IOT BASED MESSAGE SCROLLING LED DISPLAY

INDEX

 Technical Specifications

 Project Abstract

 Project Block Diagram

 Introduction

 Explanation of each block

 Regulated Power Supply

 Microcontroller

 EEPROM

 LED display

 Software Tools

 Source Code

 Advantages

 Applications

 Conclusion

 Reference
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION:

Title of the project : Electronic Notice Board With Led Dot Matrix Display And

Ps2 Keyboard Interfacing For User Friendly Message Entry

Software : Embedded C, Keil, Proload

Microcontroller : Aurduino uno

Power Supply : +5V, 750mA Regulated Power Supply

Display : LED 5mm

Crystal : 11.0592MHz

Communication Device : wifi Modules

Input : PC Key Board,mobile

Applications : Colleges, Schools, offices, public utility places,

ABSTRACT
Abstract:

Notice boards are playing a very important role in our day to day life. By replacing
conventional analog type notice board with digital notice board we can make information
dissemination much easier in a paperless community. Notice board could be a primary factor in any
establishment or public places like bus stations, railway stations, colleges, malls etc. Sticking out
numerous notices day to day could be a tough method. A separate person is needed to take care of this
notice display. The objective of our project is to design a dot-matrix moving message display using
microcontroller and IOT where the characters shift from left to write continuously. In this project we
have used ATMega8 microcontroller. ATMega8 is a family of 8-bit microcontrollers. It has a
maximum rated processor frequency of 16MHz. The ATMega8 lends itself extremely well to
prototyping due to its simple requirement of a 4.5V-5.5V power source. It has a shift out frequency of
around 100MHz and storage register of 3- stage output and finally we have used 16x32 dot- matrix
display. At first a code was developed. And we got our desired result there. This project is regarding
advanced wireless notice board. In IOT based Web Controlled Notice Board, Internet is employed to
wirelessly send the message from Browser to the LED display. The main objective of the project is to
develop a wireless notice board that
After entering the text, the user can disconnect the keyboard. At any time the user can add or
remove or alter the text according to his requirement. displays messages sent from the user’s mobile
application

This project uses regulated 5V, 1A power supply. 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used
for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac out put of secondary of
230/12V step down transformer.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Block Diagram: Power Supply
`

Latch &
Driver
Circuit
Arduino
uno

PC Key Board

I2C Protocol LED Matrix

EEPROM Display
Array

Crystal
Reset

Step Bridge Filter

down Rectifier Circuit Regulator
T/F Power supply to all sections
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

An embedded system is a combination of software and hardware to perform a dedicated task.

Some of the main devices used in embedded products are Microprocessors and
Microcontrollers. Microprocessors are commonly referred to as general purpose processors as they
simply accept the inputs, process it and give the output.

In contrast, a microcontroller not only accepts the data as inputs but also manipulates it,
interfaces the data with various devices, controls the data and thus finally gives the result. As everyone
in this competitive world prefers to make the things easy and simple to handle, this project sets an
example to some extent.
EXPLANATION OF EACH BLOCK
BLOCK DESCRIPTION

POWER SUPPLY:

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e., 230V
from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output
obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output
voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even after
rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.

230V AC
50Hz D.C
Output

Step down Bridge

transformer Rectifier Regulator
Filter

Fig: Power supply

Transformer:

Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these voltages
are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c input available at the
mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level. This is done by a
transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a required level.

Rectifier:

The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The
rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of
its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.
The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half
cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has four
diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of
the bridge. The load
resistance is connected
between the other two ends of
the bridge.
 Fig: Rectifier Circuit

For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes
D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance
RL and hence the load current flows through RL.

For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and
D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load resistance R L and
hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-
directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.
Fig: Rectifier output Waveforms
Filter:
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and
smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load is
maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point
changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

Voltage regulator:
As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an
electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project, power
supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order
to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812
voltage regulators are to be used. The first
number 78 represents positive supply and the
numbers 05, 12 represent the required
output voltage levels. The L78xx series of
three-terminal positive regulators is available
in TO-220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and DPAK packages and several fixed output voltages, making
it useful in a wide range of applications. These regulators can provide local on-card regulation,
eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. Each type employs
internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it
essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over
1 A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these
devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and
currents.
Introduction of Embedded System:

An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps

additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. A good example is the
microwave oven. Almost every household has one, and tens of millions of them are used every day,
but very few people realize that a processor and software are involved in the preparation of their lunch
or dinner.

This is in direct contrast to the personal computer in the family room. It too is comprised of
computer hardware and software and mechanical components (disk drives, for example). However, a
personal computer is not designed to perform a specific function rather; it is able to do many different
things. Many people use the term general-purpose computer to make this distinction clear. As shipped,
a general-purpose computer is a blank slate; the manufacturer does not know what the customer will
do wish it. One customer may use it for a network file server another may use it exclusively for
playing games, and a third may use it to write the next great American novel.

Frequently, an embedded system is a component within some larger system. For example,
modern cars and trucks contain many embedded systems. One embedded system controls the anti-lock
brakes, other monitors and controls the vehicle's emissions, and a third displays information on the
dashboard. In some cases, these embedded systems are connected by some sort of a communication
network, but that is certainly not a requirement.

At the possible risk of confusing you, it is important to point out that a general-purpose
computer is itself made up of numerous embedded systems. For example, my computer consists of a
keyboard, mouse, video card, modem, hard drive, floppy drive, and sound card-each of
which is an embedded system. Each of these devices contains a processor and software and is
designed to perform a specific function. For example, the modem is designed to send and receive
digital data over analog telephone line. That's it and all of the other devices can be summarized in a
single sentence as well.

If an embedded system is designed well, the existence of the processor and software could be
completely unnoticed by the user of the device. Such is the case for a microwave oven, VCR, or alarm
clock. In some cases, it would even be possible to build an equivalent device that does not contain the
processor and software. This could be done by replacing the combination with a custom integrated
circuit that performs the same functions in hardware. However, a lot of flexibility is lost when a
design is hard-cooled in this way. It is mush easier, and cheaper, to change a few lines of software
than to redesign a piece of custom hardware.
History and Future:

Given the definition of embedded systems earlier is this chapter; the first such systems could
not possibly have appeared before 1971. That was the year Intel introduced the world's first
microprocessor. This chip, the 4004, was designed for use in a line of business calculators produced
by the Japanese Company Busicom. In 1969, Busicom asked Intel to design a set of custom integrated
circuits-one for each of their new calculator models. The 4004 was Intel's response rather than design
custom hardware for each calculator, Intel proposed a general-purpose circuit that could be used
throughout the entire line of calculators. Intel's idea was that the software would give each calculator
its unique set of features.

The microcontroller was an overnight success, and its use increased steadily over the next
decade. Early embedded applications included unmanned space probes, computerized traffic lights,
and aircraft flight control systems. In the 1980s, embedded systems quietly rode the waves of the
microcomputer age and brought microprocessors into every part of our kitchens (bread machines, food
processors, and microwave ovens), living rooms (televisions, stereos, and remote controls), and
workplaces (fax machines, pagers, laser printers, cash registers, and credit card readers).

