A WORKED EXAMPLES BOOK

For Students Registered at UNISA module EGP1501

By
Irshaad Mahomed (lecturer)

December 2021

Version 0.1

Figures in this document, where applicable are referenced with respect to the original source and listed in the Bibliography.
The author’s own explanations/labeling are added for enhancement where applicable. Non-referenced Figures was
developed by the Author. Usage of this document is strictly for academic use at UNISA for students registered for the
courses EGP1501.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0

International License. To view a copy of this license, visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ .
Page 1 of 119
Document Objective:

Welcome to the Engineering Graphics Worked Examples book. A number of important

points are listed below. Please read them carefully.

 This document must be read in conjunction with the prescribed Engineering

Graphics textbook for Study Units 1 until 9 and 11 to 12. This document does not
replace your prescribed textbook!!!

 Study Unit 10: Refer to this document. Furthermore, an accompanying power-point

file will be uploaded on myUNISA Additional Resources.

 You are required to effectively manage your own learning and work schedules.
Time management is of great importance.

 Consult your Tut 101 Letter uploaded on the myUNISA module site. Know all you
due dates and what will be expected of you for the year. These are all explained in
the Tut 101 Letter.

 Do not miss any myUNISA emails and frequently check the module site for
announcements and uploaded material under Additional Resources.

Selected drawing examples from various sources are discussed with enhanced description to
highlight their application and Figures are suitably referenced where necessary.

You are encouraged to discuss these examples based on your interpretation with your
lecturer, fellow students and if available, your eTutor.

!!! During the course, the lecturer will upload additional information and practice questions.
Keep abreast of course communications via myUNISA announcements. !!!

Page 2 of 119
Table of Contents

Document Objective: .............................................................................................................................. 2

Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... 3
Table of Figures ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Study Unit 0: Orientation ........................................................................................................................ 8
Prescribed Text ................................................................................................................................... 8
Recommended Text ............................................................................................................................ 9
Summary of Prescribed and Recommended Texts ........................................................................... 10
Study Unit 1: Introduction .................................................................................................................... 11
Study Unit 2: Drawing Technique ......................................................................................................... 12
Study Unit 3: Dimensioning .................................................................................................................. 13
Study Unit 4: Constructions .................................................................................................................. 15
Study Unit 5: Machine Drawings........................................................................................................... 16
Sectional Views Worked Examples ................................................................................................... 18
Journal Block ................................................................................................................................. 18
Staggered Sectional View.............................................................................................................. 19
Roller Skate Assembly ................................................................................................................... 21
Orthographic Projection Worked Examples ..................................................................................... 23
Slide Guide .................................................................................................................................... 23
Bearing Pedestal ........................................................................................................................... 25
Support Bracket ............................................................................................................................ 26
Study Unit 6: Assembly Drawing ........................................................................................................... 28
Pulley Support ................................................................................................................................... 28
Study Unit 7: Isometric Drawings ......................................................................................................... 31
Stepped-Block A ................................................................................................................................ 32
Stepped-Block B ................................................................................................................................ 33
Stepped Block C ................................................................................................................................ 34
Stepped Block D ................................................................................................................................ 35
Cone Block......................................................................................................................................... 39
Study Unit 8: Developments ................................................................................................................. 40
Triangular Pipe .................................................................................................................................. 41
Truncated Rectangular Pipe .............................................................................................................. 42
Truncated Cylindrical Pipe ................................................................................................................ 43

Page 3 of 119
 Truncated Hollow Cone .................................................................................................................... 44
Study Unit 9: Interpenetration.............................................................................................................. 47
Intersection of Square and Hex Pipe................................................................................................. 48
Intersection of Square and Cylindrical Pipe ...................................................................................... 51
Intersection of Two Cylindrical Pipes ................................................................................................ 53
Intersection of Inclined Cylindrical Pipe with a Cylindrical Pipe ....................................................... 55
Study Unit 10: LIMITS/FITS.................................................................................................................... 57
Summary: .......................................................................................................................................... 58
Illustration of Transition and Interference Fits ................................................................................. 62
Example 1: Terminology, Tolerances and Fits: ................................................................................. 63
Example 2: Dimensioning a component with a Fit designation........................................................ 64
Example 3: Tolerance Stack-up: ........................................................................................................ 65
Study Unit 11: Descriptive Geometry ................................................................................................... 67
Study Unit 12: Loci ................................................................................................................................ 68
Study Unit 13: Piping and Instrumentation .......................................................................................... 69
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 69
Types of Piping and Selection Considerations ...................................................................................... 71
Temperature ..................................................................................................................................... 71
Pressure ............................................................................................................................................ 71
Safety ................................................................................................................................................ 72
Corrosion........................................................................................................................................... 72
Pipe Connection, Fittings and Valves .................................................................................................... 72
Pipe Connection ................................................................................................................................ 72
Fittings............................................................................................................................................... 73
Valves ................................................................................................................................................ 74
Typical Piping Symbols .......................................................................................................................... 74
Pipe Drawings ....................................................................................................................................... 75
System or Process Flow Diagram ...................................................................................................... 76
Single-line piping ............................................................................................................................... 77
Metrics in Piping and Pipe Specification ....................................................................................... 78
Pipe fittings and valves ................................................................................................................. 80
Piping elevations and Sections...................................................................................................... 81
Additional example on single line piping ...................................................................................... 82
Appendix ............................................................................................................................................... 83

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 Common Symbols ............................................................................................................................. 83
Pipe Connection/Fittings/Valves....................................................................................................... 84
Common Valve Actuators ................................................................................................................. 84
Additional Plant and Process Equipment .......................................................................................... 85
Study Unit 14: Practice Questions ........................................................................................................ 86
Dimensioning and Basics................................................................................................................... 87
Freehand Sketching/Drawing............................................................................................................ 90
Constructions .................................................................................................................................... 92
Orthographic, Isometric, Oblique, Sectioning and Assembly Drawings (incl. Fasteners) ............... 101
Development and Interpenetration................................................................................................ 108
Limits and Fits ................................................................................................................................. 113
Descriptive Geometry ..................................................................................................................... 116
Loci .................................................................................................................................................. 116
Piping .............................................................................................................................................. 117
Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................ 119

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Table of Figures
Figure 1: Simple Block .................................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 2: Dimensioned block with two datum surfaces (datum point identified) ........................................... 14
Figure 3: Dimensioned drawing with datum surface and multiple holes of equal diameter ........................... 14
Figure 4: Journal Block in First Angle Orthographic Projection (F.A.O.P), (van der Merwe & Potter, 2000). ... 18
Figure 5: Plate in Third Angle Orthographic Projection (F.A.O.P), (Joelsen, 2019). ......................................... 19
Figure 6: Sectioned front view of a Roller Skate assembly (Engelbrecht, 2008). ............................................. 21
Figure 7: Isometric view of a Slide Guide (van der Merwe & Potter, 2000). ................................................... 23
Figure 8: Three views shown in First Angle Orthographic Projection of a Slide Guide (van der Merwe &
Potter, 2000). ........................................................................................................................................ 24
Figure 9: Isometric and Orthographic views in T.A.O.P for a Bearing Pedestal (Engelbrecht, 2008). .............. 25
Figure 10: Isometric and Orthographic views in T.A.O.P for a Support Bracket (Engelbrecht, 2008). ............. 26
Figure 11: Exploded Isometric and component level Orthographic views in T.A.O.P for a Pulley Support
(Engelbrecht, 2008). .............................................................................................................................. 29
Figure 12: Sectioned front-view of the assembly drawing (T.A.O.P) (Engelbrecht, 2008). .............................. 30
Figure 13: Three major basic steps to construct an isometric drawing from at-least two orthographic views
shown in F.A.O.P. (van der Merwe & Potter, 2000). .............................................................................. 32
Figure 14: Orthographic projection and isometric drawing of a machined block (van der Merwe & Potter,
2000). .................................................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 15: Orthographic projection and isometric drawing of a machined block (van der Merwe & Potter,
2000). .................................................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 16: First Angle Orthographic projection of a machined block (Joelsen, 2019). ..................................... 35
Figure 17: Isometric drawing of the machined block (Joelsen, 2019). ............................................................ 36
Figure 18: Isometric drawing of the machined block (Joelsen, 2019). Shaded regions illustrate the pair of
isometric ellipse construction. ............................................................................................................... 37
Figure 19: Isometric drawing of the machined block (Joelsen, 2019) to illustrate final presentation of the
isometric drawing.................................................................................................................................. 38
Figure 20: Orthographic projection and isometric drawing of a machined block (van der Merwe & Potter,
2000). .................................................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 21: Development of a triangular pipe (Joelsen, 2019), mark-up added for enhanced explanation. ..... 41
Figure 22: Development of a truncated rectangular pipe (Joelsen, 2019), mark-up added for enhanced
explanation. .......................................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 23: Development of a truncated cylindrical pipe (Joelsen, 2019), mark-up added for enhanced
explanation. .......................................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 24: Development of a truncated hollow cone (Engelbrecht, 2008), mark-up added for enhanced
explanation. .......................................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 25: Example of interpenetration curve for intersection of a square and hex pipe. .............................. 48
Figure 26: Example of interpenetration curve for intersection of a square and cylindrical pipe. .................... 51
Figure 27: Intersection of two cylindrical pipes. ............................................................................................. 53
Figure 28: Demonstrating two intersection points for an inclined cylinder – cylinder intersection. ............... 55
Figure 29: Full solution of the interpenetration curve for inclined cylinder-cylinder. ..................................... 56
Figure 30: Description of Fits according to ANSI B4.2 (Page 1 https://kiralytool.com/wp-
content/uploads/2017/05/hole-shaft-tolerance-chart.pdf) .................................................................. 59
Figure 31: ISO Fit - Hole Basis (Joelsen, 2019) ................................................................................................ 60
Figure 32: ISO Fits Shaft - Basis (Joelsen, 2019) .............................................................................................. 61
Figure 33: Transition fit is illustrated for a shaft-machine block assembly. (Dawaheed) ................................ 62
Figure 34: Interference fit is illustrated for a shaft-machine block assembly (Dawaheed) ............................. 62
Figure 35: Dimensioning a hole and shaft, basic dimension with a Fit specification H7/p6 ............................ 64

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Figure 37: Incorrectly dimensioned shape (van der Merwe & Potter, 2000)................................................... 87
Figure 38: Poorly dimensioned shape ............................................................................................................ 88
Figure 39: Dimensioned of a stepped piped flange ........................................................................................ 89
Figure 40: Diagram for instrument drawing (van der Merwe & Potter, 2000) ................................................ 89
Figure 41: Diagram for free-hand sketching (van der Merwe & Potter, 2000) ................................................ 90
Figure 42: Isometric sketch of a pillow-block (Frey & Gossard, 2009) ............................................................. 91
Figure 43: Diagram for Isometric/Orthographic free-hand sketching (van der Merwe & Potter, 2000) .......... 91
Figure 44: Simple line..................................................................................................................................... 92
Figure 45: Given point on a simple line .......................................................................................................... 93
Figure 46: Given point above a simple line .................................................................................................... 93
Figure 47: 3 points dimensioned from a common datum. .............................................................................. 94
Figure 48: Filleted block. Create an arc tangent between two lines at right angles. ....................................... 95
Figure 49: Filleted block. Create an arc tangent between two lines at an acute angle. .................................. 96
Figure 50: Filleted block. Create an arc tangent between two lines at an obtuse angle. ................................ 96
Figure 51: Arc block. Create an arc tangent between a point and a line ......................................................... 97
Figure 52: Arc block. Create an arc tangent between a point and a circle ...................................................... 98
Figure 53: Arc block. Create an arc tangent between a line and a circle ......................................................... 98
Figure 54: Pair of circles joined by a tangential arc (exclude both circles) ...................................................... 99
Figure 55: Pair of circles joined by a tangential arc (include both circles) ....................................................... 99
Figure 56: Pair of circles joined by a tangential arc (include one circle, exclude another) ............................ 100
Figure 57: Isometric drawing of a box with cylindrical cut-out ..................................................................... 102
Figure 58: Incomplete orthographic drawing for an inclined block .............................................................. 103
Figure 59: Incomplete and incorrect orthographic drawings (van der Merwe & Potter, 2000) ..................... 104
Figure 60: Two views of an object shown in third angle orthographic projection......................................... 105
Figure 61: Stepped dimensioned block shown in isometric view ................................................................. 106
Figure 62: Stepped dimensioned block with cut-out shown in isometric view ............................................. 107
Figure 63: A pair of truncated cone-cylinders for development ................................................................... 108
Figure 64: Truncated cone for development. ............................................................................................... 109
Figure 65: Hexagonal – square interpenetration .......................................................................................... 110
Figure 66: Intersection of polygon and cylinder for the interpenetration curve. .......................................... 111
Figure 67: A pair of inclined cylinders for interpenetration curve. ............................................................... 112
Figure 68: Isometric and front break view of a simple shaft ......................................................................... 114
Figure 69: Tolerance stack-up ...................................................................................................................... 115
Figure 70: Incomplete Single-Line Drawing A ............................................................................................... 117
Figure 71: Incomplete Single-Line Drawing B ............................................................................................... 118

Page 7 of 119
Study Unit 0: Orientation

The document you are reading now is your study guide. This study guide consists of 14 study units
and will support you through your journey in EGP1501, by helping you make effective use of the
various learning material. This study guide will inform you on which specific chapters, sections and
practice questions you must work through to help you succeed in EGP1501.

