International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.14, No.

2, March 2023

DESIGN THAT USES AI TO OVERTURN

STEREOTYPES: MAKE WITCHES WICKED AGAIN

Xiaohan Feng 1 and Makoto Murakami 2

1
Graduate School of Information Sciences and Arts, Toyo University, Kawagoe,
Saitama, Japan
2
Dept. of Information Sciences and Arts, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan

ABSTRACT
The Witch is a typical stereotype-busting character because its description has changed many times in a
long history. This paper is an attempt to understand the visual interpretations and character positioning of
the Watch by many creators in different eras, AI is being used to help summarize current stereotypes in
witch design, and to propose a way to subvert the Witch stereotype in current popular culture. This study
aims to understand the visual interpretations of witches and character positioning by many creators in
different eras, and to subvert the stereotype of witches in current popular culture. This study provides
material for future research on character design stereotypes, and an attempt is proposed to use artificial
intelligence to break the stereotypes in design and is being documented as an experiment in how to subvert
current stereotypes from various periods in history. The method begins by using AI to compile stereotypical
images of contemporary witches. Then, the two major components of the stereotype, "accessories" and
"appearance," are analyzed from historical and social perspectives and attributed to the reasons for the
formation and transformation of the Witch image. These past stereotypes are designed using the design
approach of "extraction" "retention" and "conversion.", and finally the advantages and disadvantages of
this approach are summarized from a practical perspective. Research has shown that it is feasible to use AI
to summarize the design elements and use them as clues to trace history. This is especially true for
characters such as the Witch, who have undergone many historical transitions. The more changes there
are, the more elements can be gathered, and the advantage of this method increases. Stereotypes change
over time, and even when the current stereotype has become history, this method is still effective for newly
created stereotypes.

KEYWORDS
Multidisciplinary, Artificial Intelligence, Arts & Design History, Stereotypes, Concept Art.

1. INTRODUCTION
In popular culture, characters are often closely associated with certain elements, and when these
elements are common to various works, stereotypes about the character are formed. These
stereotypes allow the audience to immediately understand the character. From a design
perspective, on the other hand, it is difficult to subvert them only visually without a supporting
plot or description. For example, if a woman wearing a hat and carrying a broom and an ordinary
person in contemporary clothing stands by a cauldron, it is always recognizing the former as a
Witch.

The Witch is a complex character with a long history. For the most part, stereotypes have
constancy and continuity [1]. As for the iconography of witchcraft, the witch is a typical
character that continues to defy stereotypes through a variety of transformations, including
woodcuts, Renaissance oil paintings, images in print, and images in popular culture. In early

DOI: 10.5121/ijaia.2023.14205 51
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modern Europe, fear and hatred of the Witches were widespread and persistent enough to be
reflected in material culture and art. After the Age of Enlightenment, Witch beliefs faded in
Europe, and by the 18th century, political persecution had largely ceased, and images of Witches,
the witch is a typical character that continues to defy stereotypes through a variety of
transformations, including woodcuts, Renaissance oil paintings, images in print, and images in
popular culture. In early modern Europe, fear and hatred of the Witches were widespread and
persistent enough to be reflected in material culture and art. After the Age of Enlightenment,
Witch beliefs faded in Europe, and by the 18th century, political persecution had largely ceased,
and images of Witches were no longer as prejudiced or hateful as before. As the century
progressed, the Witch became closer to the image with which we are familiar today. In recent
years, more and more films have portrayed the Witch in a positive light, and Witches who were
villains in earlier films have become positive characters in new remakes. At a time when positive
images of witches are mainstream, the reintroduction of witches as villains may be a key point in
overturning stereotypes and resolving the longstanding dichotomy between "good witches" and
"bad witches".

In light of the above, the purpose of this study is to deconstruct the stereotypical witch and to
understand the visual interpretations of witches and character positioning by creators from
different eras, to subvert the stereotype of witches in current popular culture. This study provides
material for future research on character design stereotypes and is being documented as an
experiment in how to subvert current stereotypes from various periods in history. The method
begins by using AI to compile stereotypical images of contemporary witches. Then, the two
major components of the stereotype, " accessories " and "appearance," are analyzed from
historical and social perspectives and attributed to the reasons for the formation and
transformation of the Witch image. These past stereotypes are designed using the design
approach of "extraction" "retention" and "conversion.", and finally the pros and cons of this
approach are summarized from a practical perspective.