It seems inevitable hat the number of embedded systems will continue to increase rapidly.
Already there are promising new embedded devices that have enormous market potential; light
switches and thermostats that can be central computer, intelligent air-bag systems that don't inflate
when children or small adults are present, pal-sized electronic organizers and personal digital
assistants (PDAs), digital cameras, and dashboard navigation systems. Clearly, individuals who
possess the skills and desire to design the next generation of embedded systems will be in demand for
quite some time.

Real Time Systems:

One subclass of embedded is worthy of an introduction at this point. As commonly defined, a

real-time system is a computer system that has timing constraints. In other words, a real-time system is
partly specified in terms of its ability to make certain calculations or decisions in a timely manner.
These important calculations are said to have deadlines for completion. And, for all practical purposes,
a missed deadline is just as bad as a wrong answer.

The issue of what if a deadline is missed is a crucial one. For example, if the real-time system
is part of an airplane's flight control system, it is possible for the lives of the passengers and crew to be
endangered by a single missed deadline. However, if instead the system is involved in satellite
communication, the damage could be limited to a single corrupt data packet. The more severe the
consequences, the more likely it will be said that the deadline is "hard" and thus, the system is a hard
real-time system. Real-time systems at the other end of this discussion are said to have "soft"
deadlines.

All of the topics and examples presented in this book are applicable to the designers of real-time
system who is more delight in his work. He must guarantee reliable operation of the software and
hardware under all the possible conditions and to the degree that human lives depend upon three
system's proper execution, engineering calculations and descriptive paperwork.

Application Areas

Nearly 99 per cent of the processors manufactured end up in embedded systems. The embedded
system market is one of the highest growth areas as these systems are used in very market segment-
consumer electronics, office automation, industrial automation, biomedical engineering, wireless
communication,
data communication, telecommunications, transportation, military and so on.

Consumer appliances: At home we use a number of embedded systems which include digital camera,
digital diary, DVD player, electronic toys, microwave oven, remote controls for TV and air-
conditioner, VCO player, video game consoles, video recorders etc. Today’s high-tech car has about
20 embedded systems for transmission control, engine spark control, air-conditioning, navigation etc.
Even wristwatches are now
becoming embedded systems. The palmtops are powerful embedded systems using which we can
carry out many general-purpose tasks such as playing games and word processing.

Office automation: The office automation products using em embedded systems are copying
machine, fax machine, key telephone, modem, printer, scanner etc.

Industrial automation: Today a lot of industries use embedded systems for process control. These
include pharmaceutical, cement, sugar, oil exploration, nuclear energy, electricity generation and
transmission. The embedded systems for industrial use are designed to carry out specific tasks such as
monitoring the temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc., and then take appropriate action
based on the monitored levels to control other devices or to send information to a centralized
monitoring station. In hazardous industrial environment, where human presence has to be avoided,
robots are used, which are programmed to do specific jobs. The robots are now becoming very
powerful and carry out many interesting and complicated tasks such as hardware assembly.
Medical electronics: Almost every medical equipment in the hospital is an embedded system. These
equipments include diagnostic aids such as ECG, EEG, blood pressure measuring devices, X-ray
scanners; equipment used in blood analysis, radiation, colonscopy, endoscopy etc. Developments in
medical electronics have paved way for more accurate diagnosis of diseases.

Computer networking: Computer networking products such as bridges, routers, Integrated Services
Digital Networks (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and frame relay switches are
embedded systems which implement the necessary data communication protocols. For example, a
router interconnects two networks. The two networks may be running different protocol stacks. The
router’s function is to obtain the data packets from incoming pores, analyze the packets and send them
towards the destination after doing necessary protocol conversion. Most networking equipments, other
than the end systems (desktop computers) we use to access the networks, are embedded systems
.
Telecommunications: In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can be categorized
as subscriber terminals and network equipment. The subscriber terminals such as key telephones,
ISDN phones, terminal adapters, web cameras are embedded systems. The network equipment
includes multiplexers, multiple access systems, Packet Assemblers Dissemblers (PADs), sate11ite
modems etc. IP phone, IP gateway, IP gatekeeper etc. are the latest embedded systems that provide
very low-cost voice communication over the Internet.

Wireless technologies: Advances in mobile communications are paving way for many interesting
applications using embedded systems. The mobile phone is one of the marvels of the last decade of the
20’h century. It is a very powerful embedded system that provides voice communication while we are
on the move. The Personal Digital Assistants and the palmtops can now be used to access multimedia
services over the Internet. Mobile communication infrastructure such as base station controllers,
mobile switching centers are also powerful embedded systems.

Insemination: Testing and measurement are the fundamental requirements in all scientific and
engineering activities. The measuring equipment we use in laboratories to measure parameters such as
weight, temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc. are all embedded systems. Test
equipment such as oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, logic analyzer, protocol analyzer, radio
communication test set etc. are embedded systems built around powerful processors. Thank to
miniaturization, the test and measuring equipment are now becoming portable facilitating easy testing
and measurement in the field by field-personnel.

Security: Security of persons and information has always been a major issue. We need to protect our
homes and offices; and also the information we transmit and store. Developing embedded systems for
security applications is one of the most lucrative businesses nowadays. Security devices at homes,
offices, airports etc. for authentication and verification are embedded systems. Encryption devices are
nearly 99 per cent of
the processors that are manufactured end up in~ embedded systems. Embedded systems find
applications in . every industrial segment- consumer electronics, transportation, avionics, biomedical
engineering, manufacturing, process control and industrial automation, data communication,
telecommunication, defense, security etc. Used to encrypt the data/voice being transmitted on
communication links such as telephone lines. Biometric systems using fingerprint and face recognition
are now being extensively used for user authentication in banking applications as well as for access
control in high security buildings.

Finance: Financial dealing through cash and cheques are now slowly paving way for transactions
using smart cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, also expanded as Any Time Money)
machines. Smart card, of the size of a credit card, has a small micro-controller and memory; and it
interacts with the smart card reader! ATM machine and acts as an electronic wallet. Smart card
technology has the capability of ushering in a cashless society. Well, the list goes on. It is no
exaggeration to say that eyes wherever you go, you can see, or at least feel, the work of an embedded
system!

