FMP-613 Hydraulics

Hydraulic and hitching system of tractor
Introduction
The term "Hydraulics" has been derived from 2 Greek words —
'Hydor' meaning water and 'Aulus' meaning pipe.
Hydraulic system in a tractor is provided to enable the tractor operator:
1. To raise or lower heavy implements as per requirements.

2. To control implement depth during field operation with minimum efforts.
Fundamentals of fluid power transmission:
❑ Fluid power is based on the principle of Pascal's law which states that pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted
equally in all directions.
❑ Hydraulic fluid is assumed as incompressible.
❑ The fluid pressure controls the force of output (pressure = force/area). The fluid flow controls the speed of
output. The required flow in lpm is given by:
Required flow in lpm = volume of fluid displacement in lpm

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Hydraulic system of tractor Er. Babban Yadav SHUATS
Working principle:
❑ The working principle of hydraulic system is based on Pascal's
law. This law states that the pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is
transmitted equally in all directions. Small force acting on small
area can produce higher force on a surface of larger area.
❑ A simple hydraulic system consists of a pump which pumps oil to

a hydraulic ram. This pump may be driven from tractors
transmission system or it may be mounted on its engine. This
system consists of a cylinder with a close fitting piston like an
engine cylinder.
❑ As the oil is pumped into the closed end of the cylinder, the piston is forced along with it. The movement of the
piston is transmitted to the lower links by means of a cross shaft and lift rods.
❑ A control valve controls the flow of oil and directs it back to the reservoir. It allows the oil in the cylinder to
flow out again when the links are to be lowered. It also traps the oil in the cylinder when the links are to be held
at any height.
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Basic Components of Hydraulic System:
The basic components are:
4. Control valve
1. Hydraulic pump
5. Safety valve
2. Hydraulic cylinder and piston
6. Hose pipe and fittings and
3. Hydraulic tank
7. Lifting arms.
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FCV
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A B A B
P T X P T Y
X Y
(B) When Solenoid X is energized

(a) Neutral Position
A B
X P T Y
(B) When Solenoid Y is energized

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Hydraulic control in tractor:
There are three important methods in hydraulic control system:
1. Position control:
❑ In this system, constant depth of ploughing is maintained by automatic adjustment of draft of tractor. The
control valve can be operated directly by the driver to raise lower or hold an implement, mounted on the linkage
at any chosen height.
2. Draft control:
❑ In this system, the working depth of any implement cab be controlled continuously without the need for a depth
wheel on the implement.
❑ The hydraulic control valve reacts to changes in the loading in either the top or lower links which are due to
changes in the draft or pull required by the implement.
❑ If any implement goes too deep its draft increases. This increase in sensed through the top link or lower links.
❑ The control system then raised the implement until the draft is back to the present level and the implement is at
the original depth again the draft control system.
3. Mixed control: It is a combination of position and draft control .
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Tractor Hitch:
Implements are needed to be hitched properly for efficient and safe operation of the tractor.
Implements can be;
(i) Trailed
(ii) Semi mounted and
(iii) Mounted.
Implements can be hitched in two ways:
(a) Drawbar hitch and
(b) Three point linkage.
Drawbar hitch: Drawbar is a device by which the pulling power of the tractor is transmitted to the trailing
implements. It consists of a crossbar with suitable holes, attached to the lower hitch links. It is fitted at the rear
part of the tractor.
Three point linkage: It is a combination of three links, one is upper link and two are lower links, the links
articulated to the tractor and the implements at their ends in order to connect the implement to the tractor.
Advantage of three point linkage ; (1) Easy control of working implements (2) Quick setting of implements
(3) Automatic hydraulic control of implements such as position control, draft control etc. (4) Good balancing of
attached implement
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Design of main components of a hydraulic System
The hydraulic system of a tractor mainly consists of pump driven by tractor engine or power train, hydraulic cylinder, control
valves and implement lifting mechanism. Design of pump explained below:
1. Pump Design:
Pumps convert mechanical power to fluid power. Hydraulic pumps which are mainly used are gear type, roller vane type or
axial piston variable flow type. The pressures developed by three main types of hydraulic pumps are as follows:
1. Fixed gear type : Pressure up to 10.3 MPa
2. Vane pump :13.8-24.1 MPa
3. Pinion type pump :27.6-34.5 MPa
The common speed of operation of pumps ranges from 3000 to 5000 rpm.
Fluid Power of Pump (Wf):