2. CURRENT STEREOTYPES OF THE WITCH

We used wombo dream to generate 50 images of "Witch character design". 96% of the images
have the character wearing a hat. 86% of the images have the hat shaped like an overall triangle.
94% of the images have the character wearing a long skirt or a long cape. A stick-like object
resembling a branch appears in 18% of the images and is thought to be a cane or broom.

Disco Diffusion was used to generate 50 images of the "Witch Character Design" 98% of the
images show the character wearing a hat, and 88% of the images show the hat is triangular in
shape overall. 92% of the images show the character wearing a skirt or robe skirt is shorter than
in wombo dream results, but the robe is essentially the same length.38% of the characters have
drawn female curves. 50% of the images show something like a cane or broom in the image. 24%
of the images show a pot-like container. The Disco Diffusion character is also more revealing
than the wombo dream.

Based on these 100 AI-generated images, we summarize the following stereotypes about Witch's
character design:

1. Accessories: Witch hat, wand or broom-like object, pot-like container, plant

2. Appearance: woman wearing a cloak/skirt

In addition to stereotypical images, positive images of witches have become mainstream in recent
years. The first representative of a Witch in pop culture was Samantha Stephens in the 1964
episode of "Family Guy" (Bewitched). In the late 20th and 21st centuries, Hermione Granger in
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J.K. Rowling's "Harry Potter" successfully challenged the Witch stereotype. The musical "
Wicked", which premiered on Broadway in 2003, was a huge success with the Witch in the lead
role. Witch character design in games is also leading to positive images. The game" Little Witch
in the Woods" released in May 2022 is an example.

3. ACCESSORIES
3.1. Witch Hat

Carlo Ginzburg argues that in medieval Europe, witchcraft was considered to be based on folk
religion or "paganism" [2]. According to historians Apps Lara and Andrew Gow, the term
"witch" broadly refers to accused pagans and people who were generally nonconformists in
Christian European society, such as Jews [3]. Art historian Yvonne Owens points out that the
European depiction of the Witch derives from "heretical" criticism and persecution of Jews [4].
This led to the hypothesis that the Witch hat is of Jewish origin. In this German-Jewish painting,
many similarities between Jewish hats and Witch hats can be seen.

The Witch in early modern art is a villain, which is the result of the medieval European rulers
associating Jewish hats with symbols of witchcraft, evil, and demons, which the artists were
designed concerning. In other words, the design thinking of the artists wanted to design the image
of the Witch, to make her look evil and magical. From there, he associated it with the long-
stigmatized Jewish hat. As a result, the Witch and the pointed hat became linked. This can also
explain the existence of other characters wearing pointed hats. Lubrich Naomi, who studies the
meaning of costumes, argues that the Jewish pointed hat became a common symbol in the arts,
especially when used to refer to dwarves, magicians, and criminals. The garden dwarf, for
example, has developed in parallel with the Witch's hat, which is the same original. The Witch's
hat evolved into a taller, more pointed shape and distinctive design [5].

However, designs in contemporary art are still influenced by past stereotypes, and it is undeniable
that any of these hypotheses are related to the marginalization of specific groups in reality.

3.2. Broom

Anthropologist Robin Skelton believes that the relationship between which and broom originated
in pagan fertility rituals. This ritual involved farmers dancing between wooden sticks, pitchforks,
or brooms to encourage the growth of crops. She believes that this "broom dance" has been
confused with rumored descriptions of Which gatherings [6].

Another theory is that witches used drugs to create the illusion of flight [7]; by the 16th century,
this theory had evolved to the point where witches would use brooms coated with hallucinogenic
drugs to enter the illusion [8]. Anthropologist Homayun Sidky disagrees with this view. He
argues that these recorded Witch magic potions, whether they were magical or not, were
fabricated by the authorities to portray the objects of persecution as more sinister [9]. Given that
our knowledge of medieval witchcraft comes primarily from the records of magistrates and law
officers, and from the testimony of the accused witches themselves at the time of their torture,
one would think that such a claim would be possible.

