VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY
“JNANA SANGAMA” BELAGAVI-590018

A TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT

ON

“PAVEGEN TECHNOLOGY”
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF ENGNIEERING

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
Niveditha N
USN :3BR17CV078

Under the guidance of

Mr. Ravi Teja
Assistant professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BALLARI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
BELLARY-583101 2020-2021
 BALLARI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
NAAC Accredited Institution*

(A UNIT OF T.E.H.R.D. TRUST)(An ISO 9001:2008 Certified

Institution) (Recognized by Govt. of Karnataka, A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi &

Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum) “Jnana Gangothri” Campus, No. 873/2, Ballari

Hosapete Road, Near Allipur, Ballari-584104

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the SEMINAR entitled “PAVEGEN TECHNOLOGY” has been successfully presented
by NIVEDITHA N bearing USN 3BR17CV078 a student of VIII semester B.E. for the partial fulfilment of
the requirements for the Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering of the VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY during the academic year 2020-2021.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD

Mr. Ravi Teja DR.H. MAHABALESWAR
 DECLARATION

I, NIVEDITHA N (3BR17CV078) student of VIII semester BE in Civil Engineering, BITM College of

Engineering, Bellary, hereby declare that the seminar work entitled "SKYSCRAPERS" submitted to the
Visvesvaraya Technological University during the academic year 2020-21, is a record of an original work
done by us under the guidance of Mr. RAVI TEJA, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
BITM College of Engineering, Bellary. This seminar report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering. The results embodied in this thesis
have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree.

Date NIVEDITHA N

Place: Ballari
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Salutations to our beloved and highly esteemed institute, “BALLARI INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT” for having well qualified staff and labs furnished with
necessary equipment.

I express my sincere thanks to my guide Asst. Prof. RAVI TEJA and my seminar co-ordinators
VINAYKUMAR HUNAGUND for giving us constant encouragement, support and valuable
guidance to help me in successfully completion of the seminar. In spite of their extremely busy
schedules in department, they were always available to share with me his deep insights, wide
knowledge and extensive experience.

I express wholehearted gratitude to DR.H.MAHABALESWARA who is our respectable HOD

of Civil Dept. We wish to acknowledge his help who made our task easy by providing with his
valuable help and encouragement.

And also our due thanks to Dr. V.C.PATIL, the principal, as we consider ourselves very lucky
to have such excellent computing facilities and their inspiration throughout our professional
course.

I also thank the non-teaching staff of Civil Dept. who guided at the time of difficulties.

My heartful thanks to my parents, family members and friends whose patience and kind co-
operation at all stages enable me to complete this seminar successfully.

( NIVEDITHA N)
ii
 ABSTRACT
Harvesting kinetic energies is a sustainable method for generating electricity without
depleting natural resources. The main mechanisms for kinetic energy harvesting are
piezoelectric, electromagnetic, electrostatic or by using magnetostrictive materials. This study
focuses on harvesting of walking energy and aims to compare different technologies used for
converting of walking energy to electricity, and identify the most effective.

A slab of concrete harnesses kinetic energy whenever it is stepped on. This energy,
created by 5 millimeters of flex in the material, is then either stored by lithium polymer batteries
contained within the slabs or transmitted immediately to streetlights or other electronics located
close by. The current model, made from stainless steel, recycled car tires and recycled
aluminum, also includes a lamp embedded in the pavement that lights up every time a step is
converted into energy (using only 5 percent of the generated energy).

The system from Pavegen makes a lot of sense in very busy public areas as it will
constantly be generating energy which will no doubt mean the system pays for itself very
quickly and then continues to cut energy costs, the need for extended power wires and carbon
emissions.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENT

DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION 1-3

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO PAVEGEN TECHNOLOGY 1
1.2 WHY PAVEGEN TECHNOLOGY 2
1.3 IDEA 2

CHAPTER 2: 4-6

2.1. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

2.2 TYPES OF MECHANICAL FLOORS 4

2.2.1 PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT 4
2.2.2 MAGNETIC TRANSDUCER 5
2.2.3 MICRO GENERATORS 5
2.2.4 STATIC CAPACITORS 5

2.3 METHODOLOGY 6-10

2.3.1 FOOT STEP ARRANGMENT 6
2.3.2 PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS 7
2.3.3 DC GENERATOR 8
2.3.4 BATTERY 9

