), find to the nearest paisa, the value
Rs. j' of each payment.
29. A man aged 40 wishes his dependents to have Rs. 40,000 at his
death. A banker agrees to pay this amount to his dependents on condition
that the man makes equal annual payments of Rs. x to the bank comnien-
cing now and going on until his death. What should be the value of x,
assuming that the bank pays interest at 3°' pa. compound 7 From the table
on the expectation of life it is found that the expectation of life of a man of
40 is 30 years.
238 BUSINESS MATH rMATICS

30. A man borrows Rs. 750 from a money-lender and the bill Ii
renewed after every half year at an increase of 21%. What time wils
elapse before it reaches Rs. 7,500? [You may use log 10 121=208281.
[I.C.W.A., June, 19901

Hint. 7,500=750 ( i +--) where n is the time elapsed ]

[
31. The cost o r a machine is Rs. 1,00,000 and its effective life is 12
years. If the scrap realises only Rs. 5,000, what amount should be retained
out of profits at the end of each year to accumulate at C.I. at 5% p.a. '1
(You can use log10 105'=00212, log 10 1797=02544).
[J.C.W.A., December, 1990]
(Hint. If P is the amount provided every year, then
1 105 1 1
_______ I
95,000 = P
'105
too
ANSWERS
1. (a) Rs. 215' 5 1, (b) Rs. 200, 2. 78, 3. Rs. 1589, 4. (a) Rs.
90690, (b) Rs. 90610, 5. Rs. 4250, 6. Rs. 9341, 7. (a) Rs. 139130, (b)
Rs. 1382, S. 14'2 years, 9. 18-6 years, 10. 9 years, 11, 4-52 years, 116
years, 12. Rs. 9899, 13. Rs. 6218333, 33070, 14. Rs. 52319, 15. (1)
Rs. 6216667, (ii) Rs. 3664444, 16. (1) 2190-24, (ii) Rs. 144950, 18. Rs.
10716, 19. Rs. 2665, 20. Rs. 231548, 21. Rs. 12075, 22. Rs. 31, 20332,
23. Rs. 20,000, 24. Rs. 5960, 25. Rs. 23740, 26. 34314, 27. Rs, 1605,
28. Rs. 309 156, 29. Rs. 84448, 30. 6 years, 31. Rs. 595915.