The French poet Martin Le Franc's 1451 illustration of Le Champion des Dames (The Lady's
Keeper) depicts a woman on a stick and a woman on a broomstick. Historians Alan Charles Kors
and Edward Peters believe it to be the first known work of Western art to depict a broom and a
witch.[10] In 1453, a man named Guillaume Edelin publicly criticized the church and was tried

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for witchcraft. After his torture, he confessed to a story about a Witch who flew on a broomstick
[11]. This is the first testimony about witches and brooms in De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus
(On Witches and Female Soothsayers), a treatise on witchcraft written by Ulrich Molitor in 1489.
Some researchers believe that it reflects society's stereotypes of Witches at the time since it uses
many visual materials of the time [12]. One of the paintings depicts a Witch in animal form
flying through the air using a pitchfork.

In the woodcut "Witches' Sabbath" by Hans Baldung Grien in 1510, the Witch is shown flying on
a goat with a pitchfork in her hand. Francisco Goy's oil painting "Witches Flight" (1797) shows
witches flying without tools. Ricardo Falero's painting "Witches Going to Their Sabbath (or The
Departure of the Witches)" (1878) shows both a broom, a goat, and a witch flying without tools.
In the twentieth century, broomsticks continued to be used in the same way. In the 20th century,
brooms remained an important element in the creation of the Witch. For example, Albert Joseph
Pénot's 1910 work "Départ pour le Sabbat". Although the Witch's flying abilities in 21st-century
popular culture have diversified, the association between the broomstick and the Witch has not
diminished.

3.3. Cauldron

In the 1489 De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus, weather magic appears in addition to flight. This
can be seen in the woodcut in which two witches stand next to a burning cauldron and cast
weather spells. Designed by Jacques de Gheyn II, "Preparation for the Univation" (1610) depicts
a cauldron and clouds emerging from it. St. James and the Magician Hermogenes, carved by
Pieter Bruegel the Elder in 1565, also contains similar elements.

Hans Baldung Grien or Grün's woodcut "Witches' Sabbath" (1510) bears many similarities to the
"Witches prepare a magic ointment" woodcut of 1571. It bears many similarities to the 1571
woodcut "Witches prepare a magic ointment": the naked witch, the stirred vessel and the clouds
emerging from it, the witch flying on a goat, the pitchfork in the witch's hand, the bones scattered
on the ground, the roast chicken, etc. The depiction of the Witch at the time shows that works
incorporated elements from many other works.

In the 17th century, the witch and cauldron stereotype was again reinforced in Act IV, Scene 1 of
Shakespeare's famous tragedy "Macbeth" In 1775, Daniel Gardner painted this scene, in which a
witch and a cauldron are seen in the same scene, but in different costumes. Three Witches in
Georgian costume make a potion in front of a cauldron; as can be seen in John William
Waterhouse's The Magic Circle of 1886, the Witches' costumes are different from the stereotype,
but the cauldron and the stick are still depicted. Some scholars have pointed out that the cauldron
and the fog piercing the sky are the author's indications of the Witch's danger [13].

In 20th-century film and television, the cauldron does appear, but the fog from the pot rarely rises
into the air as in the earlier painting. Perhaps for technical reasons on the one hand, and on the
other, the cauldrons emphasize their potion-making abilities rather than their weather magic.

The above-known images and records indicate that the stereotypical influence of witches using
brooms (or other wand-like objects) and cauldrons (or similar containers) was already present and
well-established in the 15th century. These two stereotypes, unlike the Witch's hat mentioned
earlier, have changed relatively little and continue to this day.