Overview of Embedded System Architecture

Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central Processing Unit
(CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded. The software
residing on the memory chip is also called the ‘firmware’. The embedded system architecture can be
represented as a layered architecture as shown in Fig.
The operating system runs above the hardware, and the application software runs above the operating
system. The same architecture is applicable to any computer including a desktop computer. However,

there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating system in every embedded
system. For small appliances such as remote control units, air conditioners, toys etc., there is no need
for an operating system and you can write only the software specific to that application. For
applications involving complex processing, it is advisable to have an operating system. In such a case,
you need to integrate the application software with the operating system and then transfer the entire
software on to the memory chip. Once the software is transferred to the memory chip, the software
will continue to run for a long time you don’t need to reload new software.
Now, let us see the details of the various building blocks of the hardware of an embedded system. As
shown in Fig. the building blocks are;
· Central Processing Unit (CPU)
· Memory (Read-only Memory and Random Access Memory)
· Input Devices
· Output devices
· Communication interfaces
· Application-specific circuitry

Central Processing Unit (CPU):

The Central Processing Unit (processor, in short) can be any of the following: microcontroller,
microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP). A micro-controller is a low-cost processor. Its main
attraction is that on the chip itself, there will be many other components such as memory, serial
communication interface, analog-to digital converter etc. So, for small applications, a micro-controller
is the best choice as the number of external components required will be very less. On the other hand,
microprocessors are more powerful, but you need to use many external components with them. D5P is
used mainly for applications in which signal processing is involved such as audio and video
processing.
Memory:
The memory is categorized as Random Access 11emory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM). The
contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip, whereas ROM retains the
contents even if the power is switched off. So, the firmware is stored in the ROM. When power is
switched on, the processor reads the ROM; the program is program is executed.
Input devices:
Unlike the desktops, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited capability. There will
be no keyboard or a mouse, and hence interacting with the embedded system is no easy task. Many
embedded systems will have a small keypad-you press one key to give a specific command. A keypad
may be used to input only the digits. Many embedded systems used in process control do not have any
input device for user interaction; they take inputs from sensors or transducers 1’fnd produce electrical
signals that are in turn fed to other systems.

Output devices:
The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability. Some embedded
systems will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health status of the system
modules, or for visual indication of alarms. A small Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) may also be used to
display some important parameters.

Communication interfaces:
The embedded systems may need to, interact with other embedded systems at they may have to
transmit data to a desktop. To facilitate this, the embedded systems are provided with one or a few
communication interfaces such as RS232, RS422, RS485, Universal Serial Bus (USB), IEEE 1394,
Ethernet etc.

Application-specific circuitry:
Sensors, transducers, special processing and control circuitry may be required fat an embedded
system, depending on its application. This circuitry interacts with the processor to carry out the
necessary work. The entire hardware has to be given power supply either through the 230 volts main
supply or through a battery. The hardware has to design in such a way that the power consumption is
minimized.

CONCLUSION:
Embedded Systems plays a vital role in our day today life. They are used for household
appliances like microwave oven to the satellite applications. They provide good man to machine
interface.
Automation is the further step in the world of Embedded Systems, which includes the
elimination of the human being in the mundane applications. They are cost effective, accurate and can
work in any conditions and round the clock.
2. ARDUINO

Arduino is a popular programmable board used to create projects. It consists of a simple hardware
platform as well as a free source code editor which has a “one click compile or upload” feature. Hence
it is designed in way that one can use it without necessarily being an expert programmer (Kushner
1987). Arduino offers an open-source electronic prototyping platform that is easy to use and flexible
for both the software and hardware. Arduino is able to sense the environment through receiving input
from several sensors. It
is also able to control its surrounding through controlling motors, lights and other actuators. The
Arduino programming language that is based on the wiring and the Arduino development environment
that is based on the processing are used to program the microcontroller found on the board (Banzi,
2005). Due to its open-source environment,
one is able to easily write and upload codes to the I/O board. It is also worth to note that
Arduino can be run on Linux, Mac OSX and Windows as its environment is written in Java

2.1. History

Arduino was released in 2005 by students from the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) as a
modest tool for Mac OSX and Windows. Since then, Arduino has been able to initiate an
international-do-it yourself revolution at the electronics industry. The open source microcontroller
hardware has been designed in a way that it can easily interface with various sensors (registering user
inputs) and driving the behaviors and responses of the external components such as speakers, motors,
and LED (responding to the user inputs). The most important feature of Arduino is the ease of
programmability hence users with little expertise are able to use it. This aspect has made Arduino one
of the most popular
tools of choice for designers and artists in creating interactive spaces and objects (Arduino
Team).

2.2. Development
While discussing the development of Arduino, it is worth introducing a brief history of
microcontrollers. A revolutionary leap in the computing industry was seen in the 1960s following the
development of solid state computers (including the IBM 1401), that used transistors to process its
operations and a magnetic core memory for its storage (instead of vacuum tubes), and these enabled
an increase in the compactness of the computer hardware. In addition, Jack Kilby’s invention of
integrated circuits in 1959 enabled circuits and transistors to be fused into tiny chips of
semiconducting materials (like silicon) as well as further miniaturization of the computer component.
The other crucial development
made in the same decade was the high level computer programming languages, written in symbolic
languages such as plain English, and this made computer codes somehow easy to learn and read than
the earlier machine languages that consisted of letters and numbers only. This development enabled
individuals with few years of expertise to carry out the basic operations on a computer. FORTRAN
(for the scientific calculators) and COBOL (for business application) were the two main languages
that were introduced in that period.
The microprocessor was one of the greatest innovations in the history of the modern
computer in the 1970’s. Initially, the microprocessor miniaturized all the hardware components of
CPU to fit into one, tiny, integrated circuit, popularly known as the microchip. The microchip became
the major driving component of the microcontrollers including Arduino which is made up of a
microchip, input/output hardware and memory storage hardware for sensors. The microprocessor, due
to the small form factor, was incorporated into a surfeit of electronic devices ranging from personal
computers to calculators and are still used up to date. More programming languages were also
developed in the 1970s and 80s including C, C++ and Java for applications in science and business.
(Massimo, 2005)

2.3. Evolution

Having looked at the evolution of microcontrollers, there have been recent incarnations of the
microcontrollers that have been designed in a way to fulfill the needs of hobbyists and casual users
who happen to have a limited technical knowledge. In other words, the microcontrollers have moved
from the more complex requirements in the scientific, business or commercial fields. Before the
invention of Arduino, the PIC microcontroller board that was introduced by general instruments in
1985 was one of the most used tools for the electronic enthusiasts. The reasons as to why the PIC
microcontroller board was preferred were the speed and ease of its programming through simple
languages including PBASIC. An additional reason was that it was able to store programs on a flash
memory chip that enabled the instructions on the board to be reprogrammed or erased at will with an
infinite number of possibilities. It also supported output devices such as LEDs and motors as well as
input sensors. There are other popular boards for the hobbyists
including BASIC Stamp and wiring which are some of the microcontroller boards that were designed
for tangible media explorations and electronic art. The two boards share the advantages of ease of
rapid prototyping and simplicity of programming.

It was in 2005 when the Arduino team was formed in Italy and it consisted of Barragan Massimo,
David Cuartielles, Gianluca Marino, Dave Mellis and Nicholas Zambetti. The main goal of this team
was to develop an electronic prototyping platform that would simplify the wiring platform and make it
accessible to the non-technical users especially in the creative fields. The Arduino, therefore,
incorporated several characteristics including a programming environment that is based on the
processing language that was conceived
by Casey Reas and Ben Fry and other artists and designers. Arduino also incorporated the ability to
program its board using a standard USB connection with a low price point
(Wheat, 2001).
2.4. Past and Present

Within its first 2 years of existence, Arduino achieved rapid success where more than 50,
000 boards were sold. By 2009, Arduino had more than 13 different incarnations with each having a
specialized application. For instance, Arduino Mini was a miniature to be used in small interactive
objectives, Arduino BT was built with Bluetooth capabilities, and Arduino Lilypad for wearable
technologies projects. Today, the Arduino microcontroller is a popular prototyping platform across the
world and it is a good example of how software and
hardware technologies that were originally created for business, military or scientific applications
have been repurposed so as to serve the needs of people developing projects in new media and arts and
design.

