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Statistics and Probability

Quarter 3 - Module 7:
Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean Using the
Central Limit Theorem

Name of Learner: ___________________________

Grade & Section: ___________________________
Name of School: ___________________________
 What I Need to Know
The module contains only one lesson:

Lesson 7 - Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean Using the Central Limit Theorem

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. illustrate the Central Limit Theorem.

2. define the sampling distribution of the sample mean using the
Central Limit Theorem.
3. solve problems involving sampling distributions of the sample mean.

What I Know
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided before each
item.

_______1. What do you call a subset of individuals chosen from a larger set of parent
population?
a. Random sample c. Sample Mean
b. Subset d. Sampling Distribution

_______2. Which graph show the highest sample size in sampling distribution of the
sample mean?

a. c.

b. d.

_______3. What do you call a population with mean µ and standard deviation
sufficiently large random samples from the population with replacement, then the
distribution of the sample means will be approximately normally distributed?
a. Random Sampling c. Sample Mean
b. Sampling Distribution d. Central Limit Theorem

1
_______4. Which concept of random sampling distribution of the sample means using
Central Limit Theorem?
a.
large random samples from the population with replacement, then the
distribution of the sample means will be approximately distributed normally.
b. The probability of the simultaneous occurrence of two events that are
independent is given by the product of their individual probabilities.
c.
large random samples from the population with replacement, then the
distribution of the sample means will be approximately distributed same as the
original population.
d. The larger the sample size n in sampling distribution of sample mean, the lesser
the histogram is to show the normalcy of the distribution.

̅ ̅
_______5. How do you compare the formula from ?
√
a. Both can be used alternatively.
b. Former is used when solving Z from original population while the latter is used in
random sample.
c. Former is used when solving Z from random sample while the latter is used in
original population.
d. Former is used in random sample and original population but the latter can only
be used for random sample.

_______6. What is the estimate, if sample size of random sampling using Central Limit
Theorem is almost normal in accordance to Statisticians?
a. If n= 2 c. If n= 10
b. If n= 3 d. If n= 30

_______7. Solve for the sample mean for the sample S=(2, 3, 4.5, 6, 8.5)
a. 5 c. 6
b. 4.8 d. 6.8

( )
_______8. Using the table below, solve for the √
Observation x x-µ (x - µ) 2 P (X = x)
1 1 -1.5 2.25

2 2 -0.5 0.25

3 3 0.5 0.25

4 4 1.5 2.25
( )2 = 5.00 ( )

a. 1.12 c. 1.5
b. 1.25 d. 1.85

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_______9. What happens to the histogram of the distribution of the sample means of the
random samples in Central Limit Theorem as n→∞, predict?
a. It changes nothing from the original population.
b. It shows the variance of the distribution.
c. It shows the standard deviation of the distribution.
d. It approaches the normalcy of the distribution.

_______10. Formulate the steps to solve problems involving sampling distribution of the
sample mean.
̅
I- Write the formula:
√
II- Solve for the answer Z.
III- Look for the Z-score in the Z table or Normal Distribution Table corresponding
the Z.
IV- Substitute the values of the terms in the formula.

a. IV-III-II-I c. I-IV-II-III
b. I-II-III-IV d. III-IV-I-II

What’s In
Activity 1: True or False
Directions: Write TRUE on the space provided if the statement is correct and FALSE if
it is incorrect.

__________1. The variance tells us how spread the data set is.
__________2. The variance has something to do with the normalcy of the sampling
distribution of the sample mean.
__________3. Given that a population is normally distributed with a mean and standard
deviation, it is possible for us to find the probability of a part of that
population to happen.
__________4. Z-scores are also known as the standard error of the mean.
__________5. Normal table is used to find the probability of the corresponding z-score
obtained.

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 What’s New
Activity 2: Fill Me Out!
Directions: Fill out the column 2 and 3 of the table below using the data given in the
first column.

Data ̅ ( ̅)
7

8
10
12
15

16
20
Total: ( ̅) =

What is it

A.