The Orientation will explain the learning material used for the different topics in EGP1501 and where
you will find or be required to purchase the learning material; and which consists of the following
items:
 prescribed text,
 workbooks,
 eResources via Knovel, Access Engineering, and myUNISA eLibrary.

Prescribed Text
The prescribed text for your module EGP1501 is: Engineering Graphics and Design by J.
Engelbrecht. The table below explains the study units covered in this study guide and the
corresponding page numbers in the prescribed textbook.

Study Unit Section Chapter (or equivalent)*

1 Introduction 1-1 to 1-20

2 Drawing Technique (lettering, sketching etc.) 2-1 to 2-32

3 Dimensioning 3-1 to 3-12

4 Constructions 4-1 to 4-20

5 Machine Drawings: Orthographic and Sectional Views 5-1 to 5-56

6 Assembly Drawing 5-1 to 5-56

7 Isometric Drawings 6-9 to 6-19

8 Developments 9-1 to 9-6

9 Interpenetration 9-7 to 9-29

10 Tolerances/Fits **

11 Descriptive Geometry 7-3 to 7-5

12 Loci 10-3 to 10-4

13 Piping and Instrumentation **

14 Practice Questions **

Page 8 of 119
*The Prescribed textbook, Engineering Graphics and Design by J. Engelbrecht, the exact paging may
vary with edition. See your Tut Letter for more details to obtain the prescribed textbook. The paging
given is based on Edition 1.

**Refer to this Study Guide and lecturer communication.

Recommended Text
The recommended texts consist of workbooks and eResources (Knovel, Access Engineering, and the
myUNISA eLibrary).

 Available via Knovel

In this study guide, a reference is given for each study unit where possible, to a suitable
section in a textbook available via Knovel through the myUNISA library. Click on the link
below to access this eBook via knovel using you Unisa login credentials:
Parthasarathy, N.S. Murali, Vela. (2015). Engineering Drawing. Oxford University Press.
Retrieved from:https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/toc/id:kpED000011/engineering-
drawing/engineering-drawing

 Available via myUNISA Additional Resources

You have access to a textbook for supplementary reading and titled Mechanical Engineering
Drawing 1 and its companion workbook; uploaded to myUNISA Additional Resources.
Relevant chapters from the “Mechanical Engineering Drawing 1 and its companion
workbook” are specified in this study guide for additional reading and practice questions.

 Available via Access Engineering

The Piping and Instrumentation section has no prescribed textbook. You are advised to use
the following Access Engineering eBook. Click on this link to access the eBook using your
Unisa login credentials:
https://0-www-accessengineeringlibrary-
com.oasis.unisa.ac.za/content/book/9780070471061/chapter/chapter14 available over
Unisa eResources Access Engineering. Piping Handbook, 7th Edition, by Mohinder L. Nayyar,
Section B3.

 Available via Library/Publishers

The following textbook can be used for piping and instrumentation: Engineering Drawing
and Design by David P. Madison Please check the Library/eResources/Publishers for
availability.

Page 9 of 119
Summary of Prescribed and Recommended Texts

Title Author Available Type

Engineering Graphics and J. Engelbrecht See Tut101 Letter for Prescribed text.
Design details
Engineering Drawing Parthasarathy, N.S. Knovel (eResources, web Recommended text
Murali, Vela link is above)
Mechanical Engineering Unisa myUnisa Additional Recommended text
Drawing 1 Resources
Workbook for Mechanical Unisa myUnisa Additional Recommended
Engineering Drawing 1 Resources Workbook (references
the prescribed text)
th
Piping Handbook, 7 Edition Mohinder L. Nayyar Access Engineering Recommended text for
(eResources web link is Piping and
above) Instrumentation
Engineering Drawing and David P. Madison Refer to Recommended text for
Design Library/eResources/Publis Piping and
her Instrumentation

Page 10 of 119
Study Unit 1: Introduction

Welcome to Engineering Drawings offered at UNISA for EGP1501. This document is a workbook with
emphasis on worked-examples and practice questions. References are made at the beginning of
each study unit to help you consult other published texts.

The Introduction section in the prescribed and recommended texts can be read on your own timing
and provides a general introduction to the field of engineering focused on the mechanical discipline.
The section explains the engineering design process, social interaction, entrepreneurship and other
hints and tips towards your development on being a well-rounded engineer.

During your course of studies at UNISA you may find it helpful and worthwhile to periodically refer
back to this particular chapter on the basis to reorient yourself along your journey; especially when
you begin your design courses and design projects.

Learning Outcomes
After completion of this Unit, you will be able to:
 Discuss the engineering design process.
 Explain the importance of engineering graphics in design.
 Discuss the different aspects in context of social, technological and entrepreneurial design.

Recommended Reading
 Read through the Introduction Section in the prescribed textbook:
Engineering Graphics and Design by J. Engelbrecht (Pages 1-1 to 1-20, the exact paging may
vary with edition).
 Optionally read Chapter 1 in Engineering Drawing available over Knovel from the UNISA
online library; refer to the weblink in the Orientation study unit of this document.
 Read through Study Unit 1 in Mechanical Engineering Drawing 1 made available by the
lecturer on the module site: Additional Resources Tab.

Practice Questions
 You may review the revision and self-assessment subsection in Study Unit 1 of the
Mechanical Engineering Drawing 1 document. Feedback over myUNISA and Discussion
sessions.

Worked Examples
 There are no end-of-Chapter worked examples for Study Unit 1.

Page 11 of 119
Study Unit 2: Drawing Technique

This section will explain the different drawing instruments and their correct use. Practice using your
instruments. The different line types are explained and they must be correctly used in all your
drawing exercises. Pay attention to the structure of title blocks, lettering and borders. You will
include these items in all your drawing exercises. Take note of the scale section and know the
distinction between 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 and so on. Freehand sketching is a useful skill to develop. The
drawing techniques are simply selected in CAD using the relevant tool but you must understand their
application.

Learning Outcomes
After completion of this Unit, you will be able to:
 Identify and apply various drawing instruments.
 Perform freehand sketching
 Explain the Scale concept and basic drawing techniques

Recommended Reading
 Read through the Drawing Technique Section in the prescribed textbook Engineering
Graphics and Design by J. Engelbrecht (pages 2-1 to 2-32, the exact paging may vary with
edition).
 Optionally read Chapter 1 and 4 in Engineering Drawing available over Knovel from the
UNISA online library; refer to the weblink in the Orientation study unit of this document.
 Work through Study Unit 2 in Mechanical Engineering Drawing 1 available by the lecturer on
the module site: Additional Resources Tab.

Practice Questions
 Attempt the revision and self-assessment subsection in Study Unit 2 of the Mechanical
Engineering Drawing 1 document.
 Refer to prescribed and recommended texts. Some questions are contained in Study Unit 15
of this study guide.

Worked Examples
 Review Study Unit 2 of the Mechanical Engineering Drawing 1 document for additional
examples.

Page 12 of 119
Study Unit 3: Dimensioning

You must study the basic dimensioning techniques in the prescribed textbook. Refer back to the
Dimensioning section as required during your drawing course. Focus on the following subsections:

 Dimension Conventions,
 Leader Conventions,
 Dimensioning Geometric Conventions,
 Dimensioning Component Features,
 Annotations

Learning Outcomes
After completion of this Unit, you will be able to:
 Apply the various dimensioning concepts for simple to complex shapes.
 Distinguish between different line-types and their application in dimensioning.
 Interpret a dimensioned drawing.

Recommended Reading
 Read through the Dimensioning Section in the prescribed textbook Engineering Graphics
and Design by J. Engelbrecht (pages 3-1 to 3-12, the exact paging may vary with edition).
 Optionally read Chapter 1 in Engineering Drawing available over knovel from the UNISA
online library; refer to the weblink in the Orientation study unit of this document.
 Work through Study Unit 3 in Mechanical Engineering Drawing 1 available by the lecturer
under EGP1501 module site: Additional Resources Tab.

Practice Questions
 Attempt the revision and self-assessment subsection in Study Unit 3 of the Mechanical
Engineering Drawing 1 document.
 Refer to prescribed and recommended texts. Some questions are contained in Study Unit 15
of this study guide.

Worked Examples
 Refer to the prescribed textbook on details of the individual dimensioning techniques. Study
these techniques where some of them are illustrated through worked examples that are
illustrated below.
 Review Study Unit 3 of the Mechanical Engineering Drawing 1 document for additional
examples.

Page 13 of 119
 Figure 1: Simple Block

Figure 2: Dimensioned block with two datum surfaces (datum point identified)

Figure 3: Dimensioned drawing with datum surface and multiple holes of equal diameter

Page 14 of 119
Study Unit 4: Constructions

Study this section on Constructions; this is an important section to develop your skill for drawing
orthographic and isometric drawings amongst your other topics. Refer back to this section as
required during your drawing course.

Learning Outcomes
After completion of this Unit, you will be able to:
 Apply technique for construction of lines, arcs, circles, and ellipse.
 Apply the construction methods using drawing instruments.
 Draw regular polygons.

Recommended Reading
 Read through the Constructions Section in the prescribed textbook Engineering Graphics
and Design by J. Engelbrecht (pages 4-1 to 4-20, the exact paging may vary with edition).
 Optionally read Chapter 2 in Engineering Drawing available over Knovel from the UNISA
online library; refer to the weblink in the Orientation study unit of this document.
 Work through Study Unit 4 in Mechanical Engineering Drawing 1 available by the lecturer on
the module site: Additional Resources Tab.

Practice Questions
 Attempt the revision and self-assessment subsection in Study Unit 4 of the Mechanical
Engineering Drawing 1 document.
 Refer to prescribed and recommended texts. Some questions are contained in Study Unit 15
of this study guide.

Worked Examples
 Refer to the prescribed textbook on details of individual construction methods. Re-attempt
the same examples because they can only be accomplished by manually practicing the
techniques.
 Review Study Unit 4 of the Mechanical Engineering Drawing 1 document for additional
examples.

Page 15 of 119
Study Unit 5: Machine Drawings

This is your first major drawings Study Unit and is based on the foundation topics developed from
Study Units 1 to 4.

 You must study and work through the following sections in the Prescribed Textbook:
o Orthographic Projection: First Angle and Third Angle
o Sectional Views
o Types of Sections
Read and apply while
 Make sure you are aware of the items contained in: practicing assembly,
o Special Conventions: Shafts, Fasteners, Ribs and Webs isometrics and orthographic
o Temporary and Permanent Fasteners, drawings.
o Machine Symbols

 Thereafter practice the assembly and detail drawing section:

o Assembly and Detail Drawings
o Examples

Learning Outcomes
After completion of this Unit, you will be able to:
 Read and Interpret First Angle and Third Angle Orthographic Projection drawings
 Identify views with respect the orthographic projection.
 Identify hidden, change in direction and solid features when drawing orthographic views
from a given isometric view.
 Read dimensions off an isometric drawing.
 Apply techniques to Section a drawing and an Assembly
 Apply drawing conventions related to special items such as fasteners, webs and shafts.
 Apply and interpret machine symbols related to manufacturing and surface finishes.

Recommended Reading
 Read through the Machine Drawings Section in the prescribed textbook Engineering Graphics
and Design by J. Engelbrecht (pages 5-1 to 5-56, the exact paging may vary with edition).
 Optionally read Chapter 5 and 14 in Engineering Drawing available over Knovel from the UNISA
online library; refer to the weblink in the Orientation study unit of this document.
 Work through Study Unit 5 and 8 in Mechanical Engineering Drawing 1 available by the lecturer
on the module site: Additional Resources Tab.