The following list includes the present and past Arduino boards: Arduino shields, Arduino USB,
Arduino single-sided serial, Arduino serial, Arduino Mega, Lilypad Arduino, Arduino Fio, Arduino
BT, Mini USB adapter and Arduino Mini. In the development of Arduino, the following silverware
times have been developed: in 2005, a project was started to develop a device that would control the
student-built interactive design projects which was cheaper compared to other prototyping systems
that were available at the time. The founders of the project, David Cuartielles and Massimo Banzi,
named the project Arduin of Ivrea. They
then began producing boards at a small factory in Ivrea in the Northwestern Italy. In September 2006,
they released Arduino Mini and later in October 2008, Arduino Duemilanove was developed and was
earlier based on Atmel ATmega 168 and later, on ATmega328. Arduino Mega was then released in
March 2009 and was based on Atmel ATmega 1280. More than 300,000 units or Arduino in May
2011 were in use across the world. Arduino Leonardo was later released in July 2012 and is based on
Atmel SAM3X8E that has an ARM Cortex-M3 core. Arduino Micro was released in November 2012
and is based on Atmel ATMega32u4. Arduino Uno has been named to mark the new Arduino 1.0
where version 1 and Uno will be the reference model for the Arduino platform. For the purpose of
comparing with the previous versions, Arduino Uno will be used in the project. Arduino Uno is a
microcontroller board which is based on the ATmega328 that has 14 digital I/O pins. Among these
pins, six of them may be used as PWM outputs, one as a 16
MHZ crystal oscillator, 6 as analogue input, one as a USB connection, one as an ICSP header, and
one as a power jack and reset button. Everything needed to support the microcontroller is contained on
the board like connecting to a computer with a USB cable and power it using an AC-to-DC battery or
adapter.

Arduino Uno differs from other preceding boards due to its features which include ATmega8U2 that is
programmed as a USB-to-serial. Arduino Uno may be powered either through the USB connection or
using an external power supply. The selection of power source is automatic and the power pins
include: VIN which is the input voltage on the Arduino board while using the external power source
and this is as opposed to the 5 volts from regulated power source or USB connection. Voltage may be
supplied through this pin, or while supplying voltage through the power jack, it may be accessed
through this pin. The regulated power supply is 5V that is used to power microcontroller as well as
other components on the board. It can be supplied by the USB or any other regulated 5V supply. A
3.3V supply is generated by the on-board regulator or it can come from VIN through the on-board
regulator. The maximum current drawn is 50 mA. The GND ground pins- the ATmega328- have 32
KB including 0.5 KB that is used for the boot loader. It has
2 KB of the SRAM and a further 1 KB of EEPROM that can be written or read with the EEPRO
library. The maximum width and length or the Uno PCB is 5.3 and 6.8cm respectively. The power
jack and the USB connector extend beyond these dimensions.
There are four screw holes that allow the board to get attached to a case or surface. It should be
noted that the distance between the digital pins 7 & 8 is 0.16cm.

IOT
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the use of intelligently connected devices and systems to
leverage data gathered by embedded sensors and actuators in machines and other physical
objects. IoT is expected to spread rapidly over the coming years and this convergence will
unleash a new dimension of services that improve the quality of life of consumers and
productivity of enterprises, unlocking an opportunity that the GSMA refers to as the ‘Connected
Life’. For consumers, the IoT has the potential to deliver solutions that dramatically improve
energy efficiency, security, health, education and many other aspects of daily life.
For enterprises, IoT can underpin solutions that improve decision-making and productivity in
manufacturing, retail, agriculture and other sectors. Machine to Machine (M2M) solutions - a
subset of the IoT – already use wireless networks to connect devices to each other and the
Internet, with minimal direct human intervention, to deliver services that meet the needs of a
wide range of industries. In 2013, M2M connections accounted for 2.8% of global mobile
connections (195 million), indicating that the sector is still at a relatively early stage in its
development. An evolution of M2M, the IoT represents the coordination of multiple vendors’
machines, devices and appliances connected to the Internet through multiple networks.
Understanding the Internet of Things
While the Internet of Things (IoT) will ultimately have an enormous impact on consumers,
enterprises and society as a whole, it is still at an early stage in its development. As mobile
operators and their partners pilot new services across multiple sectors, ranging from health to
automotive, they have identified several distinctive features of the Internet of Things. A common
understanding of the distinctive nature of this nascent opportunity should help hasten the
development of this market.
The Internet of Things can enable the next wave of life enhancing services across several
fundamental sectors of the economy.
As the Internet of Things evolves, the proliferation of smart connected devices supported by
mobile networks, providing pervasive and seamless connectivity, will unlock opportunities to
provide life-enhancing services for consumers while boosting productivity for enterprises. As
can be seen in Figure 5 below, thirteen industry sectors are likely to show significant adoption of
IoT services.
In cities, the development of smart grids, data analytics and autonomous vehicles will provide an
intelligent platform to deliver innovations in energy management, traffic management and
security, sharing the benefits of this technology throughout society.
IoT Service Segmentation
While the potential impact of the IoT is considerable, a concerted effort is required to move
beyond this early stage. In order to optimise the development of the market, a common
understanding of the distinct nature of the opportunity is required.
Another important characteristic of IoT services can be the deployment of a large number of the
same type of devices and applications. Each device and application performs the same activity
and transports information to a service centre at the same time. Regardless of the amount of data
transmitted by each device, this simple operation could cause network congestion. Mobile
networks need to provide several mechanisms to protect and better utilise their capabilities for
delivering such M2M/IoT services. Mechanisms for remotely managing such devices and
applications could allow intelligent scheduling, which would facilitate an appropriate application
development and reduce the vulnerability of the network to application misbehavior.
An additional feature of the IoT market is, that in some scenarios, devices and applications may
be deployed and actively work for a large number of years, operating on batteries or using
limited power. In this case, the communication module needs to consume very little energy to
guarantee a longer device lifetime.
In summary, the IoT will require mobile networks to offer a much more diversified set of
capabilities, while providing protection mechanisms for identifying and blocking any application
misbehaviour and guaranteeing all other services. Mobile operators are working to identify these
requirements and develop appropriate capabilities in order to support the vast range of IoT
applications.

