DESKTOP-PVT User Guide

DESKTOP-PVT™
User Guide
© 2008 Landmark Graphics Corporation
R5000.0.1
© 2008 Landmark Graphics Corporation
All Rights Reserved Worldwide
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Landmark Graphics Corporation

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P.O. Box 42806, Houston, Texas 77242, USA
Phone:713-839-2000, FAX: 713-839-2015
Internet: www.halliburton.com/landmark
Trademarks
3D Drill View, 3D Drill View KM, 3DFS, 3D Surveillance, 3DView, Active Field Surveillance, Active Reservoir Surveillance, ADC,
Advanced Data Transfer, ARIES, ARIES DecisionSuite, AssetConnect, Asset Decision Solutions, Asset Development Center,
AssetDirector, Asset Journal, AssetLink, AssetLink Advisor, AssetLink Director, AssetLink Observer, AssetObserver, AssetObserver
Advisor, Asset Performance, AssetPlanner, AssetSolver, AssetSolver Online, AssetView, BLITZPAK, CasingLife, CasingSeat,
COMPASS, Corporate Data Archiver, Corporate Data Store, Data Analyzer, DataManager, DataStar, DBPlot, Decision Management
System, DecisionSpace, DecisionsSpace 3D Drill View KM, DecisionSpace AssetLink, DecisionSpace AssetPlanner, DecisionSpace
AssetSolver, DecisionSpace AssetView 2D, DecisionSpace AssetView 3D, DecisionSpace Atomic Meshing, DecisionSpace Decision
Management Systems(DMS), DecisionSpace for Production, DecisionSpace Infrastructure, DecisionSpace Nexus, DecisionSpace
PowerModel, DecisionSpace PrecisionTarget, DecisionSpace Reservoir, DecisionSpace TracPlanner, DecisionSpace Well Seismic
Fusion, DecisionSpace WellSolver, DecisionSuite, DepthTeam, Depth Team, DepthTeam Explorer, Depth Team Explorer, DepthTeam
Express, Depth Team Express, DepthTeam Extreme, Depth Team Extreme, DepthTeam Interpreter, Depth Team Interpreter, Desktop
Navigator, DESKTOP-PVT, DESKTOP-VIP, DEX, DIMS, Discovery, Discovery Asset, Discovery FrameBuilder, DMS, Drillability Suite,
Drilling Desktop, DrillModel, Drill-to-the-Earth Model, Drillworks, Drillworks ConnectML, DSS, Dynamic Reservoir Management,
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ESP, Event Similarity Prediction, ezFault, ezModel, ezSurface, ezTracker, FastTrack, FG+, FieldPlan, Field Scenario Planner, FZAP!,
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OpenWorks Development Kit, OpenWorks Well File, OpenWorks Production, PAL, Parallel-VIP, PetroBank, PetroBank Explorer,
PetroBank Master Data Store, PetroWorks, PetroWorks Asset, PetroWorks Pro, PetroWorks ULTRA, PlotView, Point Gridding Plus,
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SeisWorks 3D, SeisWorks PowerCalculator, SeisWorks PowerJournal, SeisWorks PowerSection, SeisWorks PowerView,
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Connect, SynTool, SystemStart, SystemStart for Clients, SystemStart for Servers, System Start for Servers, SystemStart for Storage,
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VIPDataStudio, VIP-DUAL, VIP-ENCORE, VIP-EXECUTIVE, VIP-Local Grid Refinement, VIP-THERM, WavX, Web Editor, Wellbase,
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Note
The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by Landmark
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or jurisdictions do not allow disclaimer of expressed or implied warranties in certain transactions; therefore, this statement may not apply to you.
Landmark acknowledges that certain third party code has been bundled with, or embedded in, Landmark’s
software. The licensors of this third party code, and the terms and conditions of their respective licenses,
may be found at the following location:
..\Nexus-VIP5000.0.1\help\com\lgc\dspx\Third_Party.pdf
Landmark DESKTOP-PVT™ User Guide
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
About This Manual
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
Mouse Buttons (Interactive Graphics) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
Mouse Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Key Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Keyboard Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx
Cursor Movement Control Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx
F2 Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx
F5 Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx
For More Information... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx
Chapter 1
Introduction
Program Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-21
Hardware/Software Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-23
Chapter 2
Getting Started
Starting DESKTOP-PVT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-25
Main Screen Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-26
Menu Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-26
Data Entry Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28
Pop-Up Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28
File Box Popup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28
Text Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29
Single Item Selection Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-30
R5000.0.1 v
DESKTOP-PVT™ User Guide Landmark
Multiple Item Selection Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-31

Option Flag/Confirm Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32
List Entry Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-33
Rectangular List Entry Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-34
Triangular Table Entry Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-35
Invoke Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-36
Get Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-36
File Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-36
Batch Data File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-36
Database File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-37
EOS Data File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-37
Report Text File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-38
PostScript Output File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-38
Chapter 3
Input Data File
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-39
Last Run - Recall Data From Backup File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-39
Open - Load Batch File Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-40
New - Initialize Data To Default Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-40
Save - Save Data Into Batch Data File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-40
Load Database - Load Data From Database File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-40
Save Database - Save Data To Database File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-40
Exit - Terminate DESKTOP-PVT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-41
Chapter 4
Setup Simulation Environment
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-43
System Info - Add Descriptive Text For Data Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-44
EOS - Equation-of-State Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-44
Binary Coeff - Binary Interaction Coefficients Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-44
Test Type - Laboratory Tests Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-45
Regression - Automatic Parameter Adjustment Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-47
Pseudoization - Pseudoization Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-47
Thermal - Thermal Application Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-48
Water-In-Oil - Water in Oil Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-49
Heavy - Heavy Fraction Characterization Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-49
vi R5000.0.1
Run-Time Compos - Run-Time Composition Specification Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-49
Chapter 5
Equation-of-State Properties
Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-51
System - Select Component From System Default Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-51
User - Make User-Defined Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-52
Volatile - Define Volatile Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-53
Composition - Global Reference Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-53
Load EOS - Load Component From File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-54
Append EOS - Append Component From File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-54
Fluid Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-55
Property - EOS Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-56
Temperature & Pressure Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-56
Property Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-56
Volume Shift Parameters (D & E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-58
Binary Coeff - Binary Interaction Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-58
Gas Enthalpy - Ideal Gas State Enthalpy Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-59
LBC Visc - Lohrenz-Bray-Clark Viscosity Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-61
Pedersen Visc - Pedersen Viscosity Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-62
K-Value Correl - Component K-Value Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-64
CO2TAB Correl-Correlation of CO2 Saturated Water Properties . . . . . . . . . 5-64
Chapter 6
Heavy/Pseudo/Regres
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-69
Heavy - Heavy Fraction Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-70
Parameter - Input For Heavy Fraction Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-70
Calculate - Activate Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-76
Graphics - Graphic Results of Extended Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-77
Review - Tabular Results of Pseudo-Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-77
Save EOS - Save EOS Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-77
Append EOS - Add Heavy Fraction Components to System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-77
Replace EOS - Load Heavy Fraction Components to System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-77
Pseudo - Pseudoization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-78
Pseudo Name - Assign Pseudo-Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-78
Parameter - Input for Pseudoization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-78
Calculate - Activate Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-80
Review - Tabular Results of Pseudoization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-80
Save EOS - Save EOS Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-80
Replace EOS - Load Pseudo Components To System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-80
Append EOS - Add Pseudo Components To System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-81
Regres - Automatic Parameter Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-82
R5000.0.1 vii
Variable - Regression Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-82

Limits - Upper and Lower Bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-90
Control - Calculation and Output Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-91
Chapter 7
Input Data for Laboratory Procedures
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-93
Common Input Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-94
Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-94
Laboratory Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-95
Temperature Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-95
Pressure Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-95
Density Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-96
Gas-Oil Ratio Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-96
Enthalpy Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-97
Saturation Pressure Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-97
Weight Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-97
Input Data for Laboratory Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-98
Z-Factor: Gas Compressibility Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-99
Density: Liquid Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-101
Vapor Pressure: Pure Component Vapor Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-103
Sat Pressure: Mixture Dew/Bubblepoint Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-105
Viscosity: Liquid/Vapor Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-107
Cnst Composition: Constant Composition Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-108
Cnst Volume: Constant Volume Depletion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-111
Swelling: Swelling Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-117
Differential: Differential Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-118
Multi-Contact: Multiple Contact Vaporization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-122
Phas Envlop/Psat: Dew/Bubblepoint Phase Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-124
Gas Enthalpy: Gas Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-127
Liquid Enthalpy: Liquid Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-129
Water Property: Liquid Water Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-131
Sat Pressure/H2O: Bubblepoint Pressure of Mixture With Water . . . . . . . . 7-132
Distillation: Distillation Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-134
Distillation Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-136
Molecular Weight Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-137
Residue API Gravity Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-138
Distillate Property Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-138
Blend API Gravity Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-141
Viscosity Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-142
Steam Distillatn: Steam Distillation Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-146
Separator/No Reg: Multistage Separators Without Regression . . . . . . . . . . . 7-149
Separator/Reg: Laboratory Separator Test With Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-151
Phas Envlop/Full: Complete Phase Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-154
viii R5000.0.1
ZGRAD: Composition Variations With Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-156

CO2TAB: Properties of Carbon Dioxide Saturated Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-160
Steam Vaporizatn: Multiple Contact Steam Vaporization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-163
Two Phase Isothermal Flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-171
Chapter 8
Calculation of Laboratory Procedures
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-175
Activate Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-176
Selection of Calculation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-176
Control Parameters for Saturation Pressure Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-177
Control Parameters for Flash Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-178
Control Parameters for Expansion Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-179
Debug Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-180
Chapter 9
Report - Calculation Results
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-181
Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-182
Selecting Test Procedure for Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-182
Interactive Graphic Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-185
ZOOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-186
VALUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-188
L_TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-188
COLOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-188
TEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-189
PRINTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-190
REDRAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-191
HIGHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-191
GraTitle - Running Title for Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-192
SavGraph - Save Graphic Report to File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-192
GetGraph - Get Graphic Report from File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-193
Table - Review Tabular Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-193
PrtTable - Print Tabular Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-193
SavTable - Save Tabular Report to File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-193
GetTable - Get Tabular Report from File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-194
SaveEOS - Save PVT (EOS) Properties to File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-194
SaveKval - Save K-value Tables to File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-194
R5000.0.1 ix
SaveVisc - Save Component Viscosity Tables to File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-195

SaveZgrd - Save Composition-vs-Depth Table to File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-195
SaveCO2T - Save CO2-Saturated-Water-Property Table to
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . File 9-195
SaveBOE - Save Black Oil Table to File. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-195
Chapter 10
Tutorial
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-197
Heavy Ends Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-197
Default Fluid Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-199
Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-203
Component Pseudoization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-205
Regression After Pseudoization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-208
Regression on Viscosity Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-210
Chapter A
References
Subject Index
x R5000.0.1
❖
List of Figures
Table of Contents
List of Figures xi
Preface
About This Manual
Chapter 1
Introduction
Chapter 2
Getting Started
Figure 2-1: An Example of Rectangular Push Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-31
Figure 2-2: An Example of Square Toggle Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-31
Chapter 3
Input Data File
Chapter 4
Figure 4-3: EOS Item Selection Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-44
Figure 4-4: Test Type Selection Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-45
Figure 4-5: Composition Sor List Entry Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-48
Figure 4-6: Run Sequence Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-50
Chapter 5
Figure 4-7: System-Defined Component Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-52
Figure 4-8: User Defined Fluid Component Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-53
Figure 4-9: Volatile Component Selection Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-53
R5000.0.1 List of Figures xi

Figure 4-10: Global Reference Composition Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-54

Figure 4-11: Equation-of-State Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-56
Figure 4-12: EOS Property Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-57
Figure 4-13: Binary Exponent Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-59
Figure 4-14: Gas Enthalpy Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-60
Figure 4-15: Coefficients of Lohrenz-Bray-Clark Viscosity Correlation . . . . . . . . . . 5-61
Figure 4-16: k-coefficients of Pedersen Viscosity Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-63
Figure 4-17: Tc-Binary Interaction Coefficient of Pedersen Viscosity Correlation . . 5-63
Figure 4-18: Component Coefficients of K-Value Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-64
Figure 4-19: Correlation Coefficients of Carbon Dioxide Saturated Water Properties . 5-
65
Figure 4-20: Correlation Coefficients of Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Pure Water 5-
65
Figure 4-21: Adjusting the Salinity Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-67
Figure 4-22: Calculating Carbon Dioxide Saturation Water Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-68
Chapter 6
Heavy/Pseudo/Regres
Figure 6-23: Parameter Options Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-71
Figure 6-24: Pseudoization Parameter Options Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-79
Figure 6-25: Regression Variable Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-83
Figure 6-26: EOS Regression Variable Definition Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-83
Figure 6-27: Binary Coeff Regression Variable Definition Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-84
Figure 6-28: Composition Regression Variable Definition Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-84
Figure 6-29: k-Coefficient of Lohrenz-Bray-Clark Viscosity Correlation . . . . . . . . . 6-85
Figure 6-30: k-Coefficient of Pedersen Viscosity Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-85
Figure 6-31: Tc-Binary Interaction Coefficient of Pederson Viscosity Correlation . . 6-86
Figure 6-32: Component Coefficients of K-Value Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-86
Figure 6-33: Correlation Coefficients of Carbon Dioxide Saturated Water Properties . 6-
88
Figure 6-34: Correlation Coefficients of Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Pure Water 6-
88
Figure 6-35: Assigning Regression Variables to s0 and s1 Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . 6-89
Figure 6-36: Assigning Regression Variable to Coefficient d1 ..................... 6-89
xii List of Figures R5000.0.1

Figure 6-37: Regression Limits Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-90

Figure 6-38: Regression Control Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-91
Chapter 7
Figure 7-39: Gas Z-Factor Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-99
Figure 7-40: Data Entry Table for Gas Z-Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-100
Figure 7-41: Liquid Density Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-101
Figure 7-42: Data Entry Table for Liquid Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-102
Figure 7-43: Vapor Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-103
Figure 7-44: Data Entry Table for Vapor Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-104
Figure 7-45: Saturation Pressure Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-105
Figure 7-46: Data Entry Table for Saturation Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-106
Figure 7-47: Viscosity Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-107
Figure 7-48: Data Entry Table for Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-108
Figure 7-49: Constant Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-109
Figure 7-50: Data Entry Table for Constant Composition Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . 7-111
Figure 7-51: Constant Volume Depletion Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-112
Figure 7-52: Data Entry Table for Constant Volume Depletion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-114
Figure 7-53: Black Oil Table Generation Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-115
Figure 7-54: Separator Definition for Black Oil Table Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-115
Figure 7-55: Saturation Pressures at which black oil data is generated. . . . . . . . . . . 7-116
Figure 7-56: Pressure levels above the saturation pressure at which black oil data is gener-
ated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-116
Figure 7-57: Swelling Test Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-117
Figure 7-58: Data Entry Table for Swelling Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-118
Figure 7-59: Differential Expansion Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-119
Figure 7-60: Data Entry Table for Differential Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-120
Figure 7-61: Multiple Contact Vaporization Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-122
Figure 7-62: Data Entry Table for Multiple Contact Vaporization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-124
Figure 7-63: Phase Envelope Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-125
Figure 7-64: Gas Enthalpy Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-127
Figure 7-65: Data Entry Table for Gas Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-128
R5000.0.1 List of Figures xiii

Figure 7-66: Liquid Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-129

Figure 7-67: Data Entry Table for Liquid Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-130
Figure 7-68: Water Property Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-131
Figure 7-69: BubblepointPressure of Mixture with H2O Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-132
Figure 7-70: Data Entry Table for Bubblepoint Pressure of Mixture with H2O . . . 7-133
Figure 7-71: Distillation Test Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-134
Figure 7-72: Data Entry Table for Distillation Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-136
Figure 7-73: Data Entry Table for Distillation Molecular Weight Measurements . . . . . . . 7-137
Figure 7-74: Data Entry Table for Distillation Residue API Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-138
Figure 7-75: Data Entry Table for Distillate Property Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-139
Figure 7-76: Data Entry Table for Distillation Distillate API Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-139
Figure 7-77: Data Entry Table for Distillate K-Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-140
Figure 7-78: Weight Factor for Distillate K-Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-140
Figure 7-79: Weight Factor for Distillate K-Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-141
Figure 7-80: Data Entry Table for Distillation Blend API Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-141
Figure 7-81: Viscosity Data for Distillation Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-142
Figure 7-82: Data Entry Table for Crude Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-143
Figure 7-83: Data Entry Table for Residue Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-143
Figure 7-84: Data Entry Table for Distillate Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-144
Figure 7-85: Data Entry Table for Blend Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-145
Figure 7-86: Steam Distillation Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-146
Figure 7-87: Data Entry Table for Steam Distillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-148
Figure 7-88: Multi-State Separator Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-149
Figure 7-89: Data Entry Table for Multi-Stage Separator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-150
Figure 7-90: Laboratory Separator Test Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-152
Figure 7-91: Data Entry Table for Laboratory Separator Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-154
Figure 7-92: Complete Phase Envelope Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-155
Figure 7-93: Composition Variations with Depth Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-157
Figure 7-94: Optional Input for Composition Variables with Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-159
Figure 7-95: Calculating Properties of Carbon Dioxide Saturated Water . . . . . . . . 7-161
Figure 7-96: Laboratory Measured Data for SATWAT Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-162
Figure 7-97: Measured Data of Carbon Dioxide Saturated Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-163
xiv List of Figures R5000.0.1

Figure 7-98: Simulating the MCSVAP Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-165

Figure 7-99: Laboratory Measured MCSVAP Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-166
Figure 7-100: Viscosity Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-168
Figure 7-101: Measured Initial Oil Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-169
Figure 7-102: Measured PVT Cell Oil Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-170
Figure 7-103: Laboratory Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-171
Figure 7-104: Laboratory Measurements Vertical List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-172
Chapter 8
Figure 8-105: Calculation Method Selection Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-176
Figure 8-106: Control Parameters for Saturation Pressure Calculation . . . . . . . . . . 8-177
Figure 8-107: Control Parameters for Flash Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-178
Figure 8-108: Control Parameters for Expansion Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-179
Figure 8-109: Debug Option Selection Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-180
Chapter 9
Figure 9-110: Selecting Test for Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-182
Figure 9-111: Example Plot with Graphic Menu Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-183
Figure 9-112: Example Plot with the Control Item Selected on the Graphic Menu Bar 9-
185
Figure 9-113: Example Plot with Zoom Control Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-186
Figure 9-114: Example Plot with Text Edit Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-189
Chapter 10
Tutorial
Chapter A
References
Subject Index
R5000.0.1 List of Figures xv

xvi List of Figures R5000.0.1

Preface
❖
About This Manual
Purpose
This manual describes the functions of DESKTOP-PVT™, a program designed to
simulate the behavior of hydrocarbon fluid mixtures. DESKTOP-PVT’s purpose
is to generate PVT properties or develop a mathematical model which can be used
in a compositional reservoir simulator such as VIP-COMP to analyze oil and gas
production characteristics.
Audience
This manual is intended to assist new and experienced users of DESKTOP-PVT
in the generation of PVT properties where laboratory data is limited, or the
development of a mathematical model that agrees with experimental data.
Organization
The information in this manual is arranged in a logical manner for maximum ease-
of-use. The following chapters are included:
■ Introduction. A general description of DESKTOP-PVT’s functions,

including hardware and software requirements.
■ Getting Started. An explanation of the DESKTOP-PVT interfaces including

program initialization, basic menu types and basic menu operations.
■ Input Data File. An explanation of the procedures for creating, saving, and
retrieving data files.
■ Setup Simulation Environment. An explanation of the procedures for

defining the simulation environment, including required input and calculation
methods.
■ Equation-of-State Properties. An explanation of the procedures for defining

the components of the fluid system, and defining the characteristics of
individual components.
■ Heavy/Pseudo/Regress. An explanation of the procedures for assigning

equation-of-state components and their properties for a fluid mixture, as well
as the functions used to obtain or modify component properties.
R5000.0.1 About This Manual xvii