Page 16 of 119
Practice Questions
 Attempt the revision and self-assessment subsection in Study Unit 5 and 8 of the Mechanical
Engineering Drawing 1 document.
 Refer to prescribed and recommended texts. Some questions are contained in Study Unit 15 of
this study guide.

Worked Examples
 A selection of worked examples is now discussed. Carefully work through each worked
exampled and follow the explanations that is provided. You must also refer to the prescribed
textbook while working through these examples.
 Review Study Unit 5 and 8 of the Mechanical Engineering Drawing 1 document for additional
examples.

Page 17 of 119
Sectional Views Worked Examples

You must refer to the Study Unit Schedule for the relevant reading sections. Some examples are
discussed below for sectional views.

Journal Block
Given: A Journal Block shown in First Angle Orthographic Projection (F.A.O.P). The Top
View is shown for Section line BB and the Left View is shown for Section line AA.
The Top and Left views are sectioned.

Required: Identify the different aspects on the sectioned views.

A

Figure 4: Journal Block in First Angle Orthographic Projection (F.A.O.P), (van der Merwe & Potter,
2000).

The drawing in Figure 4 has been labeled to explain the section view. Solid blue horizontal and
vertical lines were added to illustrate the projections.

Label Description:

Following the Section AA line vertically from the top to bottom:

 A: Upper portion of the block,
 B: Circular cavity, no material is cut and therefore the cavity is not sectioned,
 C: Lower portion of the block
 D: The bottom cut-out has no material on the Section AA line and therefore is not sectioned.

Page 18 of 119
Following the Section BB line horizontally from the right to left:
 E: Right portion of the base, not cut by Section BB and therefore is not sectioned
 F: Right-most segment of the circular cavity
 G: Circular cavity, no material is cut and therefore the cavity is not sectioned.

Staggered Sectional View

Given: Three views of a Plate drawn in Third Angle Orthographic Projection (T.A.O.P).
The plate accommodates two different threaded fasteners. The Sectional Right
View is drawn for staggered section line AA.

Required: Identify the different aspects of the sectioned view. The section line AA is drawn
on the Front View and the Sectioned orthographic drawing is performed for the
Right View.

Figure 5: Plate in Third Angle Orthographic Projection (F.A.O.P), (Joelsen, 2019).

The drawing in Figure 5 has been labeled to explain the staggered section view. Solid blue horizontal
lines were added to illustrate hole-center projections.

The component is composed of a single material and is not an assembly. Therefore only one hatch
type is used to illustrate the sectional Right View.

Label Description:

 A: Upper portion of the plate

 B: Line AA passes through a hole to accommodate a Cap-head screw flush.Note the change in
diameters for this hole in the Top View and how this projects onto the Sectioned Right View.
The hole is not sectioned.
 C: Middle portion of the plate beneath the hole to accommodate a Cap-head screw.

Page 19 of 119
  D: Middle portion of the plate beneath the hole to accommodate a Countersink-head screw.
Change in direction for the Section line AA.
 E: Line AA now passes through a hole to accommodate a Countersink -head screw flush.Note
the change in diameters for this hole including the angled portion in the Top View and how this
projects onto the Sectioned Right View. The hole is not sectioned.
 F: Lower portion of the plate.

A further illustration on the advantage for a staggered section view:

Suppose we had Section line AB, then we lose detail on the Counter-sink hole. One option is to half
section and to illustrate the Counter-sink hole with a hidden detail line. A similar argument can be
raised for Section line CA.

Page 20 of 119
Roller Skate Assembly
Given: A cross sectional front view of a roller skate assembly.

Required: Identify and explain the different details applied to sectioning of the assembly.

B
I

G
E

G F

Figure 6: Sectioned front view of a Roller Skate assembly (Engelbrecht, 2008).

The drawing in Figure 6 has been labeled to explain the sectioned assembly front view. Certain items
are not sectioned based on the section guidelines. These are explained below.

Label Description:

 A: Bolt
o Not sectioned,
o This includes the full bolt profile shown in representative format.

 B: Fastener cavity
o Not sectioned,
o Cylindrical hole with centreline.

 C: Base Plate
o This item is sectioned,
o The item is a single piece and is sectioned with identical hatching.

Page 21 of 119
 D: Wheel
o This item is sectioned ,
o The item is a single piece and is sectioned with identical hatching,
o There are two wheels in the assembly, each being treated as a separate item and
therefore both wheels have different hatch angles.

 E: Nut and Washer

o Not sectioned,
o Nut profile shown in representative format.

 F: Frame
o This item is sectioned,
o The item is a single piece and is sectioned with identical hatching.

 G: Shaft
o Not sectioned,
o Note the centreline,
o The shaft is only sectioned in the cross-section direction.

 H: Bush
o This item is sectioned,
o The item is a single piece and is sectioned with identical hatching.
o There are two wheels in the assembly, each being treated as a separate item and
therefore both wheels have different hatch angles.

 I: Web
o Not sectioned,
o Web’s parallel to the section plane are not sectioned, whereas
o a web perpendicular to a section plane, will be sectioned.

Page 22 of 119
Orthographic Projection Worked Examples

You must refer to the Study Unit Schedule for the relevant reading sections. Some examples are
discussed below for orthographic projection drawings.

Slide Guide
Given: Isometric drawing of a slide guide. Hidden detail is shown with dotted lines.

Required: Three views drawn in direction of the arrows in F.A.O.P. Discuss the drawing.

Plan
View

Front
View

Left Side B
View

Figure 7: Isometric view of a Slide Guide (van der Merwe & Potter,
2000).

The drawing in Figure 7 has been labeled to explain the Isometric View and location of orthographic
directions in First Angle Orthographic Projection.

Page 23 of 119
Study the labeling in the isometric drawing including the Label Descriptions below. Thereafter, on
the next page, you must try and associate the labels with their respective hidden detail lines to
understand what features the hidden detail lines represent per orthographic view.

Label Description:

 A: Base
 B: Overhang and a change in Direction
 C: Rpresents the inner trapezium-shaped cut-out
 D: Flat region between the end-supports
 E: Guide hole located inside the end-support

D
E

D
C
C
B

B
A
A

E,A

C
Symmetric
Features
B

Figure 8: Three views shown in First Angle Orthographic Projection of a Slide Guide (van der
Merwe & Potter, 2000).

The drawing in Figure 8 has been labeled to explain features on the Isometric View. Note the
identification of symmetric features on the Plan view.

Page 24 of 119
 Bearing Pedestal
Given: Front and Top View of a Bearing Pedestal

Required: Draw the given Front and Top View. Show the Right side view in T.A.O.P. Discuss
the drawing.

Top View

Front View

A
C

Figure 9: Isometric and Orthographic views in T.A.O.P for a Bearing Pedestal (Engelbrecht, 2008).

The drawing in Figure 9 has been labeled to explain certain features between the Isometric and
Orthographic Views.

Label Description:

 A: Hidden detail of the cylinder cavity,

Centerline detail along the horizontal direction is shown for the circular cavity.

 B: Hidden detail for the enlarged cylinder cavity, and,

Note the centerline detail.

 C: Hidden detail of the elliptical cut-out on the base and,

change in direction of the base.

 Note the corresponding labeling (A, B, and C) identified on the isometric view.

Page 25 of 119
 Support Bracket
Given: Front and Top View in T.A.O.P.

Required: Draw the given Sectional Front View and Top View. Show the Sectional Right
side view in T.A.O.P. Discuss the drawing.

45⁰ line
Top View

Front View

Figure 10: Isometric and Orthographic views in T.A.O.P for a Support Bracket (Engelbrecht, 2008).

The drawing in Figure 10 has been labeled to explain certain features between the Isometric and
Orthographic Views.

Label Description:

 A: Section detail of the base plate,

Note the continuous section and the non-sectioned cylinder cavities.
Note the center-lines though the cylinder.

 B: Section detail for the center portion of the Support Bracket,

Note the large cylinder hole-pair is not sectioned.
Note the center-lines though the cylinder.

 C: On the center-plane, for the fully sectioned front view, the back plate is not sectioned.

Page 26 of 119
 Note the corresponding labeling (A and C) on the isometric view.
 The following view projections apply:

o The top view dimensions are projected down onto the fully sectioned front view and
vice-versa,

o The fully-sectioned front view dimensions are projected onto the sectioned right view
and vice-versa,

o Using the 45⁰ line, the top view dimensions are projected onto the sectioned right view
and vice-versa.

Page 27 of 119
Study Unit 6: Assembly Drawing

In this Study Unit, you will learn how to assemble mechanical components into a single drawing. You
are usually given orthographic views for each component and a parts list which describes quantities,
material type, and component type. Other information could be material or machine finish, or
special comments for the manufacture or assembly of the machine item.

It is extremely important to visualize each individual machine component and how they are
assembled. Practical field experience on basic machine elements is useful, e.g. you have been
exposed to Jigs and Fixtures, Pulley mechanism, Swivel supports, or assemblies that feature shafts,
bearings, gears, bolts, nuts (fasteners) etc.

Practical field work can be obtained from vacation work placements, a visit to your local scrap yard,
Involvement with student groups in mechanical design projects at UNISA etc.

Learning Outcomes
After completion of this Unit, you will be able to:
 Interpret and draw an assembly drawing of a machine sub-system.
 Produce a parts list and labels.
 Draw sectioned assembly drawings

Recommended Reading
Read through the Machine Drawings Section (Assembly and Detail Drawings) in the prescribed
textbook Engineering Graphics and Design by J. Engelbrecht (pages 5-1 to 5-56, the exact paging may
vary with edition).

Worked Example
A worked example is discussed below to identify main items for an assembly drawing as you will
encounter for your Module.

Pulley Support

Given: Orthographic views for components of an assembly in an exploded Isometric

view

Required: Assembly drawing in T.A.O.P with a fully-sectioned front view

Page 28 of 119
 D: Fastener

These are
orthographic
C:
Component views for each
component

You must
assemble these
A:
views into a final
Component
orthographic
with web
drawing
B: Fastener

E: Parts
List

Figure 11: Exploded Isometric and component level Orthographic views in T.A.O.P for a Pulley
Support (Engelbrecht, 2008).

The drawing in Figure 11 has been labeled to identify the different assembly components. These
Labels are reproduced on the sectioned front-view of the assembly drawing (T.A.O.P).

Page 29 of 119
 C
D

Figure 12: Sectioned front-view of the assembly drawing (T.A.O.P) (Engelbrecht, 2008).

The drawing in Figure 12 has been labeled to identify the different assembly components. These
Labels are reproduced on the exploded assembly drawing.

Label Description:

 A: The body, the web is not sectioned because the web is parallel to the section plane.
The non-web material is sectioned.
 B: This is a smaller pin is shown more clearly in the Right View, extending slightly to the
outside when inserted into the pin-cavity. The pin is not sectioned.
 C: Pulley cross-section, the cut-out region around the hatched lines represents a circular
cavity and therefore is not sectioned.
 D: This is a large pin and is not sectioned. This larger pin has an aligning hole at the bottom
through which the smaller pin is inserted.
 E: The Parts List (including the projection symbol) is drawn with specific proportional
dimensions. Refer to your prescribed textbook.

Page 30 of 119
 You must be able to draw
an isometric view, given
Orthographic Views, and
vice-versa.
Study Unit 7: Isometric Drawings

This Study Unit will illustrate how to draw an isometric drawing from given orthographic views in
either first or third angle projection. Your prescribed textbook will explain the isometric drawing
layout and basic techniques for constructing the isometric drawing.

Remember that any line drawn on the isometric axis is a true-length line and any line that is angled
or curved are not true-length lines. A true-length line in an isometric drawing will have the same
measurement as given in the orthographic drawing.

Learning Outcomes
After completion of this Unit, you will be able to:
 Explain how to set-up an isometric drawing.
 Interpret an orthographic drawing in first or third angle to produce an isometric drawing.
 Draw isometric circles and semi-circles.
 Visualize three dimensional objects and identify hidden detail feature.

Recommended Reading
 Read through the Isometric Drawings Section in the prescribed textbook Engineering
Graphics and Design by J. Engelbrecht (pages 6-9 to 6-19, the exact paging may vary with
edition).
 Optionally read Chapter 13 in Engineering Drawing available over knovel from the UNISA
online library; refer to the weblink in Study Unit Schedule Section of this document.
 Work through Study Unit 6in Mechanical Engineering Drawing 1 available by the lecturer
under EGP1501 module site: Additional Resources Tab.