APPLICATIONS
Internet of Things industry sector categories
For consumers, connectivity provided by the IoT could enhance their quality of life in multiple
ways, such as, but not limited to, energy efficiency and security at home and in the city. In the
home, the integration of connected smart devices and cloud-based services will help address the
pressing issue of energy efficiency and security. Connected smart devices will enable a reduction
in utility bills and outages, while also improving home security via remote monitoring.
IoT smart cities applications
In cities, the development of smart grids, data analytics and autonomous vehicles will provide an
intelligent platform to deliver innovations in energy management, traffic management and
security, sharing the benefits of this technology throughout society.
IoT health applications
The IoT will also help widen access and improve quality of education and health. As demand for
healthcare doubles8, connected smart devices will help address this challenge by supporting a
range of e-health services that improve access and enable monitoring of chronic diseases and
age-related conditions in the home. In doing so, they will improve the quality of care and quality
of life for patients, while reducing the strain on the wider healthcare system.
IoT education applications
In education, mobile-enabled solutions will tailor the learning process to each student’s needs,
improving overall proficiency levels, while linking virtual and physical classrooms to make
learning more convenient and accessible.
Mobile education solutions have already been shown to improve learners’ proficiency rates and
reduce dropout rates, and have the potential to enable, by 2017, the education of up to 180
million additional students in developing countries who will be able to stay in school due to
mEducation.
IoT productivity applications
For enterprises, the ability of IoT to combine innovations in data analytics, 3D printing and
sensors, will improve productivity by enabling a step change in the quality of decision making,
efficiency of production, personalisation of retail and productivity of food production.
ADVANTAGES
The IoT will increase the range of services, each requiring varying levels of bandwidth, mobility
and latency. For example, services that are related to public safety or personal safety will
generally require low latency, but not high bandwidth per se. alternatively, services that provide
surveillance might also require high bandwidth. Due to the differing level of service demand,
mobile networks may need the ability to identify the service which is generating traffic and meet
its specific needs. For example, alert services related to public safety or personal health would
require a higher priority compared to metering information, which is a normal monitoring
activity. Varying levels of mobility (the degree to which devices and applications need to be
nomadic) is another important characteristic of IoT service demand. For nomadic services,
location information and geo-fencing becomes a crucial enabler.
Proximity services in general will play an important role in the IoT ecosystem. In this context,
the mobile network faces the challenge of being able to recognise different type of devices. For
example, in the automotive sector, only cars in the proximity of an accident need to be notified,
rather than every vehicle. Conversely, there are devices and applications that are not mobile by
nature, such as a smart meter or a street lamp. Any movement of such devices/applications might
indicate an anomaly in the service.
Conclusion
The Internet of Things promises to deliver a step change in individuals’ quality of life and
enterprises’ productivity. Through a widely distributed, locally intelligent network of smart
devices, the IoT has the potential to enable extensions and enhancements to fundamental services
in transportation, logistics, security, utilities, education, healthcare and other areas, while
providing a new ecosystem for application development. A concerted effort is required to move
the industry beyond the early stages of market development towards maturity, driven by common
understanding of the distinct nature of the opportunity. This market has distinct characteristics in
the areas of service distribution, business and charging models, capabilities required to deliver
IoT services, and the differing demands these services will place on mobile networks. GSMA’s
Connected Living Programme is an industry initiative which seeks to expedite the development
of mobile-enabled IoT services. It is hoped that a common understanding of the characteristics of
IoT will enable industry stakeholders to collaborate more effectively in order to propel the
market forward for the benefit of consumers and society.

LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode,
which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are
able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.
This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy
of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.
An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be used
to shape its radiation pattern.
Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity
infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in remote-control
circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first
visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity, and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available
across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small
incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven-
segment displays, and were commonly seen in digital clocks.
Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task lighting. LEDs
have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption,
longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting
diodes are now used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps,
advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes and lighted wallpaper. As of 2015,
LEDs powerful enough for room lighting remain somewhat more expensive, and require more
precise current and heat management, than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable
output.
LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high
switching rates are also used in advanced communications technology.
Working principle

The inner workings of an LED, showing circuit (top) and band diagram (bottom)
A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same
process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it).
This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission
of light from a semi-conductor under the influence of an electric field. The charge carriers
recombine in a forward-biased P-N junction as the electrons cross from the N-region and
recombine with the holes existing in the P-region. Free electrons are in the conduction band of
energy levels, while holes are in the valence energy band. Thus the energy level of the holes will
be lesser than the energy levels of the electrons. Some portion of the energy must be dissipated in
order to recombine the electrons and the holes. This energy is emitted in the form of heat and
light.
The electrons dissipate energy in the form of heat for silicon and germanium diodes but in
gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) and gallium phosphide (GaP) semiconductors, the electrons
dissipate energy by emitting photons. If the semiconductor is translucent, the junction becomes
the source of light as it is emitted, thus becoming a light-emitting diode, but when the junction is
reverse biased no light will be produced by the LED and, on the contrary, the device may also be
damaged.
Applications
LED uses fall into four major categories:
 Visual signals where light goes more or less directly from the source to the human eye, to
convey a message or meaning

 Illumination where light is reflected from objects to give visual response of these objects

 Measuring and interacting with processes involving no human vision[153]

 Narrow band light sensors where LEDs operate in a reverse-bias mode and respond to
incident light, instead of emitting light

 characters on an LED matrix without any time and place boundary. In which the scroll
and blink display modes are supported. It is easily accessible and more user friendly. It
overcomes the disadvantages of GSM and has various advantages over it.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

This project explains how to control the display of characters on a 16x32 LED moving message
display using ATMega328 Arduino Microcontroller. This project is a world wide access of LED
using IOT. It provides implementation of displaying

SERIAL DOWNLOADING:

Both the Code and Data memory arrays can be programmed using the serial SPI bus
while RST is pulled to VCC. The serial interface consists of pins SCK, MOSI (input) and MISO
(output). After RST is set high, the Programming Enable instruction needs to be executed first
before program/erase operations can be executed.
An auto-erase cycle is built into the self-timed programming operation (in the serial mode
ONLY) and there is no need to first execute the chip erase instruction unless any of the lock bits
have been programmed. The Chip Erase operation turns the content of every memory location in
both the Code and Data arrays into FFH. The Code and Data memory arrays have separate
address spaces: 0000H to 1FFFH for Code memory and 000H to 7FFH for Data memory. Either
an external system clock is supplied at pin XTAL1 or a crystal needs to be connected across pins
XTAL1 and XTAL2. The maximum serial clock (SCK) frequency should be less than 1/40 of the
crystal frequency. With a 24 MHz oscillator clock, the maximum SCK frequency is 600 kHz.

Serial Programming Algorithm:

To program and verify the AT89S8252 in the serial programming mode, the following
sequence is recommended:

1. Power-up sequence: Apply power between VCC and GND pins. Set RST pin to “H”. If a
crystal is not connected across pins XTAL1 and XTAL2, apply a 3 MHz to 24 MHz clock to
XTAL1 pin and wait for at least 10 milliseconds.
2. Enable serial programming by sending the Programming Enable serial instruction to pin
MOSI/P1.5. The frequency of the shift clock supplied at pin SCK/P1.7 needs to be less than the
CPU clock at XTAL1 divided by 40.
3. The Code or Data array is programmed one byte at a time by supplying the address and data
together with the appropriate Write instruction. The selected memory loca-tion is first
automatically erased before new data is written. The write cycle is self-timed and typically takes
less than 2.5 ms at 5V.
4. Any memory location can be verified by using the Read instruction which returns the content
at the selected address at serial output MISO/P1.6.
5. At the end of a programming session, RST can be set low to commence normal operation.
6. Power-off sequence (if needed): Set XTAL1 to “L” (if a crystal is not used). Set RST to “L”.
Turn VCC power off.

