EET 103/4 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY – Polyphase Systems

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Example 23.1
The phase sequence of the Y-connected generator in Fig. 23.13 is ABC.
a. Find the phase angles θ2 and θ3.
b. Find the magnitude of the line voltages.
c. Find the line currents.

Fig. 23.13
Example 23.1 – Solutions

a. For an ABC phase sequence

θ2 = -120o and θ3 = +120o

b. E L = 3E = (1.73)(120V ) = 208V

Therefore, E AB = E BC = ECA = 208V

c. Vø = Eø.
Therefore, Van = EAN Vbn = EBN Vcn = ECN

Van 120V0 120V0

IøL = Ian = = = = 24A - 53.13
Z an 3 + j 4 553.13
V 120V − 120
Ibn = bn = = 24A - 173.13
Z bn 553.13
V 120V + 120
Icn = cn = = 24A66.87
Z cn 553.13

And since IL = IøL,

IAa = Ian = 24A - 53.13
IBb = Ibn = 24A - 173.13
ICc = Icn = 24A66.87

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 EET 103/4 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY – Polyphase Systems
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Example 23.2
For the three-phase system in Fig. 23.15:

a. Find the phase angles θ2 and θ3.

b. Find the current in each phase of the load.
c. Find the magnitude of the line currents.

Fig. 23.15
Example 23.2 – Solutions

a. For an ABC sequence,

θ2 = -120o and θ3 = +120o

b. Vø = EL.
Therefore, Vab = EAB Vca = ECA Vbc = EBC

The phase currents are

Vab 150V0 150V0

Iab = = = = 15A - 53.13
Z ab 6 + j8 1053.13
V 150V − 120
Ibc = bc = = 15A - 173.13
Z bc 1053.13
V 150V + 120
Ica = ca = = 15A66.87
Z ca 1053.13

c. I L = 3I  = (1.73)(15A ) = 25.95A
Therefore, IAa = IBb = ICc = 25.95 A

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 EET 103/4 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY – Polyphase Systems
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Example 23.3
For the Δ-Δ system shown in Fig. 23.20:

a. Find the phase angles θ2 and θ3 for the specified phase sequence.
b. Find the current in each phase of the load.
c. Find the magnitude of the line currents.

Fig. 23.20

Example 23.3 – Solutions

a. For an ACB sequence,

θ2 = +120o and θ3 = -120o

b. Vø = EL
Therefore, Vab = EAB Vca = ECA Vbc = EBC

The phase currents are

Z = Z ab = Z bc = Z ca

=
Z R ZC
=
(50)(5 − 90) = 25 − 90 = 3.54 − 45
Z R + ZC 5 − j5 7.071 − 45

Vab 120V0
Iab = = = 33.9A45
Z ab 3.54 − 45

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Vbc 120V + 120

Ibc = = = 33.9A165
Z bc 3.54 - 45
V 120V − 120
Ica = ca = = 33.9A - 75
Z ca 3.54 - 45

c. I L = 3I  = (1.73)(34A ) = 58.82A
Therefore, IAa = IBb = ICc = 58.82 A

Example 23.4
For the Δ-Y system shown in Fig. 23.21:

a. Find the voltage across each phase of the load.

b. Find the magnitude of the line voltages.

Fig. 23.21

Example 23.4 – Solutions

a. IøL = IL

Therefore
Ian = IAa = 2A0
Ibn = IBb = 2A − 120
Icn = ICc = 2A + 120

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The phase voltages are

Van = IanZan = (2A0)(10 − 53.13) = 20V - 53.13

Vbn = IbnZbn = (2A − 120)(10 − 53.13) = 20V - 173.13
Vcn = IcnZcn = (2A + 120)(10 − 53.13) = 20V66.87

b. E L = 3V = (1.73)(20V ) = 34.6V

Therefore, EBA = ECB = EAC = 34.6 V

Example 23.5
For the Y-connected load in Fig. 23.23:

a. Find the average power to each phase and the total load.
b. Determine the reactive power to each phase and the total reactive power.
c. Find the apparent power to each phase and the total apparent power.
d. Find the power factor of the load.