Practice Questions
 Attempt the revision and self-assessment subsection in Study Unit 6 of the Mechanical
Engineering Drawing 1 document.
 Refer to prescribed and recommended texts. Some questions are contained in Study Unit 15
of this study guide.

Worked Example
 Worked examples are discussed below to identify the main items encountered when
creating an Isometric drawing from orthographic views.
 Review Study Unit 6 of the Mechanical Engineering Drawing 1 document for additional
examples.

Page 31 of 119
Stepped-Block A
Given: Front and Top views drawn in F.A.O.P.

Required: Draw an Isometric View of the Stepped Block using the given views.
E
B A D

Figure 13: Three major basic steps to construct an isometric drawing from at-least two
orthographic views shown in F.A.O.P. (van der Merwe & Potter, 2000).

The drawing in Figure 13 has been labeled to identify the various steps on the isometric drawing
process. Please study this figure with the Summary, Notes and label description below. Follow the
detailed step-by-step explanation in the Prescribed Textbook.

Summary:
1. The box dimensions are draw as such to match the overall orthographic view dimensions.
2. Additional detail is added, circles, if any, are drawn with an appropriate construction
method.
3. Line types (solid, hidden, etc.) are then specified.
Notes:
 The orientation axis drawn for isometric sketches.
 Front and Top F.A.O.P views are given, therefore, in the isometric box shown in Step 1,
 The Front View is drawn based off the right panel, and
 The Top View is drawn based off the top panel, and
 The Left View is drawn off the Left panel, etc.
Label Description:
 A: Overall Width dimension for the box in step 1, equivalent to 40 mm,
 B: Overall Depth dimension for the box in step 1, equivalent to 75 mm,
 C: Overall Height dimension for the box in step 1, equivalent to 30 mm,
 D: Here we have additional detail to define the object in the isometric drawing,
 E: The last step is where the line types are added and feint construction lines carefully
removed. (In CAD, construction lines will be made ‘hidden’ or carefully removed for the final
output.)

Page 32 of 119
Stepped-Block B
Given: Three views for a stepped block shown in third angle orthographic projection.

Required: Identify the views and discuss the drawing.

B Top View

C
A

Front View
Right View
3-View Orthographic, Isometric View
Third Angle Projection

Figure 14: Orthographic projection and isometric drawing of a machined block (van der Merwe &
Potter, 2000).

Label Description:
 A: Front View, there exists hidden detail. The hidden detail describes cut-outs not visible
from the Front View.
 B: Top View, there is no hidden detail because all cut-outs have uniform depth with respect
to the Top View.
 C: Right View, there is no hidden detail because all cut-outs have uniform depth with respect
to the Top View.

Page 33 of 119
 Stepped Block C
Given: Three views in T.A.O.P.

Required: Isometric drawing and discuss.

B B A

C
D E D

F
C E

3-View Orthographic, Third Angle Projection Isometric View

Figure 15: Orthographic projection and isometric drawing of a machined block (van der Merwe &
Potter, 2000).

Label Description:
 A: Width dimension.
 B: Depth dimension
 C: Height dimension.
 D: Width dimension for step
 E: Width dimension for block face on Front View plane.
 F: Inclined surface, whose inclined edge is not a true-length line.
 G: Dotted-line to illustrate the bounding box usually created at the start of the isometric
drawing.

Note that only lines oriented on, or parallel to, the isometric axis are true-length lines and any line
drawn in any other orientation, is not a true length line.

Page 34 of 119
Stepped Block D
Given: Two views drawn in F.A.O.P.: Front and Top views. This example is explained
with detailed steps.

Required: Draw an isometric drawing. Place point A to the left of the vertical axis. Discuss
the drawing.

The drawing has 2 circular

regions. These must be
drawn using the Four-center
method.

Can you identify the 2

circular regions in the Front
and Top views?

Figure 16: First Angle Orthographic projection of a machined block (Joelsen, 2019).

Page 35 of 119
 C

D A

Figure 17: Isometric drawing of the machined block (Joelsen, 2019).

Label Description:
 A: The isometric axis is drawn at 30⁰ offset from the horizontal. The Vertical axis intersects.
 B: Overall box dimensions and regular solid detail is added using feint construction lines. This
defines the overall part geometry. Only lines parallel to the isometric axis are true length
lines. Circles and angled lines are not true length lines.
 C: Circular region 1, here we only draw the bounding box defined by the diameter. The
diameter is read-off the Front View (given orthographic view) and is a true-length line in the
isometric figure.
 D: Circular region 2, here we only draw the bounding box defined by the dimeter. The
diameter is read off the Top View (given orthographic view) and is a true-length line in the
isometric figure.
 C, D: The circles themselves are actually ellipses in the isometric figure. Therefore we cannot
simply draw them using a constant radius instead we use the Four-center method with a
compass. Axis cross-hairs are included.

The Four-point method will be applied 4 times, twice for each circular region. Can you explain why?

Page 36 of 119
 D

Figure 18: Isometric drawing of the machined block (Joelsen, 2019). Shaded regions illustrate the
pair of isometric ellipse construction.

Label Description:
 A: The offset distance between forward (red) and rearward (grey) circular regions.
 B: Lower circle (Grey). This circle is drawn on the rearward plane.
 C: Upper circle (Red). This circle is drawn on the forward plane.
 D: Circle center-axis, there are two. This label corresponds to the circle center-axis for the
forward (red) circle. Can you identify the circle center-axis for the rearward (grey) circle?
 E: Upper circle on the base. The base region is not colored, can you fully idenitfy this circle?
 F: Lower circle on the base. The base region is not colored, can you fully idenitfy this circle?
 G: Circle center-axis for the upper base circle. The center axis for the lower base circle is
shown on the diagram.

Page 37 of 119
 C

Figure 19: Isometric drawing of the machined block (Joelsen, 2019) to illustrate final presentation
of the isometric drawing.

Label Description:
 A: Remove isometric axis lines.
 B: Add line detail to the drawing.
 C: Remove four-center method construction lines for the circular regions (unless question
asked you to retain them).

Page 38 of 119
Cone Block
Given: Three views in T.A.O.P.

Required: Isometric drawing and discuss.

3-View Orthographic, Third Angle Projection Isometric View

Figure 20: Orthographic projection and isometric drawing of a machined block (van der Merwe &
Potter, 2000).

Label Description:

 A: Width dimension.
 B: Depth dimension
 C: Height dimension.
 D: Circular base drawn using the Four-Point Method. Refer to the prescribed textbook for
the procedure.

Page 39 of 119
Study Unit 8: Developments

The objective of Developments is to produce a template from which a three-dimensional shape can
be constructed.

Learning Outcomes
After completion of this Unit, you will be able to:
 Visualize development pattern of simple and moderately complex polygon and cylindrical
shapes
 Perform basic calculations for development drawings.
 Apply relevant development techniques based on the specific shape.

Recommended Reading
 Read through the Developments Section in the prescribed textbook Engineering Graphics
and Design by J. Engelbrecht (pages 9-1 to 9-6, the exact paging may vary with edition).
 Students can also refer to Study Unit 9 in Mechanical Engineering Drawing 1 available by the
lecturer under EGP1501 module site: Additional Resources Tab.

Practice Questions
 Attempt the revision and self-assessment subsection in Study Unit 9 of the Mechanical
Engineering Drawing 1 document.
 Refer to prescribed and recommended texts. Some questions are contained in Study Unit 15
of this study guide.

You must be familiar with the development drawing for the following minimum items:
 Basic Pipe (triangular, rectangular, circular, truncated versions)
 Cone truncated Any additional shapes will
 Intersecting cylinder with rectangular pipe be communicated through
 Intersecting cylinder with cylinder myUNISA announcements.
 Inclined Intersections (inclined cylinder with cylinder)
 Pipe with cut-out

Worked Examples
 Some examples from this list are discussed below for development drawings. Development
and Interpenetration questions can be combined but we will keep them separate for this
document.
 Review Study Unit 9 of the Mechanical Engineering Drawing 1 document for additional
examples.

Page 40 of 119
Triangular Pipe
Given: Two views in First Angle Orthographic Projection.

Required: Draw the development and discuss.

A
C
0
B

2
Front View

Plan View

Front View
Direction F.A.O.P Views
C
Isometric View

D
A C

Development for the Triangular Pipe

Figure 21: Development of a triangular pipe (Joelsen, 2019), mark-up added for enhanced
explanation.

Page 41 of 119
Label Description:
 A, D: These are sides of the triangular pipe and are not true-length lines. They represent
angled lines in the orthographic views.
 B: There are sides of the triangular pipe and are true-length lines. They represent straight
(non-angled) lines in the orthographic views.

True length lines are used for constructing the development drawing. Therefore the height
dimension (B) and panel width dimension (C) is used. Study the marked up figures for the Triangular
Pipe drawing.

Truncated Rectangular Pipe

Given: Two views in First Angle Orthographic Projection

Required: Draw the development and discuss.

Not true-length lines

iv iv i iv
i/iv
Vi Vi V Vi
Vie
i
V
ii iii
ii/iii V Vi
Vie
iii
Vi
ii
V
0
V
1
V
3
V 16
2 Vi
V 25
Vi
Development for the Rectangular
Isometric F.A.O.P Views
Pipe
View

Figure 22: Development of a truncated rectangular pipe (Joelsen, 2019), mark-up added for
enhanced explanation.

Page 42 of 119
Label Description:
 i/iv : Top-most points on the slope, in the Front View, horizontal projection of these points
intersect lines 0 and 1 in the development figure.
 ii/iii :Bottom-most points on the slope, in the Front View, horizontal projection of these
points intersect lines 2 and 3 in the development figure.
 Panel width in the development figure is found by the true-lengths in the plan view. The
panel heights at points: 0/iv, 1/i, 2/ii, and 3/iii are read off the Front View because they are
true-length lines. You must carefully study the development figure and trace the points as
discussed in this section.

Truncated Cylindrical Pipe

Given: Two views in First Angle Orthographic Projection.

Required: Draw the development and discuss

E
D

A
F

Development for the Truncated

Isometric F.A.O.P Views
Cylinder
View

Figure 23: Development of a truncated cylindrical pipe (Joelsen, 2019), mark-up added for
enhanced explanation.

Cylinder Dimensions: Diameter = 30 mm, Maximum height = 45 mm, slant surface 30⁰.

Page 43 of 119
Show that the smaller height dimension = 27.68 mm, rounded-up to 27.7 mm.
Label Description:
 A: Calculate the smaller cylinder height.
 B: Using the diameter, calculate the circumference and divide this into 12 equal parts, mark
them off on a horizontal line common to the Front View Datum. Draw Vertical Lines off each
mark.
 C: Divide the circle into 12 equal parts and label each segment.
 D: Project circle segments vertically onto the slanted plane in the Front View.
 E: Project the points from Step D onto the vertical lines drawn in Step B.
 F: Smoothly join the points.

Truncated Hollow Cone

Given: Two views shown in First Angle Orthographic Projection for a Truncated Hollow
Cone

Required: Draw the development and discuss

(See next page)

Page 44 of 119
 E

Development

Front View

D
F

Plan View
A

Figure 24: Development of a truncated hollow cone (Engelbrecht, 2008), mark-up added for
enhanced explanation.

This method of drawing the development for a truncated cone is approximate and suitable for this
course and described in detail in the prescribed textbook. Here, we only point out the key items.

Page 45 of 119
Label Description:
 A: Divide the plan view into 12 equal segments.
Number each segment on the base circle and the truncated region.

 B:
o Starting with the plan view, take each labeled segment on the truncated region and
vertically project these points on the front view, intersecting with the edge representing
the truncated surface and coinciding with the cone apex.
o We consider the projection of point’s ii and x in this discussion.
o The intersection of these two points from their vertical projection is labeled on the front
view.

 C:
o Starting with line AB in the Front view, draw a circular arc with center A.
o Measure the sector distance ‘W’ on the plan view and mark-off 12 equal distances on the
circular arc.
o This circular arc represents the base circle.
o Let the development start from segment 0 on the plan view, therefore the first radial
height is equal to F as shown.
o Number the segments on the circular arc sequentially, 0,1,2…etc

 D:
o Horizontally Project all the points marked off on the edge representing the truncated
surface in the front view on to line AB.
o Using a compass, center A, draw an arc.
o The red arc shown in the illustration has radius Ax/ii.