■ Input Data for Laboratory Procedures. An explanation of the procedures

for entering data from laboratory measurements.
■ Calculation of Laboratory Procedures. An explanation of the procedures

for activating laboratory test calculations, selecting phase behavior
calculation methods, and specifying control parameters.
■ Report - Calculation Results. An explanation of the procedure for creating

graphical and tabular reports.
■ Tutorial. A complete step-by-step example of a fluid characterization using

DESKTOP-PVT.
Conventions
This manual uses certain conventional methods to indicate the correct mouse
button and keyboard usage.
Mouse Buttons (Interactive Graphics)
MB1 MB2 MB3 MB1 MB2 MB3 MB4
Three-Button Mouse Four-Button Mouse

(Right-Handed) (Right-Handed)
The buttons on the mouse are named MB1, MB2, MB3, etc. as shown in the
illustrations above. Button arrangement may be reversed for left-handed mouses
(e.g., MB1 on far right). Typical uses for each button are described below.
Mouse Button Typical Uses
MB1 Used to select menu options, push buttons in the application

interface, etc.
MB2 Used to clear the menu area so it will not appear on a screen
dump. Also redisplays menu area.
MB3 Used to toggle on and off a help message for the highlighted
item in the Graphics option. Also used to access Option Flag
windows.
xviii About This Manual R5000.0.1

Mouse Button Typical Uses
MB4 Used to toggle on and off a help message for the highlighted
item.
Mouse Operations
You can use the mouse by rolling it across the surface of the mouse pad or desk
(except on Sun). As you move the mouse, the pointer moves to a corresponding
location on the screen. The following terms are used to describe various mouse
operations:
Mouse Operation Instructions
Click Press MB1 and release rapidly.
Double-click Press MB1 two times rapidly.
Triple-click Press MB1 three times rapidly.
Control-click Hold down Control key and click once.
Shift-click Hold down Shift key and click once.
Drag Hold down MB1 and move the mouse, then release when
pointer reaches desired location.
Select Click once or double-click at the indicated location.
Shade Drag the mouse pointer across a group of text, or double-

click to shade a word, or triple-click to shade a line or a
paragraph.
Set cursor Click in text at the location where you want to begin typing.
Key Combinations
Some keys such as the Control key and Alt key are used in combination with
others. For example, you can press Control-D by holding down the Control key
and pressing the D key. The same applies to combinations like Alt-F4, Meta-F4,
etc. Always hold down the first key before pressing the second.
Combining keys may also be used with mouse clicks. For example, Control-click
means to hold down the Control key and click MB1. Control-Shift-click means to
hold down the Control key and the Shift key before clicking once with MB1.
R5000.0.1 About This Manual xix

Keyboard Operation
Cursor Movement Control Keys
The keys used to control cursor movement include the up, down, left, and right
arrow keys. If the cursor reaches the boundary of a multiple-page table, a further
arrow key movement in the same direction will make the table scroll in that
direction. In addition, the left and right arrow keys allow the user to move the
cursor in the data field to edit previously entered data.
F2 Key
Depending on the occasion, the F2 function key can serve one of two functions:
1. In composition entry tables, the F2 key will copy fluid compositions from
other sources. (see Section 7.2.1)
2. In the fluid property table, the F2 key will load default component properties,
i.e., either from system default tables or using interpolation calculations. (see
Section 7.2.1)
F5 Key
In a list entry panel, the F5 function key will either display a cascade table for
additional data entry, or a selection menu for the user to specify an option (see
Section 2.4.6). The user must first place the mouse cursor over the box cell for the
F5 function key work.
For More Information...

The following manuals provide more information related to the material in this
manual. For more information, please consult the appropriate manual listed below.
■ DESKTOP-PVT Keyword Reference Manual.
xx About This Manual R5000.0.1

Chapter
1
Introduction
1.1 Program Function

DESKTOP-PVT™ is an interactive phase behavior program designed to simulate
the behavior of hydrocarbon fluid mixtures subjected to any variety of laboratory
procedures. The fluids may be either liquid or vapor, and may undergo phase
changes during the simulated experiments. DESKTOP-PVT is designed to be user
friendly through employing an event-driven interface with pull-down menus and
pop-up windows.
DESKTOP-PVT allows the user to enter data directly on screen or import data
from an existing batch-type input file. It is easy to assign fluid properties and
experimental conditions in DESKTOP-PVT. An extensive data bank of fluid
properties and default values for laboratory procedures is built into DESKTOP-
PVT. Only minimum data entry is required to complete a simulation. In addition,
DESKTOP-PVT provides tools to create, save, and retrieve files containing input
data and results interactively. The graphical and tabular simulation results can be
viewed interactively on screen or sent to hardcopy devices. DESKTOP-PVT also
provides a batch mode option which can be employed when interactive simulation
is not feasible.
DESKTOP-PVT can be used, in a purely predictive mode, to generate PVT

properties where laboratory data is limited, or it can be used to develop a
mathematical model that agrees with experimental data. In the latter case, the
mathematical model of the fluid system can be used in a compositional reservoir
simulator such as VIP-COMP to analyze oil and gas production characteristics. In
addition, the tabular data necessary to define fluid behavior in VIP-ENCORE may
be generated by DESKTOP-PVT.
To aid in developing a fluid model that matches experimental data, a nonlinear

regression package is provided as an integral part of DESKTOP-PVT. This
facilitates the adjustment of unknown or uncertain parameters that affect fluid
behavior.
Any or all of the various laboratory procedures can be simulated in arbitrary

sequence. Fluid samples can vary in composition from one procedure to another,
and operating temperature and pressure may change. Multiple fluid samples can
be analyzed with a single laboratory procedure by sequentially simulating the
same procedure for each different sample.
The PVT properties of both vapors and liquids are predicted by DESKTOP-PVT
by a cubic equation of state. To completely define fluid properties it is only
R5000.0.1 Introduction 1-21

necessary to specify fluid composition and various properties of individual

components. The properties of a large number of components have been internally
coded. These properties are automatically assigned unless the user elects to
override the default.
DESKTOP-PVT provides a method for calculating a heavy fraction

characterization from laboratory measured properties of the heavy fraction. The
results of the heavy fraction component properties can be added to the fluid
composition to complete the fluid description.
DESKTOP-PVT also provides a calculation to combine components through a

process called pseudoization. The original fluid system is reduced to a pseudo
system by specifying which of the original components will be lumped into which
pseudo component.
The simulation data for DESKTOP-PVT is divided into six major parts:
1. Components and compositions assignment
2. Equation-of-state properties
3. Laboratory procedures
4. Automatic parameter adjustment
5. Heavy fraction characterization
6. Pseudoization
In addition, optional input is available for selecting the calculation methods and
parameters.
In the next chapter, the commands to initialize DESKTOP-PVT operation, the

basic menu types, and basic menu operations are discussed. The detailed functions
of each menu item are described in Chapters 3 to 9. Finally, the major DESKTOP-
PVT operation features using an example simulation of a hydrocarbon reservoir
fluid are presented in Chapter 10.
1-22 Introduction R5000.0.1

1.2 Hardware/Software Requirements

DESKTOP-PVT runs on many UNIX platforms using the X-Window System. It
requires version X11R5 of the X-Window System, a X-server (workstation
display or X-terminal) for the display of the menus and graphics and Motif 1.2.
DESKTOP-PVT utilizes 16 colors and to avoid color map problems with the
window manager, the X-server should be capable of displaying 256 simultaneous
colors.
DESKTOP-PVT also now runs on Intel-based PC’s running Microsoft Windows

2000. It must be used in conjunction with a third-party X-server program.
Hardcopy can be generated on PostScript printers.
The following is a list of the currently supported platforms:
■ UNIX Workstations
❑ IBM RS/6000
❑ Silicon Graphics Iris Family
❑ Sun SparcStation (Solaris)
■ Microsoft Windows 2000
R5000.0.1 Introduction 1-23

1-24 Introduction R5000.0.1

Chapter
2
Getting Started
2.1 Starting DESKTOP-PVT

The DESKTOP-PVT can be initialized in different ways by utilizing various
command line options.
1. At the command line prompt, type dtpvt and press the Enter key.
The program will display the main window known as the Display Window,
which contains the DESKTOP-PVT header. The user must enter all input data
through the menu process or import data from an existing data file. Refer to
Chapter 3 for details regarding the procedure for importing an existing file
through the File menu.
2. At the command line prompt, type dtpvt {file} and press the Enter key.
Here {file} is the name of a batch-type data file. Refer to Section 2.7 for a
detailed description of a batch-type data file. The data contained in the file
will be loaded into memory upon initialization and will be ready for editing
and calculation.
3. At the command line prompt, type dtpvt -b {file} and press the Enter key.
Again, {file} is the name of a batch-type data file. The command line option -
b will direct the program to execute in the batch mode and no further user
interaction will be necessary. With this option, the user loses the ability to
review the results in the interactive graphic mode and only the tabular report
given as dtpvt.out will be generated.
R5000.0.1 Getting Started 2-25

2.2 Main Screen Layout

When DESKTOP-PVT is started, a Display Window appears, as shown below.
The Display Window provides an area for viewing the graphic reports, plus
various pull-down menus (known as the Menu Bar) for selecting program options.
Display Window
Menu Bar
Graphic
Display
Area
2.2.1 Menu Bar

The Menu Bar contains a series of pull-down menus that lets the user select any of
the available program options. The following menus are available:
Table 2-1: DESKTOP-PVT Display Window Menus
See
Menu Name Description
Chapter
File Open files; load last run; save data; loads and 3
saves database files
Config Setup the simulation environment 4
Component Define the components of the fluid system. 5
Heavy Calculating heavy fraction characterization 6

from laboratory measured properties.
2-26 Getting Started R5000.0.1

Table 2-1: DESKTOP-PVT Display Window Menus
See
Menu Name Description
Chapter
Pseudo Used to combine and reduce original fluid com- 6

ponents.
Regres Enter parameters for non-linear regression cal- 6

culation.
Fluid Define the PVT characteristics of individual 5

components.
Tests Enter data from laboratory measurements. 7
Run Activating laboratory test calculations; select- 8

ing phase behavior calculation methods; and
specifying control parameters.
Report Graphic and tabular reports for calculated 9

results.
To select any menu option, just click on the desired menu and select the desired
option (or drag the mouse pointer to it). For example, to open a file, with MB1
click the word File on the Menu Bar, then click the word Open on the pull-down
menu. A pop-up window appears which displays a list of file names to be opened.
Some menu items may not be available for users to access if the items in the
Config menu are not adequately defined. For example, the Heavy menu will not
be accessible if the Heavy option in the Config menu is not turned on. This is
because the Menu Bar has been set up so that irrelevant menu items will not be
displayed and cannot be accessed. There are four optional menus: Heavy, Pseudo,
Regres, and Tests. The appearance of the first three menus are controlled by the
corresponding items in the Config menu using a yes/no flag, i.e., the flag will be
used to turn on/off the appropriate menu items. The Tests menu has a dynamic
arrangement, such that only the tests which have been selected in the Test Type
selection window in the Config menu will be highlighted. Refer to Chapter 4 for a
detailed description of the Config menu.
Although there is no strict rule for the order of data entry, a typical simulation will
follow a "left to right" sequence in DESKTOP-PVT. For example, a user may first
retrieve an input data file using Open in the File menu. The user can then
reconfigure the simulation environment by invoking the items in the Config
menu. Components may be added/deleted through the Component menu, or
component properties may be modified through the Fluid menu. The conditions of
laboratory procedures may be changed through the Tests menu. Once all changes
are completed, the user selects Go from the Run menu to start the calculation
process. Finally, the user may review the results by selecting Graphics from the
Report menu.

2.3 Data Entry Methods

Both keyboard and mouse operations are employed by DESKTOP-PVT. Several
function keys, which are frequently used during data entry, are described in the
Preface. Descriptions of mouse operations for the graphic session are discussed in
Chapter 10.
2.4 Pop-Up Windows

For each Menu Bar item, there is a pull-down menu associated with the item
(Section 2.2). To access an item in the menu, the user must point the mouse cursor
over the desired item and click MB1. A pop-up window will then be displayed
and ready for data editing. Due to the variety of data entry requirements, pop-up
windows have several different layouts and characteristics.
2.4.1 File Box Popup

This type of window displays a list of files which the user may open, load,
append, or save. To access a file, point the cursor to the desired filename and
double-click the desired item with MB1. One example of a File Box Pop-up is the
Open window, which is activated by selecting Open from the File menu.

2.4.2 Text Entry

The sole function of a text-entry window is to accept the text information as
entered. An example of this kind of window is the System Info item in the Config
menu. This window provides a place for the user to enter descriptive information
to identify the simulation input data.

2.4.3 Single Item Selection Panel

A single item selection panel is displayed in a single column format and the
selection items are displayed with the corresponding help message. Only single
selection is allowed at a time. To make a selection, the user move the mouse
pointer to the diamond button beside the desired item and click with MB1 and
then click the OK button. One example is the EOS option in the Config menu for
an equation-of-state selection.

2.4.4 Multiple Item Selection Panel

A multiple item selection panel is displayed in a multiple column format and more
than one selection may be made at one time. The selection items are displayed in
two different ways. In one instance the options have a rectangular push button
beside each option, and the user may select as many as needed. An example of this
type of panel is the Laboratory Tests Selection Panel as shown in Figure 2-1. The
other type of multiple selection is with a square toggle button. The square toggle
button may be clicked with MB1 which will toggle the option on and off. An
example of this type of panel is the Fluid Component Selection Panel (Figure 2-
2).
Rectangular
Push
Button
Figure 2-1: An Example of Rectangular Push Buttons
Square
Toggle
Button
Figure 2-2: An Example of Square Toggle Buttons

2.4.5 Option Flag/Confirm Dialog

An option-flag or confirm dialog window provides a mechanism for users to
toggle on/off certain simulation configurations. The standard setup for this kind of
window is a Yes/No question dialog box. For example, the Regression item in the
Config menu allows the user to turn on/off the automatic parameters adjustment
feature.

2.4.6 List Entry Panel

A list entry panel provides a place for users to enter and edit data. The window is
displayed in a single column fashion. The window allows the user to scroll data by
using the slider bar, when applicable. An example for the list entry panel is the test
data entry for saturation pressure calculation. Three types of data may exist in
these windows:
■ Numeric Data - The data displayed in the data entry field can be an integer or
a real number.
■ Alphanumeric Menu Item - Text is displayed in the data entry field. By

pressing MB3 a list of options will be displayed from which to choose the
desired item.
■ Cascade Table Entry - When the data entry box indicates more data is
available, the user can access it by pressing the F5 function key or clicking the
button with MB1 while the mouse cursor is on the desired box cell.
Cascade
Table
Entry
Numeric
Date
Alphanumeric
Menu Item

2.4.7 Rectangular List Entry Panel

This type of window provides a multiple-column, multiple-row table for editing
data. This window allows the user to scroll and edit data by using the slider bar on
either side of the table.
One example of rectangular list entry panel is the EOS component properties
table. The size of the component properties table is fixed once the equation of
state and the components are specified. The user cannot change the table size
inside the window.
Slider Bar
For certain rectangular data entry windows, the size of the table may be
dynamically varied inside the window. An example of these dynamic windows is
the table for entering laboratory measurements in the saturation pressure
calculations. In this table, the number of columns (for temperature stages) can be
increased by pressing the AddColAfter or AddColBefore button, and reduced by
pressing the DeleteCol button.

2.4.8 Triangular Table Entry Panel

This type of window provides a special table format to deal with symmetric
matrix data entries. One example is the window for component binary interaction
coefficients as shown below. Since these entries are symmetric with the diagonal,
DESKTOP-PVT will display the lower triangular portion and only allow cursor
movement in this area. This window allows the user to scroll and edit data by
using the slider bars.

2.5 Invoke Calculation

After the user sets up the input data, either by importing a batch data file or direct
data entry, DESKTOP-PVT is ready to perform the calculation task. The user can
invoke the phase behavior calculations by selecting Go from the Run menu.
2.6 Get Results

DESKTOP-PVT provides an interactive graphics environment for the user to
manipulate the calculation results in graphical form. The user can review the
results on a graphic terminal and manipulate them before dumping the graphics to
hardcopy devices. The graphic results can be saved into a metafile for future
reference, if desired.
2.7 File Type

Due to the complexity of the file requirements, six different types of files are used
in DESKTOP-PVT.
2.7.1 Batch Data File

A batch data file is a text file (i.e., in ASCII format), which is used as an input data
file for DESKTOP-PVT phase behavior calculations. A batch data file can contain
input data such as component equation-of-state properties, regression variables,
and laboratory measured data, etc. This kind of file can be accessed by an
operating system editor, for example, the vi text editor in the unix system. The
data entries in a batch data file should comply with the format described in the
companion reference manual, DESKTOP-PVT Keyword Reference Manual.
A batch data file can be created either through the Save process in DESKTOP-
PVT, i.e., by selecting Save from the File menu, or the editing process using an
operating system editor. The Save process will convert all input data in memory
into a proper keyword format. The data will be stored in a file with a name
specified by the user. On the other hand, the user may select Open from the File
menu to load data in a batch data file into memory.
Although there is no strict restriction on the filename specification, the total

length of the filename should not exceed twelve letters. The filename should
comply with the rules of the operating system. The default file extension for batch
data files in DESKTOP-PVT is ".dat", which is also used as the default searching
pattern during the file listing step in the Open file process.
A batch data file can be used for a direct batch process run as discussed in Section
2.1.

2.7.2 Database File

A database file stores information in a random access format, i.e., in binary
format. Both input data and calculated results are saved in a database file. One
advantage of using database files is that the data can be accessed more efficiently.
It also provides a mechanism for users to access results from previously calculated
runs without reactivating the calculation process. Database files also serve as a
buffer for handling intermediate data during the data entry process.
Load Database and Save Database in the File menu are used to manipulate the
database files. With the exception of the target file extension, the basic functions
of the Load Database and Save Database are the same as the Open and Save
processes, respectively. The default file extension for the database files in
DESKTOP-PVT is ".dbf", which is also used as the default searching pattern
during the file listing step in the Load Database file process.
SavGraph and GetGraph in the Report menu work the same as Load Database and
Save Database, respectively. Both processes access a database file and prepare the
data for manipulating the results under an interactive graphics environment.
2.7.3 EOS Data File

An equation-of-state (EOS) data file contains component EOS properties such as
molecular weight, critical temperature, critical pressure, and composition (in mole
fraction), etc. The EOS data files may serve as an interface to a compositional
reservoir simulator such as VIP-COMP. The file is in ASCII format, i.e., a text
file, which is arranged to comply with the format of the VIP simulators. This data
file can be generated in three ways:
■ Heavy Fraction Characterization
■ Pseudoization Process
■ Regular Run
DESKTOP-PVT also provides mechanisms to read EOS data file so that the EOS
data generated in the previous runs can be used as the initial input for the next run.
See Sections 5.1.5 and 5.1.6 for details of reading EOS data files.

2.7.4 Report Text File

Once calculations are completed, DESKTOP-PVT will generate an output file in
text format. This file is accessible through the system editor and can be sent to a
line printer for obtaining a hardcopy. The user can review this file by selecting
Table from the Report menu without leaving the DESKTOP-PVT environment.
This task is accomplished by invoking a system editor to access this file through a
subprocess mechanism. The file can also be sent to a system line printer directly
by selecting PrtTable from the Report menu.
2.7.5 PostScript Output File

A PostScript output file is generated for printing on a PostScript printer when the
PRINTER option is chosen. The output filename will be set to the environment
variable VIPPSOUT (or “psout.ps" if it is not defined). The output file is
automatically routed through the print queue, defined by VIPPRINTER, to the
printer defined by the environment variable VIPPOST.