B.

C.

4
D.

E.

Source: David Lane et. al., “Rice Virtual Lab In Statistics”, July 04, 2018,
http://onlinestatbook.com/stat_sim/sampling_dist/

Histogram A is the parent distribution which is positively skewed, hence not

normal. Note that normal distribution has the skew value of zero (0), here we have 1.16.

Now look at Histogram B. Here, we take random samples of sample size N=2 from
the parent population 10,000 times. And we plot the frequencies of the sample mean.
Can you see the difference? The skew value now reduces to 0.56.

Next, take a look at the Histogram C. From getting sample size N=2, we make it
now N=5. Every time we take a random sample from the parent population we take 5 of
them. We repeatedly do it 10,000 times again and plot the sample means of the random
sample. Take a look at the difference. The skew now is even lesser. It’s 0.35.

Then, have your eyes to Histogram D. We take again random samples but in the
size N=10, much larger now. We repeat the random sampling 10,000 times and get the
sample means and plot the again. See the difference of gram, the skew much lesser
once again at 0.38.

Lastly, we have gone to the sample size N=25 and get the samples of this size
10,000 times again. Get the sample means and plot them. As you can see, the skew
becomes even lesser to 0.25.

As said earlier, the normal distribution has the skew value of 0. By the four
random sampling we have done above, we realize that as we ascend the value of the
sample size, random sample them in a constant number of times and plot them, the
skew values approach to zero. Hence, the larger the value of the sample size in
sampling distribution of the sample mean, the nearer the distribution is to be normal.
Now, this is what Central Limit Theorem is all about. No matter how complicated the

5
origin, we still find ways to be back to the right track. This is the sense of this Central
Limit Theorem.

Now, let’s take a deeper look and… in a smaller scale.

If samples of size n are randomly selected from a population with µ and variance
2, the sampling distribution of the sample means will approach a normal distribution

even when the original population is not normally distributed, as long as the sample
size n is sufficiently large. According to some statistics a sample size of 30 or more is
large enough. If the distribution of the population is almost normal, even the sample
size of n<30 can be used to approximate the normal distribution. For a normal
population with known variance, the sampling distribution of the sample means are
normally distributed for any sample size. If the population variance is unknown
samples of size n can still be determined. The population mean can then be estimated
and it will be equal to the mean of the sampling distribution of means.

Example 1: Consider a population consisting of the values 1, 2, 3 and 4.

1. Compute the following:
e. Population mean
f. Population variance
g. Population standard deviation
2. Draw the probability histogram of the population.
Solution:
Observation x x-µ (x - µ) 2 P (X = x)
1 1 -1.5 2.25

2 2 -0.5 0.25

3 3 0.5 0.25

4 4 1.5 2.25
( )2 = 5.00 ( )

( ) ( )
a. b. c. √

= = =√
= 2.5 = 1.25 = 1.12
The population mean µ can also be obtained using probabilities:
[ ( )]
= ( )
= 2.5
The probability histogram of the population is shown below. Here n=1.

6
 The histogram on the other side has a uniform distribution and does not
approximate a normal curve.
Now, consider all possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn with replacement
from the population 1, 2, 3 and 4.

1. Compute the following:

a. Mean of the sampling distribution of the means
b. Variance of the sampling distribution of the means
c. Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the means

2. Draw the probability histogram of the sampling distribution of the means.

Random Samples of Size N=2 from Population with Replacement (1, 2, 3, 4)

Observation Sample ̅ ̅ ̅
̅̅̅
( ̅)

1 (1, 1) 1 -1.5 2.25

2 (1, 2) 1.5 -1 1
3 (1, 3) 2 -0.5 0.25
4 (1, 4) 2.5 0 0
5 (2, 2) 2 -0.5 0.25
6 (2, 1) 1.5 -1 1
7 (2, 3) 2.5 0 0
8 (2, 4) 3 0.5 0.25
9 (3, 3) 3 0.5 0.25
10 (3, 1) 2 -0.5 0.25
11 (3, 2) 2.5 0 0
12 (3, 4) 3.5 1 1
13 (4, 4) 4 1.5 2.25
14 (4, 1) 2.5 0 0
15 (4, 2) 3 0.5 0.25
16 (4, 3) 3.5 1 1