 E:
o Go back to the Plan view and observe the segments on the base circle that correspond to
segments on the truncated region.
o In this example, point’s ii corresponds with 2 and x corresponds with 10.
o Now mark off the intersection on the development as shown in the illustration.

 F:
o Slant height, true-length line, from which the development starts.
o Notice this edge corresponds to points 0/12 on the base circle in the plan view.

Page 46 of 119
Study Unit 9: Interpenetration

The objective Interpenetration is to produce the line of intersection from the intersection of at-least
a pair of three-dimensional shapes.

Learning Outcomes
After completion of this Unit, you will be able to:
 Visualize the interpenetration pattern of simple and moderately complex polygon and
cylindrical shapes.
 Apply the relevant interpenetration techniques based on the specific shape.

Recommended Reading
 Read through the Developments Section in the prescribed textbook Engineering Graphics
and Design by J. Engelbrecht (pages 9-7 to 9-29, the exact paging may vary with edition).
 Students can also refer to Study Unit 9 in Mechanical Engineering Drawing 1 available by the
lecturer on the module site: Additional Resources Tab.

Practice Questions
 Attempt the revision and self-evaluation subsection in Study Unit 9 of the Mechanical
Engineering Drawing 1 document.
 Refer to prescribed and recommended texts. Some questions are contained in Study Unit 15
of this study guide.

You must be familiar with the drawing the interpenetration curve for the following minimum
items:

 Two square pipes

Any additional shapes will
 Two Hex pipes
be communicated through
 Hex and square pipe
 Cylinder and rectangular or square pipe myUNISA announcements.
 Cylinder and cylinder
 Inclined Intersections (inclined cylinder and cylinder)

Worked Examples
 Some examples from this list are discussed below for interpenetration drawings.
Development and Interpenetration questions can be combined but we will keep them
separate for this document.
 Review Study Unit 9 of the Mechanical Engineering Drawing 1 document for additional
examples.

Page 47 of 119
Intersection of Square and Hex Pipe
Given: Intersection of a square and hex pipe, drawn in F.A.O.P. No additional views are given.
This example explains important concepts with detail. Please refer to the prescribed
textbook for more information.

Required: Draw the interpenetration curve on the front view and discuss.

A E

Figure 25: Example of interpenetration curve for intersection of a square and hex pipe.

Page 48 of 119
Label Description:

 A:
o Label the square on the Front View.
 B:
o Label corresponding points on the square, as seen from the Top View.

!!!Students must carefully study steps A and B. Visualization is important, consult the prescribed
textbook etc. !!!

 C:
o Project horizontal lines from the square onto the hexagonal cylinder. Front View,
shown as dotted-lines.
 D:
o Project horizontal lines from the square onto the hexagonal cylinder. Top View,
shown as dotted-lines.
 E:
o Locate points of intersection by projecting vertical lines from the Top View onto the
Front View.
o These are shown as red-dotted lines.
o Join intersection points with straight lines because the intersected cylinder is
hexagonal in shape.
o Matching points between Front and Top Views are shown in circles.

Page 49 of 119
Blank Page for Notes:

Page 50 of 119
Intersection of Square and Cylindrical Pipe
Given: Intersection of a square and circular pipe, drawn in F.A.O.P. No additional views are given. This example explains important concepts with
detail. Please refer to the prescribed textbook for more information.
Required: Draw the interpenetration curve on the front view and discuss.

B C

Figure 26: Example of interpenetration curve for intersection of a square and cylindrical pipe.

Page 51 of 119
Label Description:
 A:
o Label the square on the Front View.
 B:
o Label corresponding points on the square, as seen from the Top View.

!!!Students must carefully study steps A and B. Visualization is important, consult the prescribed
textbook etc. !!!

 C:
o Project horizontal lines from the square onto the hexagonal cylinder. Front View, shown
as dotted-lines.
 D:
o Project horizontal lines from the square onto the hexagonal cylinder. Top View, shown
as dotted-lines.
 E:
o Locate points of intersection by projecting vertical lines from the Top View onto the
Front View.
o These are shown as red-dotted lines.
o Join intersection points with straight lines because the intersected cylinder is hexagonal
in shape.
o Matching points between Front and Top Views are shown in circles.

Page 52 of 119
Intersection of Two Cylindrical Pipes
Given: A pair of intersecting cylinders, drawn in F.A.O.P, including an isometric view for visual
clarity. This example has key items explained with detail. Please refer to the prescribed
textbook for more information.

Required: Draw the interpenetration curve on the front view and discuss.

C E

Figure 27: Intersection of two cylindrical pipes.

Page 53 of 119
Study these drawings and understand why:
From the Front View, we see: 0-1-2-3-4-5-6 (symmetric)
From the Plan View, we see: 0 -1-2-3 (symmetric)
From the Left View, we see: 0-1-2-3-4-5-6

Label Description:
 A: Interpenetration curve on the Front View

 B: Left view showing intersecting cylinder with hidden detail. Cylinder segments drawn and
labeled.

 C: Projection of cylinder segments from Left view onto the Plan view at the intersection. Note
the plan view is not an interpenetration curve.

 D: 45⁰ construction line to aid the projection of points between the Left and Plan Views.

 E: Identification of the Horizontal and Vertical Projection lines.

Detail discussion of Key points to draw the interpenetration curve shown in the Front View:
 The intersecting cylinder projects as a circle in the Left View. Divide this circle in 12 segments.
However, because of symmetry in this example, you may simplify and create 6 segments. Label
the segments 0,1,2 etc.

 We are choosing points 1 and 5 for this discussion.

 Create the 45 projection line (D) and project points 1 and 5 onto the cylinder intersection curve
shown in the Plan View. Then Vertically project this point onto the Front View.

 Back to the Left View, project points 1 and 5 Horizontally onto the Front View.

 Mark off the intersection between the two Vertical and Horizontal lines drawn in the previous
two steps.

 Repeat the procedure for all remaining point pairs 0-6, 2-4 and 3. Then join the points using a
flexi curve.

Note: The intersection of Horizontal and Vertical lines is important to draw the interpenetration curve
on the Front View. These lines are indicated by label E on the Figure.

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Intersection of Inclined Cylindrical Pipe with a Cylindrical Pipe
Given: Intersection of an inclined cylindrical with a cylindrical pipe. Major steps are outlined for 2 pairs of points.
Required: Draw the interpenetration curve and discuss the drawing.

Label Description:
A
 A:
o Draw auxiliary projection of the inclined cylinder
from the Front view.
E
o Divide the auxiliary circle into 12 equal parts and
label 1 until12.
o Project these points and extend onto the main
cylinder.
o We will focus on the projection of two pairs:
3-11 and 5-9.
 B:
B
o Point 3-11 is projected onto the inclined cylinder
edge as viewed on the Front View.
o The point of intersection is projected vertically
C
downward onto the inclined cylinder as viewed
on the Plan View.
 C:
o Draw auxiliary projection of the inclined cylinder
from the Plan view.
o Divide this auxiliary circle into 12 equal parts and
horizontally project intersection points from this
auxiliary circle onto the Front view inclined
cylinder.

D
!!!Carefully study the labeling of the auxiliary circles in Steps A
and C !!!, (Discussion continues on the next page)

Figure 28: Demonstrating two intersection points for an inclined cylinder – cylinder intersection.
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 D:
o The horizontally projected lines in Step C intersect the cylinder intersection of the main pipe.
o These intersection points are projected vertically upwards, shown for points 9-11 and 3-5 in the Plan view drawing.
 E:
o The intersection of the vertically projected line in Step D must intersect the corresponding line from step A.
o Mark off the intersection points and join with a flexi-curve.

Figure 29: Full solution of the interpenetration curve for inclined cylinder-cylinder.

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Study Unit 10: LIMITS/FITS

This section will introduce you to concepts of Limits/Fits and will focus on the aspects of dimensional
interpretation for a basic drawing. The topics will include:

 Terminology,
 Tolerances,
 Stack-up, and
 Fits.

Learning Outcomes
After completion of this Unit, you will be able to:
 Discuss the basic terminology.
 Perform basic tolerance calculations.
 Interpret and apply the ISO Limits and Fits table for hole and shaft basis.

Recommended Reading
 Read the power-point presentation uploaded on myUNISA Additional resources. You may also
consult the following textbook listed in the Bibliography section: (Joelsen, 2019), or any relevant
text that explains ISO Limits and Fits.
 Thereafter read the Summary and work through the examples.

Practice Questions
 Refer to prescribed and recommended texts. Some questions are contained in Study Unit 15 of
this study guide.

Worked Examples
 Some worked examples are discussed after the Summary.

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Summary:
There are 3 types of Fits:
 Clearances
 Transitions
 Interference

There are 2 approaches:

 Hole basis
 Shaft basis

We will focus on the Hole basis system in this course, however you must be comfortable with either
method. Please read-up on the power-point presentation prior to attempting the worked examples
below!

The following from ANSI B4.2 standard is shown on the next page, which describes the 3 types of fits,
the ISO symbol for the Fit (e.g. H7, p6 etc.), and the Fit description. The chart shown was taken from
https://kiralytool.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/hole-shaft-tolerance-chart.pdf where only page 1
in the web-link document is relevant to this Module i.e.: Page 1 is the ISO Fit description. Figure 30
shows a wider range of Fits but is for information purposes only.

We also show the ISO limit Hole basis in Figure 31 and Shaft basis in Figure 32. The images was resized
to fit the A4 landscape page and therefore not well readable. A higher resolution image will be uploaded
to myUNISA Additional Resources.

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Figure 30: Description of Fits according to ANSI B4.2 (Page 1 https://kiralytool.com/wp-
content/uploads/2017/05/hole-shaft-tolerance-chart.pdf)

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Figure 31: ISO Fit - Hole Basis (Joelsen, 2019)

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Figure 32: ISO Fits Shaft - Basis (Joelsen, 2019)

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Illustration of Transition and Interference Fits

Two types of Fits are illustrated below, these are transition and interference fits.

Figure 33: Transition fit is illustrated for a shaft-machine block assembly. (Dawaheed)

Figure 34: Interference fit is illustrated for a shaft-machine block assembly (Dawaheed)

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Example 1: Terminology, Tolerances and Fits:
A driving fit between a Shaft and a Bearing is given as 40 H7-p6, with the measurements being taken
from the ISO tables circular fits.

 We using the Hole Basis system, therefore the first ISO Symbol designation will refer to the Hole.
1. Go to Figure 31,
2. Locate the basic size range for the basic size of 40 mm.
3. read off the following for H7 Hole: +250 , (+25 reads as +25 units, 1 unit= 0.001 mm)
4. +25 is the upper deviation and 0 is the lower deviation
5. The fit for Hole (which is the bearing) is described as follows: 40 +0.0250 in units of mm.

 Similarly for the shaft:

1. Go to Figure 31,
2. Locate the basic size range for the basic size of 40 mm.
3. read off the following for p6 Shaft: +42+26 ,
4. +42 is the upper deviation and +26 is the lower deviation
5. The fit for Shaft (which is the actual shaft) is described as follows: 40 +0.042+.026 in units of mm.

 We can now answer the following type of questions:

a) The nominal size: 40 mm

b) Tolerance on the bearing: Upper deviation – lower deviation = .025 – 0 = .025 mm

c) Tolerance on the shaft: Upper deviation – lower deviation = .042 – 0.026 = -.001 mm

d) Low limit on the bearing: basic size + lower deviation on hole = 40 + 0 = 40 mm

e) High limit on the bearing : basic size + upper deviation on hole = 40 + 0.025 = 40.025 mm

f) Low limit on the shaft: basic size + lower deviation on shaft = 40 + 0.026 = 40.026 mm
g) High limit in the shaft: basic size + upper deviation on shaft = 40 + 0.042 = 40.042 mm

h) Minimum interference/allowance (i.e. least interference):

Largest hole size – smallest shaft size
= High limit on the bearing – low limit on the shaft
= 40.025 – 40.026 =
= -0.001 mm (negative sign indicates interference fit)

i) Maximum interference/allowance (i.e. maximum interference):

Smallest hole size – largest shaft size
= Low limit on the bearing – high limit on the shaft
= 40 – 40.042 =
= -0.042 mm (negative sign indicates interference fit)

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Example 2: Dimensioning a component with a Fit
designation
Continuing from Example 1, Figure 35 illustrates how a shaft segment and hole can be dimensioned
using the Fit designation 40 H7-p6:

Shaft that will

be mated to the
component with
a Hole

Component
with a Hole

Figure 35: Dimensioning a hole and shaft, basic dimension with a Fit specification H7/p6

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Example 3: Tolerance Stack-up:
Consider a series of components that are combined to form a single part or an assembly. Some
examples are:

 Shaft, bearing, pulley assembly

 A clutch pack, brake system assembly
 A helicopter rotor blade assembly
 Aileron control system on an aircraft wing
 Vehicle suspension assembly
 Shaft, bearings, gears, housing assembly
 Customized flange design for a pipe or pressure vessel.