Chapter
3
Input Data File
3.1 Introduction
The File menu in the Menu Bar provides a means for creating, saving and
retrieving files containing simulation input data and results. There are seven
selection items in this menu:
■ Last Run
■ Open
■ New
■ Save
■ Load Database
■ Save Database
■ Exit
3.2 Last Run - Recall Data From Backup File

The Last Run option is used to recall the input data from the most recent
simulation run. This option is activated by selecting Last Run from the File menu.
No data entry is required. To recall data from the last run, DESKTOP-PVT reads
input data from the file dtpvt.ini which is saved when the user exits DESKTOP-
PVT normally by selecting Exit from the File menu. In addition, this file is also
created for the simulator’s calculation engine while the user activates the
calculation process. In this way, the user will have a backup copy of input data
after a system crash. These options allow the user to quit DESKTOP-PVT
simulation temporarily without losing his current input data set.
R5000.0.1 Input Data File 3-39

3.3 Open - Load Batch File Data

The user can view a list of input data files in the working directory, and instruct
DESKTOP-PVT to read a specified file using the Open option. By default,
DESKTOP-PVT will list all files with the file extension ".dat" in the working
directory. To select and read an input data file, select the desired item by clicking
the file name with MB1 and then click the Ok button. Before loading the data into
memory, DESKTOP-PVT checks the contents and format of the file. DESKTOP-
PVT will display a warning message if erroneous data is detected.
3.4 New - Initialize Data To Default Values

Unlike the Open option, no files will be opened when the New option has been
selected. The main purpose of the New option is to initialize all data in memory to
the DESKTOP-PVT default values. This option allows the user to redesign the
simulation conditions from scratch. The New option is automatically processed
each time the user activates DESKTOP-PVT; therefore, it is not necessary to
select New to load the default values for a fresh simulation. No additional data
entry is required.
3.5 Save - Save Data Into Batch Data File

The Save option allows the user to save the input data currently in memory to a
file in the working directory. The user is asked to enter a file name. A maximum
length of twelve letters is allowed for an input data file name. DESKTOP-PVT
lists input data files with the extension ".dat" by default in the Open process. It is
recommended that the file extension .dat" be used when saving an input data file.
3.6 Load Database - Load Data From Database File

The Load Database option is similar to the Open option, except now a database
file is read and loaded into memory. A database file contains input data and
simulation results. The default database file extension is ".dbf", and by default
these files are automatically listed when the Load Database option is selected.
3.7 Save Database - Save Data To Database File

The current input data and simulation results can be saved in a database file using
the Save Database option. The user is asked to enter a file name with a maximum
length of twelve letters. This option works very similar to that of the Save option,
except now a database file is saved. It is recommended that the file extension
".dbf" be used to name a database file.
3-40 Input Data File R5000.0.1

3.8 Exit - Terminate DESKTOP-PVT

The Exit option allows the user to exit DESKTOP-PVT normally. No data entries
are required. In addition to terminating the working environment, DESKTOP-
PVT automatically saves the current data in memory in a file named dtpvt.ini.
The file dtpvt.ini can be loaded into memory through the Last Run option.
R5000.0.1 Input Data File 3-41

3-42 Input Data File R5000.0.1

Chapter
4
4.1 Introduction
The major function of the Config menu is to define the global simulation
environment. Through the Config menu selections, the user dictates the required
input and the calculations DESKTOP-PVT will perform later. The simulation
details, however, are not required to input at this stage. For example, the
Regression entry in the Config menu is used to activate (or deactivate) the
DESKTOP-PVT nonlinear regression function which allows automatic
adjustment of the equation-of-state properties of individual components. When
the Regression option is on (activated), the corresponding menu for nonlinear
regression will be displayed on the Menu Bar entitled Regres. The Regres menu
requires the specification of regression parameters.
There are twelve items under the Config menu.
■ System Info
■ EOS
■ Binary Coeff
■ Test Type
■ Regression
■ Pseudoization
■ Thermal
■ Water-In-Oil
■ Heavy
■ Run-Time Compos
■ Composition Sor
■ Run Sequence
Two of the items, Composition Sor and Run Sequence, will be displayed only if
the Pseudoization and Run-Time Compos options are activated, respectively.
Because of their calculation features, the functions of Regression, Pseudoization
R5000.0.1 Setup Simulation Environment 4-43

and Heavy are mutually exclusive, i.e., only one of the three functions can be
activated at a time.
4.2 System Info - Add Descriptive Text For Data Set

The System Info option allows the user to add descriptive text to identify the
current data set. A maximum of 10 lines with 50 letters each is allowed.
4.3 EOS - Equation-of-State Selection

The EOS option is for the equation-of-state (EOS) selection. The specified
equation-of-state will be used to describe the fluid properties for all laboratory
procedures. The available equations of state include Peng-Robinson (PR),
Original Peng-Robinson (PRORIG), Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK), Redlich-
Kwong (RK), Zudkevitch-Joffe-Redlich-Kwong (ZJRK), and the three-parameter
(3P) versions of PR, SRK and RK. The default is the Peng-Robinson equation of
state (PR).
Figure 4-3 shows the EOS selection panel. To make a selection, the user clicks the
diamond button next to the desired item, and then click the Ok button.
Figure 4-3: EOS Item Selection Panel
4.4 Binary Coeff - Binary Interaction Coefficients Options

Two methods are available for defining binary interaction coefficients (djk) in
DESKTOP-PVT. The Binary Coeff option is used for this selection. The binary
interaction coefficients are read in explicitly if the "YES" option is selected,
otherwise they are computed from a correlation. The default is to read djk
explicitly.
4-44 Setup Simulation Environment R5000.0.1

A triangular table under the Binary Coeff item of the Fluid menu is provided for
data entry if djk is read in explicitly. Otherwise, the binary interaction coefficients
are computed using the correlation
1⁄6 1 ⁄ 6 djkcor
2v cj ⋅ v ck
djk = 1 – ---------------------------
1⁄3 1⁄3
-
v cj + v ck
where vcj and vck are the critical volumes for component j and k, respectively, and
djkcor is an input exponent.
4.5 Test Type - Laboratory Tests Selection

The Test Type option is used to specify the simulated laboratory test procedures.
Figure 4-4 shows the Test Type selection panel. The user must select at least one
test procedure. Both multiple selections of the various laboratory procedures, and
multiple runs of a laboratory procedure are allowed. A maximum of nine runs is
allowed for each test procedure. The total number of runs for all test procedures
cannot exceed twenty-four.
Figure 4-4: Test Type Selection Panel
The numerical key 1 can be used to specify one run for a selected test procedure or
the user can click the name of the desired item and an asterisk will appear in the
cell box. The asterisk indicates that one test run has been defined. To specify
multiple runs for a test procedure, the numerical keys 2 to 9 are used to edit the
number of runs in the data entry field to the left of the test type name. Whenever
any data exists in the data entry field, click the test type name button to clear the
field.
The available laboratory procedures are:
■ Z-factor. Gas compressibility factor (Z-FACTOR)
■ Density. Liquid density (LIQDEN)
■ Vapor Pressure. Vapor pressure of a pure component (VP)

■ Sat Pressure. Saturation Pressure (dew point or bubble point) of a mixture

(PSAT)
■ Viscosity. Liquid and gas viscosity (VISC)
■ Cnst Composition. Constant composition expansion procedure (CCEXP)
■ Cnst Volume. Constant volume depletion procedure (CVDEP)
■ Swelling. Swelling test procedure (SWELL)
■ Differential. Differential expansion procedure (DIFF)
■ Multi-Contact. Multiple contact vaporization test (MCVAP)
■ Phas Envlop/Psat. Phase envelope calculation (dew point and bubble point
calculation) (ENVELOPE)
■ Gas Enthalpy. Gas enthalpy (ENTHV)
■ Liquid Enthalpy. Liquid enthalpy (ENTHL)
■ Water Property. Liquid water properties of density, enthalpy, viscosity and

fugacity coefficient (WATPRP)
■ Sat Pressure/H2O. Bubble point pressure of a mixture in the presence of

water (PSATW)
■ Distillation. Distillation test (DISTIL)
■ Steam Distillatn. Steam distillation procedure (STMDIS)
■ Separator/No Reg. Multistage separators without regression option

(SEPARATOR)
■ Separator/Reg. Laboratory separator test with regression option (SEP)
■ Phas Envlop/Full. Complete phase envelope calculation (ENVPT)

■ ZGRAD. Composition variations with depth (ZGRAD).
■ CO2TAB. Properties of CO2 saturated water (CO2TAB).
■ Steam Vaporizatn. Multiple contact steam vaporization (MSCVAP).
■ Two Phase Flash. Isothermal two phase flash (FL2I).
4.6 Regression - Automatic Parameter Adjustment Option

The Regression option is used to activate (or deactivate) the nonlinear regression
function for automatic adjustment of the equation-of-state properties of individual
components. The default is no regression. When the regression option is activated,
the data entry menu for nonlinear regression will be displayed on the Menu Bar
entitled Regres. The user must specify the regression parameters in the Regres
menu.
4.7 Pseudoization - Pseudoization Option

Pseudoization is a calculation procedure used to combine and reduce original fluid
components to a pseudo system by specifying which of the original components
will be lumped into which pseudo component. The Pseudoization option in the
Config menu is used for selecting this option. The default is no pseudoization
calculations. Similar to the Regression option, a data entry menu for
pseudoization calculation will be displayed on the Menu bar entitled Pseudo.
In DESKTOP-PVT, pseudoization can be performed as a stand-alone calculation,

or in conjunction with laboratory procedures. An additional selection item,
Composition Sor, will be displayed in the Config menu if the pseudoization option
is activated. Figure 4-5 is an example of the Composition Sor List Entry Panel.
This option is used to specify the fluid composition (source) of laboratory
procedures either as unpseudoized (Original selection) or pseudoized (Pseudo
selection) when pseudoization is run together with laboratory procedures.
Regardless of any Pseudo selections in the Composition Sor window, the
pseudoization calculation will be performed if the Pseudoization option is
activated. The pseudoization input requirements and the procedures for stand-
alone pseudoization are discussed in Chapter 6.

Figure 4-5: Composition Sor List Entry Panel
4.8 Thermal - Thermal Application Option

The Thermal option is a thermal application function designed for VIP-THERM.
By default, this option is not activated. The Thermal option is restricted to Peng-
Robinson equation of state when activated.
Two special actions will be taken when this option is activated. First, a special
equation-of-state PVT properties file for VIP-THERM will be created. Second,
extra menus for binary interaction coefficients of H2O (water) and other fluid
components, both in regression variables (Regres menu) and fluid properties
(Fluid menu) assignments, will be displayed. These menus allow the user to
specify the binary interaction coefficients of H2O and other components even if
H2O is not specified as a component. Furthermore, DESKTOP-PVT will load
other H2O equation-of-state properties automatically for thermal applications.
These binary interaction coefficients and H2O properties are pertinent only to the
steam distillation test, multiple contact steam vaporization test and saturation
pressure calculation with water.

4.9 Water-In-Oil - Water in Oil Option

The Water-In-Oil option is a thermal application function designed for VIP-
THERM. Using the Water-In-Oil option, water may be allowed to partition into
the oil phase in the multiple contact steam vaporization test, steam distillation test,
and the saturation pressure with water calculation. In all of these tests, water is an
implicitly defined component and, for VIP-THERM applications, should not be
defined as a component by the user in the component properties data. Other tests
are not affected by the selection of this option. By default, this option is not
activated. The Water-In-Oil option can be turned on (Yes Selection) only if the
Thermal option is activated.
4.10 Heavy - Heavy Fraction Characterization Option

The Heavy option is used to perform a heavy fraction characterization from
laboratory measured properties of the heavy fraction. The heavy fraction
characterization procedure is a stand-alone calculation, and cannot run with other
calculations. By default, this option is not activated. Refer to Chapter 6 for more
information regarding the heavy fraction characterization.
4.11 Run-Time Compos - Run-Time Composition Specification

Option
There are two options available for specifying unpseudoized fluid compositions
(mole fractions) in DESKTOP-PVT. Usually, the fluid compositions are entered
directly for each laboratory procedure under the Composition entry of the test data
window. In some cases, the composition required for a test calculation is actually
the vapor, liquid, or overall composition of some intermediate step in another
laboratory test. The Run-Time Compos option is provided for these special
applications. The default for this option is No, and all fluid compositions should
be entered directly.
The laboratory tests for which this composition specification is available include
constant composition expansion, constant volume depletion, swelling, differential
expansion and composition variations with depth. The restriction for the
intermediate step composition specification is that the reference to the
composition from a type of test must pertain to the most recently entered test of
that type in the data stream.
The Run Sequence option, which will be displayed when the Run-Time Compos
option is activated, is used for the "referenced" composition specifications.
Figure 4-6 is an example of the Run Sequence window. In this window, the first
column lists the laboratory procedures (Test), and the second column displays the
run numbers (Run ID) for each laboratory procedure. Data may not be entered in
these columns. The third column (Intermed Comp) is used to specify if the
composition of a test calculation is from the Liquid, Vapor, or Overall
composition of some intermediate step in another test. The default is to enter
composition directly (No selection). Numerical numbers are entered in the Run

Sequence entries to specify the order of the test runs. A smaller number has a
higher priority in the run sequence. The user must pay special attention to the run
order, i.e., a test must be run before its liquid, vapor, or overall compositions can
be referenced by other tests.
Figure 4-6: Run Sequence Panel

Chapter
5
5.1 Component
The Component menu allows the user to define the components of the fluid
system used for phase behavior simulation. The component information is one of
the bases of the fluid system. Many input data in DESKTOP-PVT are dependent
upon components specification. Thus, components should be defined before
accessing other data screens. There are six items available in the Component
menu for defining fluid components:
■ System
■ User
■ Volatile
■ Composition
■ Load EOS
■ Append EOS
5.1.1 System - Select Component From System Default Table

The System option in the Component menu allows the user to select components
whose properties are internally coded in DESKTOP-PVT. Default properties, such
as critical properties, binary interaction coefficients, and ideal gas state enthalpy
coefficients, will be automatically loaded upon exiting this menu. These
properties can be edited to override the default values.
Upon selecting the System option, a multiple item selection panel (Figure 4-7)
will be displayed. The panel contains system-defined component names. Select
R5000.0.1 Equation-of-State Properties 5-51

the options by clicking the square button next to the desired option. When
finished, click the OK button to return to the display window.
Figure 4-7: System-Defined Component Panel
5.1.2 User - Make User-Defined Component

The User option in the Component menu allows the user to define components
different from those of system-defined. The component properties, however, are
not supplied by the program and the user must provide the component properties
in the Fluid menu for each component. In the user-defined fluid component table,
click the AddRowAfter (or AddRowBefore) button to add components, and click
the DeleteRow button to remove components (Figure 4-8). For each added
component, the user must give a name that is different from the System. If a name
5-52 Equation-of-State Properties R5000.0.1

is not given, DESKTOP-PVT will automatically assign a default name starting

with "USR".
Figure 4-8: User Defined Fluid Component Table
5.1.3 Volatile - Define Volatile Component

Volatile is a special option for thermal applications. This option is used to select
the volatile components for thermal simulations, i.e., steam distillation and bubble
point pressure calculation of a mixture in the presence of water. All components
are volatile by default. To select a volatile component, click the square button next
to the desired button. Figure 4-9 is an example of the volatile component selection
panel.
Figure 4-9: Volatile Component Selection Panel
5.1.4 Composition - Global Reference Composition

The fluid composition is a required input for all laboratory test procedures.
DESKTOP-PVT provides a mechanism so one test can load the composition
directly from another test. The Composition item provides a global buffer for all
tests to access a common composition. When the user opens a batch data file the

global composition is loaded with the composition of the first test. Figure 4-10 is
an example menu for entering global composition.
Figure 4-10: Global Reference Composition Panel
5.1.5 Load EOS - Load Component From File

The Load EOS option is used to open an EOS data file and load its information
into memory. An EOS data file contains information such as component names,
component critical properties, component composition, etc. The user needs to be
aware that all component data in memory will be replaced on activating Load
EOS. This option can be used, for example, to import the component properties
from a previous (pseudoization or regression) run as the fluid properties for the
next run (e.g. different test procedures or temperatures).
The Load EOS option works similarly to the Open option in the File menu, except
now an EOS data file is read and loaded into memory. The default EOS file
extension is ".eos", and by default these files are automatically listed on activating
Load EOS.
5.1.6 Append EOS - Append Component From File

Different from Load EOS, the option Append EOS will access the data contained
in an EOS file and append its information to the current fluid description. The
components in the file will be merged into the current component pool. The
Append EOS procedures are the same as those of Load EOS.

5.2 Fluid Properties

Fluid Properties data are entered to define the PVT characteristics of individual
components. These are combined by appropriate mixing rules and used with the
equation of state to determine the properties of mixtures. Default properties for
system-defined components, as discussed in Section 5.1.1, are internally coded.
However, the user may elect to override the defaults.
There are nine items in the Fluid menu.
■ Property
■ Binary Coeff
■ Binary Exponent
■ H2O Binary Coef
■ Gas Enthalpy
■ LBC Visc
■ Pedersen Visc
■ K-Value Correl
■ CO2TAB Correl
These items can be accessed only if fluid components have been defined in the
Component menu, as described in Section 5.1. The following sections discuss the
options on this menu in more detail.

5.2.1 Property - EOS Property

The Property option in the Fluid menu is used to access the component EOS
properties. After selecting Property, three items will be listed in the data entry
window (Figure 4-11). However, five items will be displayed if a three-parameter
equation-of-state has been specified.
Figure 4-11: Equation-of-State Properties
Temperature & Pressure Unit
The first two items are used to define the temperature and pressure units for values
in the property table. To select the temperature or pressure unit, the user may
either type the options in directly or click the entry cell with MB3 to access an
option window. When the option window is accessed, click the diamond button
next to the desired item and click the OK button to return to the previous menu.
Property Table
The table entries are dependent upon the equation-of-state being selected in the
Config menu. When selected the Property Table will display a rectangular table
for entering critical properties. In general, there are eight entries for each table:
■ MW. Molecular weight.
■ Tc. Critical temperature.
■ Pc. Critical pressure.
■ Zc. Critical z-factor.
■ Acentric. Acentric factor.
■ Omega A. Omega A.
■ Omega B. Omega B.

