Commission on Higher Education
REPUBLIC COLLEGES OF GUINOBATAN, INC.
G. Alban St., Iraya, Guinobatan, Albay
GRADUATE SCHOOL
WRITTEN REPORT
Name of the Reporter: SANDY MORATO OPIANA, Lic. Agr., LPT
Course: MASTER OF EDUCATION
Course Code and Description: EDUC 201 – METHODS OF RESEARCH
Professor: DR. JOVERT M. OFRACIO
Topic: SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Date of Reporting: OCTOBER 23, 2022
DETAILS OF REPORT
INTRODUCTION
In research undertaking, sampling techniques is very important especially if the population under study is
very large. If the population is too large, it is advisable to get samples in order to be effective, efficient,
and economical in data gathering.
POPULATION AND SAMPLES
POPULATION is the finite or infinite collection of objects, events or individuals with specified class or
characteristic under consideration, such student in a certain university, legitimate taxi driver in Manila. It
refers to the totality of the individuals in the research study.
SAMPLE refers to the representative portion of the population under study. “Representative of the
Population” means a portion of the population chosen in such a manner that that characteristic and
variations are reflected.
Reasons for the use of Sample
Sample allows us to obtain information with greater speed.
Sample allows us to obtain information with reduced cost.
Sample allows us to obtain information over a greater scope.
Sample allows us to obtain information with greater accuracy.
SAMPLING is a process which involves taking part of the population, making observations on these
representative groups, and the generalizing to the findings to bigger population. It also refers to strategies
which enable the researcher to pick a sub-group from a larger group and then use this sub-groups as a
basis for asking judgement about the larger group.
How to determine the Sample
Besides using formula to determine the sample size, the two important considerations that can limit size
of the sample are:
Time constraint
Funding constraint
The Sample Size
Choosing an appropriate sample size will depend on three factors. There are:
1. The level of Confidence
2. The Margin of Error
3. The Dispersion (Standard Deviation) of the Data
THE SLOVIN’S FORMULA
Is used to calculate the sample size (n) given the population size (N) and a margin of error (e). -It
is computed as n = N / (1+Ne2).
SLOVIN'S FORMULA is used to calculate the sample size necessary to achieve a certain
confidence interval when sampling a population. This formula is used when you don't have enough
information about a population's behavior (or the distribution of a behavior) to otherwise know the
appropriate sample size.
The formula is:
where:
n = Sample size
N = Population
E = Margin of Error (0.01, 0.05 and 0.10) but the most reliable to use is 0.05
Law of Large Number
The larger the size of the sample, the closer its characteristics should be the characteristic of the entire
population.
Example:
1. The total OSY population in a certain locality is 10,600. What will be the sample size? Solution:
= 10,600/1+10,600(0.05)2
= 385.45 or 385
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
In probability sampling, every member of the population has the chance of being selected. It
involves principle or randomization or chance.
Sampling Techniques
1. Complete Enumeration (census taking). This is vital tool if the information gathered would be
used for administrative purposes and if it is a local or national concern. Used as benchmark or
reference points for correct statistic and are used as sampling frames for most correct sample
survey.
2. Complete Enumeration Survey. This is a large undertaking which requires a large investment
of money and employment. It is consume a lot of time and effort.
3. Random Sampling. This is the most commonly used sampling techniques in which its member
of all members of population is given an equal chance of being selected in the sample. This is
referred to as “fair sampling”.
4. Non Random Sampling. This is a method of collecting a small portion of the population by
which not all members in the population are given a chance to be included in the sample.
Example of Simple Random Sampling Techniques
a. Lottery or Fishbowl Sampling. This is done by simply writing the names or members of
members of all members of the population in small rolled pieces of paper which are later
placed in a container.
b. Sampling with the use of Table of Random Numbers. (used if the population is large).
This contains rows or columns of digit randomly ordered by computer. Sample size can
be determined by at arbitrary point in the Table of Random Numbers, closing your eyes
and haphazardly pointing at an entry in the table.
c. Systematic Sampling. This is done by taking every k th element in the population. Every
kth employee from the listed order will be included in the sample. If N is known k value
can be calculated as:
K=N/n
where: N – the population n – sample size
k – sampling interval
1. Stratified Sampling. The population can be partitioned into several strata or sub-group.
a. Simple Stratified Random Sampling. Population is grouped into more or less
homogenous classes with common characteristics.
Example: population of students taking History of size N = 800 can be group
according to rear levels.
b. Stratified Proportional Random Sampling. The characteristics of the population is
such that the population of the sub-grouped are grossly equal.
2. Cluster Sampling is used when the population is very large and widely spread out over a wide
range of geographical area.
3. Multistage Sampling. This is done in stages. The selection of the sample is accomplished in two
or more stages.
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
In non-probability sampling, not every member of the population has the equal chance of being selected.
It can rely on the subjective judgement of the researcher.
1. Judgment or Purposive Sampling
Chooses method on the basis of opinion. The researcher purposely excludes the
other of the population.
Sample are chosen based on the goals of the study. They may be chosen based on
their knowledge of the studying being conducted or if they satisfy the trait or
conditions set by the researcher.
2. Quota Sampling
Sample are selected according to some fixed quota. Other person are interviewed at
specified places only which excludes other persons belonging to the population.
Proportion of the groups in the population were considered in the number and selection of
the respondents.
3. Accidental Sampling. Chooses the sample by chance or accident.
4. Convenience Sampling
The samples are readi8ly or easily accessible. The techniques involves taking a sample
with preference given to the convenience with which the sample taken.
Selecting a sample based on the availability of the member and/or promixity to the
researcher.
Also known as accidental, opportunity or grab sampling.
5. Snowball Sampling – participants in the study were tasked to recruit other members for the study.
REFERENCES
Dr. Sara Toca’s Module – Educ 202. Statistical Method https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=5PsF5MsrCOo
https://www.google.com/search?
q=slovin+formula&oq=slovin+formula&aqs=chrome..69i57.249
6j0j 1&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 www.google.com
REFLECTION ABOUT THE ASSIGNED TOPIC
Sampling is always incorporated to our daily lives. We always have a choice of what decision we
made in our life. There is always a probabilities that encountered from the day of wake up till the end of
the day (daily activities). With that period we experiences some sampling like going to the market to buy
a crates of mango and before buying sample tasting will be conducted to prove the fruits sweet or not,
then if the result is sweet we assumed that the entire crates of mango are all sweets, then it serves a
satisfaction to consumer/buyer.
As of now, I am not in teaching profession and currently connected to private company (construction
firm). Sampling is more important as part of Purchasing Department, before buying the items, sampling of
products are testing through quality control and quality assurance if it is within the prescribed
specification like cement strength and compaction to others every brand samples to satisfied our internal
stakeholders.
Through this topic, I was enlighten about the incorporation of probability and non-probability
sampling in daily activities. I eventually ignoring and actually performing without noticing. A simple
decision making is a part of sampling that to be consider the advantage and disadvantages of outcomes.