The algorithm used in this project to enable EEPROM is serial programming mode.
Machine cycle for the 8052

The CPU takes a certain number of clock cycles to execute an instruction. In the 8052 family,
these clock cycles are referred to as machine cycles. The length of the machine cycle depends on
the frequency of the crystal oscillator. The crystal oscillator, along with on-chip circuitry,
provides the clock source for the 8052 CPU.

The frequency can vary from 4 MHz to 30 MHz, depending upon the chip rating and
manufacturer. But the exact frequency of 11.0592 MHz crystal oscillator is used to make the
8052 based system compatible with the serial port of the IBM PC.

In the original version of 8052, one machine cycle lasts 12 oscillator periods. Therefore, to
calculate the machine cycle for the 8052, the calculation is made as 1/12 of the crystal frequency
and its inverse is taken.
Light Emitting
Diodes (LED’s)
Light Emitting Diodes (LED’s)

Example:        Circuit symbol:   

Function
LED’s emit light when an electric current passes through them.

Connecting and soldering

LED’s must be connected the correct way round, the diagram may be
labeled a or + for anode and k or - for cathode (yes, it really is k, not c, for
cathode!). The cathode is the short lead and there may be a slight flat on the
body of round LED’s. If you can see inside the LED the cathode is the larger electrode (but this
is not an official identification method).
LED’s can be damaged by heat when soldering, but the risk is
small unless you are very slow. No special precautions are needed for
soldering most LED’s.
Testing an LED:

Never connect an LED directly to a battery or power supply!

It will be destroyed almost instantly because too much current will
pass through and burn it out.
LED’s must have a resistor in series to limit the current to a safe value, for quick testing
purposes a 1k resistor is suitable for most LED’s if your supply voltage is 12V or less.
Remember to connect the LED the correct way round!

Colors of LED’s
LED’s are available in red, orange,
amber, yellow, green, blue and white. Blue and
white LED’s are much more expensive than the
other colors.
 The color of an LED is determined by the semiconductor material, not by the coloring of
the 'package' (the plastic body). LED’s of all colors are available in uncolored packages which
may be diffused (milky) or clear (often described as 'water clear'). The colored packages are also
available as diffused (the standard type) or transparent.

Light-emitting diode

Red, green and blue LED’s of the 5mm type

Type Passive, optoelectronic
Working principle Electroluminescence
Invented Nick Holonyak Jr. (1962)
Electronic symbol

Pin configuration Anode and Cathode

Internal Diagram of LED:

 A light-emitting diode (LED) (pronounced /ɛl idi/, L-E-D) is a semiconductor light
source. LED’s are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for
lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962,[2] early LED’s emitted low-
intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared
wavelengths, with very high brightness.

When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to
recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This
effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the
photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area
(less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern.
LED’s present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater
durability and reliability. LED’s powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and
require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of
comparable output.

Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements for aviation

lighting, automotive lighting (particularly brake lamps, turn signals and indicators) as well as in
traffic signals. The compact size, the possibility of narrow bandwidth, switching speed, and
extreme reliability of LED’s has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be
developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications
technology. Infrared LED’s are also used in the remote control units of many commercial
products including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances.

The first commercial LED’s were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and
neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as
laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios,
telephones, calculators, and even watches (see list of signal uses). These red LED’s were bright
enough only for use as indicators, as the light output was not enough to illuminate an area.
Readouts in calculators were so small that plastic lenses were built over each digit to make them
legible. Later, other colors grew widely available and also appeared in appliances and equipment.
As LED materials technology grew more advanced, light output rose, while maintaining
efficiency and reliability at acceptable levels. The invention and development of the high power
white light LED to use for illumination (see list of illumination applications). Most LED’s were
made in the very common 5 mm T1¾ and 3 mm T1 packages, but with rising power output, it
has grown increasingly necessary to shed excess heat to maintain reliability, so more complex
packages have been adapted for efficient heat dissipation. Packages for state-of-the-art high
power LED’s bear little resemblance to early LED’s.

Illustration of Haitz's Law. Light output per LED as a function of production year, note
the logarithmic scale on the vertical axis.
Technology:

The inner workings of an LED

I-V diagram for a diode. An LED will begin to emit light when the on-voltage is
exceeded. Typical on voltages are 2–3 volts
 Like a normal diode, the LED consists of a chip of semi conducting material doped with
impurities to create a p-n junction. As in other diodes, current flows easily from the p-side, or
anode, to the n-side, or cathode, but not in the reverse direction. Charge-carriers—electrons and
holes—flow into the junction from electrodes with different voltages. When an electron meets a
hole, it falls into a lower energy level, and releases energy in the form of a photon.

The wavelength of the light emitted, and thus its color, depends on the band gap energy
of the materials forming the p-n junction. In silicon or germanium diodes, the electrons and holes
recombine by a non-radiative transition which produces no optical emission, because these are
indirect band gap materials. The materials used for the LED have a direct band gap with energies
corresponding to near-infrared, visible or near-ultraviolet light.

LED development began with infrared and red devices made with gallium arsenide.
Advances in materials science have enabled making devices with ever-shorter wavelengths,
emitting light in a variety of colors.

LED’s are usually built on an n-type substrate, with an electrode attached to the p-type
layer deposited on its surface. P-type substrates, while less common, occur as well. Many
commercial LED’s, especially GaN/InGaN, also use sapphire substrate.

Most materials used for LED production have very high refractive indices. This means
that much light will be reflected back into the material at the material/air surface interface. Thus,
light extraction in LED’s is an important aspect of LED production, subject to much research and
development.

Generally a flat-surfaced uncoated LED semiconductor chip will only emit light
perpendicular to the semiconductor's surface, and a few degrees to the side, in a cone shape
referred to as the light cone, cone of light, or the escape cone. The maximum angle of incidence
is referred to as the critical angle. When this angle is exceeded photons no longer penetrate the
semiconductor, but are instead reflected both internally inside the semiconductor crystal, and
externally off the surface of the crystal as if it were a mirror. Internal reflections can escape
through other crystalline faces, if the incidence angle is low enough and the crystal is sufficiently
transparent to not re-absorb the photon emission. But for a simple square LED with 90-degree
angled surfaces on all sides, the faces all act as equal angle mirrors. In this case the light can not
escape and is lost as waste heat in the crystal. A convoluted chip surface with angled facets
similar to a jewel or Fresnel lens can increase light output by allowing light to be emitted
perpendicular to the chip surface while far to the sides of the photon emission point.

The ideal shape of a semiconductor with maximum light output would be a micro sphere
with the photon emission occurring at the exact center, with electrodes penetrating to the center
to contact at the emission point. All light rays emanating from the center would be perpendicular
to the entire surface of the sphere, resulting in no internal reflections. A hemispherical
semiconductor would also work, with the flat back-surface serving as a mirror to back-scattered
photons.