1⁄4 3
g ⋅ cm
■ Parachor. Parachor, --------------------------- .
1⁄2
s ⋅ mole
For a three-parameter EOS, there is one more table entry available:
■ Vshft. Volume shift parameter.
For ZJRK EOS, three more table entries are available:
■ Tb. Normal boiling temperature.
■ Spec Grav. Specific gravity of component at Tref.
■ Tref. Reference Temperature for specific gravity.
The default values for system-defined components are loaded automatically while
they are defined as described in Section 5.1.1, yet the user can elect to override
those values in this table. For user-defined components, however, the user should
supply at least the molecular weights. The properties left as zero will be
considered as the default values, and the program will apply table look-up through
molecular weight to calculate these default properties while the user leaves the
property table. The program also provides a mechanism such that the user can
manually load up the default values for cursor-positioned component by pressing
the F2 function key. Figure 4-11 shows an example of the property table.
Figure 4-12: EOS Property Table

Volume Shift Parameters (D & E)
If the user selects a three-parameter EOS, two additional items, D and E, will be
shown on the property data window for editing. These parameters D and E are
used to compute volume shift parameter, s,
–E
s = 1 – D ⋅ MW
where MW is component molecular weight.
5.2.2 Binary Coeff - Binary Interaction Coefficients

The binary interaction coefficients (djk) are used in the mixing rules that
determine the A parameter of the EOS. Two methods are available for defining
djk’s in DESKTOP-PVT. The Binary Coeff option in the Config menu is used to
specify how djk’s will be defined (see Section 4.4). The Binary items in the Fluid
menu is dependent on the option selected by the user. If the flag for the Binary
Coeff item of the Config menu is set to YES, the Binary Coeff option will be
highlighted in the Fluid menu, otherwise the option Binary Exponent will be
highlighted.
The Binary Coeff option in the Fluid menu allows the user to edit djk data
explicitly. A window with a triangular djk data table will be displayed for editing
data. A list of component names defined in the Component menu will be
displayed at the top of the table, except for the last component. The first column
will display the component names without the first component. The F2 function
key can be used to load the default djk’s for the entire data row where the cursor
is positioned. The default djk between system-defined components will be
automatically loaded when they are selected in the Component menu. All binary
combinations between nonsystem-defined components will be assigned default
values of zero.
If the Thermal option is activated (Section 4.8), the H2O Binary Coef menu will
be displayed. This menu allows the user to specify the binary interaction
coefficients of H2O and other components even if H2O is not specified as a
component explicitly.
The Binary Exponent option in the Fluid menu provides another means for
defining djk values. In this option, all binary interaction coefficients are
computed using the correlation
1⁄6 1 ⁄ 6 djkcor
⎛ 2v cj ⋅ v ck ⎞
djk = 1 – ⎜ ---------------------------
-⎟
⎝ v 1cj⁄ 3 + v 1ck⁄ 3 ⎠

where vcj and vck are the critical volumes for component j and k, respectively, and
djkcor is an input exponent. Selecting the Binary Exponent option will display a
data window for entering djkcor (Figure 4-13). The default value of djkcor is 1.0.
Figure 4-13: Binary Exponent Panel
5.2.3 Gas Enthalpy - Ideal Gas State Enthalpy Coefficients

The Gas Enthalpy option in the Fluid menu allows the user to define component
ideal gas state enthalpy coefficients. The ideal gas state enthalpy for each
component is computed by the fifth degree polynomial
2 3 4 5
H i = h io + h i1 ⋅ T + h i2 ⋅ T + h i3 ⋅ T + h i4 ⋅ T + h i5 ⋅ T
where Hi is the ideal gas state enthalpy of component i in Btu/lb-mole, T is the

temperature in degree Rankin, and hin is the ideal gas state enthalpy coefficient of
component i in Btu/lb-mole-(R)n.
The pure component Passut-Danner ideal gas state enthalpy coefficients have
been internally coded. These values will be automatically loaded when the
corresponding component names are selected in the Component menu. For all
other components, default ideal gas state enthalpy coefficients are calculated
using the Kesler and Lee correlation. This correlation is not always applicable. It
fails if the component critical temperature is less than 60 °F. The correlation
requires component specific gravity. If the component is a gas at standard
conditions, then the density at the vapor pressure at standard temperature is used.
For the relatively heavy components commonly used in thermal reservoir
simulation, these shortcomings are not a problem. Any of the default values for
ideal gas state enthalpy coefficients may be overriden by the user. On selecting the

Gas Enthalpy option, a data entry window will be displayed (Figure 4-14), and the
user can edit the gas enthalpy coefficients, hin, for each component.
Figure 4-14: Gas Enthalpy Panel

5.2.4 LBC Visc - Lohrenz-Bray-Clark Viscosity Correlation

00 The Lohrenz-Bray-Clark viscosity calculation is as follows:
2 3 4 4 –4
00 μ = μ b + ζ ( [ C 1 + C 2 ρ r + C 3 ρ r + C 4 ρ r + C 5 ρ r ] – 10 )
00 where μ is the phase viscosity, μ b is a base viscosity, ζ is a function of pseudo

critical pressures, pseudo critical temperatures, and mixture molecular weight, and
ρ r is a pseudo reduced phase density.
00 By default, the coefficients are:
00 C1 = 0.1023
C2 = 0.023364
C3 = 0.058533
C4 = -0.040758
C5 = 0.0093324
The user may change these default coefficients by selecting the LBC Visc menu
item, and changing the value in the dialog box (Figure 5-9).
Figure 4-15: Coefficients of Lohrenz-Bray-Clark Viscosity Correlation

5.2.5 Pedersen Visc - Pedersen Viscosity Correlation

The Pedersen et al. viscosity correlation is based on the corresponding states
principle. A group of substances obeys the corresponding states principle if these
substances have the same reduced viscosity at the same reduced density and
reduced temperature. In such case, only comprehensive viscosity data for one
component (the reference component) in the group are needed. Others can be
calculated from the reduced viscosity. The Pedersen et al. viscosity correlation
uses methane as a reference substance.
This correlation is useful for heavy oils where the Lohrenz-Bray-Clark correlation
fails to give a proper viscosity prediction for some cases. To invoke the Pedersen
et al. viscosity option, the VISPE option should be selected in the Calc Method
menu. The user has the option of specifying the k-coefficients, k1 to k7 (Figure 4-
16), for calculating the viscosity of the reference component and binary
interacting coefficients Xkj (Figure 4-17) for calculating the mixture pseudo-
critical temperature used in the viscosity correlation. The default values are zero
for all the interacting coefficients Xkj and the following values for the k-
coefficients.
k1 = 9.74602
k2 = 18.0834
k3 = 4126.66
k4 = 44.6055
k5 = 0.976544
k6 = 81.8134
k7 = 15649.9

Figure 4-16: k-coefficients of Pedersen Viscosity Correlation
Figure 4-17: Tc-Binary Interaction Coefficient of Pedersen Viscosity Correlation

5.2.6 K-Value Correl - Component K-Value Correlation

In DESKTOP-PVT the component K-values are usually computed using an
equation of state. For distillation test, a correlation is available to compute K-
values of distillates.
The component K-value is expressed as

B –Di
K i = A i + -----i + C i ⋅ P ⋅ EXP ⎛ --------------⎞ (4-1)
P ⎝ T – E i⎠
where Ai to Ei are constant coefficients for component i, P is pressure in psia and
T is temperature in Rankin. Figure 4-18 shows an example of the data entry table
for the component coefficients of the K-value correlation.
Figure 4-18: Component Coefficients of K-Value Correlation
5.2.7 CO2TAB Correl-Correlation of CO2 Saturated Water Properties

Correlations were developed to calculate properties of carbon dioxide saturated
water as functions of temperature, pressure and salinity. These properties include
carbon dioxide solubility, formation volume factor, compressibility and viscosity.
Figure 4-19 shows the main data entry menu for entering correlation coefficients
of carbon dioxide saturated water properties. The selection items are for the
correlation of carbon dioxide solubility in pure water, the correlation to adjust the
effects of salinity on carbon dioxide solubility in water, and the correlation to
calculate density of carbon dioxide saturated water. The density correlation is

used in computing water formation volume factor.
Figure 4-19: Correlation Coefficients of Carbon Dioxide Saturated Water Properties
Figure 4-20 shows the data entry table for entering correlation coefficients of
solubility of carbon dioxide in pure water. The coefficients are a0 to a4, b0 to b4,
and c0 to c4 to be discussed next. Default values are available for all coefficients.
Figure 4-20: Correlation Coefficients of Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Pure Water
The solubility of carbon dioxide in pure water is calculated as a function of

temperature and pressure.
π c⋅P
R sw = a ⋅ P 1 – b ⋅ sin ⎛ --- ⋅ --------------------⎞
o
if P < P
⎝ 2 c ⋅ P + 1⎠
and
o o o
R sw = R sw + m ⋅ ( P – P ) if P ≥ P

where 4
i
a = ∑
4
a i ⋅ ( 10 –3 ⋅ T )
i
b = ∑i=0
b i ( 104 –3 T ) and 0<b<1
i
c = i10
= 0– 3
⋅ ∑ c i ( 10 – 3 T )
o 2 i = 1sin ( b ) -–1 2
p = --- ⋅ -------------------------------------------
π 2 2
o c 1o – --- sin–31 ( b )
R sw = a ⋅ P ⋅ (π1 – b )
⎧ ⎛ π c ⋅ Po ⎞ π c ⋅ Po ⎛ c ⋅ Po ⎞ ⎫
m = a ⎨ 1 – b ⋅ sin ⎜ --- --------------------- -⎟ + --- ---------------------- ⋅ cos ⎜ π
--- ----------------------⎟ ⎬
⎩ ⎝ 2 c ⋅ P o + 1⎠ 2 c ⋅ P o + 1 ⎝ 2 c ⋅ P o + 1⎠ ⎭
with Rsw in scf of carbon dioxide per stb water, temperature (T) in degree
Fahrenheit, pressure (P) in psia and
a0 =1.16306, a1 =-16.6304, a2 = 111.07305, a3 =-376.85925, a4 =524.88916
b0 =0.96509, b1 = -0.27255, b2 = 0.09234, b3 = -0.10083, b4 = 0.09979
c0 =1.28030, c1 =-10.75660, c2 = 52.69622, c3 = -222.39488, c4 =462.67255
This correlation matches the solubility data of Wiebe (1941)1 for liquid and
supercritical carbon dioxide in water within ±10 scf/stb for temperatures between
54 and 212 degrees Fahrenheit and pressures up to 10,000 psia.
The calculated solubility in pure water is further adjusted for the effects of salinity
to obtain the solubility of carbon dioxide in brine
R sb
log ⎛ --------⎞ = s o S T s1
⎝ R sw⎠
where S is salinity of brine in weight percent of solid, T is temperature in degree
Fahrenheit and
s0 = -0.028037
s1 = -0.12039
The measured data in NaCl Solutions from Malinin and Savelyeva (1972)2,
Malinin and Kurovskaya (1975)3, and McRee (1977)4 were used to obtain
parameters s0 and s1.

Figure 4-21 shows the data entry table for entering s0 and s1 coefficients for
adjusting the salinity effects on the carbon dioxide solubility in water.
Figure 4-21: Adjusting the Salinity Effects
The formation volume factor of carbon dioxide saturated water (or brine) is
calculated using
1
B w = ------ [ ρ w, sc + 0.02066 ⋅ R sb ]
ρw
ρ w = ρ w, atm + 0.001 ⋅ d 1 ⋅ R sb
where d1 = 5.8, Bw is in rb/stb, ρw,sc is water density at standard temperature in lb/

cu ft and ρw,atm is water density at temperature and 14.7 psia in lb/cu ft. Both ρw,sc
and ρw,atm are calculated using the correlation from Rowe and Chou (1970)5. The
correlation of carbon dioxide saturated water density is developed using the data
of Parkinson and De Nevers (1969)6, and Sayegh and Najman (1987)7.

Figure 4-22 shows the data entry table for entering coefficient d1 for calculating
carbon dioxide saturated water density. The default value is 5.8.
Figure 4-22: Calculating Carbon Dioxide Saturation Water Density
For pressures less than 5000 psia the water compressibility is calculated using the
correlation from Rowe and Chou (1970)5. For pressures greater than 5000 psia,
1- = -----------------
1 - + 7.033 ( P – 5000 )
------
Cw C w, 5000
where Cw,5000 is water compressibility at temperature and 5000 psia from Rowe
and Chou correlation in 1/psia. The above correlation is derived from the water
compressibility correlation by Osif (1988)8.
Water viscosity is calculated from Kestin et al. correlation (1978)9. The effects of
carbon dioxide solubility are ignored in both compressibility and viscosity
calculations.

Chapter
6
Heavy/Pseudo/Regres
6.1 Introduction
The mechanisms for assigning equation-of-state components and their properties
for a fluid mixture are discussed in Chapter 5. In this chapter, we discuss three
functions that can be used to obtain or modify some of the component properties.
These functions are represented by three items in the main menu, i.e., Heavy,
Pseudo, and Regres.
The Heavy function is used for calculating heavy fraction characterization from
laboratory measured properties for the heavy fraction. Pseudo is used to reduce
the original fluid system into a pseudo system by specifying which of the original
components will be lumped into which pseudo component. Regres is a nonlinear
regression package that facilitates the adjustment of unknown or uncertain
parameters that affect fluid behavior. These menus are available only if their
corresponding option flags, Heavy, Pseudoization and Regression items in the
Config menu, are activated. Because of their distinctive calculation features, these
functions are mutually exclusive, i.e., only one of the three functions can be
activated at a time.
R5000.0.1 Heavy/Pseudo/Regres 6-69

6.2 Heavy - Heavy Fraction Characterization

The Heavy menu on the Menu Bar is used for calculating heavy fraction
characterization from laboratory measured properties of the heavy fraction. The
program generates an extended analysis using a probability distribution function
that is based on user supplied heavy fraction molecular weight and specific
gravity. The extended analysis can be pseudoized into a user specified number of
components, or into a program calculated number of components.
The heavy fraction characterization procedure is a stand-alone calculation. The

Heavy menu is available only if the Heavy option in the Config menu is active.
The Parameter option in the Heavy menu is used for entering heavy fraction data.
Once data entry is completed, Calculate is selected to activate the calculation
procedure. Graphics is used for reviewing the results of the extended analysis in
graphic mode. The equation-of-state (EOS) properties of the pseudoized heavy
fraction components can be reviewed using Review. Save EOS is used to save the
EOS properties of the pseudoized heavy fraction components into a file. The EOS
properties can be added, or existing EOS properties can be replaced using Append
EOS or Replace EOS, respectively.
6.2.1 Parameter - Input For Heavy Fraction Characterization

Measured heavy fraction properties as well as calculation options are entered
using the Parameter option. At least three numbers, molecular weight, specific
gravity and mole fraction of the heavy fraction, must be entered for heavy fraction
characterization.
An extended analysis of the heavy fraction is calculated assuming the carbon

numbers in the heavy fraction follow a gamma distribution function. The user
must define the shape of the gamma function. For example, the ALPHA entry for
gamma function should be specified. By default, ALPHA is 1. This gives an
exponential distribution. Alpha values should be in the range of 0.5 (accelerated
exponential distribution) to 1.5 (skewed normal distribution).
The extended analysis can be entirely predictive or can be compared to

experimental distillation data. If distillation data of mole (or weight) fraction
distribution are available, an option can be activated to compute an optimal
ALPHA. This will minimize the differences between the experimental and
calculated distributions.
The gamma distribution function gives the mole fraction and molecular weight for
each single carbon number (SCN) of the extended fractions. The calculated mole
fraction and molecular weight of the last carbon number in the extended analysis
are adjusted so the computed mole fraction and molecular weight of the heavy
fraction are matched to the observed data. The gamma function can be calculated
using either a constant molecular weight interval or variable molecular weight
intervals.
A constant Watson characterization factor is used for all carbon numbers in the
heavy fraction. If a Watson factor is entered, the input number is used to compute
6-70 Heavy/Pseudo/Regres R5000.0.1

the specific gravity of all carbon numbers. If a Watson factor is not entered, this
number is adjusted so the computed specific gravity of the heavy fraction is
matched to observed. Figure 6-23 is an example of the Parameter Options Form.
Figure 6-23: Parameter Options Form
NOTE: To edit data indicated as <F5> on this form, either click MB1 over the button
next to the desired item or position the mouse cursor over the box cell for the
desired item to edit to make the F5 key accessible.
Any items that give you choice to make, move the mouse pointer over the
desired box cell and click MB3 to access a separate options window. Choose
the desired item and then click Ok to return to the previous window.
■ Molecular Weight. The molecular weight of the heavy fraction. This is

required input.

■ Specific Gravity. The specific gravity of the heavy fraction, measured at 14.7
psia and 60 degrees Fahrenheit. This is required input.
■ Mole Fraction. The mole fraction of the total fluid sample contained in the
heavy fraction. This is required input.
■ Mole/Weight Fraction Option. Text label specifying the type of distillation

data. This is required input.
❑ WEIGHT. Weight fraction distribution
❑ MOLE. Mole fraction distribution (Default)
The WEIGHT option requires the user to enter the weight fraction of the
heavy fraction in the total fluid sample as well as the mole fraction of the
heavy fraction. The MOLE/WEIGHT option controls whether mole or
weight fraction distillation data should be entered in the Distillation Data
Table.
The program always calculates the mole fraction distribution regardless

of the option selected. The weight fraction distribution, which is
converted from the computed mole fractions, is calculated only if the
WEIGHT option is selected. This conversion requires the user to enter the
weight fraction of the heavy fraction in the fluid sample. If the automatic
ALPHA calculation option is activated, the MOLE/WEIGHT option will
control whether mole or weight fraction data are used in computing
optimal ALPHA.
■ Weight Fraction. The weight fraction of the total fluid sample contained in
the heavy fraction. Do not enter any number unless the WEIGHT option has
been selected. A number must be entered if the WEIGHT option has been
selected.
■ First Single Carbon No. The first single carbon number (FSCN) of the heavy
fraction to be considered in the extended analysis, i.e., for C7+ enter 7, for
C10+ enter 10. This number must be greater than 6. This is required input.
(Default is 7)
■ Last Single Carbon No. The carbon number of the last component to be
considered in the extended analysis for the heavy fraction. This is required
input. (Default is 45)
■ Pseudo-Component No. & Name. The number and names of pseudo

component groups in the final fluid description for the heavy fraction. The
program will compute an optimal number of components if the pseudo
component groups are not specified. (Calculated by default)
■ Bracket M.W. for Grouping. Bracket molecular weights for the purpose of
regrouping the extended fractions into pseudo-components. This table is
available only if the number of pseudo-components (Ng) for the extended
fractions are defined in the Pseudo-Component No. & Name entry. For a

specified value of Ng, Ng-1 molecular weight values must be entered. For
example, if Ng is 3, two values must be entered. All extended fractions with
molecular weight less than or equal to the first value will be lumped into
pseudo-component 1. All extended fractions with molecular weight less than
or equal to the second value, but greater than the first, will be lumped into
pseudo-component 2. All remaining fractions will be lumped into pseudo-
component 3. (Calculated by default)
■ ALPHA, for Gamma Function. The alpha parameter in the gamma

distribution function. The gamma function becomes an exponential
distribution if alpha is 1. If alpha is less than one, the gamma function is an
accelerated exponential distribution. If alpha is greater than one, it is a skewed
normal distribution. This is required input. (Default is 1)
■ Regression on ALPHA (Y/N). Text label that activates the option for
automatic ALPHA calculation. If this option is activated, the distillation data
must be entered before calculation begins.
❑ YES. The ALPHA parameter in the gamma function is calculated to

minimize the differences between the experimental and calculated values
of distillation data. The input ALPHA parameter is used as the initial
estimate.
❑ NO. The input ALPHA parameter is used without any adjustment for the
extended analysis. (Default)
■ Max. ALPHA in Regression. The maximum ALPHA parameter allowed

during automatic adjustment. This value is used only if the ALPHA
regression option has been activated. (Default is 3)
■ Min. ALPHA in Regression. The minimum ALPHA parameter allowed

during automatic adjustment. This value is used only if the ALPHA
regression option has been activated. (Default is 0.5)
■ Maximum Iteration Number. The maximum number of iterations allowed

for automatic calculation of an optimal ALPHA parameter in the extended
analysis to match experimental distillation data. (Default is 20)
■ Minimum Molecular Weight. The minimum molecular weight expected to

occur in the heavy fraction. The default value of 92 is computed from
14 × FSCN – 6
where FSCN is the default first single carbon number, 7, discussed above.
This is required input.
■ M.W. Interval Option. Text label specifying the type of molecular weight
interval used in calculating the extended analysis.
❑ CONSTANT. Constant molecular weight interval (Default)
❑ VARIABLE. Variable molecular weight interval

■ C6 to C7 M.W. Boundary. The molecular weight boundary between C6 and

C7. This value is used only when the option for constant molecular weight
interval (CONSTANT) has been selected. The molecular weight boundaries
of higher carbon numbers are calculated by adding the corresponding
molecular weight increment to this value. For example, the molecular weight
boundary between C7 and C8 is calculated by adding the constant molecular
weight interval (e.g. 12) to this number. (Default is 92)
■ Constant M.W. Interval. The constant molecular weight interval for

computing the extended analysis. This value is used only when the option for
constant molecular weight interval (CONSTANT) has been selected. (Default
is 12)
■ Variable M.W. Boundaries. A menu for specifying variable molecular

weight boundaries between carbon numbers, e.g., C7 to C8. These numbers
are used only if the option for variable molecular weight interval
(VARIABLE) has been selected.
■ Watson Characterization Factor. The average Watson characterization

factor for the entire heavy fraction. If a Watson factor is not entered, it will be
calculated so the computed specific gravity of the heavy fraction will match
the observed data. If a number is entered, it is used to compute the specific
gravity of all single carbon numbers without any adjustment. Reasonable
values are between the range of 10 to 13.
■ EOS Property Calc Method. Text label specifying the method of calculating
equation-of-state (EOS) parameters for critical temperature, critical pressure,
critical z-factor, and acentric factor for single carbon numbers of extended
fractions.
❑ CORRELATION. EOS parameters are calculated from correlations.