2.4 ADVANTAGES 10
2.5 DISADAVNTAGES 10

iii
CHAPTER 3 10-11
APPLICATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION 12
REFERENCES 13

iv
SEMINAR PAVGEN TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
Most of the countries try to innovate alternative electricity power for their usage .In
civil construction field; we are introducing a energy conserving technology as a
replacement for tiles. Laurence Kemble -Cook, the director of Pavegen system imagined
a new idea to generate electricity from pavement slabs. The idea later named as Pavegen
technology. It is also known as kinetic footfall. Industrial development has led to increased
prosperity for many people around the world but has also led to a depletion of natural
resources and environmental damage. The consumption of fossil fuels, on which industrial
development has been largely based, has been recognized as a major cause of climate
change. The impacts on the global ecosystem resulting from climate change are in turn
expected to lead to substantial economic losses. As a result, it is clear that new means of
fueling industrial development must be found in order to avoid compromising the gains in
human welfare that have been achieved over the past decades. People have turned
increasingly to alternative energy sources as an answer to the economical, environmental,
political, and social problems linked to fossil fuel use. Alternative energy sources are
broadly defined as energy sources that do not cause or limit net emissions of carbon
dioxide and thus largely avoid the environmental impacts associated with the combustion
of fossil fuels. New and renewable energy sources include solar energy,wind power, bio-
energy, hydropower, geothermal energy, wave and tidal power, hydrogen and fuel cells,
carbon capture and storage, and waste-to-energy. Human kineticenergy can be transferred
in a number of ways. Human energy is most commonly usedto propel bicycles, but can
also be used to generate electricity and power hand-crank tools. Some third-world
organizations are implementing human powered technologies to generate electricity to
power computers and other appliances.

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SEMINAR PAVGEN TECHNOLOGY

1.2 WHY PAVEGEN TECHNOLOGY

Pavegen is a technology that has been developed by paving slab tiles to convert energy
from people’s footsteps into electric power. These floor tiles generate electricity
through the deformation of the material under a load. The technology converts the
kinetic energy to electricity. It can be stored and used for a variety of applications. The
pavegen technology offers the first tangible way for people to engage with renewable
energy generation.

1.3 IDEA
The basic idea of this work is to design and implement a device that generates
energy from the human footsteps. This goal is achieved by converting the resulting
force of the weight of the human body that is transferred to the ground by footsteps to
a useful mechanical torque. Thus, electricity can be generated when coupling this
device to an electric generator. This idea is much suitable for crowded places such as
airports, train and underground stations, theaters, stadiums, universities, churches, and
mosques. As for Makkah, due to its holly places, a huge number of people, that may
reach millions, gather in particular times of the year. Usually, people have to march for
long distances when performing their worshiping activities, Fig. 1. The totalamount of
energy resulting from their footsteps is enormous. Good utilization of the footsteps
energy may save a big sum of money that goes for electricity generation from traditional
fossil fuel (oil).
The research is divided into main stages:
1- First stage: studying and analyzing the resulting force of the footsteps due tohuman
weight under all conditions, e.g. angle and amount of force, weight of pedestrians,
weather conditions, etc.
2- Second stage: design a suitable mechanism to transform the reciprocating motion
into rotational motion. Among a number of options, a mechanism similar to that of
internal combustion.
3- Third stage: study the types of electrical generators and their characteristics. A
Suitable DC generator was selected.
4- Fourth stage: design of all mechanical components of the device using the
Commercial invertor. Then, testing the motion of the device mechanism in the
simulation module of the software.

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SEMINAR PAVGEN TECHNOLOGY

5- Fifth stage: printing engineering sketches. Then, manufacturing all mechanical

Components in specialized workshops.
6- Sixth stage: assembly of mechanical and electrical components.

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SEMINAR PAVGEN TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 2
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
2.1 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The top surface of the flooring tiles unit is made from recycled rubber and stainless
steel. The base of the slab is constructed from over 80% recycled materials with concrete.
The size of the product is 600*450*87 ( L*W*H)mm.

Fig 2.1: The Schematic of the Experimental Set-up

2.2 TYPES OF MECHANICAL FLOORS

There are mainly 4 types of mechanical floors are used.
• PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT
• MAGNETIC TRANSDUCER
• MICRO GENERATORS
• STATIC CAPACITORS
•

2.2.1 PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT

• It is the commonly used technology.
• A Piezoelectric element like PZT, PVDF, etc. is used as transducer.
• It converts the kinetic energy into electrical energy upon stepping on the floor tile.

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SEMINAR PAVGEN TECHNOLOGY

 Charges which can be siphoned off.

2.2.2 MAGNETIC TRANSDUCER

• Transducer comprises a magnetic element and a conductive element.
• One of the elements is movably occupied to the floor surface.
• When a pressure is applied on the floor surface.
• The conductive element cuts the magnetic flux.
• So current is induced in the conductive element.