Transition coatings:
Many LED semiconductor chips are potted in clear or colored molded plastic shells. The
plastic shell has three purposes:

1. Mounting the semiconductor chip in devices is easier to accomplish.

2. The tiny fragile electrical wiring is physically supported and protected from damage
3. The plastic acts as a refractive intermediary between the relatively high-index
semiconductor and low-index open air.
4. The third feature helps to boost the light emission from the semiconductor by acting as a
diffusing lens, allowing light to be emitted at a much higher angle of incidence from the
light cone, than the bare chip is able to emit alone.

REFERENCES: 1. Adkins B, “Toward the implementation of a topic specific dialogue based

natural language Chatbot as an undergraduate advisor”, 2013 International Conference on
Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV), 2013, pp. 1-5. 2. Barua J.J, “TEKPAC (Technical
Electronic Knowledge Personal Assistant Capsule)”, 2001 IEEE International Semiconductor
Manufacturing Symposium, 2001, pp. 29-31. 3. Chai J, “An evaluation of the chat and
knowledge delivery components of a lowlevel dialog system. The AZ-ALICE experiment”,
Decision Support Systems, 2007.s 4. Darshil J.M, “The role of natural language conversational
interface in online sales: a case study,” International Journal of Speech Technology., Nov. 2001,
vol. 4, pp. 285-295. 5. Dhiluk , “Mass media and the concept of interactivity: An exploratory
study of online forums and reader email”, Media, culture & society, vol. 22, issue. 2, pp.205-
221. 6. Fungo , “Back packers as a community of strangers: the interaction order of an online
backpacker notice board”. Qualitative Sociology Review, vol. 3, issue. 2, 2007
SOFTWARE TOOLS
KEIL SOFTWARE:

CODE:
#include<reg51.h>
void delay_us(void);
void delay_ms(void);
void delay_1us(void);

//

//unsigned char add1[] = {0x01,0x02,0x03};

unsigned char p,n,m,l,k;

sbit sw = P1^7;
sbit en1 = P1^0;
sbit en2 = P1^1;
sfr row = 0x80; // data to rows
sfr ic1 = 0xA0; // address to ic1 using P2
sfr ic2 = 0xB0; // address to ic2 using P3