The fluid power of pump (Wf) is given by:
Where,
Wf = fluid power, kW
Q = pump discharge, 1/m
P = pressure across the pump, Mpa
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Fixed gear type
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Vane pump
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Shaft Power of Pump:
The shaft power of pump (Ws) is given by: Where,
Ws = shaft power of pump, kW
T = input shaft torque, N-m
N = shaft speed, rpm
Also,
Where,
nm = Mechanical efficiency or overall efficiency of pump.
Actuator – linear: Converts fluid power to linear mechanical power. Single acting and double acting hydraulic cylinders are
given in Figs. 1 and 2.
Fig. 1: Single acting cylinder. Fig.2: Double acting cylinder

Force in the cylinder is given by:
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Where, Fe= extension force in the cylinder, N;
Fre = Retraction force in the cylinder, N
P= fluid pressure in actuator, N/mm2
Ac = cross sectional area of ram, mm2
Ar = cross sectional area of rod, mm2
Theoretical discharge of hydraulic pump is given by:

Where,
Dp = volume of displacement of pump in one revolution
N = pump speed, rpm
The actual discharge of hydraulic pump is given by:
ηv = volumetric efficiency of the pump, and is dependent on

internal leakage and compressibility of the oil.
For plunger barrel type pumps, the discharge is given by:

Where,
A= area of plunger, cm2
L= length of stroke, cm
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Pump Torque (Tp):
The pump torque (Tp) is given by:
Tth = theoretical input torque, N-m
P = pump outlet pressure minus pump inlet pressure (bar).
Input or Shaft Power (Ws):

The input or shaft power (Ws) of hydraulic pump is given by:
Ws = input or shaft power in kW

T = input shaft torque, N-m
N = shaft speed, rpm
Hydraulic/ Fluid power of pump (Wf):
The Hydraulic/ Fluid power of pump (Wf) is given by:
Where,
Q = actual pump discharge, 1/m
P = pressure across the pump, MP
Overall Efficiency of Pump (ηm):
Overall Efficiency of Pump (ηm) is given by:
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DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS
Hydraulic cylinder converts fluid power into linear mechanical force which can be used for lifting/ lowering of implements
attached to the tractor and control depth of operation in the field. According to fluid flow and forces acting and specific
applications, the hydraulic cylinders can be classified as:
1. Single acting
2. Double acting
3. Double acting double rod
4. Telescoping and
5. Cushioned top type.
Single acting hydraulic cylinders are most commonly used in hydraulic systems of tractors. Single acting type and double
acting type hydraulic cylinders are given in Fig. below.
Single acting hydraulic cylinders

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Fig. Double acting hydraulic cylinders
Fluid force acting in cylinder (F) Neglecting inertia force in the hydraulic cylinders, hydrostatic force transmission is
given by:
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In case the return oil line from the rod end is connected back to reservoir at atmospheric pressure, then the piston is
extending and
When the supply is to the rod end and the cap end is vented to atmosphere, the piston is retracting. Then,
Speed of rod movement (V):

he speed of piston rod in cylinder is obtained by dividing the volume of fluid flow into the cylinder by the cross sectional
area of cylinder bore as under:
Q = 6AV
where,
Q = volume of fluid flow, litres/min
A = cross sectional area, cm²
V = velocity of piston, m/s
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Power developed by the actuator:
The power developed by hydraulic cylinder in kW is given by
𝐅𝐞 ×𝑽
Wa =
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Where,
Fe = Force developed by piston during extending, kN
V = Speed of ram in cylinder, m/s
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FMP-613 Hydraulics

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Hydraulic and hitching system of tractor

Hydraulic system in a tractor is provided to enable the tractor operator:

1. To raise or lower heavy implements as per requirements.

Fundamentals of fluid power transmission:

Required flow in lpm = volume of fluid displacement in lpm

❑ A simple hydraulic system consists of a pump which pumps oil to

(B) When Solenoid X is energized

(B) When Solenoid Y is energized

Fluid Power of Pump (Wf):

Fig. 1: Single acting cylinder. Fig.2: Double acting cylinder

Theoretical discharge of hydraulic pump is given by:

The actual discharge of hydraulic pump is given by:

ηv = volumetric efficiency of the pump, and is dependent on

For plunger barrel type pumps, the discharge is given by:

Input or Shaft Power (Ws):

Ws = input or shaft power in kW

Single acting hydraulic cylinders

Speed of rod movement (V):

The power developed by hydraulic cylinder in kW is given by

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