2.2.3 MICRO GENERATORS

• It is mechanical arrangement viz. hydraulic, pneumatic and spring.
• Then a force acts on the floor surface.
• A rotor of a micro-generator arranged in the floor tile is driven by the mechanical
arrangement.
• Electricity is generated.

2.2.4 STATIC CAPACITORS

• A capacitor is formed in the floor tile.
• One layer is coupled to the tile surface through springs.
• By pressing the tile surface, the gap between layers is altered.
• Charges are induced in the layers.
• These charges can be extracted and connected to an external circuit.

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SEMINAR PAVGEN TECHNOLOGY

Fig 2.2: Applying Pavegen Technology

2.3 METHODOLOGY

Fig. (2.3) Block Diagram of Pavegen Process

2.3.1 Foot Step Arrangements

When people step on the surface of Pavegen tile, it deflects by 5mm as shown in figure to
generate electricity. Since UBC is planning to install Pavegen tiles on the stairs in new SUB,
our team did some research to see if this will be a tripping hazard. Inspectapedia.com states
that “[a variation] more than 3/8 of an inch (9.525mm) in variation of the height of steps from
one step to another is a tripping hazard”.Since Pavegen only deflects by 5mm, it is safe to be
installed on the stairs.

Fig.2.3.1: Foot Step Arrangement

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SEMINAR PAVGEN TECHNOLOGY

It’s creating the electrical energy by utilizing the weight energy or the human body mass, one
can just stuns by knowing how much energy a man can have by essentially strolling on the
ground with an ordinary speed. As individuals' means (thousands upon thousands a day) use
and channel active energy excessively. At whatever point a man strolls, figures out how to lose
energy towards the ground by method for impact, vibration, and sound and soon, an aftereffect
of the move of overabundance weight to the floor. That energy might be utilized and changed
over into electrical energy. The genuine electro-motor ground is truly a way to deal with
making electrical energy by utilizing the active energy of the individual who strolls on the floor.
The power ground dislike conventional floor. The energy delivered by this ground will be
condition agreeable without having exhaust cloud. Delivering this kind of energy will be
financially savvy moreover. The power ground does not require any fuel or maybe any kind of
energy asset, just making utilization of motor energy. Based upon your abundance weight from
a man proceeding onward the ground.

2.3.2 Piezoelectric Materials

Piezoelectric materials can be natural or man-made. The natural PEM are crystal materials like
quartz (SiO2), Rochelle salt, Topaz, Tourmaline-group minerals and some organic substances
as silk, wood, enamel, dentin, bone, hair, rubber. The unit cell of quartz which hasspecific
atomic structure of the lattice which is a tetrahedron built of oxygen atoms around a silicon
atom. Each oxygen atom has the same distance to the silicon atom, and the distances between
the oxygen atoms are all the same. The change in the position of the atoms due to applied stress
leads to the formation of net dipole moments that causes polarization and an electric field,
respectively. Man-made piezoelectric materials are crystals that are quartz analogs, ceramics,
polymers and composites. There are 32 crystal classes which are divided into the following
seven groups: triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, trigonal, hexagonal and cubic.
These groups are also associated with the elastic nature of the material where triclinic
represents an anisotropic material, orthorhombic represents an orthotropic material and cubic
are in most cases isotropic materials. Only 20 of the 32 classes’ allow piezoelectric properties.
Mechanical energy is a standout amongst the most pervasive energies that can be reused in our
environment. The wellsprings of mechanical energy can be a vibrating structure, amoving
article, and vibration instigated by streaming air or water. The energies related to incite
vibrations or development by stream of air and water everywhere scale are wind energyand
hydroelectric energy, separately, which are not inside the extent of this section of the

