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Tutorial 2

(1) The document contains two problems testing properties of algebraic structures. Problem 1 tests whether given structures form vector spaces by checking if they satisfy vector space properties. Problem 2 tests whether given subsets are subspaces by checking if they are closed under vector space operations. (2) Problem 1 gives examples to test including sets of real matrices, polynomials, positive real numbers with multiplication, and functions. Problem 2 gives subsets of R3, polynomials, complex matrices, and functions to test if they are subspaces. (3) The document provides guidance on testing if given algebraic structures satisfy properties to be vector spaces and if given subsets satisfy properties to be subspaces.

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Aman Garg
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25 views

Tutorial 2

(1) The document contains two problems testing properties of algebraic structures. Problem 1 tests whether given structures form vector spaces by checking if they satisfy vector space properties. Problem 2 tests whether given subsets are subspaces by checking if they are closed under vector space operations. (2) Problem 1 gives examples to test including sets of real matrices, polynomials, positive real numbers with multiplication, and functions. Problem 2 gives subsets of R3, polynomials, complex matrices, and functions to test if they are subspaces. (3) The document provides guidance on testing if given algebraic structures satisfy properties to be vector spaces and if given subsets satisfy properties to be subspaces.

Uploaded by

Aman Garg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Mathematical Sciences, IIT(BHU)-Varanasi

Even Semester 2022-2023


MA 102: Engineering Mathematics II
Tutorial-2

1. Test whether the given algebraic structure forms a vector space with
respect to given operations. If not, write all the properties which fails.
Notation: In what follows, F will always denote a field.

(a) F = R, V = R2 . For (a1 , a2 ), (b1 , b2 ) ∈ R2 and α ∈ R, define

(a1 , a2 )+(b1 , b2 ) := (a1 +2b1 , a2 +3b2 ), and α(a1 , a2 ) := (αa1 , αa2 ).

(b) F = R, V = R2 . Define addition of elements of V coordinatewise,


and for α ∈ R and (a1 , a2 ) ∈ V , define the scalar multiplication
in following ways
i. α(a1 , a2 ) = (αa1 , 0)
ii. α(a1 , a2 ) = (αa1 , α2 a2 )
iii. α(a1 , a2 ) = (αa1 , a2 )
(c) Let F = C and V = Mn×m (C) be the set of all n × m-matrices
with entries in C equipped with the usual addition and scalar
multiplication. Explore the case when we take F = R ?
(d) Let F = C and V = Pn [x] = {a0 + a1 x + · · · + an xn | ai ∈ C, i =
0, . . . , n} be equipped with usual addition and scalar multiplica-
tion.
(e) Let F = R and (V, +) = (R>0 , ·). We define scalar multiplication
on R>0 as follows. For α ∈ R and a ∈ R>0 , define α · a = aα .
(f) Let F = R and V = {f (x + t) | t ∈ R}, where f : R → R is a
function defined as f (x) = xm , and m is a positive odd integer.
Define

f (x + t1 ) + f (x + t2 ) := f (x + t1 + t2 ) and α · f (x + t) := f (x + αt).

What about the case when m is a positive even integer ?


(g) Let X be a set, and V = F(X, F ) = {f : X → F | f is a map}.
Define (f + g)(x) := f (x) + g(x) and (α · f )(x) = αf (x), where
x ∈ X, f, g ∈ F(X, F ) and α ∈ F .

1
2. Test whether W is a subspace of a vector space V over a field F . If
not, justify your answer!

(a) F = R, V = R3 .
i. W1 = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 | x = 3y and z = −y}
ii. W2 = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 | 5x − 2y + 4z 2 = 0}
(b) F = R, V = Pn [x] = {a0 +a1 x+· · ·+an xn | ai ∈ R, i = 0, . . . , n},
for n ≥ 1.
i. W1 = {f (x) ∈ Pn [x] | f (x) = 0 or f (x) has degree n}
ii. W2 = {f (x) ∈ Pn [x] | a2 = a3 = 0}, where n ≥ 3.
(c) F = C, V = Mn×n (C).
i. W1 = {A ∈ Mn×n (C) | At = A}, where At denote the conju-
gate of transpose of A.
ii. W2 = {A ∈ Mn×n (C) | AB = BA ∀B ∈ Mn×n (C)}
(d) V = F(X, F ), where X ̸= ∅. Choose x0 ∈ X.
i. W1 = {f ∈ F(X, F ) | f (x0 ) = 0}
ii. W2 = {f ∈ F(X, F ) | f (x0 ) = 1}

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