Code-switching is a language alternation that occurs when two or more languages or language varieties

get mixed up in the course of a single conversation. Taglish is the mixture of Tagalog and English. It is no
surprise that this form of communication occurred in the Philippines, as English is one of the official
languages in the country and Tagalog is the base of the second. Taglish is mainly spoken in the area of
Metro Manila but it has also spread to overseas Filipino communities, too. It comes very naturally to
Filipinos who are fluent in more languages and it`s, for the most part, easy to understand by other
Filipinos. As with all other dialects or slang, some are crazy about Taglish, some simply do not
understand it, and then there are some who detest it. Since Taglish is simply a code-switching urban
dialect, it is not standardized. This makes it very hard, almost impossible to lay out how it really works.
Elderly people and teachers disapprove of it, mainly because it is informal, but for young people this is a
normal everyday communication form. In the example sentences below, you will see that there is no
specific amount of vocabulary that has to be borrowed from each language – as long as it sounds
natural, you`re on the right path.
Haytova, N. (2022, September 14). Taglish – the mastery of code-switching. Pulse of Asia.

https://www.1stopasia.com/blog/taglish-the-mastery-of-code-switching/

Code switching—a linguistic term that refers to the use of two or more languages within a sentence—is
a common phenomenon, and the Philippines is not alone in having multiple languages represented in
its media landscape, notably the two official languages of Filipino and English, as well as a number of
other local languages. But the Philippines is unique in Asia for its embrace of code switching throughout
individual news reports. A feature of all major daily newspapers in Metro Manila, code switching is less
prominent in broadsheets and business trade papers. Of the country’s nine top-read newspapers, code
switching can be found to varying degree in each. This typically breaks down along ‘traditional’ versus
‘new media’ lines. The Philippine Daily Inquirer, the most widely-read broadsheet in the country, uses
code switching sparingly, and generally only for words that do not easily translate into English. But new
media and tabloids, such as People’s Journal, use code switching regularly and across the spectrum of
coverage.
Cook, E. (2021b, January 19). How the Philippine media’s use of code switching stands apart in

Asia. — Splice. Splice. https://www.splicemedia.com/stories/philippines-code-switching-

media

Sociolinguist Einar Haugen created the term “Code Switching” in 1954; however, the practice has been
used since the early 20th century (www.yesmagazine.org). Upon being brought to modern-day North
America through the Transatlantic slave trade, the Black community has had to create individual
practices, cultures, and languages. With the advancement of such identity also came a sense of cultural
isolation. Code-switching became a survival instinct or a method of assimilation for many, spanning
across all demographics of the Black community. The linear relationship between general success and
the use of standard English has remained. This trajectory of events also applies to BASL or Black
American Sign Language. Because of the varying educational levels received by White and Black Deaf
children, the different dialects of ASL began to develop and flourish separately from one another,
presenting the need for code-switching for non-hearing members of the Black community as well.
(Ramirez, 2022)
Ramirez, P. (2022, October 10). Code-Switching | An Introduction to Code-Switching. KUDO.

https://kudoway.com/articles/an-introduction-to-code-switching/#:~:text=Origins%20and

%20history,www.yesmagazine.org).