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SEMINAR PAVGEN TECHNOLOGY

project. Rather, the mechanical energies here can be delegated purported ''low-level'' vibrations
and developments.
Mechanical waste energies for the most part can be collected by utilizing vibration-to power
transformation. The most recognized normal for this sort of waste energy harvesting is at first
distinguished for low power eras. In this way, one of the focused on applications is to power
little electronic gadgets. In any case, late advancement demonstrates that it can likewise be
utilized for substantial scale applications. Vibration-to-power transformation can be
acknowledged through three essential components, including electromagnetic, electrostatic,
and piezoelectric transductions.
Among the three systems, piezoelectric transduction has gotten the best consideration. This is
on account of piezoelectric materials have bigger power densities and higher attainability for
viable applications than the materials utilized as a part of the other two systems. For instance,
voltage yields in electromagnetic energy harvesting are normally low and accordingly should
be intensified to a level adequately high to charge stockpiling gadgets. Conversely, nonetheless,
piezoelectric energy harvesters yield voltages that can be utilized specifically. In electrostatic
energy harvesting, the materials ought to be liable to an outer connected voltage to trigger the
relative vibratory movement of the capacitor components, which yields elective electrical
streams. Such outer connected voltages are required in piezoelectric energy harvesting.
Another favorable position over electromagnetic gadgets is that piezoelectric harvesting
gadgets can be manufactured at both full scale and smaller scale, because of the entrenched
testimony systems for thick-movies and thin-movies piezoelectric
Quartz Power Devices are prescribed for dynamic power functions. They are not utilized as
'load cells' for motionless (static) functions. Quick reaction, roughness, solidness equivalent to
strong steel, stretched out extents and the capacity to likewise gauge semi-static powers are
standard elements related with PCB quartz power devices.
The accompanying data introduces a portion of the plan and working attributes of PCB power
devices to help you better see how they work, which thusly, will "help you improve dynamic
estimations".

2.3.3 DC Generator
ICP power devices join an inherent microelectronic enhancer to change over the high
impedance charge yield into a low impedance voltage motion for recording. ICP devices,
powered from a different steady current source, work over long customary coaxial or strip

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SEMINAR PAVGEN TECHNOLOGY

link without flag corruption. The low impedance voltage flag is not influenced by triboelectric
link clamour or contaminants.

Fig 2.3.3 DC Generator

Power to work ICP devices is by and large as a minimal effort, 24-27 VDC, 2-20 mA steady
current supply. Figure 5 schematically represents an ordinary ICP device framework. PCB
offers various AC or battery-powered, single or multi-channel power/flag conditioners, with or
without pick up abilities for use with power devices. (See Related Products Section of this
inventory for accessible models.) Moreover, numerous information procurement frameworks
now fuse steady current power for specifically powering ICP devices. Since static adjustment
or semi static here and now reaction enduring up to few moments is frequently required, PCB
makes flag conditioners that gives DC coupling.

2.3.4 Battery

Fig. 2.3.4 Use of Battery

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SEMINAR PAVGENTECHNOLOGY

Power is generated when a footfall compresses the slab by about 5 mm (0.2 in). The exact
technology is a secret, but Pavegen officials have said it involves electromagnetic induction by
copper coils and magnets. Pavegen says each pedestrian generates an average of 5 watts per
footstep at 12-48 volts DC, enough to run an LED street lamp for 30 seconds.

2.3 ADVANTAGES
• These tiles can be used indoors or outdoors in high traffic areas, and generates
electricity from pedestrian footfall.
• If we implement this technology, we can supply the power to grids such as pedestrian
lighting.
• Tiles are completely Renewable and ecofriendly technology.
• The top surface is built entirely of recycled materials.
• Less maintenance cost.

2.4 DISADAVNTAGES
• Low amount of energy is produced during each step or movement of the slab.
• Initial cost is extremely high.
• Uncertainty about economic life.

• It cannot be used as a primary energy source.

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SEMINAR PAVGENTECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 3
APPLICATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
• This idea can be implemented in the floors of crowded places as footpaths, railway
platforms etc.
• Stairs can be also used for production of energy by mere walking.
• Used for security purposes and in various alarm systems.
• For street lights.
• In bus station.
• In airports.
• In play grounds.

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CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION

• Promoting energy awareness is an integral part of this proposal.

• Pavegen Technology is a method of harvesting energy.

• Piezo tiles have been capable for generating 40V.

• The generated energy can be used for street lights, gardens, electric signals etc.

• They are particularly suitable for implementation in crowded areas.

• Energy generation source must be something easily implemented.

• It is a future energy renewable resource using kinetic energy.

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REFERENCES
[1] F. SircaJr, HojjatAdeli “Application of infrared Thermography for damage detectionin
Structural concrete” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, volume:
24, Issue: 07, May 2018, pp 508-515.

[2] Al- Hadhrami, L.M. Maslehuddin. “Concrete density using infrared thermography (IRT)
images,” International Research Journal of Infrared Physics and Technology, volume: 55,
Issue: 05, June 2017, pp 442- 448.
[3] ChaBuyukozturk. “Structural damage detection using modal stair energy” International
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, volume:30, Issue: 05, Dec 2016, pp 347-
358.

[4] Gore Rahul , Dr Shelke Nagesh . “Finite Element Analysis of Footfall Function for
Vibration Analysis of floor system using Ansys workbench,” International Journal for
Scientific Research & Development, volume:5, Issue:02,2017, ISSN:2321-0613.

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