Therefore any assembly (or a single part) that involves mating, sliding, or contact (i.e. the mating
features clearance, transitional, or interference fits) will be subjected to a tolerance stack-up. Tolerance
from each component is combined to potentially cause misalignment or a poor fit when the assembly
has to mate, slide or make contact with another part. This will lead to a variety of poor machine function
that can include but not limited to: noise, heat, vibration, stress loading, material deformation and/or
fracture, pressure loss, rotational imbalance, harmonic excitation for components in rotation etc.

(See next page)

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Figure 36: Tolerance Stack-up example (Mahomed, 2021)

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Study Unit 11: Descriptive Geometry

Learning Outcomes
After completion of this Unit, you will be able to:
 Projection of points and lines in space.
 True length and inclination f a line.

Recommended Reading
 Read through the Descriptive Geometry Section in the prescribed textbook Engineering
Graphics and Design by J. Engelbrecht (pages 7-1 to 7-12, the exact paging may vary with
edition).
 Students can also refer to Study Unit 7 in Mechanical Engineering Drawing 1 available by the
lecturer under EGP1501 module site: Additional Resources Tab.

Practice Questions
 Work though the revision and self-assessment subsection in Study Unit 7 of the Mechanical
Engineering Drawing 1 document.
 Refer to prescribed and recommended texts. Some questions are contained in Study Unit 15 of
this study guide.

Worked Examples
 Attempt and review Study Unit 7 of the Mechanical Engineering Drawing 1 document for
additional examples.

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Study Unit 12: Loci

Learning Outcomes
After completion of this Unit, you will be able to:
 Understand the concept of loci.
 Draw the loci for objects undergoing simple motion: linear and circular.
 Loci of simple mechanisms.

Recommended Reading
 Read through the Loci Section in the prescribed textbook Engineering Graphics and Design by J.
Engelbrecht (pages 10-1 to 10-20, the exact paging may vary with edition).
 Students can also refer to Study Unit 10 in Mechanical Engineering Drawing 1 available by the
lecturer under EGP1501 module site: Additional Resources Tab.

Practice Questions
 Work through the revision and self-assessment subsection in Study Unit 10 of the Mechanical
Engineering Drawing 1 document.
 Refer to prescribed and recommended texts. Some questions are contained in Study Unit 15 of
this study guide.

Worked Examples
 Attempt and review Study Unit 10 of the Mechanical Engineering Drawing 1 document for
additional examples.

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Study Unit 13: Piping and Instrumentation

You will be given an introduction to the topic of Piping and Process Instrumentation drawing. You will
make use of the drawing techniques developed during the module.

Learning Outcomes
After completion of this Unit, you will be able to:
 Describe the different types of pipes and their uses,
 Define methods of pipe connections and their applications,
 Identify the different types of pipe fittings and valves,
 Draw/Interpret dimensioned single-line drawings with fittings and valves.
 Interpret isometric plans
 Calculate linear dimensions and straight length of pipe in angular runs

Recommended Reading
 Students can read-up on more detail for enrichment in the following resources (Access
Engineering Unisa online library): Piping Handbook, sections below describe the necessary
chapters to be read.

Practice Questions
 Work through the given diagrams and examples. The lecturer will issue questions for you to
practice during the module. Refer to study unit 15 for additional practice questions.

Introduction

Plant process and thermo-fluid engineering systems are described using a variety of standardized layout
plans (e.g. Process Flow Diagram (PFD), System Flow Diagram (SFD), Process and Instrumentation
Diagram (PID or P&ID), Single or Double Pipe Layout Diagrams, equipment layout or plot plans). The
minimum information practice for these diagrams can vary across industries, companies and
geographical location however their fundamental objectives and intended communication remain
unchanged.

A pipe is a tube made of metal, plastic, concrete or fiberglass. Pipes are used to convey liquids, gases,
slurries or fine particles. A piping system is generally considered to include interconnection of pipes,
pipe-fittings, flanges and process equipment such as heat exchangers, vessels, pumps, compressors,
fans/blowers, valves etc. Piping is used in a wide range of applications and some are listed:

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  Plumbing,
 Civil piping
 Process / industrial piping
 Transportation piping

A PFD from a commercial steam turbine vendor such as Turbomeca France may have some variation in
symbol representation of a turbine-condenser or flanged pipe-fitting compared to another firm such as
General Electric Steam Power Global.

The development of such diagrams is similar to the design process, continuously revised, improved and
creation of various revisions. Version control and document management are necessary requirements.
These diagrams are required at each of three levels in the project evolution cycle briefly described
below. These three stages are globally recognized in Project Management Best Practice programs and
cover Industrial or commercial small to mega-build projects (Excluding the Shut-down/Turn-around
Projects):

Stage 1: Project inception, assignment of responsibilities, preliminary design, cost estimate, permits and
licenses, project scheduling, stakeholder engagement, financial/insurance/underwriting/ contract
agreements, feasibility and desktop studies, identification of required code and standards.

Stage 2: Detailed design, procurement, project costing, continued stakeholder engagement, detailed
multi-disciplinary system/component simulation, manufacturing drawings, prototyping, and laboratory
testing.

Stage 3: Project execution, project and site management, site delivery and construction, construction
management, plant start-up, commercial operation of systems, and hand-over to the Client, including
maintenance/reliability/spares documentation and project close-out/project de-brief, snag-list.

Some Important piping parameters are:

 Flow rates and system pressures,

 Temperatures,
 Pipe and vessel wall thickness,
 Heat transfer rates
 Pipe stress and flexibility analysis and pipe support design
 Pipe lengths

Consider each parameter, and try to establish why they are important. Do some background reading on
the basic physics associated with each listed parameter.

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Types of Piping and Selection Considerations
Students can read-up on more detail for enrichment in the following resources (Access Engineering
Unisa online library): Piping Handbook, Section A3 Piping material. A brief description is given below.

Typical pipe materials are (investigate some of the potential use cases for each material type):
 Cast iron
 Steel
 Copper/Copper Alloy
 Plastic
 Concrete

Main consideration for pipe selection includes temperature, pressure and corrosion. Other factors
include safety, cost, compliance with project specifications and codes/standards.

Temperature
The temperature factor is determined by the type of fluid in the pipe or the quantity of external heat
exposed to or applied upon a pipe.

Example, suppose a copper pipeline is installed with its outer surfaces in the sun of average
temperature 30 ⁰C at 5 hours average daily sunshine during the Summer month. This copper pipe is now
subjected to a steady thermal energy source causing the material temperature of the pipe to increase.
Adequate thermal expansion consideration must be taken into account at pipe fittings and supports.
Thermal stress must also be factored into the design.

Another example is the transport of cryogenic or high temperature fluids, in these scenarios the effect
of fluid temperature on the pipe material must be assessed and will include aspects such as thermal
expansion and thermal stress. Piping flexibility is then a requirement in the design of a piping layout.

Pressure
The pressure factor is a process or system state variable and depends on the design of the piping
system. The pipe internal pressure will largely determine the wall thickness of the pipe. Mass flow rates
will largely determine the pipe inner diameter (Volumetric flow rates are suitable for incompressible
flow and non-2phase flow). Do note both factors are coupled in the selection of pipe diameter and wall
thickness i.e. you need to consider both pressure and relevant flow rate in the analysis.

Fail or abnormal operation considers scenarios such as sudden valve shut during normal operation. A
sudden pressure rise will occur within the pipe and this maximum must be accounted for in the design
of the piping system. Therefore maximum pressure may occur during abnormal operation. A pipe
blockage can create an obstruction and cause pressure rise and/or flow-rate reduction of fluid transport
within a pipe.

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Safety
The design of the piping system must be safe during failed scenarios as best as possible and clearly safe
during normal operation. It is not possible to design for every abnormal scenario. Various fail-over
systems must be introduced (e.g. vents, emergency shut-off valves, secondary or multiple alternate
routing, and limit switches, warning alarms, process control sensing elements etc.).

A HAZAD/OP analysis or similar will identify risks and establish the required fail-safe systems necessary
depending on the nature of the fluid, piping system and proximity or impact upon civilian environments
including the environment. Example, a nuclear piping system will feature a far greater number of fail-
safe systems than a low –pressure domestic water reticulation system.

Corrosion
Transport of fluid within a pipe may contain trace, dissolved or contaminated elements such as mineral
salts, chemical deposits, solid particles etc. Mineral deposits could be naturally occurring whereas
chemical deposits can arise from chemical-dosing operations in a plant. Solid particles such as flue gas
can be entrapped in air pipe lines or if scrubbers have inadequate measures to eliminate flue gas
particles. State changes (such as boiling) can cause mineral or solid deposits to build-up with in the pipe,
fluid motion creates relative movement between the solid particles and pipe inner surface to cause
wear.

Depending on the chemical potential between the fluid and pipe material, chemical reactions can occur
that will cause the pipe material to corrode. Galvanic corrosion can occur on both inner and outer
surfaces depending on conditions to support this effect.

Pipe Connection, Fittings and Valves

Pipe Connection
Students can read-up on more detail for enrichment in the following resources (Access Engineering
Unisa online library): Piping Handbook, Section A2 Piping Components: A2.6, A2.7, and A2.8. A brief
description is given below.

There are various pipe connection methods that may be used to joint two pipes. The selection of a
suitable connection will depends on the following considerations amongst others:

 Connection strength (line pressure, expansion stress dependent)

 Leak tight requirement (hazard type and environment dependent)
 Line pressure (low, intermediate and high line pressure; this will impact connection integrity and
leak proof requirements)

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  Joint/connection flexibility (Environment effects on joint movement such as seabed piping,
thermal expansion, structural support movement relative to joint)
 Hazard nature of pipe fluid (Pure oxygen gas, LPG, inert gas, water, flammable or toxic aspects)
 Pipe material (ductile iron, steel, copper, concrete, plastic)
 Environment factors (e.g. corrosion, ground location, thermal and seismic effects)

Typical pipe connections:

 Weld,
 Screwed,
 Flanged,
 Soldered,
 Bell (Hub) and Spigot,
 Mechanical Joint,
 Solvent,
 Flaring

Fittings
Students can read-up on more detail for enrichment in the following resources (Access Engineering
Unisa online library): Piping Handbook, Section A2 Piping Components: A2.1 until A2.6. A brief
description is given below.

Pipe fittings allow a pipe to change direction or size, or to allow branching or connections. These are
necessary when a pipe has to navigate corners, obstacles or change in elevation. Changes in pipe size
are often associated with a supply change in volumetric flow rate or mass flow rate (compressible
flows). Branching and connections often occur in network piping and may be integrated with pipe size
changes and changes in direction.

The three main types of fittings are screwed, welded and flanged. Some typical pipe fittings are listed
below.

Typical pipe fittings:

 Welded
 Screwed
 Union
 Coupling and half-coupling
 Street elbow
 Bushing
 Plug
 Flanges

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Valves
Students can read-up on more detail for enrichment in the following resources (Access Engineering
Unisa online library): Piping Handbook, Section A10.1 Selection and Application of Valves: A10.1, 10.2,
10.7 and 10.8. A brief description is given below.

Valve components help to control and regulate flow within a pipe or pipe network through a number of
functions: regulate flow rate, maintain a set pressure, and prevent backflow or pressure build-up. Valves
are required to control open/close flows in a network. These functions are often accomplished through
a specific valve type.

Typical valve types:

 On-Off Valve (gate valve, ball valve, plug valve)

 Regulating valve (globe valve, angle valve, butterfly valve, needle valve, diaphgram valve)
 Backflow valve (check valve, swing check and lift check valves)
 Safety and relief valves
 Control valves
 Pressure regulating valves

Typical Piping Symbols

Selected piping symbols are described here and that is used in this course (Madsen). These symbols are
used on Process/Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams and are contained in an Appendix. You should be
familiar with these symbols as your progress through your study years; however for this course we will
consider a subset of these symbols for the purpose of an Introduction to Piping Drawing.