̅ ( ̅ ̅)

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 ̅ ( ̅) ( ̅)
a. b. ̅ c. ̅ √

= = =√
= 2.5 = 0.625 = 0.79

Sampling Distribution of ̅ with replacement (n=2)

̅ Probability ( )

1 1

1.5 2

2 3

2.5 4
It can be seen that the sampling
distribution of ̅ is approximately normally
3 3
distributed.
Now, consider all possible
3.5 2 samples of size 3 that can be drawn with
replacement from the population 1, 2, 3, and
4 1 4 and then compute the sample means.

Random Samples of Size 3 from Population (1, 2, 3, 4) with Replacement

Sample ̅ Sample ̅ Sample ̅ Sample ̅

(1, 1, 1) 1 (2, 1, 1) 1.33 (3, 1, 1) 1.67 (4, 1, 1) 2.00

(1, 1, 2) 1.33 (2, 1, 2) 1.67 (3, 1, 2) 2.00 (4, 1, 2) 2.33
(1, 1, 3) 1.67 (2, 1, 3) 2.00 (3, 1, 3) 2.33 (4, 1, 3) 2.67
(1, 1, 4) 2.00 (2, 1, 4) 2.33 (3, 1, 4) 2.67 (4, 1, 4) 3.00
(1, 2, 1) 1.33 (2, 2, 1) 1.67 (3, 2, 1) 2.00 (4, 2, 1) 2.33
(1, 2, 2) 1.67 (2, 2, 2) 2.00 (3, 2, 2) 2.33 (4, 2, 2) 2.67
(1, 2, 3) 2.00 (2, 2, 3) 2.33 (3, 2, 3) 2.67 (4, 2, 3) 3.00
(1, 2, 4) 2.33 (2, 2, 4) 2.67 (3, 2, 4) 3.00 (4, 2, 4) 3.33
(1, 3, 1) 2.67 (2, 3, 1) 2.00 (3, 3, 1) 2.33 (4, 3, 1) 2.67
(1, 3, 2) 2.00 (2, 3, 2) 2.33 (3, 3, 2) 2.67 (4, 3, 2) 3.00
(1, 3, 3) 2.33 (2, 3, 3) 2.67 (3, 3, 3) 3.00 (4, 3, 3) 3.33
(1, 3, 4) 2.67 (2, 3, 4) 3.00 (3, 3, 4) 3.33 (4, 3, 4) 3.67
(1, 4, 1) 2.00 (2, 4, 1) 2.33 (3, 4, 1) 2.67 (4, 4, 1) 3.00

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(1, 4, 2) 2.33 (2, 4, 2) 2.67 (3, 4, 2) 3.00 (4, 4, 2) 3.33
(1, 4, 3) 2.67 (2, 4, 3) 3.00 (3, 4, 3) 3.33 (4, 4, 3) 3.67
(1, 4, 4) 3.00 (2, 4, 4) 3.33 (3, 4, 4) 3.67 (4, 4, 4) 4.00
Total 32.00 37.33 42.67 48

Notice that the mean is still 2.5. That is,

= ̅
= 2.5

Sampling Distribution of ̅ with Replacement (n=3)

̅ Tally ( )

1 | 1

1.33 ||| 3

1.67 |||||-| 6

2.00 |||||-||||| 10
|||||-|||||-
2.33 12
||
|||||-|||||- The sampling distribution of ̅ when the
2.67 12
|| sample size n=3 is almost normal than the
sample n=2.
3.00 |||||-||||| 10

3.33 |||||-| 6

3.67 ||| 3

4.00 | 1
Total 64
Source: Fernando B. Orines, Jesus P. Mercado, Next Century Mathematics Grade 11/Grade 12
Statistics and Probability, Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, 2016, pp. 68-87

Now, let’s take our knowledge about sampling distribution of the sample mean
into a real-life situation.