unsigned char code disp[][5] = {

//{ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 }, // sp
{ 0x00, 0x00, 0x2f, 0x00, 0x00 }, // !
{ 0x00, 0x07, 0x00, 0x07, 0x00 }, // "
{ 0x14, 0x7f, 0x14, 0x7f, 0x14 }, // #
{ 0x24, 0x2a, 0x7f, 0x2a, 0x12 }, // $
{ 0xc4, 0xc8, 0x10, 0x26, 0x46 }, // %
{ 0x36, 0x49, 0x55, 0x22, 0x50 }, // &
{ 0x00, 0x05, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00 }, // '
{ 0x00, 0x1c, 0x22, 0x41, 0x00 }, // (
{ 0x00, 0x41, 0x22, 0x1c, 0x00 }, // )
{ 0x14, 0x08, 0x3E, 0x08, 0x14 }, // *
{ 0x08, 0x08, 0x3E, 0x08, 0x08 }, // +
{ 0x00, 0x00, 0x50, 0x30, 0x00 }, // ,
{ 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10 }, // -
{ 0x00, 0x60, 0x60, 0x00, 0x00 }, // .
{ 0x20, 0x10, 0x08, 0x04, 0x02 }, // /
{ 0x3E, 0x51, 0x49, 0x45, 0x3E }, // 0
{ 0x00, 0x42, 0x7F, 0x40, 0x00 }, // 1
{ 0x42, 0x61, 0x51, 0x49, 0x46 }, // 2
{ 0x21, 0x41, 0x45, 0x4B, 0x31 }, // 3
{ 0x18, 0x14, 0x12, 0x7F, 0x10 }, // 4
{ 0x27, 0x45, 0x45, 0x45, 0x39 }, // 5
{ 0x3C, 0x4A, 0x49, 0x49, 0x30 }, // 6
{ 0x01, 0x71, 0x09, 0x05, 0x03 }, // 7
{ 0x36, 0x49, 0x49, 0x49, 0x36 }, // 8
{ 0x06, 0x49, 0x49, 0x29, 0x1E }, // 9
{ 0x00, 0x36, 0x36, 0x00, 0x00 }, // :
{ 0x00, 0x56, 0x36, 0x00, 0x00 }, // ;
{ 0x08, 0x14, 0x22, 0x41, 0x00 }, // <
{ 0x14, 0x14, 0x14, 0x14, 0x14 }, // =
{ 0x00, 0x41, 0x22, 0x14, 0x08 }, // >
{ 0x02, 0x01, 0x51, 0x09, 0x06 }, // ?
{ 0x32, 0x49, 0x59, 0x51, 0x3E }, // @
{ 0x7E, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x7E }, // A
{ 0x7F, 0x49, 0x49, 0x49, 0x36 }, // B
{ 0x3E, 0x41, 0x41, 0x41, 0x22 }, // C
{ 0x7F, 0x41, 0x41, 0x22, 0x1C }, // D
{ 0x7F, 0x49, 0x49, 0x49, 0x41 }, // E
{ 0x7F, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x01 }, // F
{ 0x3E, 0x41, 0x49, 0x49, 0x7A }, // G
{ 0x7F, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x7F }, // H
{ 0x00, 0x41, 0x7F, 0x41, 0x00 }, // I
{ 0x20, 0x40, 0x41, 0x3F, 0x01 }, // J
{ 0x7F, 0x08, 0x14, 0x22, 0x41 }, // K
{ 0x7F, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40 }, // L
{ 0x7F, 0x02, 0x0C, 0x02, 0x7F }, // M
{ 0x7F, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x7F }, // N
{ 0x3E, 0x41, 0x41, 0x41, 0x3E }, // O
{ 0x7F, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x06 }, // P
{ 0x3E, 0x41, 0x51, 0x21, 0x5E }, // Q
{ 0x7F, 0x09, 0x19, 0x29, 0x46 }, // R
{ 0x46, 0x49, 0x49, 0x49, 0x31 }, // S
{ 0x01, 0x01, 0x7F, 0x01, 0x01 }, // T
{ 0x3F, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x3F }, // U
{ 0x1F, 0x20, 0x40, 0x20, 0x1F }, // V
{ 0x3F, 0x40, 0x38, 0x40, 0x3F }, // W
{ 0x63, 0x14, 0x08, 0x14, 0x63 }, // X
{ 0x07, 0x08, 0x70, 0x08, 0x07 }, // Y
{ 0x61, 0x51, 0x49, 0x45, 0x43 }, // Z
{ 0x00, 0x7F, 0x41, 0x41, 0x00 }, // [
{ 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20 }, // back slash
{ 0x00, 0x41, 0x41, 0x7f, 0x00 }, // ]
{ 0x04, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04 }, // ^
{ 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40 }, // _
{ 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x00 }, // '
{ 0x20, 0x54, 0x54, 0x54, 0x78 }, // a
{ 0x7F, 0x48, 0x44, 0x44, 0x38 }, // b
{ 0x38, 0x44, 0x44, 0x44, 0x20 }, // c
{ 0x38, 0x44, 0x44, 0x48, 0x7F }, // d
{ 0x38, 0x54, 0x54, 0x54, 0x18 }, // e
{ 0x08, 0x7E, 0x09, 0x01, 0x02 }, // f
{ 0x0C, 0x52, 0x52, 0x52, 0x3E }, // g
{ 0x7F, 0x08, 0x04, 0x04, 0x78 }, // h
{ 0x00, 0x44, 0x7D, 0x40, 0x00 }, // i
{ 0x20, 0x40, 0x44, 0x3D, 0x00 }, // j
{ 0x7F, 0x10, 0x28, 0x44, 0x00 }, // k
{ 0x00, 0x41, 0x7F, 0x40, 0x00 }, // l
{ 0x7C, 0x04, 0x18, 0x04, 0x78 }, // m
{ 0x7C, 0x08, 0x04, 0x04, 0x78 }, // n
{ 0x38, 0x44, 0x44, 0x44, 0x38 }, // o
{ 0x7C, 0x14, 0x14, 0x14, 0x08 }, // p
{ 0x08, 0x14, 0x14, 0x18, 0x7C }, // q
{ 0x7C, 0x08, 0x04, 0x04, 0x08 }, // r
{ 0x48, 0x54, 0x54, 0x54, 0x20 }, // s
{ 0x04, 0x3F, 0x44, 0x40, 0x20 }, // t
{ 0x3C, 0x40, 0x40, 0x20, 0x7C }, // u
{ 0x1C, 0x20, 0x40, 0x20, 0x1C }, // v
{ 0x3C, 0x40, 0x30, 0x40, 0x3C }, // w
{ 0x44, 0x28, 0x10, 0x28, 0x44 }, // x
{ 0x0C, 0x50, 0x50, 0x50, 0x3C }, // y
{ 0x44, 0x64, 0x54, 0x4C, 0x44 }, // z
{ 0x00, 0x08, 0x36, 0x41, 0x00 }, // {
{ 0x00, 0x00, 0x7f, 0x00, 0x00 }, // |
{ 0x00, 0x41, 0x36, 0x08, 0x00 }, // }
{ 0x04, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x04 }, // ~
{ 0x00, 0x00, 0x36, 0x00, 0x00 }, // ¦
{ 0x0e, 0x51, 0x31, 0x11, 0x08 }, // Ç
{ 0x3c, 0x41, 0x40, 0x21, 0x7c }, // ü
{ 0x38, 0x54, 0x56, 0x55, 0x18 }, // é
{ 0x20, 0x56, 0x55, 0x56, 0x78 }, // â
{ 0x20, 0x55, 0x54, 0x55, 0x78 }, // ä
{ 0x20, 0x55, 0x56, 0x54, 0x78 }, // à
{ 0x08, 0x08, 0x2a, 0x1c, 0x08 }, // Right Arrow (chr 134)
{ 0x0e, 0x51, 0x31, 0x11, 0x08 }, // ç
{ 0x38, 0x56, 0x55, 0x56, 0x18 }, // ê
{ 0x38, 0x55, 0x54, 0x55, 0x18 }, // ë
{ 0x38, 0x55, 0x56, 0x54, 0x18 }, // è
{ 0x00, 0x45, 0x7c, 0x41, 0x00 }, // ï
{ 0x00, 0x46, 0x7d, 0x42, 0x00 }, // î
{ 0x7f, 0x7f, 0x7f, 0x7f, 0x7f }, // free (chr 141)
{ 0x7f, 0x7f, 0x7f, 0x7f, 0x7f }, // free (chr 142)
{ 0x7f, 0x7f, 0x7f, 0x7f, 0x7f }, // free (chr 143)
{ 0x7c, 0x54, 0x56, 0x55, 0x44 }, // É
{ 0x7f, 0x7f, 0x7f, 0x7f, 0x7f }, // free (chr 145)
{ 0x7f, 0x7f, 0x7f, 0x7f, 0x7f }, // free (chr 146)
{ 0x38, 0x46, 0x45, 0x46, 0x38 }, // ô
 { 0x7f, 0x7f, 0x7f, 0x7f, 0x7f }, // free (chr 148)
{ 0x38, 0x45, 0x46, 0x44, 0x38 }, // ò
{ 0x3c, 0x42, 0x41, 0x22, 0x7c }, // û
{ 0x3c, 0x41, 0x42, 0x20, 0x7c } // ù
};
unsigned char add2[16] =
{0x00,0x01,0x02,0x03,0x04,0x05,0x06,0x07,0x08,0x09,0x0A,0x0B,0x0C,0x0D,0x0E,0x0F};

void main()
{
// TRISC = 0X00;
ic1 = 0X00; /*ADDRESS FOR IC1*/
// TRISB = 0X00; /* USED TO SEND THE DATA ON ROWS */
// TRISD = 0X00; /*ADDRESS FOR IC2 ,IC3,1C40 */
ic2 = 0X00;
// TRISA = 0X00;
row = 0XFF; //row value /*ENABLES FOR IC1*/

n=0;
en1 = 0;
en2 = 0;
ic1 = 0x00;
while(1)
{
//for(k=0;k<120;k++)
{
for(m=0;m<0x10;m++)
{
for(l=0;l<10;l++)
{
n = m;
//row = 0xff;
for(p=0;p<5;p++)
{

row = ~disp[19][p];
ic2 = add2[n];
n--; // address of the second decoder
delay_us();

}
/* n--;
for(p=0;p<5;p++)
{
row = ~disp[18][p];
 ic2 = add2[n];
n--; // address of the second decoder
delay_us();
} */
row = 0xff;
}
row = 0xff;;
}
row = 0xff;
}
}
}

void delay_us(void)
{
unsigned int i,j;
for(i=0;i<15;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<10;j++)
{
/*if(sw==0)
{
while(sw==0);
m++;
p=0;
} */

}
}
}

void delay_1us(void)
{ int i;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
}
}

void delay_ms()
{
unsigned int k,l;
for(k=0;k<1000;k++)
{
 for(l=0;l<10;l++)
{

}
}
}
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGS:

 Ease of Operation
 Color
 Appearance
 Better Graphics and More Fonts
 Significant Cost Savings Number

APPLICATIONS:

 Colleges
 Industries
 Bus Stations
 Railway Stations
 Shopping Malls
 Public Places
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION:

This Project presents an electronic notice board display using LED array with the help of

Keyboard using 89S52 Microcontroller. Experimental work has been carried out carefully. The

result shows that higher efficiency is indeed achieved using the embedded system. The proposed

method is verified to be highly beneficial for the general purpose display.

REFERENCES
REFERENCES:

1. www. howstuffworks.com

2. EMBEDDED SYSTEM BY RAJ KAMAL

3. 8052 MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS BY MAZZIDI

4. Magazines

5. Electronics for you

6. Electrikindia

7. www.google.com

8. www.electronic projects.com