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4. APPEARANCES
4.1. Gender

In the early modern European tradition, witches were not exclusively women, but are now
stereotyped as women [14][15]. According to estimates for continental Europe, the British Isles,
and the American colonies, 75 to 80 percent of those tried for witchcraft in early modern Europe
were women [16]. This stereotype was further solidified, and in modern English, "witch"
invariably refers to women. The Concise Oxford Dictionary defines “which” as "a witch,
especially a woman believed to have dealings with the Devil or an evil spirit”. a woman supposed
to in the 21st-century fictional work Harry Potter, the male witch is replaced by the term "wizard."
LARA APPS and ANDREW GOW point out that the term "wizard" was rarely used as a
synonym for the male witch in premodern sources and argue that to use different terms for male
and female witches is to exclude men from the discussion of early modern witches [17].

Then, why did which come to refer specifically to women? Many scholars believe that medieval
and Renaissance artworks about witches were inspired by "Canon Episcopi" [18]. In "Canon
Episcopi", women use their spiritual power and physical seduction to enslave men and lead them
down the path of eternal damnation [19]. This led painters to focus on more seductive women.
These artworks are excellent and are not only historic but are also used as references by their
creators. As the elements of Witches' Sabbath (1510) and Witches’ prepare a magic ointment
(1571) are strikingly similar.

4.2. Appearance of Witches before the 18th Century

4.2.1. Nude Female Figures

Most Renaissance images of witches were nude, and as mentioned above, Renaissance painters
were influenced by the views of the "Canon Episcopi" and often depicted witches nude and
seductively. In addition to this, the 15th and 16th centuries were important periods for Western
nude art. Artists with a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman art brought the human body
back into artistic innovation [20]. In the earlier Middle Ages, nudity was considered sinful, and
art was primarily for religious purposes.

After the Reformation of 1517, painters were able to choose their subjects more freely, moving
away from the religious realm and toward secular and mythological nudes. During this period, it
became fashionable to portray witches as nude women. Lucy Chiswell argues that this practice
emphasized the sexual power of the witch and the need to control this sexual power. On the one
hand, it associated nude female images with powerful and dominant figures, while on the other
hand, it contributed to the rise of the Witch craze [21]. The nude Witch image also merged well
with long-standing stereotypes of the Witch.

In the 9th century, Canon Episcopi associated witches with the devil, and in the 11th century,
Bishop Burchard of Worms described a wicked woman being deceived by the devil. The wicked
woman is spoken of as having crossed the world at night on some animal with the "pagan
goddess" Diana. This short sentence shows that the Witch, the Devil, and paganism were
inseparable at the time [22]. And it is the nude Witch image that alludes to the sexual relationship
connection between Witches and demons.

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The first known images of witches in Western art also appear as pagans, and Charles Zika has
pointed out that the iconography of witchcraft in the 15th century was often represented by pagan
figures of the time, often in groups. For example, Albrecht Dürer's Die Vier Hexen (The Four
Witches). Such depictions amplify the pagan threat. Moreover, "pagan" goddesses are often
depicted nude. For example, another popular subject during the European Renaissance was
Venus. Thus, Witch's nude images were also associated with paganism and heathenism.

The above article summarizes the reasons for Renaissance nude statues for three reasons.

1. They emphasize the sexual power of the Witch and send a message of the need to control
this sexual power.
2. It implies a sexual relationship or connection with the Witch or the Devil.
3. It implies paganism and heathenism.

4.2.2. Older Female Figures

In addition to nude women, witches are often depicted as old and ugly, and Salvator Rosa's
"Witches at their Incantations" was painted around 1646, coinciding with the height of the
European witch craze. The most prominent figure in the painting is an elderly nude woman
making something in a cauldron. Everywhere in early modern print culture, it is implied that the
body reveals the inner thoughts and actions of the individual and that the ugly, aging body is a
mirror reflecting the distortions of the mind [23]. In other words, the old and disfigured
appearance suggests the wicked mind of the witch. This creative thinking lasted a long time, and
it was only around the 19th century that this stereotype was broken in some works.

As mentioned earlier, poor, elderly women made up a large percentage of Witches accused and
executed in the English-speaking world [24]. The creation of a Witch is a social process, and the
relationships of women within the community determine whether the accusation is successful or
not. They had even fewer opportunities for defense [25]. Thus, the older Witch image is also a
reflection of reality.