(Default)
❑ GENERALIZED. EOS parameters are obtained by table look-up from the

generalized property data bank.
■ EOS Property Data Source. Text label specifying whether the calculated or
experimental data of molecular weight, boiling point temperature, and
specific gravity, etc. are used to calculate EOS parameters for single carbon
numbers of extended fractions.
❑ SIMULATION. EOS parameters are computed using calculated data of

single carbon numbers. (Default)
❑ EXPERIMENT. EOS parameters are computed using experimental data of

single carbon numbers which are entered in the Distillation Data Table.
■ Tc Correlation. Text label specifying a correlation option for calculating

critical temperature.
❑ RIAZI-DAUBERT. Riazi-Daubert correlation (Default)

❑ KESLER-LEE. Kesler-Lee correlation
❑ CAVETT. Cavett correlation
This selection is active only if the CORRELATION option has been

selected in EOS Property Calc Method.
■ Pc Correlation. Text label specifying a correlation option for calculating

critical pressure.
❑ CAVETT. Cavett correlation
This selection is active only if the CORRELATION option is selected in

EOS Property Calc Method.
■ Zc Correlation. Text label specifying a correlation option for calculating

critical z-factor.
❑ RIEDEL-PITZER. Riedel-Pitzer correlation

■ Acentric Factor Correlation. Text label specifying a correlation option for

calculating acentric factor.
❑ EDMISTER. Edmister correlation (Default)
❑ WHITSON. Whitson correlation

■ EOS Property Adjust Option. Text label specifying an adjustment option

for the calculated SCN equation-of-state parameters from correlations.
❑ NO. All EOS parameters are calculated from correlations and no further
adjustment is needed. (Default)
❑ PC/ACENTRIC. Initial EOS parameters are calculated from correlations.

Critical pressure and acentric factor are adjusted so the boiling point
temperature and specific gravity calculated by EOS match the values that
have been used in correlations to compute EOS parameters.

❑ VSH/ACENTRIC. Initial EOS parameters are calculated from

correlations. Acentric factor and volume shift parameter are adjusted so
the boiling point temperature and specific gravity calculated by EOS
match the values that have been used in correlations to compute EOS
parameters.
■ Distillation Data Table. Table used for entering experimental distillation

data. The measured data of molecular weight, mole (or weight) fraction,
specific gravity, and boiling point temperature in degrees Fahrenheit for each
single carbon number can be entered in this table.
6.2.2 Calculate - Activate Calculation

The Calculate option in the Heavy menu is used to activate the calculation
procedure for heavy fraction characterization. Once the calculation task is
completed, the user may proceed to Graphics for reviewing the results of the
extended analysis.

6.2.3 Graphics - Graphic Results of Extended Analysis

The Graphics option in the Heavy menu allows the user to review the calculation
results of the extended analysis in graphic mode. The plots for the extended
analysis include molecular weight, mole fraction, weight fraction, specific gravity,
boiling point temperature, critical temperature, critical pressure, critical z-factor,
acentric factor, volume shift parameter, and binary interaction coefficients of
methane and the extended fractions. Refer to Section 9.2 for information on
graphics operations.
6.2.4 Review - Tabular Results of Pseudo-Components

The equation-of-state parameters and mole fractions of the pseudoized
components of the extended fractions are displayed in tabular form using Review.
This table displays calculated results only, and any changes to this table will not
be stored in memory.
6.2.5 Save EOS - Save EOS Parameters

Save EOS allows the user to save equation-of-state parameters for the pseudoized
components of the extended fractions in a file. Refer to Section 9.10 for details of
the Save EOS operation. It is required that the user must activate heavy fraction
calculation before selecting Save EOS.
6.2.6 Append EOS - Add Heavy Fraction Components to System

Append EOS allows the user to append the calculated EOS parameters of the
pseudoized components into the current fluid description. The heavy fraction
components will be merged into the current component pool. This option can be
selected only if the Calculate option has been activated.
6.2.7 Replace EOS - Load Heavy Fraction Components to System

Replace EOS allows the user to overwrite the current fluid description with the
calculated EOS parameters of the pseudoized heavy fraction components. This
option can be selected only if the Calculate option has been activated.

6.3 Pseudo - Pseudoization

Pseudoization is a calculation procedure used to combine and reduce original fluid
components to a pseudo system by specifying which of the original components
will be lumped into which pseudo-component. The Pseudo function is used for
performing this pseudoization procedure.
The pseudoization process is consistent with both the equation-of-state and the
viscosity correlation, in that the density and viscosity of the original fluid system
is preserved in the pseudo system. Experience has shown that the saturation
pressure of the pseudo-system may be slightly in error. This can easily be adjusted
through regression. The pseudoization process, however, cannot be performed
simultaneously with the regression process.
In DESKTOP-PVT, pseudoization can be a stand-alone calculation, or it can be

performed in conjunction with laboratory procedures. The input data are entered
using the Pseudo Name and Parameter options, regardless of the method used for
running pseudoization. To run a stand-alone pseudoization, the user must select
Calculate from the Pseudo menu after all data has been entered. If pseudoization
is to be performed in conjunction with laboratory procedures, the user should first
select Composition Sor from the Config menu to specify either unpseudoized or
pseudoized fluid system for laboratory procedures. The user then selects Calculate
from the Pseudo menu after all data has been entered. DESKTOP-PVT will
automatically load the pseudoized fluid composition to those laboratory
procedures chosen to use pseudo system. It is recommended that all laboratory
procedures are simulated with the same fluid composition if the above mentioned
procedure is followed. Otherwise the user must enter the fluid composition
directly. After completing all test data entries, the user should select GO from the
Run menu.
6.3.1 Pseudo Name - Assign Pseudo-Components

Pseudo Name allows the user to enter the number and names of the pseudoized
components. This is required input for pseudoization, and no defaults are
provided. To add data click the AddRowBefore or AddRowAfter button as many
times as necessary to add the appropriate number of rows needed. To delete a row,
place the cursor in the row to be deleted and click the DeleteRow button.
Since both the number and names of the pseudo-components are required in the
Parameter menu, they must be specified before entering other pseudoization data.
However, if a name is not given by the user, the program will provide a default
name for it automatically.
6.3.2 Parameter - Input for Pseudoization

Parameter is used for entering data for pseudoization. The required data include
original fluid composition, temperature, saturation pressure and assignments for

lumping the original components into pseudo-components. Figure 6-24 is an

example of the Parameter Options Form.
Figure 6-24: Pseudoization Parameter Options Form
NOTE: To edit data indicated as <F5> on this form, either click MB1 over the button
next to the desired item or position the mouse cursor over the box cell for the
desired item to edit to make the F5 key accessible.
Any items that give you choice to make, move the mouse pointer over the
desired box cell and click MB3 to access a separate options window. Choose
the desired item and then click Ok to return to the previous window.
■ Original Composition. The fluid composition in mole fraction of the

unpseudoized system. Only direct composition specification is allowed. Refer
to Section 7.2.1 for more information about composition specification. This is
required input.
■ Temperature Unit. The temperature units used in the pseudoization

calculation. Refer to Section 7.2.3 for more information about temperature
units specification. This is required input. (Default is °F)
■ Temperature. The fluid temperature. This is required input.

■ Pressure Unit. The pressure units used in pseudoization calculation. Refer to

Section 7.2.4 for more information about pressure units specifications. This is
required input. (Default is PSIA)
■ Sat Pressure Type. Alpha label specifying the saturation pressure type. This
is required input.
❑ DEWPT. Dew point pressures
❑ BUBPT. Bubble point pressures (Default)
■ Saturation Pressure. The measured saturation pressure at the specified

temperature. This is required input.
■ Pseudo-Comp Pseudo-Name Lump. Panels for specifying which of the

original components will be lumped into a pseudo component. There is a
multiple item selection panel of this type for each pseudo-component. The
panels list the original components which have been assigned to a pseudo-
component and all original components which have not been assigned to any
pseudo-components. The original components which have been assigned to a
pseudo-component are indicated by the square toggle button being turned on.
6.3.3 Calculate - Activate Calculation

The Calculate option in the Pseudo menu is used to activate the calculation
procedure for pseudoization. No input data is required. Once the calculation task
is completed, the user may select Review for examining the pseudoization results.
6.3.4 Review - Tabular Results of Pseudoization

The equation-of-state parameters and mole fractions of the pseudoized
components are displayed in tabular form using Review. This table is only used
for examining the calculated results. Any changes to this table will not be stored
in memory.
6.3.5 Save EOS - Save EOS Parameters

Save EOS allows the user to save equation-of-state parameters for the pseudoized
components in a file. Refer to Section 9.10 for details of the Save EOS operation.
It is required that the user must activate calculation before selecting Save EOS.
6.3.6 Replace EOS - Load Pseudo Components To System

Replace EOS allows the user to overwrite the current fluid description with the
EOS parameters of the pseudoized components. This option can be selected only
if the Calculate option has been activated.

6.3.7 Append EOS - Add Pseudo Components To System

Append EOS allows the user to append EOS parameters of the pseudoized
components to the current fluid description. The pseudo components will be
merged into the current component pool. This option can be selected only if the
Calculate option has been activated.

6.4 Regres - Automatic Parameter Adjustment

The Regres menu on the Menu Bar is used for entering parameters for the
nonlinear regression calculation. The Regres menu is active only if the Regression
option in the Config menu has been selected.
There are three options available in the Regress menu, Variable, Limits, and
Control. Variable is used for specifying the equation-of-state parameters to be
adjusted during nonlinear regression. Limits allows the user to specify the lower
and upper bounds of the regression parameters. Control is used for specifying
calculation tolerance and output quantity.
6.4.1 Variable - Regression Parameters

The parameters for each component that will be adjusted during regression are
marked as positive integers in these menus. The number 0 indicates the
parameters will not be changed during regression. The positive integers will be
referred to as regression variables. A regression variable, e.g. 1, can be assigned to
any location in any of these menus, provided it indicates the regressed parameter.
A single variable can be used to modify the same property of multiple
components. The various components using the same regression variable should
be closely related, such as heavy fractions. For example, regression variable 1 can
be assigned to all binary interaction coefficients of methane and heavy fractions.
The total number of regression variables is computed as the maximum integer

given in these menus. If only a regression variable of 3 is entered, the program
will try to perform the regression calculation starting with three regression
variables even through regression variables 1 and 2 are not assigned to any
parameters. It is suggested that contiguous integers starting from one are used to
assign regression variables.
Adjusting too many parameters simultaneously is likely to create an ill-

conditioned problem. Physically meaningless values for some parameters may be
generated as a result. Therefore, it is desirable to limit the number of variables.

The parameters available for regression are categorized into ten types as shown in
Figure 6-25.
Figure 6-25: Regression Variable Panel
These are:
■ EOS Property. Equation-of-state parameters of molecular weight, critical

temperature, pressure and z-factor, acentric factor, omega A, omega B, and
parachor (Figure 6-26). If a three-parameter EOS is selected, this table will
include volume shift parameter.
Figure 6-26: EOS Regression Variable Definition Table

■ Binary Coeff. Component binary interaction coefficients (Figure 6-27).
Figure 6-27: Binary Coeff Regression Variable Definition Table
■ Composition. Component composition in mole fraction. This option can be

used only if fluid compositions in all laboratory procedures are the same. A
maximum of Nc-1 components may be regressed, where Nc is the number of
fluid components. A regression variable of 99 must be assigned to a
component composition used to preserve the mole fraction constraint
(Figure 6-28).
Figure 6-28: Composition Regression Variable Definition Table
■ Volume Shift. The D and E parameters of the correlation for calculating

volume shift parameters. This menu is available only if a three-parameter
EOS has been specified.

■ H2O Binary. Binary interaction coefficients for water (H2O) and all other
components. This menu is available only if Thermal in the Config menu has
been activated, and the H2O component has not been assigned as a fluid
component.
■ LBC Visc. The Lohrenz-Bray-Clark viscosity coefficients.
Figure 6-29: k-Coefficient of Lohrenz-Bray-Clark Viscosity Correlation
■ VISP k-Coef. The k-coefficients (k1 to k7) for calculating the viscosity of the
reference component in the Pedersen et al. viscosity correlation (Figure 6-30).
Figure 6-30: k-Coefficient of Pedersen Viscosity Correlation

■ VISP Tc-Binary. The binary interaction coefficient for calculating mixture

pseudo-critical temperature used in the Pedersen et al. viscosity correlation
(Figure 6-31).
Figure 6-31: Tc-Binary Interaction Coefficient of Pederson Viscosity Correlation
■ K-Value Correl. The component coefficients of K-value correlation. The

correlation is expressed as
B –Di
K i = A i + -----i + C i ⋅ P ⋅ EXP ⎛⎝ --------------⎞⎠ (6-2)
P T – Ei
where Ai to Ei are constant coefficients for component i, P is pressure in psia

and T is temperature in Rankin (Figure 6-32).
Figure 6-32: Component Coefficients of K-Value Correlation

■ CO2TAB Correl. The correlations for calculating properties of carbon

dioxide saturated water are given in Section 5.2.7.
Figure 6-33 shows the main data entry menu for assigning regression
variables to correlation coefficients of carbon dioxide saturated water
properties. The selection items are for the correlation of carbon dioxide
solubility in pure water, the correlation to adjust the effects of salinity on
carbon dioxide solubility in water, and the correlation to calculate density of

carbon dioxide saturated water. The density correlation is used in computing

water formation volume factor.
Figure 6-33: Correlation Coefficients of Carbon Dioxide Saturated Water Properties
Figure 6-34 shows the data entry table for assigning regression variables to
correlation coefficients of solubility of carbon dioxide in pure water. The
coefficients are a0 to a4, b0 to b4, and c0 to c4 give in Section 5.2.7.
Figure 6-34: Correlation Coefficients of Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Pure Water
Figure 6-35 shows the data entry table for assigning regression variables to s0
and s1 coefficients for adjusting the salinity effects on the carbon dioxide

solubility in water.
Figure 6-35: Assigning Regression Variables to s0 and s1 Coefficients
Figure 6-36 shows the data entry table for assigning regression variable to
coefficient d1 for calculating carbon dioxide saturated water density.
Figure 6-36: Assigning Regression Variable to Coefficient d1

6.4.2 Limits - Upper and Lower Bounds

The Limits option is used to set the initial value of each regression variable and
establish upper and lower bounds for each variable (Figure 6-37). The Initial
column in the Limits menu is used for entering the initial values of regression
variables. The Minimum and Maximum columns are used for entering the lower
and upper bounds of regression variables. The default values for initial, minimum,
and maximum are 1, 0.8, and 1.2, respectively. The initial value is normally 1 for
the first regression attempt. If additional runs are made, the last set of values from
a previous run may be used.
Figure 6-37: Regression Limits Panel
Regression variables are used to alter the initial values of various EOS properties.
Most of the EOS properties are adjusted by multiplying their initial values with
regression variables. The exceptions are binary interaction coefficients,
composition and volume shift parameters, where subtraction is used instead of
multiplication. For this treatment of regression variables, using values equal to 1
for all regression variables is equivalent to using the unaltered EOS properties.