Fig. 23.23

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Example 23.5 – Solutions

a. The average power is

P = V I  cos IV = (100V )(20A )cos53.13 = (2000)(0.6) = 1200W

P = I  R = (20A ) (3 ) = (400)(3) = 1200W
2 2
OR

OR P =
VR
2

=
(60V )2 = 1200W
R 3

PT = 3P = 3(1200W) = 3600W

OR PT = 3E L I L cos IV = (1.732)(173.2V )(20A )(0.6) = 3600W

b. The reactive power is

Q = V I  sin IV = (100V )(20A )sin 53.13 = (2000)(0.8) = 1600VAR

Q = I  X  = (20A ) (4 ) = (400)(4) = 1600VAR
2 2
OR

QT = 3Q = 3(1600VAR ) = 4800VAR

OR QT = 3E L I L sin  IV = (1.732)(173.2V )(20A )(0.8) = 4800VAR

c. The apparent power is

S = V I  = (100V)(20A) = 2000 VA

ST = 3S = 3(2000VA ) = 6000 VA

OR ST = 3EL I L = (1.732)(173.2V)(20A) = 6000VA

d. The power factor is

PT 3600W
Fp = = = 0.6 lagging
S T 6000VA

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 EET 103/4 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY – Polyphase Systems
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Example 23.6
For the Δ-Y connected load in Fig. 23.25:

a. Find the total average, reactive and apparent power.

b. Find the power factor of the load.

Fig 23.25
Example 23.6 – Solutions

a. Consider the Δ and Y separately.

For the Δ:

Z  = 6 − j8 = 10  - 53.13
E 200 V
I = L = = 20 A
Z 10 
PT = 3I 2 R = 3(20) (6) = 7200 W
2

QT = 3I 2 X  = 3(20) (8) = 9600 VAR (C )

2

ST = 3V I  = 3(200)(20) = 12,000 VA

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 EET 103/4 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY – Polyphase Systems
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For the Y:

Z Y = 4 + j3 = 5 36.87
EL 200 V
3 3 116 V
I = = = = 23.12 A
ZY 5 5
PTY = 3I 2 R = 3(23.12) (4) = 6414.41 W
2

QTY = 3I 2 X  = 3(23.12) (3) = 4810.81 VAR (L )

2

STY = 3V I  = 3(116)(23.12) = 8045.76 VA

For the total load:

PT = PT + PTY = 7200 W + 6414.41W = 13,614.41W

QT = QT − QTY = 9600 VAR( C) − 4810.81VAR( L) = 4789.19VAR( C)
ST = PT2 + ST2 = (13,614.41) 2 + (4789.19) 2 = 14,432.2VA

b. The power factor is

PT 13,614.41W
Fp = = = 0.943 leading
S T 14,432.20VA

Example 23.7
Each transmission line of the three-wire, three-phase system in Fig. 23.36 has an
impedance of 15 Ω + j 20 Ω. The system delivers a total power of 160 kW at 12,000 V to
a balanced three-phase load with a lagging power factor of 0.86.

a. Determine the magnitude of the line voltage EAB of the generator.

b. Find the power factor of the total load applied to the generator.
c. What is the efficiency of the system?

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 EET 103/4 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY – Polyphase Systems
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Fig. 23.26

Example 23.7 – Solutions

VL 12,000 V
a. V (load) = = = 6936.42 V
3 1.73

PT (load ) = 3V I  cos 

PT 160,000
And I = = = 8.94 A
3V cos 3(6936.42)(0.86)

Since  = cos−1 0.86 = 30.68 , assigning V = V 0 , a lagging power factor results
in
I  = 8.94 A - 30.68 

For each phase, the system will appear as shown in Fig. 23.27, where

Fig. 23.27
The loading on each phase of the system in Fig. 23.26.

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E AN = I  Z line + V
= (8.94 − 30.68)(2553.13) + 6936.420
= 223.522.45 + 6936.420
= 206.56 + j85.35 + 6936.42
= 7142.98 + j85.35
= 7143.5 V0.68
Then
E AB = 3Eg = (1.73)(7143.5) = 12,358.26 V

b.
PT = Pload + Plines
= 160 kW + 3(I L ) Rline
2

= 160 kW + 3 (8.94) 15
2

= 160,000 W + 3596.55W
= 163,596.55W

And PT = 3V L I L cos  T
PT 163,596.55
cos T = =
3V L I L (1.73)(12,358.26)(8.94)
FP = cos T = 0.856  0.86 of the load

Po Po 160 kW
= = = = 0.978
c. Pi Po + Plosses 160 kW + 3596.55W
= 97.8%

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