Example:
“Human gestation length is said to be normally distributed with a mean of
266 days and a standard deviation of 16 days. Suppose 64 pregnancies are
randomly selected. What is the probability that the average gestation length is
between 262 and 270 days?

This example asks us to find the probability that average gestation length is
between 262 and 270 days.
So, writing this using the notation, we obtained the following:
( ̅ )
9
 And at this point we are going to convert both of these values to z-scores.
To convert this to z-scores (standard error of the mean), we have the formula:
̅

√
This can be read as “z-score equals x-bar minus myu over sigma divided by square
root of n”.
Using this formula, we are going to convert 262 to a z-score and 270 to a z-score
respectively.
Let’s do 262.
̅
I- Write the formula:
√
II- Substitute the values of the terms in the formula. In this case, ̅ ,
, and . Then, we get:
√

III- Finally, solve for the answer:

√

=
= -2
So we are done with the
conversion to z-score from 262
which is -2. Let’s do the same step
to convert 270.
̅
=
√ √

= = = 2

We are done converting these

values to finding the probability
that z is between -2 and +2. In
notation, this is: ( ̅
)= ( )

Source: “Sampling Distribution of

the Sample Mean-Example 3”, Your
Stat Class, last modified May 31,
2013, https://youtu.be/Aa6dP8Xjxfc

So, using this information,

we will now use the normal table to
have the probability.

Using the normal table, we

can find the ( ). This
10
area is between +2.00 and -2.00. Look at the corresponding Z-score of +2.00, that is
0.97725 and -2.00 has 0.02275
( )

Thus, the probability that human gestation length between 262 and 270 with
sample size of 64 days is 0.9545.

What’s More
Direction: Solve the following problems.

1. A sample of 169 fish is randomly selected from a large fish population. Fish
length X is distributed with a mean of 50 cm and a standard deviation of 26 cm.
Find the probability that the sample’s mean is between 46 and 48 cm.
2. Illustrate what is Central Limit Theorem in a paragraph.

What I Have Learned

In Statistics and Probability, we learn that things are much organized
than hassle. When understood thoroughly, things can get so much appreciable and
indeed usable.
In Central Limit Theorem, no matter how random the original distribution
is but by random sampling of the sample mean and plotting them in a histogram, we
learn that it still approaches, if not ends to normalcy of distribution.
Now these are the facts about Central Limit Theorem:
a. In probability theory, the Central Limit Theorem (CLT) establishes that, in many
situations, when independent random variables are added, their properly
normalized sum tends toward a normal distribution (informally a bell curve) even
if the original variables themselves are not normally distributed.
b. If X1, X2, …, Xn are random samples each odd size n taken from a population with
overall mean µ and finite variance and ̅ is the sample mean, the limiting form
̅
of the distribution of ( ) as n→∞, is the standard normal distribution.
√
c. The CLT has several variants. In its common form, the random variables must be
identically distributed. In variants, convergence of the mean to the normal
distribution also occurs for non-identical distributions or for non-independent
observations, if they comply with certain conditions.
Source: O.bajgar, “Central Limit Theorem”, Wikipedia, last modified November 23, 2020,
https://bit.ly/3kStOw0
d. According to Statisticians, the sample size n=30 in random sampling gives a
result of almost normal.

11
 In solving problems involving sampling distributions of the sample mean, we:
̅
a. Write the formula:
√
b. Substitute the values of the terms in the formula.
c. Solve for the answer Z.
d. Look for the Z-score in the Z table or Normal Distribution Table
corresponding the Z.

What I Can Do
Activity 3: Complete Me!
Direction: Complete this maze below to solve the problem given.