The ability to communicate our thoughts, emotions, and opinions to others is truly a remarkable skill.
Not only does our language communicate who we are, but our use of language can influence our self-
concept and identity. It goes both ways; cultural influences are reflected in our language and also
influence how we conceptualize who we are and where we come from. (The social aspect of language is
studied by sociolinguistics, a subdivision of linguistics which studies social factors.) Code switching is
when a speaker alternates between two or more languages (or dialects or varieties of language) in one
conversation. This phenomenon can be observed in the following examples. Code switching occurs
mostly in bilingual communities. Speakers of more than one language are known for their ability to code
switch or mix their language during their communication. As Aranoff and Miller (2003:523) indicate,
many linguists have stressed the point that switching between languages is a communicative option
available to a bilingual member of a speech community, just as switching between styles or dialects is
an option for the monolingual speaker. Someone might code switch within one language by mixing
dialects or types of vernacular. You can mix academic-speak with street-speak, for example, or slip mid-
sentence into baby-talk. As Skiba (1997) comments, code switching is not a language interference on
the basis that it supplements speech. Where it is used due to an inability of expression, code switching
provides continuity in speech rather than presenting an interference in language. code switching might
be a barrier to communication rather than an aid. In the classroom, for example, code switching can be
seen as language interference since it might impede learning. Although students may see code
switching as an acceptable form of communication in society and may feel comfortable switching
languages in everyday normal conversation, in some other settings, this type of communication would
put those who are not bilingual at a disadvantage because they would not be able to understand.
Therefore, code switching can be both beneficial and a possible language interference, depending on
the situation and the context in which it occurs. ( ESEN, 2022)
ESEN, S. (2022, February 19). Code Switching: Definition, Types, and Examples. Owlcation

Home. https://owlcation.com/humanities/Code-Switching-Definition-Types-and-

Examples-of-Code-Switching

The definition of code-switching is two-fold. The first definition refers to the specific linguistic action of
alternating or combining two or more languages. Unlike loanwords, which become permanent words in
a language, code-switching revolves around interchangeably using words and phrases from different
languages as they suit the situation. Linguistic code-switching is mostly used within bilingual and
multilingual communities, and there are many reasons to use this method, such as the need to fit in with
a group, as a force of habit, or to convey thoughts and concepts that might be easier to explain in a
specific language. Of course, speakers can’t just plug in whatever words they choose and ignore
grammatical rules. When code-switching, it might seem casual and easy to an outside observer. In
reality, there are many underlying, unconscious factors to code-switching that must be applied to make
it understandable and natural. The second definition of code-switching comes from a sociolinguistic
perspective, where the term is much broader. Under this umbrella, code-switching describes the use of
different dialects, accents, language combinations, and mannerisms within social groups in order to
project a particular identity. With this definition, code-switching is used by everyone as they change
their language style based on who they’re talking to, what they’re talking about, where they are, and
much more. This type of code-switching occurs in social groups, primarily based on age, class,
geographic location, upbringing, and ethnicity. All of these characteristics play crucial roles in how and
when people code-switch. e code-switch to identify with a particular social group—and most of the
time, we don’t even realize we’re doing it. Code-switching happens subtly, and in more situations than
with only bilingual speakers. Consider how you speak around your co-workers. More than likely, your
speech subconsciously becomes measured and professional. In contrast, when you’re around friends,
your speech transitions into a casual tone, as you feel more comfortable in this social setting or cultural
context. (United Language Group, 2023)

United Language Group. (2023d, January 17). Linguistic Code-Switching: What it Is and Why it

Happens. https://www.unitedlanguagegroup.com/blog/linguistic-code-switching

Code switching (also code-switching, CS) is the practice of moving back and forth between two
languages or between two dialects or registers of the same language at one time. Code switching occurs
far more often in conversation than in writing. It is also called code-mixing and style-shifting. It is studied
by linguists to examine when people do it, such as under what circumstances do bilingual speakers
switch from one to another, and it is studied by sociologists to determine why people do it, such as how
it relates to their belonging to a group or the surrounding context of the conversation (casual,
professional, etc.) (Nordquist, 2019)

"Code-switching performs several functions (Zentella, 1985). First, people may use code-switching to
hide fluency or memory problems in the second language (but this accounts for about only 10 percent of
code switches). Second, code-switching is used to mark switching from informal situations (using native
languages) to formal situations (using the second language). Third, code-switching is used to exert
control, especially between parents and children. Fourth, code-switching is used to align speakers with
others in specific situations (e.g., defining oneself as a member of an ethnic group). Code-switching also
'functions to announce specific identities, create certain meanings, and facilitate particular interpersonal
relationships' (Johnson, 2000, p. 184)." (William B. Gudykunst, Bridging Differences: Effective Intergroup
Communication, 4th ed. Sage, 2004).