6.4.3 Control - Calculation and Output Control

The Control option contains data for controlling the nonlinear regression process.
In most cases the default values should be used, omitting any modifications in the
Control menu. Figure 6-38 is an example of the menu.
Figure 6-38: Regression Control Panel
■ Max Number of Iterations. The maximum number of iterations allowed in

regression. This is required input. (Default is 5)
■ Print-Out Control. Alpha label specifying the quantity of output for

regression. This is required input.
❑ Basic. Only the values of the objective function and the regression
variables at each regression iteration are printed.
❑ Intermediate. In addition to the Basic output, a table of calculated and

observed values is printed. (Default)
❑ Detail. Adds details of the internal regression calculation to the output.
■ Initial Search Vector Length. The initial value of the search vector length in
the regression calculation. This is required input. (Default is 0.2)
■ Minimum Length of Search Vector. A tolerance used as convergence

criterion. The required length of a search vector must be greater than this
number. This is required data. (Default is 0.001)

■ Increment For Derivative Calculation. Increment used to perturb variables

to compute numerical derivatives. This is required input. (Default is 0.001)
■ Required Reduction in Sum-of-Square. A tolerance used as a convergence

criterion. The required reduction in the sum-of-square from one iteration to
the next must be greater than this number. This is required input. (Default is
0.01)
■ Regression Use Non-Volumetric Data Only. Alpha label specifying if only

non-volumetric data are to be used in the regression.
❑ YES. Only non-volumetric observed data are used in the regression.
❑ NO. All observed data are used in the regression. (Default)

Chapter
7
7.1 Introduction
The Tests menu on the Menu Bar is used for entering data from laboratory
measurements. The Tests menu has a dynamic arrangement so only the tests
selected in the Test Type selection window in the Config menu will be
highlighted. The user must enter all required data for all selected tests, but may
enter data in any sequence.
The user can request the data entry menu for a test by clicking on the desired item
with MB1. If the test has multiple runs, an additional menu containing run
numbers will be displayed. The user must select a run before the data entry menu
can be accessed.
In Section 7.2, commonly used data for laboratory procedures are described. The
data set for each laboratory procedure is discussed in Section 7.3.
R5000.0.1 Input Data for Laboratory Procedures 7-93

7.2 Common Input Data

In this section, the input data used by most of the laboratory procedures are
discussed. An example of these data is the fluid composition required for all
laboratory procedures. Not all of the data discussed here are required input. They
can be optional or required. Some of the required data have been given default
values in the program.
7.2.1 Composition
The fluid composition is required for most of the laboratory test procedures. As
discussed in Section 4.11, there are two ways to specify the fluid composition in
DESKTOP-PVT. The fluid composition for a test can be entered directly, or the
liquid, vapor, or overall composition of an intermediate step in another test can be
loaded. The latter method is referred to as an indirect composition specification.
For direct composition specification, the user must enter the numerical values of
the fluid composition in mole fraction. For indirect composition specification, the
user must specify the referenced test and its particular step. Both specifications
are completed through the Composition item in the data entry menus for
laboratory procedures.
For all tests, there is a Composition entry field. To access the composition entry
menu, the user should position the cursor on the field, and press the F5 function
key or click the field with MB1.
For direct composition specification, the entry menu has a two-column format for
most of the tests. The first column, which is not used for data entry, lists the
component names under the Component header. The second column, under the
Mole Fraction header, is used for entering fluid composition in mole fraction.
There are a few tests, for example swelling and multiple contact vaporization
tests, which require specification of both the fluid and the injected gas
compositions. A three-column composition menu is provided for these tests. The
fluid composition is entered in the second column with the Fluid Mixture header,
and the third column, with the Injected Gas header, is used for entering the
injected gas composition.
In a composition entry menu, the F2 function key can be used to copy a previously
entered fluid composition of other laboratory test procedures. A menu of
abbreviated test names will be displayed once the user presses the F2 function
key. By clicking the button next to the desired test and then click the Ok button,
the program is instructed to copy the fluid composition from that test. This copy
composition function can save data entry efforts for simulating several tests with
the same fluid composition.
For indirect composition specification, the composition assignment is a two-step

procedure. A menu of abbreviated test names will be displayed when the user
presses the F5 function key in the Composition entry field or clicking the
Composition entry field with MB1. The user must select a test which references
one of its liquid, vapor, or overall compositions.
7-94 Input Data for Laboratory Procedures R5000.0.1

The user must provide the run sequence of all laboratory procedures if the test
compositions are to be indirectly specified. In the Run Sequence menu the user
also specifies which tests will use indirect composition specification. DESKTOP-
PVT will process the user specifications in the Run Sequence menu, and list the
tests that can be referenced. The tests menu lists a subset of all the laboratory tests
specified in the Test Type selection window of the Config menu.
A second menu will be displayed once the user has selected a test in the
abbreviated test names menu. This menu lists the pressure stages for the selected
test. The user should position the cursor on the desired pressure stage and press
Enter to complete the indirect composition specification.
7.2.2 Laboratory Conditions

In addition to the fluid compositions, the user must specify other conditions for
laboratory procedures. The user has to specify either the system temperature or
pressure which is kept constant through the entire simulation. The user should
then specify the pressure stages if the system temperature is fixed (if the system
pressure is fixed, the temperature stages must be specified). In the menus for
entering laboratory measurements, to create additional data entry columns or rows
for pressure (or temperature) stages click either the AddRowBefore or
AddRowAfter button. To delete data entry columns or rows, click the DeleteRow
button. When the user is finished adding or deleting data, click Ok to exit a data
entry menu.
7.2.3 Temperature Units

The temperature units are required input for most laboratory procedures. Default
units are provided in the program. There are four temperature units in DESKTOP-
PVT:
■ F. Degrees Fahrenheit
■ C. Degrees Centigrade
■ K. Degrees Kelvin
■ R. Degrees Rankin
To change the temperature units, the user can either enter one of the unit
identifiers (F, C, K or R) directly, or select the temperature units menu by clicking
MB3 in the temperature units specification field. A selection menu will be
displayed. Select the desired item by the diamond button next the that item and
then click Ok to return to the previous menu.
7.2.4 Pressure Units

The pressure units are required input for most laboratory procedures. Default units
are provided in the program. There are four pressure units in DESKTOP-PVT:

■ PSIA. Pounds per square inch, absolute
■ PSIG. Pounds per square inch, Gauge
■ KPA. Kilo-Pascals
■ KGCM2. Kilo-grams per square centimeter
To change the pressure units, the user can either enter one of the unit identifiers
(PSIA, PSIG, KPA or KGCM2) directly, or select the pressure units menu by click
MB3 in the pressure units specification field. A selection menu will be displayed.
Select the desired item by the diamond button next the that item and then click OK
to return to the previous menu.
7.2.5 Density Units

The density units are required input for certain laboratory procedures. Default
units are provided in the program. There are two density units in DESKTOP-PVT:
■ LB/FT3. Pound Mass per cubic foot
■ GM/CC. Gram per cubic centimeter
To change the density units, the user can either enter one of the unit identifiers
(LB/FT3 or GM/CC) directly, or select the density units menu by clicking MB3 in
the density units specification field. A selection menu will be displayed. Select the
desired item by the diamond button next the that item and then click OK to return
to the previous menu.
7.2.6 Gas-Oil Ratio Units

The gas-oil ratio (GOR) units are required input for certain laboratory procedures.
Default units are provided in the program. Two units options are available:
■ SCM/STCM. Metric units of standard cubic meter of gas per cubic meter of
stock tank oil
■ SCF/STB. Field units of standard cubic feet of gas per barrel of stock tank oil

To change the GOR units, the user can either enter one of the unit identifiers
(SCM/STCM or SCF/STB) directly, or select the GOR units menu by clicking
MB3 in the GOR units specification field. A selection menu will be displayed.
Select the desired item by the diamond button next the that item and then click OK
to return to the previous menu.
7.2.7 Enthalpy Units

The enthalpy units are required input for some laboratory procedures. Default
units are provided in the program. Options are:
■ KBTU/LBMOLE. Kilo-btu per pound-mole
■ J/KGMOLE. Joule per kilogram-mole
To change the enthalpy units, the user can either enter one of the unit identifiers
(KBTU/LBMOLE or J/KGMOLE) directly, or select the enthalpy units menu by
clicking MB3 in the enthalpy units specification field. A selection menu will be
displayed. Select the desired item by the diamond button next the that item and
then click OK to return to the previous menu.
7.2.8 Saturation Pressure Type

For certain tests, the saturation pressure type is required input. This input is an
alpha label for one of two options:
■ DEWPT. Dewpoint pressures
■ BUBPT. Bubblepoint pressures
To change the saturation pressure type, the user can either enter one of the unit
identifiers (DEWPT or BUBPT) directly, or select the saturation pressure type
menu by clicking MB3 in the saturation pressure type specification field. A
selection menu will be displayed. Select the desired item by the diamond button
next the that item and then click Ok to return to the previous menu.
7.2.9 Weight Factors

There is a corresponding weight factor entry for each observed data. The weight
factors are used in the nonlinear regression process so the user can control the
quality of the match between observed data and simulated phase behavior. Unless
otherwise stated, the weight factor for saturation pressure is 10, and the default
weight factor is 1 for other measured quantities.

7.3 Input Data for Laboratory Procedures

The input requirements for all laboratory procedures are discussed in detail in this
section. The Tests menu only highlights the tests which have been selected in the
Test Type selection window in the Config menu. In the following sections, for
each test there is a short description with an example of the corresponding menu.
Also included is a list of all options for the specified test menu, with a definition
for each option. There are a total of twenty-three test to choose from, where are:
■ Gas Z-Factor
■ Liquid Density
■ Vapor Pressure
■ Saturation Pressure
■ Viscosity
■ Constant Composition Expansion
■ Constant Volume Depletion
■ Swelling
■ Differential Expansion
■ Multi-Contact Vaporization
■ Phase Envelope/Psat
■ Gas Enthalpy
■ Liquid Enthalpy
■ Water Property
■ Saturating Pressure/H2O
■ Distillation
■ Steam Distillation
■ Separator/No Reg
■ Separator/Reg
■ Phase Envelope/Full
■ Composition Variations with Depth
■ Properties of Carbon Dioxide Saturated Water
■ Multiple Contact Steam Vaporization

7.3.1 Z-Factor: Gas Compressibility Factor

The gas compressibility factor (Z-FACTOR) of a gas mixture is calculated as a
function of pressure and temperature. Figure 7-39 shows the input menu for
calculating the compressibility factor of gas mixtures.
Figure 7-39: Gas Z-Factor Menu
■ Composition. The composition of the gas mixture in mole fraction. This is

required input.
■ Temperature Unit. The temperature units which are the same for all
temperature measurements in this test. This is required input. (Default is °F)
■ Temperature. The temperature at which all data are measured in this test.
■ Pressure Unit. The pressure units which are the same for all pressure
measurements in this test. This is required input. (Default is PSIG)
■ Density Unit. The density units which are the same for all density
measurements in this test. This is required input. (Default is LB/FT3)
■ Lab Measurements (Lab Data). Pressing the F5 function key or clicking

MB1 will display the table for entering laboratory measured data, i.e.,
pressure, density, z-factor and viscosity. The detailed table entries are
discussed later.
■ Weight Factor/Lab Data. The regression weight factors of the measured

data. (Default is 1)

Figure 7-40 shows an example of the table for entering laboratory measured data.
In this example the gas z-factors are measured at two pressure stages.
Figure 7-40: Data Entry Table for Gas Z-Factor
■ Pressure. The pressure stages at which data were measured. This is required
input.
■ Gas Dens. The gas densities measured at the pressure stages.
■ Z-Factor. The gas z-factors measured at the pressure stages.
■ Gas Visc. The gas viscosities (cp) measured at the pressure stages.

7.3.2 Density: Liquid Density

The liquid density of a liquid mixture (LIQDEN) is calculated as a function of
pressure and temperature. Figure 7-41 shows the input menu for calculating the
density of liquid mixtures.
Figure 7-41: Liquid Density Menu
■ Composition. The composition of the liquid mixture in mole fraction. This is

required input.
■ Lab Measurements (Lab Data). The laboratory measured data including

discussed later.


Liquid densities are measured at two pressure stages in this example.
Figure 7-42: Data Entry Table for Liquid Density
input.
■ Liq Dens. The liquid densities measured at the pressure stages.
■ Z-Factor. The liquid z-factors measured at the pressure stages.
■ Liq Visc. The liquid viscosities (cp) measured at the pressure stages.

7.3.3 Vapor Pressure: Pure Component Vapor Pressure

The vapor pressure of a pure component (VP) is calculated as a function of
temperature in this test. Figure 7-43 shows the input menu.
Figure 7-43: Vapor Pressure
■ Composition. The fluid composition in mole fraction. The fluid can consist
of multiple components, but only one component can have a nonzero value
for mole fraction. This is required input.

temperature, vapor pressure, density, and z-factor. The detailed table entries
are discussed later.

data. The default weight factors are 10 for vapor pressures, and 5 for both
densities and z-factors.

Figure 7-44 shows an example of the table for entering vapor pressure data. The
vapor pressures are measured at two temperature stages in this example.
Figure 7-44: Data Entry Table for Vapor Pressure
■ Temp. The temperatures at which vapor pressures are measured in this test.
■ Vapor Pres. The measured vapor pressures at the temperature stages. This is
required input.
■ Density. The saturated fluid densities measured at the stage temperatures and
vapor pressures.
■ Z-Factor. The saturated fluid z-factors measured at the stage temperatures

and vapor pressures.

7.3.4 Sat Pressure: Mixture Dew/Bubblepoint Pressure

The dewpoint, or bubblepoint, pressure of a mixture (PSAT) is calculated as a
function of temperature in this test. Figure 7-45 shows the input menu.
Figure 7-45: Saturation Pressure Menu
■ Composition. The composition of the fluid mixture in mole fraction. This is

required input.
■ Saturation Pressure Type. Alpha label specifying the type of the measured
saturation pressures. This is required input. (Default is BUBPT)

temperature, saturation pressure, density, and z-factor. The detailed table
entries are discussed later.

data. The default weight factors are 10 for saturation pressures, and 5 for both
densities and z-factors.

The saturation pressures are measured at one temperature stage in this example.
Figure 7-46: Data Entry Table for Saturation Pressure
■ Temp. The temperatures at which saturation pressures are measured in this

test. This is required input.
■ Dewpoint or Bubble Pt. The measured saturation pressures at the

temperature stages. A realistic value should be entered, even if no data is
available, since it will be used as the starting value for the saturation pressure
calculation. A poor estimate can result in convergence failure. This is
required input.
saturation pressures.

and saturation pressures.

7.3.5 Viscosity: Liquid/Vapor Viscosity

The viscosity of a fluid mixture (VISC) is calculated as a function of pressure and
temperature. Figure 7-47 shows the input menu for calculating the viscosity of
fluid mixtures.
Figure 7-47: Viscosity Menu
■ Fluid Type. Alpha label specifying the fluid mixture type. This is required
input.
❑ LIQUID. The fluid is liquid. (Default)
❑ VAPOR. The fluid is vapor.

required input.


discussed later.

The viscosities are measured at two pressure stages in this example.
Figure 7-48: Data Entry Table for Viscosity
input.
■ Density. The densities measured at the pressure stages.
■ Z-Factor. The z-factors measured at the pressure stages.
■ Viscosity. The viscosities measured at the pressure stages.
7.3.6 Cnst Composition: Constant Composition Expansion

This test may also be called flash vaporization, flash liberation, pressure-volume
relations, or flash expansion.
The constant composition expansion (CCEXP) procedure begins with a fluid

sample at a pressure above its saturation pressure. Pressure is reduced in a
sequence of discrete steps until the saturation pressure is reached. After each
pressure reduction, the volume is measured and normalized relative to the volume
at the saturation pressure.
Pressure is reduced below the saturation pressure in a further sequence of discrete

steps. After each pressure reduction the vapor-liquid mixture is equilibrated. The
total volume of the mixture is normalized relative to the volume at the saturation
pressure. Sometimes the volume fraction of liquid is measured. The CCEXP

procedure is performed at a constant temperature. Figure 7-49 shows the input

menu for simulating the CCEXP procedure.
Figure 7-49: Constant Composition

required input.
■ Temperature. The cell temperature at which all data are measured in this test.
■ Saturation Pressure Type. Alpha label specifying the type of measured


■ Saturation Pressure (Psat). The measured saturation pressure at the cell

■ Weight Factor/Psat. The regression weight factor of the measured saturation

pressure. (Default is 10)
■ Z-factor@ Psat (Z-Psat). The measured fluid compressibility factor (Z-

factor) at the cell temperature and saturation pressure.
■ Weight Factor/Z-Psat. The regression weight factor of the measured Z-

factor at the cell temperature and saturation pressure. (Default is 1)
■ Liq Volume Fraction Type. Two options are available to define the reference
volume used for normalizing measured liquid volumes. This data is used to
select the reference volume and define the volume fraction of liquid. Volume
fraction of liquid is defined as the liquid volume measured at a pressure stage
divided by the reference volume. This is required input.
❑ MEAS PRES. The reference volume is the total cell volume at the
pressure stage at which the liquid volume is measured.
❑ SATURATION. The reference volume is the total cell volume at the

saturation pressure. (Default)
■ Lab Measurements (Lab Data). The laboratory measured data include

pressure, total cell volume, volume fraction of liquid, gas z-factor, oil z-factor,
oil viscosity, gas viscosity, oil density, and gas density. The detailed table
■ Weight Factor/Lab Data. The regression weight factors of the laboratory

measured data. (Default is 1)
■ Oil Compositions (OComp). The oil phase compositions in mole fraction at

the pressure stages.
■ Weight Factor/OComp. The regression weight factors of the measured oil

phase compositions. (Default is 1)
■ Gas Compositions (GComp). The gas phase compositions in mole fraction

at the pressure stages.
■ Weight Factor/GComp. The regression weight factors of the measured gas

phase compositions. (Default is 1)

Figure 7-50 shows an example of the table for entering laboratory measured
CCEXP data.
Figure 7-50: Data Entry Table for Constant Composition Expansion
input.
■ Relative Vol. The total volume of the fluid mixture measured at the pressure
stages divided by the volume measured at the saturation pressure.
■ LVol Frac. The measured volume fraction of liquid at the pressure stages. See
Liq Volume Fraction Type above for the definition of volume fraction of
liquid.
■ Gas Z-Fac. The gas z-factors measured at the pressure stages.
■ Oil Z-Fac. The oil z-factors measured at the pressure stages.
■ VISCo. The oil viscosities measured at the pressure stages, in centipoise.
■ VISCg. The gas viscosities measured at the pressure stages, in centipoise.
■ DENo. The oil densities measured at the pressure stages, in gm/cc.
■ DENg. The gas densities measured at the pressure stages, in gm/cc.
7.3.7 Cnst Volume: Constant Volume Depletion

The constant volume depletion (CVDEP) procedure begins with a fluid sample,
usually a condensate, at its saturation pressure and temperature of interest. The
pressure is then reduced in a series of discrete steps allowing the fluid to expand.

After each expansion, the PVT cell is equilibrated and returned to its original
volume by withdrawing vapor at a constant pressure.
Data measured and reported at each pressure level includes the composition of the
produced gas, the molecular weight of the heavy fraction (C7+) of the produced
gas, the gas z-factor, the cumulative production of gas as a fraction of the original
gas in the PVT cell, and the fraction of the cell volume occupied by the liquid
after returning to the original volume. Figure 7-51 shows the input menu for
simulating the CVDEP procedure.
Figure 7-51: Constant Volume Depletion Menu

required input.
measurements in this test. This is required input. (Default is °F)


■ Saturation Pressure (Psat). The measured saturation pressure at the cell

■ Weight Factor/Psat. The regression weight factor of the measured saturation

pressure. (Default is 10)
■ Z-factor @ Psat (Z-Psat). The measured fluid compressibility factor (Z-

factor) at the cell temperature and saturation pressure.
■ Weight Factor/Z-Psat. The regression weight factor of the measured Z-

factor at the cell temperature and saturation pressure. (Default is 1)
■ First Heavy Component Name. The component name of the lowest

molecular weight component in the heavy fraction for which molecular
weight is being reported. Typically the molecular weight of the C7+ fraction is
reported.
■ Last Heavy Component Name. The component name of the highest

weight is being reported.

pressure, the molecular weight of the heavy fraction of the produced gas, gas
z-factor, oil z-factor, cumulative gas produced, volume fraction of oil, oil
viscosity, gas viscosity, and oil density. The detailed table entries are
discussed later.



phase compositions (Default is 1)
■ Gas Compositions (GComp). The produced gas phase compositions in mole

fraction at the pressure stages.

■ Black Oil Table Generation. The dialog window for generating black oil
table data.

CVDEP data.
Figure 7-52: Data Entry Table for Constant Volume Depletion
input.
■ Gas M.W.+. The molecular weight of the heavy fraction of the produced gas.
■ Gas Z-Fac. The produced gas z-factors measured at the pressure stages.
■ Cum Gas Prod. The cumulative gas produced after returning the PVT cell to
its original volume at the pressure stages. This is expressed as a mole fraction
of the gas originally in the PVT cell.
■ Oil Vol Frac. The measured volume fractions of oil after returning the PVT
cell to its original volume at the pressure stages.
■ VISCg. The viscosities of the produced gas measured at the pressure stages,
in centipoise.
Figure 7-53 shows the dialog window used to enter black oil table generation
parameters.

Figure 7-53: Black Oil Table Generation Parameters
■ Algorithm. The user may select between NONE or WHITSON or COATS for
the method used to generate the black oil data table. If the NONE option is
selected, no table is generated. The WHITSON option generates the black oil
table by the algorithm described by Whitson and Torp 10. The COATS option
generates the black oil table by the algorithm described by Coats11.
■ Separator Conditions. The separator conditions used to generate the black

oil data. An example is shown in Figure 7-54. Multi-stage separator
conditions are specified in the same manner as other separator tests. For a full
description, of the data fields, see the input description of the Separator tests.
Figure 7-54: Separator Definition for Black Oil Table Generation.
■ Saturated Pressure Table. A table of saturated pressure data is automatically

generated from the laboratory data. However, the user may manually define
the pressure levels at which saturated data is generated. The dialog window is

shown in Figure 7-55. The program will ignore pressures above the saturation
pressure of the initial composition. It will extrapolate to pressures above the
initial saturation pressure by adding equilibrium gas to the initial composition.
Figure 7-55: Saturation Pressures at which black oil data is generated.
■ Delta Pressure Table. The pressure levels above saturation pressure at which
undersaturated data is calculated. An example is shown in Figure 7-56.
Figure 7-56: Pressure levels above the saturation pressure at which black oil data is
generated.
■ Output Units. A choice can be made between FIELD or METRIC or LAB

units for output.
■ Viscosity. The user can choose to output either experimental data, where
available, or computationally generated viscosity data. Viscosity data is often
more difficult to match than volumetric data, so the user may wish to retain
his original experimental viscosity values when they are available.