The image of the older Witch is also very similar to the Hag of European folklore. The hag
usually looks like a dried-up old woman and is often depicted in fairy tales such as "Hansel and
Gretel". The hag is often considered evil [26].

4.2.3. Ordinary Female Figures in the Costumes of the Time

The ideas of early modern intellectuals can be found in William Gouge's bestseller "Family
Responsibilities”, published in 1622. They believed that men had the right to rule and could
govern women through marriage [27]. Witches then destroyed established social norms and
threatened the stability of the family, the center of social order. For example, Ulrich Molitor's
"De Lamiis" (1489) depicts a woman holding a demon. The figure conveys the Witch's threat to
monogamy, as the woman's headscarf in the painting indicates that she is married.

Also, in numerous paintings about familiars, according to C. Millar, the familiars are considered
children [28]. In the woodcuts, the Witch is depicted as an anti-maternal figure by having her
demonic "child" drink her blood. These paintings convey the Witch's actions as a poor imitation
of the British social ideal of the "good mother" [29]. The figure of the Witch symbolizes the
harmful, selfish, anti-mother, allied with the devil, a dangerous and inherent enemy within the
family and parish [30].

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The Witches dress like normal people but engage in acts "outside the norm," and Matalene
Carolyn argues that these images and projections of the Witch inversely define the role of women
in society. Whatever the Witch is, she is not a good woman [31]. These pictures constantly
warned and even threatened women not to cross the line or else they were witches. Multiple
examples from the time suggest that women were also dominated by this idea, admitting to being
Witches themselves and confessing to being "bad" mothers, "bad" wives, and "bad" neighbors
[32].

4.3. Appearance of Witches after the 18th Century

These three outward appearances persisted from the 18th century onward, although they were no
longer malicious and prejudicial.

This is because the persecution of Witches gradually ceased in most European countries in the
second half of the 18th century. Compared to the pre-18th century Witch image, the post-18th
century Witch image became less associated with the devil and paganism. Scholars have noted
that the 19th century saw a diversification of Which images and an increase in positive images
[33]. There was also an increase in the fusion of the Witch with other characters, such as Cunning
folk, fairy godmothers, and gods.

Cunning folk refers to European folk healers and sorcerers active from the Middle Ages to the
early 20th century [34]. During the witch hunts, a small number of Cunning folks were accused
of being witches, but at the time the majority of the populace treated the two as different [35].
One reason why the public rarely even used the word witch to refer to Cunning folk was that to
them the word "which” had malicious or evil connotations.[36] One of the services offered by
Cunning folk is resistance to curses. They are also sometimes known for identifying Witches and
can cast damaging spells on them [37]. Also, doctors were not accepted by the public, and people
turned to cunning folk when they needed healing or midwifery, and in the 19th century, there was
at least one folk healer in every region of Norway. There were many famous Cunning folks.
Some, such as Mor Sæther and Valborg Valland, achieved national fame, which was unusual for
women of the time [39]. Cunning folk and witches used to be adversaries, but in the 19th century
works witches became closer to priests and healers [39]. One reason for this is the similarities
between the two. For example, historians have found that Cunning folk also used familiars and
that there are many similarities with Which familiars [40]. Also, the image of Which making
flying ointments may have been confused with that of a folk healer using medicinal herbs.

In the previous section, we mentioned the possibility that the pre-18th century image of the aged
Witch referred to the Hag of European folklore; the Hag usually appears as an old woman, but it
is also possible that she is a transformed form of a fairy or goddess. Such as in "Morrigan" [41].
This overlap in the appearance of old age may be a contributing factor to the fusion of Witches
with faeries and Mysterious Immortals.

The positive image of the Witch today is inherited from the above fusion. The older Witch image
developed into the Fairy Godmother, as in Sleeping Beauty and Beauty and the Beast. The
ordinary female figure evolved into the folk healer, well-versed in medicinal herbs. The nude
Witch image evolved into the sexy or fashionable woman.