Symbol Description

Horizontal/Vertical Vessel or can

represent a simple Reactor

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 Pump

Heat exchanger

Concentric expander

Concentric reducer

Closed tank

Open tank

Fan

Pipe Drawings
The preparation of a pipe drawing Involves inputs from a variety of sources and some of these are listed
below. We will consider only two types in the module: basic Process or system flow diagram and a basic
Process and Instrumentation diagram.

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  Maps of the site plan
 Equipment layout plan
 Services layout plan
 Design and as-built documentation
 Operation manuals
 Process or system flow diagrams (PFD or SFD)
 Process and Instrumentation diagrams (PID)

System or Process Flow Diagram

This diagram gives an overview on the overall layout of a plant/process system or subsystem. The
drawing does not show minor components (e.g. pressure, temperature, flow instruments and
controllers), piping systems (e.g. control loops, non-primary by-pass lines, drainage lines, auxiliary loops
etc.) and pipe properties (e.g. size, spec., material, ratings etc.)

A process flow diagram (PFD) or system flow diagram (SFD) is an input to the development of a piping
drawing which shows the pipe specification including fittings and valves. You will be required to
interpret a basic process or system flow diagram and thereafter construct or interpret a pipe drawing.

Some basic examples are given below. Critique these and other such drawings to develop an engineering
response and judgment towards interconnected components. You only required identifying components
and understand the basic process flow.

Note: no valves, flanges, fittings are shown on these PFD. When drawing the piping diagram, we then
show the valves, flanges and fittings (we need to consult various other documents as stated in the
previous section to obtain the required information however this is not required for this course)

Pump with inlet and outlet

Two pumps, showing inlet and outlet, with a 3-way

One pump, showing inlet and outlet, and flow
valve coupling or Tee-section. P-801/2 is just
direction. P-804 is just a name given to the pump.
names given to the pump.

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Boiler

Boiler showing Boiler Feed Water (BFW) in and High Pressure (HP) steam on the exit. Hot air enters at
the top (note the arrow direction for lin e7) and the cooler air then exits at the bottom. R-801 is just a
name given to the boiler used in the PFD.

Air Pre-heater

This item heats incoming air for the boiler. Air flows from the left towards the right (note horizontal
arrow direction). Steam flows through the zig-zag symbol, where we note this symbol is a heat
exchanger (See symbol diagram above). H-801 is just a name given to the air-preheater as used in the
PFD.

Single-line piping

This is a single line drawing is a piping drawing that shows the size and location of pipes, fittings and
valves. The drawing is produced to scale and is readily developed to illustrate layout and fabrication of a
piping system.

The single-line piping drawing is a piping layout and is an orthographic drawing developed from a varied
set of documents. These usually include P&ID, site survey data, equipment location plan, electrical
layout, service facilities (water reticulation, sewage, fire-fighting, drainage etc.) plan and other such
documents. The important aspect is to identify all the existing and planned

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plant/process/equipment/building components before developing the piping layout. Guidelines by
relevant Codes, Standards and Government Regulations applicable to spacing and position requirements
amongst others are important. There may be several iterations of a single-line piping drawing.

In this course you will be required to develop a single-line pipe drawing given a basic P&ID diagram or a
basic component layout/description which can be illustrated with a system flow diagram.

Metrics in Piping and Pipe Specification

The tables below illustrate common NPS (nominal pipe size in inches) or DN (diameter nominal in mm).
For NPS>12”, the given dimension refers to the OD (outer diameter); whereas NPS≤12”, refers to
approximately the ID (inner diameter).

NPS (IN) DN (mm) NPS (IN) DN (mm)

1/8 6 8 200
3/16 7 10 250
1/4 8 12 300
1/2 15 16 400
1 25 24 600
1 1/4 32 28 700
1 1/2 40 30 750
2 50 42 800
2 1/2 65 36 900
3 80 40 1000

In this course you can provide piping specification by stating the following information:

 Pipe diameter
 Pipe length
 Pipe flow arrows
 Elevation location of all pipe direction changes in section views
 Pipe contents and identification number (if given)
 Size and type of valves and fittings (if given)
 Equipment name and numbers (if given)

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Example of a ½” stainless-steel pipe to transport water in reticulation system can be stated as follows:

½” – 4’ - W – SS-100

Where:

 ½” is the pipe diameter

 4’ is the pipe length
 W refers to water, or could even be WM (water mains)
 SS refers to material (in this case, Stainless Steel)
 100 refer to system identification number unique to any project. This could also be written as
SS-100.

Therefore as a suggestion, use the following format for pipe-specification for this course, and depending
on the information given: Pipe diameter – Pipe length – Pipe contents – Pipe material – System
identification number. A simplified version showing only pipe dimensions is:

½” – 4’

Note that dimensions can also be stated in SI units.

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Pipe fittings and valves
Pipe fittings and valves are generally considered as illustrations unique to a pipe drawing as compared to
a PFD or PID. On the pipe drawing (example for a single line), all pipe fittings, valves including welds will
be distinguished from each other thereby showing such detail on a pipe drawing. We will consider
selected aspects for this course and these are described in the Figure(s) below based largely on the Butt
weld (see the following website for socket, threaded and additional items for enrichment:
http://www.wermac.org/documents/symbols_iso.html) . We will use these symbols when developing or
interpreting the pipe drawing.

Pipe connections1 Common valves1

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 Additional Valves1 Flanges1

1 http://www.wermac.org/documents/symbols_iso.html

Piping elevations and Sections

Pipe elevations or sections are used to define vertical pipe location relative to a common datum; usually
taken as Bottom of Pipe (BOP), other reference points are Top of Concrete (TOC) or Top of Steel (TOS).
The elevations are defined with respect to pipe centers and the symbol is ℄ (in MS word this is “2104
Alt+x”).

℄ Elevation for each pipe is defined TO TANK EL. is defined with

with respect to FDN. EL. 0m. respect to FDN. EL. 0m.

℄ EL. 6m
4”-5m

TO TANK EL. 5m ∴This height is 1m (=6m-5m)

4” F2

Foundation elevation
Pipe f in “ and is 1m from 0m datum.
length in m.
℄ Elevation defined
on the left, and
2” F1 measured from FDN.
EL. 0m datum
℄ EL. 1.2m
BO TANK. EL. 1m
2”-4m
FDN. EL. 0m

2” V1 2” V2

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 Item Description Qty.
1 2” Check valve (V1) 1
2 2” Gate Valve (V2) 1
3 2” Threaded Flange (F1) 1
4 4” Threaded Flange (F2) 1
5 Elbow 90⁰ 1
6 2” pipe 4m
7 4” pipe 5m

Abbreviation meanings:

 TO: Top of Tank

 BO: Bottom of Tank
 FDN: Foundation Elevation
 EL.: Elevation

Additional example on single line piping

We consider the following PFD shown earlier, and now modified to show a 3-way tee section on the
pipe-outlet segment:

2”F2
2”- 5m

1/2”F1

2”- 6m
Pump
1/2”- 3m

2” V2
2” V2

1/2” V1

Item Description Qty.

1 1/2” Gate valve (V1) 1
2 1/2” Threaded Flange (F1) 1
2 2” Gate Valve (V2) 2
3 2” Threaded Flange (F2) 1
4 2” Tee Elbow 1
5 2” Elbow 90⁰ 1
6 1/2” pipe 3m
7 2” pipe 11m (add linear dim.)

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What will be required?

 Identify the symbols, fittings, and valves as indicated by the green dot.
 Re-draw a given single line diagram
 Add pipe specification (as per suggested template)
 Add center-line dimensions

Appendix
(For enrichment only. Source Ref.: (Madsen))

Common Symbols

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Pipe Connection/Fittings/Valves

Common Valve Actuators

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Additional Plant and Process Equipment

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Study Unit 14: Practice Questions

This chapter provides a selection of practice questions for students to apply their knowledge after
working though the required study-units. These questions can be discussed with your class mates,
eTutor, and lecturer.

Learning Outcomes
After completion of this Unit, you will be able to:
 Apply the basic drawing techniques for line-types, scale, freehand sketching, constructions,
annotation and dimensioning including the use of drawing instruments.
 Apply the basic drawing techniques to intermediate topics: orthographic, isometric, assembly
and sectioning of mechanical drawings.
 Apply basic and intermediate drawing techniques to Introduction of development,
interpenetration, descriptive geometry and loci.
 Explain and apply calculation concepts in Limits/Fits.
 Apply the basic drawing techniques to Introduction of piping and instrumentation drawing.

Required Learning Resources

You will use the following textbooks for some practice questions given in Study Unit 15. (Textbook
details were given in the Orientation study unit of this study guide but are repeated here for
convenience.)

Title Author Available Type

Mechanical Engineering Unisa myUnisa Additional Recommended text
Drawing 1 Resources
Workbook for Mechanical Unisa myUnisa Additional Recommended
Engineering Drawing 1 Resources Workbook

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Dimensioning and Basics
Question 1.1

Attempt the following questions from the Supplementary Workbook for Mechanical Engineering
Drawing (Note: Have your prescribed textbook open):

Question # in the Workbook Topic

1 Types of Lines
3 Lettering
5 Dimensioning Basics
6 Dimensioning: Arcs and Circles
7 Dimensioning: Techniques
33 Title Block

Question 1.2

An incorrectly dimensioned shape is shown in Figure 37. You required to identify at-least 10
dimensioning errors. The maximum number of unique errors is 12.

Figure 37: Incorrectly dimensioned shape (van der Merwe & Potter, 2000)

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Question 1.3

Redraw the following shape however the component is poorly dimensioned.

 Discuss why the dimensioning approach is poor. In your discussion explain if the dimensioned
drawing is understandable or can this be improved and how?
 What do you understand by the term ‘dimensioning’ when applied for a drawing?
 Explain the steps to redraw the shape below using a scale 2:1. What dimensions will you now
use?

Figure 38: Poorly dimensioned shape

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Question 1.4

You are given a dimensioned stepped-flange pipe and comments concerning the pipe width and flange
thickness. Re-draw the side view and correctly dimension the drawing using the given information.

Figure 39: Dimensioned of a stepped piped flange

Question 1.5

Redraw the following shapes using your drawing instruments:

Figure 40: Diagram for instrument drawing (van der Merwe & Potter, 2000)

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Freehand Sketching/Drawing

Question 2.1

Attempt the following questions from the Supplementary Workbook for Mechanical Engineering
Drawing (Note: Have your prescribed textbook open):

Question # in your Supplementary Workbook Topic

4 Sketching/NTS Drawing

Question 2.2

Use square boxes or grids to locate circles and their centers. Re-draw the shape shown in Figure 41 using
free-hand sketching techniques. You may estimate the size of non-dimensioned items relative to the
given dimensions. What drawing technique are you making use of to ensure similarity of your drawing
compared to the given version?

Figure 41: Diagram for free-hand sketching (van der Merwe & Potter, 2000)

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Question 2.3

Make a neat freehand sketch of the pillow block. Assume sensible dimensions and/or estimate off the
given isometric view. A pillow-block is a machine accessory fixed to a mounting plate and supports a
rotating shaft in a journal bearing. The journal bearing is sealed within the pillow-block.

Figure 42: Isometric sketch of a pillow-block (Frey & Gossard, 2009)

Question 2.4

Using grid paper or square boxes draw the primary orthographic views for the isometric shape shown in
Figure 43. You may use either First or Third angle and take the Front View as shown in direction of the
arrow. Estimate dimensions based off the given drawing, you may also choose to draw your solution at a
scale larger than 1:1.

Figure 43: Diagram for Isometric/Orthographic free-hand sketching (van der Merwe & Potter, 2000)

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Constructions

Question 3.1

Attempt the following questions from the Supplementary Workbook for Mechanical Engineering
Drawing (Note: Have your prescribed textbook open):

Question # in the Workbook Topic

8 Geometric Drawing: Circumscribed Triangle
9 Geometric Drawing: Line Division
10 and 11 Geometric Drawing: Tangents
12 Geometric Drawing: Hexagons
13 Geometric Drawing: Ellipse, 4-center method

Question 3.2

Draw the following shapes using line construction methods to bisect a line. Apply the
techniques described in the prescribed textbook, page 4-7. Specifically, this question will focus
on:

 Bisecting a line
 Perpendicular line from a point on a given line
 Perpendicular line from a point onto a given line

Attempt the line constructions on page 4-8 and 4-9 from the prescribed textbook.