Nordquist, R. (2019c, July 25). Learn the Function of Code Switching as a Linguistic Term.

ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/code-switching-language-1689858

The term code-switching was originally documented as a linguistic phenomenon. Sociologists, including
John J. Gumperz, were interested in the circumstances that made dual-language speakers switch back
and forth between their native language and the one spoken by the majority. However, code-switching
was quickly noted even in populations that spoke only one language. The term grew to encompass a set
of behaviors beyond multilingualism. This could be changing our mannerisms, our tone of voice, or
linguistic code-switching between standard English and a more relaxed vernacular. We all want to fit in,
and we all make subtle choices to be more “acceptable” to the groups we’re with. This is called our
contextual identity, and this adaptability is at the core of the human experience. But when our
contextual identities are out-of-step with our authentic, absolute identities, we’re in trouble. In those
cases, we’re not choosing to adapt — we’re forced to hide. This is why code-switching can be so
damaging for members of minority populations. If the dominant culture runs counter to our own, we
might feel like our “natural” selves are unacceptable, unprofessional, unpalatable, and undesirable.
(Campbell, 2022)

Code-Switching at Work: What It Is and Why You Need to Understand It. (n.d.).

https://www.betterup.com/blog/code-switching

Code-switching, process of shifting from one linguistic code (a language or dialect) to another,
depending on the social context or conversational setting. Sociolinguists, social psychologists, and
identity researchers are interested in the ways in which code-switching, particularly by members of
minority ethnic groups, is used to shape and maintain a sense of identity and a sense of belonging to a
larger community. In the United States, code-switching was originally studied in the context of second-
language acquisition as the process whereby native speakers of Spanish shifted from Spanish to English
and vice versa. Sociolinguists such as John J. Gumperz were interested more generally in the
circumstances that prompted members of a speech community to alternate between their native
language and that of the majority population. (Morrison, 2023)

Morrison, C. D. (2023b, February 25). Code-switching | linguistics. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/code-switching

Code switching is a sociolinguistic term that refers to the process of changing one’s style of
communication to suit the socio/politico/cultural context of the exchange. While often used when
describing the use of language by people who speak two different languages, the term also describes
the adjustments a speaker makes when moving from one social context to another. When code
switching, the nonverbal aspects of the communication event—body language, attire, and attitude—also
may change. Code switching involves learning to engage according to the unwritten rules of the
environment’s culture. Code Sharing is a necessary skill. (Kikanza Nuri-Robins & Lewis Bundy 2016)

Nuri-Robins, K., & Bundy, L. (2016, January 1). Fish Out of Water: Mentoring, Managing, and

Self-Monitoring People Who Don’t Fit In. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506341224

Code-switching is just switching back and forth mid-sentence between two different languages or
dialects; in an educational context it is much more than that. Code-switching in the classroom means the
use by teacher of different forms of informal and formal English to teach students in ways that are
easier for them to understand and possibly to help students differentiate between formal and informal
English more effectively. A€œcode switching€ is a linguistics term referring to the ability to switch
between different dialects and/or languages by a person during conversation. ( Kasperczyk, 2009)

Kasperczyk, Lesley-Anne. Implementing Code-Switching in the Classroom. Retrieved February 10,

To introduce and help you understand the code-switching debate we’re going to talk a little about
the Ebonics debate. This will show us a recent example of one of the types of arguments that are going
on in today's schools related to code-switching. The Ebonics debate encompassed the argument over if
the way of speaking used primarily by African Americans, formally named “Ebonics”, should be
taught and used in schools or if it should be banned. The debate was at it’s peak in the 1990’s
when a number of lawsuits were brought to court concerning the use of Ebonics in the classroom. On
one side it was being argued that Ebonics should not be taught in English classrooms because it hinders
the learning of the children who use it. Opponents of Ebonics cited that language skills are directly
related to success in academics and African American students are behind in terms of academic success.
(Mufwene, 1999). On the other side of the debate, proponents of the use of Ebonics claimed that the
validity of Ebonics should be acknowledged and used to assist the teaching of Standard English.
(Mufwene, 1999).

Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter

4/4.6.2 - Wikibooks, open books for an open world. (n.d.-b).

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Foundations_and_Assessment_of_Education/Edition_1/

Foundations_Table_of_Contents/Chapter_4/4.6.2

The purpose of this study is describing the types of code switching spoken by teacher and students in

teaching process. The research problem is what the types of code switching in the classroom are. The

researcher uses descriptive qualitative approach as method for analyzing the data. The researcher

collects the data by recording and writing on Table observation what teacher and students said in

teaching-learning process, then collected it and classified. From the data analysis, the type of code

switching which mostly was used by the teacher and the student during learning process was

metaphorical code switching and situational code switching.

ISSN 2442-8965 & E ISSN 2442-8973

Volume 3 Nomor 2 - Agustus 2018

http://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al

58

TYPES OF CODES SWITCHING IN EFL CLASSROOM

Rio Giovani Eyato

[email protected]

Tadris Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan

IAIN Sultan Amai Gorontalo

Code switching is a phenomenon in using language to communicate, where a speaker changes one
language to another in the same utterance or conversation. Code switching is mostly happened in
bilingual or multilingual society. Grosjean, 1982 and Hamers and Blanc, 1989 defined that bilingual or
multilingual is a person whose linguistic ability in two or more language is similar to that of a native
speaker. Because of the globalization era and technology information development, it is difficult to
escape to not use two or more language in the same conversation, such as utterance in social media,
daily conversation, and also in the classroom. The influence of English as international language is very
strong in contributing code switching using especially in nowadays society.

Bloom and Gumperz identified two type of code switching; Situational Code Switching and Methaporical
Code switching. Situational code switching depends on a situation. In situational code switching, one
language is used in social situation, and the other language is used in another social VLWXDWLRQ 7KHQ
*XPSHU] DQG %ORRP VDLG WKDW ³VLWXDWLRQDO FRGH VZLWFKLQJ, where alternation between
varieties redefines a situation, being a change in governing norms. Talking about redefine situation
Wardaugh adds the explanation redefine the situation formal to informal, official to personal, serious to
humorous, and politenHVVWRVROLGDULW\¥ Not only redefine situation but also Wardaugh adds that
situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situational in which
the conversant find themselves. Metaporical code switching, the switching occurs in the same situation
with the VDPHLQGLYLGXDOV
%ORRPDQG*XPSHU]VWDWHWKDW³0HWDSKRULFDOVZLWFKLQJDOORZVRQH speaker to share two or
more different with the same interlocutor. 7KHRWKHUGHILQLWLRQIURP
%ORRPDQG*XPSHU]¶VDERXWVLWXDWLRQDOFRGHVZLtching and metaphorical code switching quoted
from an article, namely: Situational Code Switching in a multilingual society arise because of the lexical
requirements, this occurs when a person wants to express something that exists only meaning in a
particular language or dissatisfaction someone in the use of language when expressing one or more
words. Code-switching also occurs due to follow the situation in the issues discussed topic changes, or
also be intentional weeks to create a secret code so that other people do not understand the contents
of the conversation. The code switching also influenced by age, social status, educational background
and gender. Metaphorical Code Switching is the code switching within a single situation but added
significance for a number of components as a rule to be expressed and has a specific purpose. The
transfer of a change to involve the option of introducing themselves(identification) to the listener in
certain situations. Multilingual community in bilingual, switching metaphors-code refers to the tendency
to switch codes (language or language variety) in a conversation to discuss topics that would typically fall
into another domain. Where conversation alternates between varieties change the situation, For some
people switch in this case was thought to convey special communicative intent

Eyato, R. G. (2018). TYPES OF CODES SWITCHING. Al-Lisan : Jurnal Bahasa, 3(2), 58–67.

https://doi.org/10.30603/al.v3i2.423