5. DESIGN
First, in terms of character positioning, the dichotomy of "good witch" and "bad witch" still exists
in popular culture. But it is undeniable that positive portrayals of witches are the norm, especially

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when considering the creations of independent artists. Therefore, to overturn the current
stereotype, we decided to return the role of the Witch to that of a villain. On the other hand, in
terms of visual imagery, although there have been breakthroughs in the portrayal of the Witch in
many works in recent years, we can see that the Witch stereotype is still deeply rooted in AI.
Therefore, we examined each of the stereotypes compiled in the AI and compiled a chronology of
their development. Based on these past stereotypes, a character concept for the villain witches
was created. The table is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. A chronology of the development of the image of the witch

5.1. Elements Extracted from Past Stereotypes: Demons and Pagans

From the stereotype of the Witch's Hat, we extracted the Devil. Among the many hypotheses
about Which hats, we decided to examine the hypothesis about Jewish hats in detail. The reason
for this is that there are many similarities between the historical persecution of Witches and the
persecution of Jews. For example, stigmatization is associated with the devil in both cases. On
the other hand, the broom stereotype is associated with "pagans. Some scholars believe that the
connection between witches and broomsticks may have its origins in pagan rituals, and the
decline in the persecution of witches since the 18th century is largely due to the weakening of the
association between witches and pagan demons. Thus, we believe that these two factors are key
to the re-emergence of the Witch as a villain.

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5.2. Elements Retain from Past Stereotypes: Gender, Old Age, Nudity

Witches in current popular culture refer specifically to women. Research shows that male witches
do exist and that in some areas men are accused of being witches more than women. At the same
time, the men accused of being witches, ranging from vagrants to clergy, rarely share common
characteristics. This is a subversion of stereotypes and therefore designs the Witch as a normal
male. Conversely, in the case of female witches, middle-aged women are more likely to be
considered witches, and many works depict witches as middle-aged women. This reflects the
thought that "old and ugly appearance signifies the evil heart of a witch". Therefore, we designed
witches as elderly women who are confident in their beauty. Witches in popular culture are
almost identifiable by their costumes. Therefore, we retain elements of Renaissance nudity. They
are also depicted on the ground in Hans Baldung Grien's "Witches' Sabbath" (1510) and in the
woodcut "Witches prepare a magic ointment " (1571), referring to the bones scattered on the
ground. We are designing nude, bone-wearing pagans as witches.

5.3. Elements Converted From Past Stereotypes: The Cauldron and the
Stereotypical Witch Image

In early modern works, it is clear that cauldrons are often depicted amid weather magic. In
popular culture, on the other hand, the Witch cauldron is often associated with medicinal herbs.
Therefore, the stereotype of the cauldron is converted to weather magic. The Witch is represented
by an image of a Witch manipulating light sources and being constantly illuminated by the top
and back lights. The stereotype of the Witch is so strong that, for example, most people associate
the Witch with her hat and broom. Also, in modern times, Witches are often depicted in groups to
represent the danger of paganism. So, in the final design, we silhouetted the Witch stereotype and
filled it with three Pagan bodies.

The design mind map and concept sketches are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.

Figure 1. Design mind map

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Figure 2. Concept sketches

6. LIMITATION AND CONCLUSION

Research has shown that it is feasible to use AI to summarize the design elements and use them
as clues to trace history. This is especially true for characters such as the Witch, which have
undergone many transitions throughout history. The more changes there are, the more elements
can be gathered, and the advantage of this method increases. Stereotypes change over time, and
even when the current stereotype has become history, this method is still effective for newly
created stereotypes. However, it is still unclear whether this method can be applied to characters
with a short history, especially if the stereotype has not changed since the character's birth, which
theoretically makes the "find from past stereotypes to overturn the current stereotype" method
impossible. This method also has the disadvantage of being time-consuming. If design time
constraints are short, we do not recommend this method.

Finally, we do not think that making the Witch a villain again is a regression. First, it was
designed in a different context than history and is not malicious. Second, the current
mainstreaming of positive witches is a reversal of the "bad witch" stereotype of the past. We
cannot stop overturning current stereotypes to keep creating new ones.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank everyone, just everyone!

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