7.3.8 Swelling: Swelling Test

The swelling test (SWELL) begins with a fluid sample, usually a liquid, at its
saturation pressure and temperature of interest. A lean vapor is injected into the
fluid sample in a series of discrete stages, causing an elevation of saturation
pressure. For a liquid sample, the fluid may switch from a bubblepoint to a
dewpoint between two stages thereby spanning a critical mixture.
Data measured and reported at the end of each stage includes the saturation
pressure of the new mixture, the type of saturation pressure (dewpoint or
bubblepoint), and the volume of the saturated mixture relative to the saturated
volume of the original sample. Figure 7-57 shows the input menu for simulating
the SWELL procedure.
Figure 7-57: Swelling Test Menu
■ Composition. The composition of the fluid mixture and injected gas in mole
fraction. This is required input.

moles of injected gas, volume of the new saturated mixture, saturation
pressure, and the type of saturation pressure. The detailed table entries are
discussed later.


measured data. The default weight factors are 1.5 for the saturation pressures,
and 1 for the volumes of the saturated mixtures.
SWELL data.
Figure 7-58: Data Entry Table for Swelling Test
■ Inj Gas Frac. Moles of injected gas in the mixture divided by the total
number of moles in the mixture at the end of any stage. This is required
input.
■ Sat Vol Frac. The volume of the saturated mixture at the end of any stage
divided by the saturated volume of the original mixture.
■ Sat Pressure. The measured saturation pressure of the mixture at the end of
any stage.
■ Sat Pres Type. Alpha label specifying the type of measured saturation
pressures. This is required input.
❑ DEWPT. Dewpoint pressures
❑ BUBPT. Bubblepoint pressures (Default)
7.3.9 Differential: Differential Expansion

The differential expansion experiment, also called differential liberation or
differential vaporization, is normally performed on black oils. The differential
expansion (DIFF) procedure begins with an oil sample at its saturation pressure
and temperature of interest. The pressure is reduced in a series of discrete steps

allowing the fluid to expand. After each expansion, the PVT cell is allowed to
equilibrate and all evolved gas is removed from the cell at the constant pressure.
Data measured and reported at each pressure level includes the solution gas-oil
ratio, relative oil volume, oil density, z-factor of the withdrawn gas, and gravity of
the withdrawn gas.
Figure 7-59 shows the input menu for simulating the DIFF procedure.
Figure 7-59: Differential Expansion Menu

required input.
measurements in this test. This is required input. (Default is PSIA)

■ Bubblepoint Pressure (BUBPT). The measured bubblepoint pressure at the

cell temperature. This is required input.
■ Weight Factor/BUBPT. The regression weight factor of the measured

bubblepoint pressure. (Default is 10)
■ Standard Temperature. Standard temperature. (Default is 60)
■ Standard Pressure. Standard pressure. (Default is 14.7)
■ Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) Unit. The units for all gas-oil ratio measurements.
This is required input. (Default is SCF/STB)
■ GOR Calculation Option. Alpha label specifying the definition of gas-oil

ratio. This is required input.
❑ EVOLVED. Cumulative standard volume of gas evolved at a pressure

level per volume of residual oil at standard temperature and pressure.
❑ SOLUTION. Standard volume of gas still in the oil at a pressure level per
volume of residual oil at standard temperature and pressure. (Default)

pressure, relative oil volume, gas-oil ratio, gas z-factor, oil viscosity, gas
viscosity, oil density, and gas gravity. The detailed table entries are discussed
later.

Figure 7-60 shows an example of the table for entering laboratory measured DIFF
data.
Figure 7-60: Data Entry Table for Differential Expansion

input.
■ Rel Oil Vol. The relative oil volumes (oil formation volume factor, Bo),
barrels of oil at a pressure level per barrel of residual oil at 60 °F.
■ GOR. The gas-oil ratio at a pressure level. See GOR Calculation Option
above for the definition of gas-oil ratio.
■ Gas Z-Fac. The z-factors of the produced gas measured at the pressure
stages.
■ VISCg. The viscosities of the produced gas measured at the pressure stages,
in centipoise.
■ Gas Gravity. The produced gas gravity at the pressure stages.

7.3.10 Multi-Contact: Multiple Contact Vaporization

The multiple contact vaporization (MCVAP) procedure begins with an oil sample
at a given pressure and temperature. The MCVAP test can perform either a gas-
cycling process or an oil-cycling process. In a gas-cycling process, gas will be
injected into oil in a series of steps at constant pressure. By default this process is
differential, i.e., all gas is removed at the end of each contact step. The user can
decide not to remove any gas by specifying the process as constant composition.
In an oil-cycling process, after an initial contact of injected gas with oil, the
remaining oil is removed from the cell. For subsequent steps, the original oil is
added to the gas phase remaining from the previous step.
Data measured and reported at each contact step includes moles of gas (or oil)
removed, gas (or oil) z-factor, and liquid volume fraction. In addition, the program
can construct a pseudo-ternary diagram if the user defines three pseudo-
components (light, intermediate and heavy).
Figure 7-61 shows the input menu for simulating the MCVAP procedure.
Figure 7-61: Multiple Contact Vaporization Menu

■ Composition. The composition of the fluid mixture and injected gas in mole
■ Type of Cycling Process. Alpha label specifying the type of cycling process,
❑ GAS. Gas cycling process (Default)
❑ OIL. Oil cycling process
■ Constant Composition Process. Alpha label specifying the type of MCVAP

❑ YES. Constant composition MCVAP test
❑ NO. Differential MCVAP test (Default)
■ Bubblepoint Pressure (BUBPT). The measured bubblepoint pressure at the

cell temperature. This is required input.
■ Weight Factor/BUBPT. The regression weight factor of the measured

saturation pressure. (Default is 10)
■ Test Operating Pressure. The operating pressure of the multiple contact

vaporization test. This is required input.
■ Pseudo Component Assignment. Define three pseudo-components by

specifying which original components will be lumped into which pseudo
component. The pseudo-ternary is constructed only if pseudo-components are
defined. The process of defining pseudo-components is identical to the
pseudoization function discussed in Chapter 6.

moles of fluid (gas or oil) added, moles of fluid (gas or oil) removed, gas z-
factor, and liquid volume fraction. The detailed table entries are discussed
later.


MCVAP data.
Figure 7-62: Data Entry Table for Multiple Contact Vaporization
■ Moles Added. The number of moles of fluid (gas or oil) added at each contact
step. It is assumed the oil originally in the PVT cell is one mole. This is
required input.
■ Moles Removed. The number of moles of fluid (gas or oil) removed after
equilibration at each contact step.
■ Gas Z-Factor. The z-factors of the removed gas at each contact step.
■ Liq Vol Frac. The liquid volume fraction before gas removed at each contact
step.
7.3.11 Phas Envlop/Psat: Dew/Bubblepoint Phase Envelope

The phase envelope calculation (ENVELOPE) consists of a series of bubblepoint
and dewpoint calculations delineating the boundary of the two-phase region. The
calculation may be performed for both oil and gas fluid systems.
Convergence of the saturation pressure calculations using an equation of state is

dependent upon the starting pressure at a given temperature. As a result, data
which define starting values for pressure and temperature must be specified.
These starting values are defined by specifying a range of pressures and
temperatures for both the upper and lower portions of the phase envelope. The
program will perform a saturation pressure calculation for each temperature
specified in this range. The program will continue trying specified starting values
for pressure until a calculation converges. The critical point of the fluid system
can easily be estimated by noting the change in saturation pressure type from
bubblepoint to dewpoint.

Figure 7-63 shows the input menu for simulating the dew/bubblepoint phase
envelope calculation.
Figure 7-63: Phase Envelope Calculation

required input.
■ Lowest Temp /Upper Envelope. The lowest temperature used to calculate

saturation pressure for the upper portion of the phase envelope. This is
required input. (Default is 0)
■ Highest Temp /Upper Envelope. The highest temperature used to calculate

saturation pressure for the upper portion of the phase envelope. This is

■ Temp Increment/Upper Envelope. The increment used to select values from

the lowest to the highest temperature for the upper portion of the phase
envelope. This is required input. (Default is 50)
■ Lowest Temp /Lower Envelope. The lowest temperature used to calculate

saturation pressure for the lower portion of the phase envelope. This is
■ Highest Temp /Lower Envelope. The highest temperature used to calculate

saturation pressure for the lower portion of the phase envelope. This is
■ Temp Increment/Lower Envelope. The increment used in selecting

temperature values from the lowest to the highest temperature for the lower
portion of the phase envelope. This is required input. (Default is 50)
■ Lowest Pres /Upper Envelope. The lowest pressure used to initialize the
saturation pressure calculation for the upper portion of the phase envelope.
This is required input. (Default is 2000)
■ Highest Pres /Upper Envelope. The highest pressure used to initialize the
saturation pressure calculation for the upper portion of the phase envelope.
■ Pres Increment /Upper Envelope. The increment used to select pressure

values from the lowest to the highest pressure for the upper portion of the
phase envelope. This is required input. (Default is 2000)
■ Lowest Pres /Lower Envelope. The lowest pressure used to initialize the
saturation pressure calculation for the lower portion of the phase envelope.
■ Highest Pres /Lower Envelope. The highest pressure used to initialize the
saturation pressure calculation for the lower portion of the phase envelope.
■ Pres Increment /Lower Envelope. The increment used to select pressure

values from the lowest to the highest pressure for the lower portion of the
phase envelope. This is required input. (Default is 100)

7.3.12 Gas Enthalpy: Gas Enthalpy

The enthalpy of a gas mixture (ENTHV) is calculated as a function of its
temperature and pressure. Figure 7-64 shows the input menu for calculating the
enthalpy of gas mixtures.
Figure 7-64: Gas Enthalpy Menu
■ Composition. The composition of the gas mixture in mole fraction. This is

required input.
■ Enthalpy Unit. The enthalpy units which are the same for all enthalpy
measurements in this test. This is required input. (Default is KBTU/
LBMOLE)
■ Density/Z-Factor Option. Alpha label specifying whether density or z-factor

is measured and reported. This is required input.

❑ Density. Density is measured.
❑ Z-Factor. Z-Factor is measured. (Default)

pressure, enthalpy, and density or z-factor. The detailed table entries are
discussed later.

Figure 7-65 shows an example of the table for entering laboratory measured gas
antelope data. The data are measured at two pressure stages in this example.
Figure 7-65: Data Entry Table for Gas Enthalpy
input.
■ Enthalpy. The gas enthalpies measured at the pressure stages.
■ Z-Factor or Density. The gas z-factors, or densities, measured at the pressure

stages.

7.3.13 Liquid Enthalpy: Liquid Enthalpy

The enthalpy of a liquid mixture (ENTHL) is calculated as a function of its
temperature and pressure. Figure 7-66 shows the input menu for calculating the
enthalpy of liquid mixtures.
Figure 7-66: Liquid Enthalpy
■ Composition. The composition of the liquid mixture in mole fraction. This is

required input.
■ Enthalpy Unit. The enthalpy units which are the same for all enthalpy
measurements in this test. This is required input. (Default is KBTU/
LBMOLE)
■ Density/Z-Factor Option. Alpha label specifying whether density or z-factor

is measured and reported. This is required input.

❑ Density. Density is measured.
❑ Z-Factor. Z-Factor is measured. (Default)

pressure, enthalpy, and density or z-factor. The detailed table entries are
discussed later.
Figure 7-67 shows an example of the table for entering laboratory measured liquid
antelope data. The data are measured at two pressure stages in this example.
Figure 7-67: Data Entry Table for Liquid Enthalpy

input.
■ Enthalpy. The liquid enthalpies measured at the pressure stages.
■ Z-Factor or Density. The liquid z-factors, or densities, measured at the

pressure stages.

7.3.14 Water Property: Liquid Water Property

The liquid water properties (WATPRP) of density, enthalpy, viscosity and fugacity
coefficient are calculated as a function of pressure and temperature. Figure 7-68
shows the input menu for calculating the liquid water property.
Figure 7-68: Water Property Menu
■ Pressure. Pressure, in psia. This is required input.
■ Temperature. Temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit. This is required input.

7.3.15 Sat Pressure/H2O: Bubblepoint Pressure of Mixture With Water

The bubblepoint pressure of oil in the presence of water (PSATW) is calculated as
a function of temperature in this test. If the water-in-oil option has been selected,
then the bubblepoint pressure may also be a function of the amount of water
present (only if the oil is undersaturated with water). For this option, the
COMPOSITION entry specifies the water-free oil composition. Since
DESKTOP-PVT loads the water component and its properties automatically for
this test, it is not necessary to input water (H2O) as a component in the component
assignment process. An input menu for the binary coefficients of water and other
components will be displayed by activating the Thermal option in the Config
menu.
Figure 7-69 shows the input menu for calculating the bubblepoint pressure of oil
in the presence of water.
Figure 7-69: BubblepointPressure of Mixture with H2O Menu
■ Composition. The composition of the water-free oil in mole fraction. This is

required input.


temperature, overall water mole fraction, bubblepoint pressure, density, and z-
factor. The detailed table entries are discussed later.

data. The default weight factors are 10 for bubblepoint pressures, and 5 for
both densities and z-factors.
Figure 7-70 also shows an example of the table for entering bubblepoint pressures
of oil in the presence of water. The bubblepoint pressures are measured at one
temperature stage in this example.
Figure 7-70: Data Entry Table for Bubblepoint Pressure of Mixture with H2O
■ Temp. The temperature at which bubblepoint pressures are measured in this

■ Zwat. Overall water mole fraction in the water/oil system. This is required
input.
■ Bubble Pt. The measured bubblepoint pressures at the temperature stages. A

realistic value should be entered even if no data is available. This data is used
as the starting value for the bubble pressure calculation. A poor estimate can
result in convergence failure. This is required input.
bubblepoint pressures.

and bubblepoint pressures.

7.3.16 Distillation: Distillation Test

The laboratory distillation (DISTIL) test starts with an oil sample at its boiling
point temperature. The oil sample is distilled by increasing temperature in a
sequence of discrete steps at a constant pressure. The distillate is condensed, and
its volume or weight is measured and reported. Figure 7-71 shows the input menu
for simulating the distillation test.
Figure 7-71: Distillation Test Menu

required input.

■ Operating Pressure. The operating pressure of the distillation test. This is

■ Boiling Point Temperature (Tbp). The boiling point temperature

(temperature at zero distillate volume or weight fraction) of the oil sample.
■ Weight Factor/Tbp. The regression weight factor of the measured boiling

point temperature. (Default is 2)
■ Standard Pressure. Standard pressure. (Default is 0)
■ Distillate Fraction Option. Alpha label specifying the units of the distillate
fraction on the distillation curve. This is required input.
❑ VOLUME. Volume fraction. Cumulative volume distillated divided by

initial oil volume with all volumes measured at the standard conditions.
(Default)
❑ WEIGHT. Weight fraction. Cumulative weight distillated divided by

initial oil weight.
■ Distillation Curve. The laboratory measured distillation data including

temperature and distillate volume, or weight, fraction. The detailed table
entries are discussed later. This is required input.
■ Temp Increment In Calculation. The temperature increment used in

stepping through the distillation curve calculation. This is required input.
(Default is 5)
■ Molecular Weight Measurements. The laboratory measured molecular

weights of the heavy fraction in the crude oil and residues, and the weight
fraction of the heavy fraction in the crude oil. The detailed table entries are
discussed later.
■ Crude API Gravity (APIc). The measured API gravity of original crude.
■ Weight Factor/APIc. The regression weight factor of the measured API

gravity of the original crude. (Default is 1)
■ Residue API Gravity Table. The measured API gravities of residues on

distillation curve. The detailed table entries are discussed later.
■ Distillate Property Tables. Tables of distillate API gravity, distillate

component K-values, and weight factor tables of the measured distillate
component K-values. The detailed table entries are discussed later.

■ Blend Fraction Option. Alpha label specifying the units for which fractions
of the original crude, residue and distillate are mixed in preparing the blend.
❑ VOLUME. Volume fractions are used to specify the amount of original

crude, residue, and distillate in the blend. (Default)
❑ WEIGHT. Weight fractions are used to specify the amount of original

crude, residue, and distillate in the blend.
■ Blend API Gravity Table. The measured API gravities of blends. The
detailed table entries are discussed later.
■ Viscosity Measurements. The measured viscosities of the original crude,

residues, distillate and blends. The detailed table entries are discussed later.
Distillation Curve
Figure 7-72 shows the menu for entering laboratory measured distillation data.
Figure 7-72: Data Entry Table for Distillation Curve
■ Temperature. The temperature on distillation curve. The temperature must

be in increasing order. This is required input.
■ Volume Frac or Weight Frac. The distillate volume or weight fraction on

distillation curve. See Distillate Fraction Option above for the definition of
the volume and weight fractions.
■ Weight Factor. The regression weight factors of the measured distillate

volume or weight fraction. (Default is 1)

Molecular Weight Measurements
Figure 7-73 shows an example of the table for entering molecular weight data for
the heavy fraction.
Figure 7-73: Data Entry Table for Distillation Molecular Weight Measurements
■ M.W., Crude Heavy Frac (MWc). The molecular weight of the heavy
fraction of the original crude.
■ Weight Factor/ MWc. The regression weight factor for the measured
molecular weight of the heavy fraction of the original crude. (Default is 1)
■ First Heavy Component Name/MWc. The component name of the lowest

weight of the crude heavy fraction is being reported.
■ Last Heavy Component Name/MWc. The component name of the highest

weight of the crude heavy fraction is being reported.
■ M.W., Residue Heavy Fraction. This table is used for entering the measured
molecular weight of the heavy fraction of the residues. The entries are the
same as the above four items, except the data entry number on the distillation
curve may also be input.

■ Wt Frac, Crude Heavy Frac (Wt). The measured weight fraction of the
crude heavy fraction in the original crude.
■ Weight Factor/Wt. The regression weight factor for the measured weight
fraction of the crude heavy fraction in the original crude. (Default is 1)
■ First Heavy Component Name/Wt. The component name of the lowest

molecular weight component in the heavy fraction for which weight fraction
of the crude heavy fraction is being reported.
■ Last Heavy Component Name/Wt. The component name of the highest

molecular weight component in the heavy fraction for which weight fraction
of the crude heavy fraction is being reported.
Residue API Gravity Data
Figure 7-74 shows the menu for entering residue API gravity data.
Figure 7-74: Data Entry Table for Distillation Residue API Gravity
■ Residue API. The measured API gravity of residue on the distillation curve.
■ Weight Factor. The regression weight factor for the measured API gravity of
residue. (Default is 1)
■ Dstl Curve No. The data entry number on the distillation curve.
Distillate Property Tables
There are four tables available for data entry (Figure 7-75):
■ Distillate API Gravity
■ Component K-Value Table
■ Weight Factor/Component K-Value (vs. EOS K-Value)

■ Weight Factor/Component K-Value (vs. Correlation K-Value)
Figure 7-75: Data Entry Table for Distillate Property Tables
A file contains computed distillate K-values will be generated, can be saved later.
The format of the file is syntactically correct for input into VIP-THERM.
Distillate API Gravity
Figure 7-76 shows the menu for entering distillate API gravity data.
Figure 7-76: Data Entry Table for Distillation Distillate API Gravity
■ Distillate API. The measured API gravity of distillate. The temperature range
of the distillate is specified by Start Curve No. and End Curve No.
■ Weight Factor. The regression weight factor for the measured API gravity of
the distillate. (Default is 1)
■ Start Curve No. The data entry number on the distillation curve which
defines the starting temperature of the distillate.
■ End Curve No. The data entry number on the distillation curve which defines
the ending temperature of the distillate.