1. An automobile battery manufacturer claims that its midgrade battery has a mean
life of 50 months with a standard deviation of 6 months. Suppose the distribution
of battery lives of this particular brand is approximately normal. On the
assumption that the manufacturer’s claims are true, find the probability that a
randomly selected battery of this type will last between 48 and 52 months.

Write the formula

Substitute the values

of the terms in the
formula.

Solve for the Z

Look for the value of

Z-score in the table
and get the difference
between them.

Assessment
_______1. What do you call the probability distribution of a given random-sample-based
statistic?
a. Random sample c. Sample Mean
b. Subset d. Sampling Distribution

12
_______2. Which graph show the highest sample size in sampling distribution of the
sample mean?

a. c.

b. d.

_______3. What do you call

sufficiently large random samples from the population with replacement, then the
distribution of the sample means will be approximately normally distributed?
a. Random Sampling c. Central Limit Theorem
b. Sampling Distribution d. Sample Mean

_______4. Which concept of random sampling distribution of the sample means using
Central Limit Theorem?
a.
sufficiently large random samples from the population with replacement,
then the distribution of the sample means will be approximately distributed
normally.
b. The probability of the simultaneous occurrence of two events that are
independent is given by the product of their individual probabilities.
c.
sufficiently large random samples from the population with replacement,
then the distribution of the sample means will be approximately distributed
same as the original population.
d. The larger the sample size n in sampling distribution of sample mean, the
lesser the histogram is to show the normalcy of the distribution.
̅ ̅
_______5. How do you compare the formula from ?
√
a. Former is used when solving Z from original population while the latter is
used in random sample.
b. Former is used when solving Z from random sample while the latter is used
in original population.
c. Former is used in random sample and original population but the latter
can only be used for random sample.
d. Both can be used alternatively

_______6. What is the estimate if sample size of random sampling using Central Limit
Theorem is almost normal in accordance to Statisticians?
a. If n=2 to 4 c. If n= 10 to 20
b. If n=4 to 10 d. If n= 25 to 30

_______7. Solve for the sample mean for the sample S=(10, 20, 30, 40, 50)
a. 10 c. 30
b. 20 d. 40
13
 ( )
_______8. Using the table below, solve for the √
Observation (x - µ) 2

1 5
2 10
3 10
4 5
( )2 =

a. 5 c. 8.5
b. 7.5 d. 10

_______9. What happen to the histogram of the sample means of the random samples in
Central Limit Theorem, as n→∞?
a. It changes nothing from the original population.
b. It shows the variance of the distribution.
c. It shows the standard deviation of the distribution.
d. It approaches the normalcy of the distribution.

_______10. Formulate the steps to solve problems involving sampling distribution of the
sample mean.
̅
I- Write the formula:
√
II- Solve for the answer Z.
III- Look for the Z-score in the Z table or Normal Distribution Table
corresponding the Z.
IV- Substitute the values of the terms in the formula.
a. I-IV-II-III c. IV-III-II-I
b. I-II-III-IV d. III-IV-I-II
Now, consider all possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn with replacement
from the population 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Additional Activity
Direction: Consider all possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn with replacement
from the population 2, 4, 6 and 8.

1. Compute the following:

a. Mean of the sampling distribution of the means
b. Variance of the sampling distribution of the means
c. Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the means
2. Draw the probability histogram of the sampling distribution of the means like
what you find in “What Is It’ section.

14
References
David Lane et. al., “Rice Virtual Lab In Statistics”. Last modified July 04, 2018,
http://onlinestatbook.com/stat_sim/sampling_dist/

Orines, Fernando B. and Mercado, Jesus P. Next Century Mathematics Grade 11/Grade
12 Statistics and Probability, Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, 2016

Your Stat Class. “Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean-Example 3”. Last modified
May 31, 2013, https://youtu.be/Aa6dP8Xjxfc

“Standard Normal Distribution”, Arizona Math Edu via Google, https://bit.ly/39buryu

O.bajgar, “Central Limit Theorem”, Wikipedia, last modified November 23, 2020,
https://bit.ly/3kStOw0

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Guinoman National High School
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