PHGN100 Exam Equation Sheet

Useful Constants Rotational Motion

m N · m2 X
g = 9.81 2 ; G = 6.67 × 10−11 Newton’s Second Law for Rotation: ~τjb = Ib α
~b
s kg2
j
Vector Principles
Torque: ~τab = ~r × F~ab ; τab = r⊥ Fab = rFab⊥ = rFab sin θ
~ = Ax ı̂ + Ay ̂ + Az k̂
A
Rolling: xcm = Rθ(t); vcm = R ω(t); acm = R α(t)
q
~ = A2x + A2y + A2z
A ≡ |A|
Moments of Inertia and Inertial Calculus
~
 = A/A
∆A ~≡A ~f − A
~i Point Mass: I = mr2 ; Cylindrical Shell (Hoop): Icm = mR2

|A~ × B|
~ = AB sin θ Thin Rod/Stick: Icm = (1/12)mL2 ; Iend = (1/3)mL2
A~ ×B~ = (Ay Bz − Az By )ı̂ − (Ax Bz − Az Bx )̂ + (Ax By − Ay Bx )k̂
Solid Disk (Cylinder): Icm = (1/2)mR2
~ ~
A · B = AB cos θ = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz R
1 X ~r dm Solid Sphere: Icm = (2/5)mR2
Center of Mass: ~rcm = mj ~rj ; ~rcm =
mtot j mtot
Hollow Sphere: Icm = (2/3)mR2
Kinematics R R
~r(t) = Position Vector Continuous Objects: mtot = dm; Itot = dI
d~r Rt
~v ≡ ⇒ ~r(t) = ~r(ti ) + ti ~v (t0 ) dt0 dm = ρ dV (3D); dm = σ dA (2D); dm = λ d` (1D)
dt
d~v d2~r Rt Work, Energy, and Power
~a ≡ = 2 ⇒ ~v (t) = ~v (ti ) + ti ~a(t0 ) dt0
dt dt Work-Energy Theorem: Wtot = ∆Esys
1 R tf ∆~r
Average Velocity: ~vav |ttfi ≡ ~v (t0 )dt0 = R ~s
∆t ti ∆t Work: W ~ = b,f F~ab · d~s; d~s = dxı̂ + dy̂ + dz k̂
Fab
1 R tf ∆~v ~
sb,i
tf
Average Acceleration: ~aav |ti ≡ ~a(t )dt0 =
0 R θb,f
∆t ti ∆t W~τab = θb,i
τab dθ
Translational Dynamics and Different Forces X dWF~ab (t)
Newton’s Second Law for Translation: F~jb = mb~ab,cm Power: PF~ab ≡ = F~ab · ~v (t)
j dt
R ~sb,f
Newton’s Third Law: F~ab = −F~ba Change in PE: ∆UF~ab ≡ − ~sb,i F~ab · d~s
Friction: fs,ab ≤ µs Nab ; fk,ab = µk Nab dUF~ab
Force from PE: F~ab = −∇U
~ ~ ;
Fab in 1D Fab,x = −
dx
Ideal Spring: Fsp ab,x (t) = −k [x(t) − x0 ] GmE mb GmE mb
Earth’s Gravitational PE: ∆UG = − +
Gma mb Gma mb rb,f rb,i
Universal Gravitation:F~G, ab = − 2 r̂ ab = − 3 ~
r ab
rab rab Near Earth: ∆Ug = mb g(yb,f − yb,i )
~ Eb = mb ~g
Weight: W 1 1
X Gmj X Gmj Ideal Spring PE: ∆Usp = k(xb,f − x0 )2 − k(xb,i − x0 )2
Gravitational Field: ~g (~rb ) = − r̂jb = − ~rjb 2 2
2
rjb 3
rjb 1 1
2 2
j j Kinetic Energies: KT = mvcm ; KR = Iωcm
Circular Motion 2 2
s(t) = Arc Length Thermal Energy: ∆Etherm,ab = fk,ab sab
s(t) Momenta and Impulse
Angular Position: θ(t) ≡
R X
dθ(t) Rt Linear-Impulse-Momentum Theorem: I~F~jb = ∆~
pb
Angular Velocity: ω(t) ≡ ⇒ θ(t) = θ(ti ) + ti ω(t0 )dt0 j
dt
dω(t) d2 θ(t) X
Angular Acceleration: α(t) ≡ = Angular-Impulse-Momentum Theorem: ~b
I~~τjb = ∆L
Rt dt dt2 j
0 0
⇒ ω(t) = ω(ti ) + ti α(t )dt
Linear Momentum: p~ ≡ m~vcm
vt (t)2 2
Centripetal Acceleration: ac (t) = = ω(t) R ~ T ≡ ~r × p~; L
~ R = I~
R Angular Momentum: L ω
ds(t) R tf R tf
Tangential Velocity: vt (t) ≡ = ω(t)R Impulse: I~F~ab ≡ ti F~ab dt; I~~τab ≡ ti ~τab dt
dt
dvt (t) ∆~
pb
Tangential Acceleration: at (t) ≡ = α(t)R
X
dt Average Force and Linear Momentum: F~jb,av =
∆t
Simple Harmonic Motion j
Relationship between ax (t) and x(t): ax (t) = −ω 2 [x(t) − xeq ] X ~b
∆L
Average Torque and Angular Momentum: ~τjb,av =
Position: x(t) = A sin (ωt +rδ) + xeq j
∆t
k p L2 2
Mass-Spring System: ω = Kinetic Energies and Momenta: KT = ; KR =
m 2m 2I
1
Frequency, Angular Frequency, Period: f = ; ω = 2πf Elastic collisions, 2 objects, 1D: v2f,x − v1f,x = v1i,x − v2i,x
T