Figure 44: Simple line

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 Figure 45: Given point on a simple line

Figure 46: Given point above a simple line

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Question 3.3

Draw the following circular shapes using circle construction methods. Apply the techniques
described in the prescribed textbook, page 4-10. Specifically, this question will focus on
constructing a circle through 3 given points (ABC).

Also, Attempt the line constructions on page 4-11 and 4-12 from the prescribed textbook.

Figure 47: 3 points dimensioned from a common datum.

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Question 3.4

Draw the following shapes using tangential arc construction methods. Apply the techniques
described in the prescribed textbook, page 4-13. Specifically, this question will focus on:

 Construction of an arc tangential to two lines at right angles

 Construction of an arc tangential to two lines at an acute angle
 Construction if an arc tangential to two lines at an obtuse angle

Figure 48: Filleted block. Create an arc tangent between two lines at right angles.

Page 95 of 119
Figure 49: Filleted block. Create an arc tangent between two lines at an acute angle.

Figure 50: Filleted block. Create an arc tangent between two lines at an obtuse angle.

Page 96 of 119
Question 3.5

Draw the following shapes using tangential arc construction methods. Apply the techniques
described in the prescribed textbook, page 4-13. Specifically, this question will focus on:

 Construction of an arc tangential between a point and a line

 Construction of an arc tangential between a point and a circle
 Construction if an arc tangential between a line and a circle

Figure 51: Arc block. Create an arc tangent between a point and a line

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Figure 52: Arc block. Create an arc tangent between a point and a circle

Figure 53: Arc block. Create an arc tangent between a line and a circle

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Question 3.6

Draw the following shapes using tangential arc construction methods. Apply the techniques
described in the prescribed textbook, page 4-15. Specifically, this question will focus on:

 Construction of a tangential arc to exclude both circles

 Construction of a tangential arc to include both circles
 Construction if a tangential arc to include one circle and exclude another

Figure 54: Pair of circles joined by a tangential arc (exclude both circles)

Figure 55: Pair of circles joined by a tangential arc (include both circles)

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 Figure 56: Pair of circles joined by a tangential arc (include one circle, exclude another)

Question 3.7

Draw an ellipse and isometric circle using the four-point center method. You may choose any
dimensions but some are given below as a guide:

 Isometric circle, take diameter of 50 mm

 Ellipse, take major axis as 100 mm, minor axis as 60 mm
 Ellipse, take major axis as 150 mm, minor axis as 80 mm

Refer to the prescribed textbook for examples at the end of Chapter 4. Remember to work through all
the sections in Chapter 4.

Page 100 of 119

Orthographic, Isometric, Oblique, Sectioning and
Assembly Drawings (incl. Fasteners)

Question 4.1

Attempt the following questions from the Supplementary Workbook for Mechanical Engineering
Drawing (Note: Have your prescribed textbook open):

Question # in the Workbook Topic

15, 17 First Angle Orthographic Projection
16 Third Angle Orthographic Projection
18, 19, 20, 21 Sectioning
22, 23 Bolt and Nut, Fasteners Types
24 Oblique Drawing
25, 26 Isometric Drawing and circles
36 Three Views and Half Sections
39 Part Drawing and Sectioning
40,41 Assembly: Component Drawing
42 Oblique and Isometric Drawings

Page 101 of 119

Question 4.2

You are given an isometric drawing in Figure 57 and with true-length dimensions in mm. Refer to
beginning pages of Chapter 5 in the prescribed textbook on how to insert the Ground Line, construct the
45⁰ line to project points between views.

You are required to draw the Front; Side and Plan views for both ‘First’ and ‘Third’ angle orthographic
projection. Take the front view as shown in direction of the arrow.

Figure 57: Isometric drawing of a box with cylindrical cut-out

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Question 4.3

Complete the orthographic view in Figure 58 using the given information. You must redraw the two
given orthographic views. Estimate dimensions not given from the page using a ruler. Use the given
isometric drawing to help visualize the shape to help complete the missing orthographic view.

Refer to beginning pages of Chapter 5 in the prescribed textbook on how to insert the Ground Line,
construct the 45⁰ line to project points between views.

Figure 58: Incomplete orthographic drawing for an inclined block

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Question 4.4

Given:

Drawings 1 to 6, are shown in first angle

orthographic projection, and either correctly
or incorrectly represents the component as
shown on the left.

Required:

Carefully examine each drawing and briefly

explain why each representation is incorrect or
correct.

Figure 59: Incomplete and incorrect orthographic drawings (van der Merwe & Potter, 2000)

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Question 4.5

Two orthographic views are shown of an object in third angle projection. Using the dimensions given
and your instruments, draw the isometric view.

Figure 60: Two views of an object shown in third angle orthographic projection.

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Question 4.6

You are given a dimensioned isometric view of a block. Draw the three principal orthographic views in
third angle projection. Take the Front view as shown in direction of arrow A.

Furthermore, you can also draw the three principle first angle orthographic views, as before, take the
front view as shown in direction of arrow A.

Compare your two orthographic views, how different are they and what do they communicate?

Figure 61: Stepped dimensioned block shown in isometric view

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Question 4.7

You are given a dimensioned isometric view of a block. The cut-outs are performed through the objects
width = 20 mm. Draw the three principal orthographic views in third angle projection. Take the Front
view as shown in direction of arrow A.

Furthermore, you can also draw the three principle first angle orthographic views, as before, take the
front view as shown in direction of arrow A.

Compare your two orthographic views, how different are they and what do they communicate?

Figure 62: Stepped dimensioned block with cut-out shown in isometric view
Page 107 of 119
Development and Interpenetration

Question 5.1

Attempt the following questions from the Workbook for Mechanical Engineering Drawing (Note: Have
your prescribed textbook open) :

Question # in the Workbook Topic

29, 30 Development
31, 32 Interpenetration

Question 5.2

Redraw the given views in Figure 63 and generate the development pattern for each truncated cone-
cylinder.

Figure 63: A pair of truncated cone-cylinders for development

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Question 5.3

Re-do question 5.1 but instead of a square, make the shape into a cylinder of diameter 28 mm. Draw the
interpenetration curve for the cylinder-cylinder intersection (both cylinder’s at right angles to each
other).

Question 5.4

Redraw the given views in Figure 64 and generate the development pattern for the truncated cone.

Figure 64: Truncated cone for development.

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Question 5.5

Redraw the given views in using the dimensions shown in Figure 65 and draw the interpenetration curve
for the front-view. The edge numbering is given.

Figure 65: Hexagonal – square interpenetration

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Question 5.6

Redraw the given views in using the dimensions shown in Figure 66 and draw the interpenetration curve
for the front-view.

Figure 66: Intersection of polygon and cylinder for the interpenetration curve.

Question 5.7

Re-do question 5.6 but instead of a square, make the shape into a cylinder of diameter 28 mm. Draw the
interpenetration curve for the cylinder-cylinder intersection (both cylinder’s at right angles to each
other).

Page 111 of 119

Question 5.8

Redraw the given views in using the dimensions shown in Figure 67 and draw the interpenetration curve
for the front-view.

Figure 67: A pair of inclined cylinders for interpenetration curve.

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Limits and Fits
Question 6.1

Attempt the following questions from the Supplementary Workbook for Mechanical Engineering
Drawing as stated under the Section: Prescribed and Recommended Textbooks. (Note: See under
myUNISA Additional Resources to download the referenced workbook):

Question # in the Workbook Topic

38 Tolerances

Question 6.2

A driving fit between a Shaft and a Bearing is given as 50 H7-p6, with the measurements being taken
from the ISO tables circular fits.

Answer the following:

a) The nominal size:

b) Tolerance on the bearing:

c) Tolerance on the shaft:

d) Low limit on the bearing:

e) High limit on the bearing :

f) Low limit on the shaft:

g) High limit in the shaft:

h) Minimum interference/allowance (i.e. least interference):

i) Maximum interference/allowance (i.e. maximum interference):

Page 113 of 119

Question 6.3

Give two examples each for the following type of fits (Refer to Figure 30):

a) Clearance fit
b) Interference fit
c) Transitional fit

Question 6.4

Consider the shaft in Figure 68. Using the upper and lower limit shaft diameter dimensions, give nominal
shaft diameter with the tolerance values. Make a neat sketch of the front view and dimension the shaft.

Upper limit of shaft diameter = 30.10 mm

Lower limit if shaft diameter = 29.80 mm

Figure 68: Isometric and front break view of a simple shaft

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Question 6.5

Calculate the effect of tolerance stack-up on the machined shaft. Give your result as total shaft length
and the cumulative tolerances (upper and lower values).

Figure 69: Tolerance stack-up

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Descriptive Geometry
Question 7.1

Attempt the following questions from the Supplementary Workbook for Mechanical Engineering
Drawing as stated under the Section: Prescribed and Recommended Textbooks. (Note: See under
myUNISA Additional Resources to download the referenced workbook):

Question # in the Workbook Topic

27 Perspective: Two Point, Basics
28 True Length/Inclination

Loci
Question 8.1

Attempt the following questions from the Supplementary Workbook for Mechanical Engineering
Drawing as stated under the Section: Prescribed and Recommended Textbooks. (Note: See under
myUNISA Additional Resources to download the referenced workbook):

Question # in the Workbook Topic

34, 35 Loci

Page 116 of 119

Piping
Question 9.1

You have an incomplete diagram of a single-line pipe drawing with additional information given
below:

 A pump draws water through a 1/2” pipe from an in-line reservoir. The inlet pipe is made of
stainless steel and has a total length of 20m.
 The pump discharges the water through a 2”stainless steel outlet pipe with a total length of
10m.
 A tee section tap-off is located on the same elevation as the outlet pipe. This length is 5m
and is a stainless steel 2” pipe.
 Vertical difference between pipe inlet and outlet is negligible.
Using sensible choices for component dimensions, component spacing, and line thickness, you
are required to complete the given drawing using your drawing instruments or CAD:

 Redraw the given single-line pipe drawing showing:

o valves,
o flanges,
o elbow and tee connections,
o flow direction arrows (add this in)
 Show the pipe specification for the inlet, outlet and tap-off pipes. Insert the pipe
specification in the balloons as shown on the drawing.
 Show the parts list for the pipe fittings only

(Give the Item Number, Description and Quantity)

2”F2

1/2”F1

Pump

2” V2
2” V2

1/2” V1

Figure 70: Incomplete Single-Line Drawing A

Page 117 of 119

Question 9.2
You have an incomplete diagram of a single-line pipe drawing with additional information given
below:
A pump draws water through a 2” pipe from a reservoir located 3m below the Tank Foundation.
The inlet pipe is made of stainless steel and has a total length of 10m.

 The pump discharges the water into a tank through a ½”stainless steel pipe with a total
length of 10m. This pipe terminates 1m above Top of Tank (TO Tank).
 Vertical difference between pipe inlet and outlet is negligible.

Using sensible choices for component dimensions, component spacing, and line thickness, you
are required to complete the given drawing using your drawing instruments or CAD:

 Redraw the given single-line pipe drawing showing:

o valves,
o flanges,
o elbow connections,
o tank elevations,
o flow direction arrows (add this in)
 Show pipe center-line with respect to Bottom of Tank (BO Tank).
 Show the pipe specification for the inlet and outlet pipes. Insert the pipe specification in the
balloons as shown on the drawing.
 Show the parts list for the pipe fittings only
(Give the Item Number, Description and Quantity)

TO TANK. EL. 5m

BO TANK. EL. 0m

Pump

Figure 71: Incomplete Single-Line Drawing B

Page 118 of 119

Bibliography
Dawaheed, M. (n.d.). Chapter 5. Retrieved March 2011, from Islamic University of Gaza:
http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/aabuzarifa/files/METRO20152_CH52.pdf

Engelbrecht, J. (2008). Engineering Graphics and Design for the Senior Secondary Phase. Pretoria: HSE cc.

Frey, D., & Gossard, D. (2009). Design Handbook: Engineering Drawing and Sketching. Retrieved 2021,
from MIT Opencourseware Design and Manufacturing 1:
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-007-design-and-manufacturing-i-spring-
2009/index.htm

Joelsen, S. B. (2019). Engineering Drawing Guide. Westville: Author.

Madsen, D. A. (n.d.). Engineering Drawing and Design.

Mahomed, I. (2021, March). Limits and Tolerances. Johannesburg.

van der Merwe, E., & Potter, C. (2000). Introduction to Engineering Graphics: A Drawing Workbook.
Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.

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