Component K-Value Table
Figure 7-77 shows the menu for entering component K-values of the distillate.
Figure 7-77: Data Entry Table for Distillate K-Value
■ Distillate No. Distillate fraction number.
■ All other columns. Component K-values.
Weight Factor/Component K-Value (vs. EOS K-Value)
Figure 7-78 shows the menu for entering regression weight factors for the
measured component K-values. This weight factor is applied to the residuals of
equation-of-state computed K-values and measured K-values. To accommodate
the large variation in component K-values, the logarithm of the K-values are used
in computing the residuals.
Figure 7-78: Weight Factor for Distillate K-Value

Weight Factor/Component K-Value (vs. Correlation K-Value)
There is another regression weight factor table for the measured K-values but is
applied only to the residuals of correlation computed K-values and measured K-
values (Figure 7-79). To accommodate the large variation in component K-values,
the logarithm of the K-values are used in computing the residuals. This weight
factor will not affect the adjustment of equation-of-state parameters in regression.
Figure 7-79: Weight Factor for Distillate K-Value
Blend API Gravity Data
Figure 7-80 shows the menu for entering blend API gravity data.
Figure 7-80: Data Entry Table for Distillation Blend API Gravity
■ Crude Frac. The volume or weight fraction of the original crude in the blend.
■ DstCurve No. The data entry number on the distillation curve for the residue
used in the blend.
■ Resd Vol Fr or Resd Wt Fr. The volume or weight fraction of the residue
with the temperature specified by DstCurve No.

■ Distillate No. The data entry number of the distillate in the Distillate API
Gravity Table for the distillate used in the blend.
■ Dstl Vol Fr or Dstl Wt Fr. The Volume or weight fraction of the distillate
specified by Distillate No.
■ Blend API. The measured API gravity of the blend.
■ Wt Factor. The regression weight factor for the measured API gravity of the
blend. (Default is 1)
Viscosity Measurements
Figure 7-81 shows the menu for entering viscosity data.
Figure 7-81: Viscosity Data for Distillation Test
■ Minimum Viscosity (cp). The limiting viscosity (cp) as temperature

approaches infinity. The default value is 0.2. This value is used only in
plotting the viscosity data in the form of
ln ( ln ( μ + 1 – v min ) ) = A + B ln ( T ) (7-3)
where T is absolute temperature.
■ Crude Viscosity (cp). The data table for the measured viscosities of the
original crude.
■ Residue Viscosity (cp). The data table for the measured viscosities of the
residues.
■ Distillate Viscosity (cp). The data table for the measured viscosities of the
distillates.
■ Blend Viscosity (cp). The data table for the measured viscosities of the
blends.

Figure 7-82 shows the data table for the original crude viscosity.
Figure 7-82: Data Entry Table for Crude Viscosity
■ Temp. Temperature of the measured viscosity. The units are the same as those
specified in the main menu of the distillation test.
■ Pres. Pressure of the measured viscosity. The units are the same as those
■ Visc. Measured viscosity (cp) of the original crude.
■ Wt Factor. The regression weight factor for the measured viscosity of the
original crude.
If one of the Twu viscosity correlations is selected, a viscosity data file will be
generated. This file will contain component viscosity data at the temperatures
specified in the crude viscosity table. The file can be saved later and used in VIP-
THERM.
Figure 7-83 shows the menu for entering residue viscosity.
Figure 7-83: Data Entry Table for Residue Viscosity

■ Curve No. The data entry number on the distillation curve.
■ Visc. Measured residue viscosity (cp).
■ Wt Factor. The regression weight factor for the measured residue viscosity.
Figure 7-84 shows the menu for entering distillate viscosity.
Figure 7-84: Data Entry Table for Distillate Viscosity
■ Distl. No. The distillate fraction number.
■ Visc. Measured distillate viscosity (cp).
■ Wt Factor. The regression weight factor for the measured distillate viscosity.

Figure 7-85 shows the menu for entering blend viscosity.
Figure 7-85: Data Entry Table for Blend Viscosity
■ Blend No. The blend number.
■ Visc. Measured blend viscosity (cp).
■ Wt Factor. The regression weight factor for the measured blend viscosity.

7.3.17 Steam Distillatn: Steam Distillation Test

The laboratory steam distillation (STMDIS) test is performed with an oil sample
at constant pressure and temperature. The oil sample is distilled by continuous
injection of superheated or saturated steam with a quality of one. The distilled
fluid is condensed and its volume is measured and reported.
Since DESKTOP-PVT will load the water component and its properties
automatically for this test, it is not necessary to input water (H2O) as a component
in the component assignment process. An additional input menu for the binary
coefficients of water and other components can be displayed by activating the
Thermal option in the Config menu.
Figure 7-86 shows the input menu for simulating the steam distillation test.
Figure 7-86: Steam Distillation Menu

required input.

■ Operating Pressure. The operating pressure (pressure of the injected steam)

of the steam distillation test. The program will calculate the steam saturation
pressure at the injected steam temperature. If the calculated steam saturation
pressure is less than the input operating pressure, the calculated saturation
pressure is used as the operating pressure in the calculation. This is because
the injected steam must either be superheated or saturated with a quality of
one. This is required input.
■ Temperature of Injected Steam. The temperature of the injected steam. This

is required input.
■ Standard Pressure. Standard pressure. (Default is 0)
■ No. of Equilibrium Stages. Number of equilibrium stages used for

simulating the steam distillation process. A maximum of five stages is
allowed. (Default is 1)
■ Injected Steam Rate. Injected steam rate, in gm/hr. This is required input.
■ Initial Oil Volume In Cell. The volume of crude oil initially injected into the
PVT cell, in cubic centimeters (cc). This is required input.
■ API Gravity, Initial Oil (APIo). The API gravity of the original crude. This
is required input.
■ Weight Factor/APIo. The regression weight factor of the measured API

gravity of the original crude. (Default is 1)
■ Lab Measurements (Lab Data). The table for entering laboratory measured
data such as injected steam volume, steam distillation yield and density of the
distilled oil. The detailed table entries are discussed later.
■ Weight Factor/ Lab Data. The regression weight factors of the measured
data (Default is 1)
■ Time-Step Size. Time-Step size, in hours, used for simulating the steam
distillation process. This is required input.

Figure 7-87 shows the table for entering laboratory measured steam distillation
data.
Figure 7-87: Data Entry Table for Steam Distillation
■ Inj Steam Volume. Steam Distillation factor. Cumulative volume of injected

steam in the equivalent water volume divided by the initial oil volume. This is
required input.
■ Distil Yield. Steam distillation yield. Cumulative volume of oil distilled

divided by the initial oil volume, with all volumes measured at standard
conditions. Distilled oil is assumed to be all liquid at standard conditions. This
may not be adequate for light oils since gas may be produced.
■ Oil Dens. Density of distillate fraction at standard conditions, in gm/cc.

7.3.18 Separator/No Reg: Multistage Separators Without Regression

DESKTOP-PVT can model the behavior of multistage surface separator facilities
(SEPARATOR) in predictive mode. Each separator battery may contain an
arbitrary number of stages. Each stage contains one feed stream and two output
streams, one vapor and one liquid. Each of the two output streams can be split into
two streams that may be fed into a downstream separator stage, the gas sales line
or the oil sales line.
Figure 7-88 shows the input menu for simulating the multistage separators.
Figure 7-88: Multi-State Separator Menu
■ Separator Battery No. The separator battery number. This is required

input. (Default is 1)
■ Produced Volume Units: In English units, produced gas is reported in SCF;

GOR is reported in SCF/STB; and stage liquid production is reported in RB.
In metric units, produced gas is reported in standard cubic meters; GOR is
reported in standard cubic meters of gas per standard cubic meters of oil; and
stage liquid production is reported in reservor cubic meters. (Default is
ENGLISH)
■ Separator Conditions. The separator conditions data including the number

of separator stages, the temperature and pressure of each stage, and the
destinations of the output streams. The detailed table entries are discussed
later.

required input.

Figure 7-89 also shows the table used for entering the separator conditions data.
For each stage, a maximum of two destinations can be assigned for each of the
two output streams (vapor and liquid). For example, the liquid stream leaving a
separator can be sent to the oil sales line, or a fraction of the liquid stream can be
sent to the oil sale line with the rest of the liquid stream sent to a downstream
separator. If the output streams are sent to two destinations, then two data cards,
one for each destination, are required for a complete description of the stage
conditions (type 1 and type 2 data cards). Otherwise, only one data card is needed
for each stage (type 1 card). Type 2 data cards, if required, must immediately
follow type 1 data cards for each stage.
Figure 7-89: Data Entry Table for Multi-Stage Separator
■ Stage No. The separator stage number. Every separator must have an
(positive) integer stage number. The nonzero stage number indicates a type 1
data card. If a type 2 data card is required for a separator stage, enter 0 for the
Stage No. This is required input.
■ Temperature. The operating temperature of a separator stage. A temperature

value is required for type 1 data cards. Enter 0 for type 2 data cards. This is
required input.
■ Pressure. The operating pressure of a separator stage. A pressure value is

required for type 1 data cards. Enter 0 for type 2 data cards. This is required
input.
■ Vapor Frac. The fraction of the vapor stream leaving a separator stage is sent
to the destination indicated in Vapor Dest. Values must lie in the range of 0 to
1. If the value for a type 1 data card is less than one, a type 2 data card must be
provided for this stage. This is required input.
■ Vapor Dest. Defines the destination of the vapor stream leaving a separator
stage. Destinations include a downstream separator stage and the gas sales
line. Enter the alpha label GAS if the destination is the gas sales line,
otherwise enter a downstream separator stage number. This is required
input.

■ Liquid Frac. The fraction of the liquid stream leaving a separator stage is
sent to the destination indicated in Liquid Dest. Values must lie in the range of
0 to 1. If the value for a type 1 data card is less than one, then a type 2 data
card must be provided for this stage. This is required input.
■ Liquid Dest. Defines the destination of the liquid stream leaving a separator
stage. Destinations include a downstream separator stage and the oil sales
line. Enter the alpha label OIL if the destination is the oil sales line, otherwise
enter a downstream separator stage number. This is required input.
7.3.19 Separator/Reg: Laboratory Separator Test With Regression

A laboratory separator (SEP) test may be calculated in DESKTOP-PVT as a
prediction, or through regression where experimental data is matched. The user
may enter equation-of-state parameters of omega A and/or omega B for either
reservoir calculations or surface calculations. These omega A and omega B
parameters override the ones entered in the Fluid Properties table. The user must
explicitly override the reservoir omega A and omega B parameters by responding
YES to the dialog box.
During a regression run, if either separator or reservoir parameters are overriden,

they will remain constant for the separator calculations even if they are selected as
regression variables. In this way, regressions can be run to independently match
reservoir and separator parameters. For example, if the user wished to regress on
separator omega A and B and wished to keep the reservoir omega A and B
constant, the user should click on the reservoir buttons, optionally change the
values, and then enter YES when prompted. On the other hand, if the user wished
to regress on reservoir omega A and B while keeping the separator omega A and
B constant, the user should click on the reservoir buttons, and respond NO when
prompted, and the user should manually enter omega A and B values for the
separator.

Figure 7-90 shows the input menu for simulating the laboratory separators test.
Figure 7-90: Laboratory Separator Test Menu

required input.
■ Omega A & B/Reservoir. The components, omega A and B, of equation-of-

state parameters at reservoir conditions. The default values are the same as the
initial values in the Property table in the Fluid menu. If the user changes any
of the values in the table, the user must explicitly choose that these values
remain constant for them to take effect. Conversely, the user can choose that
these values remain constant even if they have not been changed from the
initial values.
■ Omega A /Separator. The component, omega A, of equation-of-state

parameters at separator conditions. The default values are the same as the
initial values in the Property table in the Fluid menu.

■ Omega B /Separator. The component, omega B, of equation-of-state

parameters at separator conditions. The default values are the same as the
initial values in the Property table in the Fluid menu.
■ Temperature/Reservoir. The reservoir temperature. This is required input.

■ Saturation Pressure. The measured saturation pressure at the reservoir

■ Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) Unit. The units for all gas-oil ratio measurements.
This is required input. (Default is SCF/STB)
■ Oil Density or Gas Z-Factor. Oil density (for bubblepoint fluid) or Gas Z-
factor (for dewpoint fluid) at reservoir temperature and saturation pressure.
■ Standard Pressure. Standard pressure. (Default is 14.7)
■ Oil/Gas Formation Volume Factor: Bo/Bg. Oil formation volume factor

(for bubblepoint fluid) in barrels of saturated oil at bubble-point pressure and
reservoir temperature per barrel of stock tank oil at standard conditions, or gas
formation volume factor (for dewpoint fluid) in barrels of gas at dewpoint
pressure and reservoir temperature per thousand standard cubic feet of gas.
■ Weight Factor/Bo or Bg. The regression weight factor of the oil or gas
formation volume factor. (Default is 1)
■ Stock Tank Oil API Gravity. The API gravity of stock tank oil at standard
conditions.
■ Weight Factor/Oil API. The regression weight factor of the API gravity of
stock tank oil at standard conditions. (Default is 1)
■ Total Gas-Oil Ratio (TGOR). The total gas-oil ratio, in standard cubic feet
of gas per stock tank barrel of oil, calculated by separation through all stages
to surface conditions.
■ Weight Factor/TGOR. The regression weight factor of total gas-oil ratio.

(Default is 1)


pressure, temperature, gas-oil ratio, separator volume factor, and gas specific
gravity. The detailed table entries are discussed later.

Figure 7-91 shows the table for entering laboratory measured separator data.
Figure 7-91: Data Entry Table for Laboratory Separator Test
■ Pressure. The operating pressure of a separator stage. This is required input.
■ Temperature. The operating temperature of a separator stage. This is

required input.
■ GOR/Stage P&T. Gas-oil ratio in cubic feet of gas at standard conditions per
barrel of oil at stage pressure and temperature.
■ GOR/Std P&T. Gas-oil ratio in cubic feet of gas at standard conditions per
barrel of stock tank oil at standard conditions.
■ Oil Vol Fact. Separator volume factor in barrels of oil at stage pressure and
temperature per barrel of stock tank oil at standard conditions.
■ Gas Gravity. Specific gravity of stage flashed gas.
7.3.20 Phas Envlop/Full: Complete Phase Envelope

The boundary of the two-phase region and the quality lines inside the two-phase
region are calculated in complete phase envelope (ENVPT). The quality lines can
be specified as either liquid mole fraction or liquid volume fraction. The step-
sizes for temperature and pressure are adjusted automatically so the computation
can be performed in an efficient manner while giving a clear picture of the phase
envelope.

Figure 7-92 shows the input menu for calculating phase envelope.
Figure 7-92: Complete Phase Envelope Menu

required input.
■ Lowest Temperature. The lowest temperature used to calculate equilibrium

pressure. This is required input. (Default is 0)
■ Highest Temperature. The highest temperature used to calculate equilibrium

pressure. This is required input. (Default is 800)
■ Temperature Increment. The maximum temperature increment allowed in

calculating phase envelope. This is required input. (Default is 25)

■ Lowest Pressure. The lowest pressure used to calculate equilibrium

temperature and initialize equilibrium pressure calculation. This is required
input. (Default is 14.7)
■ Highest Pressure. The highest pressure used to calculate equilibrium

temperature and initialize equilibrium pressure calculation. This is required
input. (Default is 8014.7)
■ Pressure Increment. The maximum pressure increment allowed in

calculating phase envelope. This is required input. (Default is 250)
■ Liquid Fraction Type. Alpha label specifying either liquid mole fraction or
liquid volume fraction quality line. This is required input.
❑ LIQMF. Calculate liquid mole fraction quality line. (Default)
❑ LIQSAT. Calculate liquid volume fraction quality line.
■ Liquid Fraction Table. The values of liquid qualities in fraction. This is

required input. (Defaults are 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0)
7.3.21 ZGRAD: Composition Variations With Depth

Considerable variations of hydrocarbon composition with depth have been
observed in several near critical reservoirs. In the top part of the reservoir, the
compositions are such that the fluid is classified as a gas condensate. The heavy
component composition increases as a function of depth so that the fluid would be
classified as a volatile oil at the bottom of the reservoir. At some depth in the
reservoir, the fluid would change classification from gas to oil, but there is no
classical gas-oil contact and no two-phase region. This is because the hydrocarbon
compositions are always at temperatures and pressures that do not cross the
equilibrium two-phase envelope.
The composition variations of hydrocarbon fluids in an isothermal reservoir are

calculated in this test. We assume that the fluid has reached the stationary state
and no two-phase region exists in the reservoir. Only the fluid component
fugacities and gravity forces are considered in calculating the composition
variations. In addition to the tabular and graphical reports, a file is written at the
end of calculation and can be save later. This file contains the composition
information that can be exported directly to VIP-COMP.

Figure 7-93 shows the input menu for calculating composition variations with
depth. The input data are reservoir temperature, pressure and hydrocarbon
composition at a reference depth.
Figure 7-93: Composition Variations with Depth Menu
■ Composition. The hydrocarbon composition at the reference depth in mole

■ Temperature. The reservoir temperature. This is required input. (Default is

100)
■ Reservoir Pressure. The reservoir pressure at the reference depth. This is



■ Saturation Pressure. The measured saturation pressure at the reference

depth. This is required input.
■ Depth Unit. The depth units which are the same for all depth measurements.
This is required input. (Default is FT)
■ Reference Depth. The reference depth where composition, temperature,

pressure and saturation pressure are measured. This is required input.
■ Option For Entering Depth. Two options are available to enter the depths
where compositions are calculated.
❑ Dvalue. The numerical values of depth will be entered directly.
❑ Dinc. The numerical values of depth are computed by specifying the

maximum, minimum and increment of depth. This is required input.
(Default is Dvalue)
■ Depth. The reservoir depth (positive downward) if Dvalue above is selected,

or the maximum depth, minimum depth and depth increment if Dinc above is
selected. This is required input.
■ Equilibrium Composition (ZCOMP). The measured overall compositions

in mole fraction at depth entries.
■ Weight Factor/ZCOMP. The regression weight factors of measured overall

compositions. (Default is 1)
■ Optional Input. An item for activating the optional input menu for this test.
The detailed entries are discussed later.

Figure 7-94 shows the Optional Input menu for calculating composition variations
with depth.
Figure 7-94: Optional Input for Composition Variables with Depth
■ Calculation Method. Two calculation methods available.
❑ NEWTON. Newton-Raphson method (Default)
❑ SS. Successive-substitution method
■ Max No. of Iterations. The maximum number of iterations allowed to

compute composition at a depth. (Default is 40)
■ Max Pressure Change /Iter. The maximum change in pressure for an

iteration. (Default is 10)
■ Max Composition Change/Iter. The maximum change in composition for an

iteration. (Default is 0.01)
■ Pressure Convergence Tol. Convergence tolerance for pressure change

between iterations. (Default is 0.01)
■ Composition Convergence Tol. Convergence tolerance for composition

change between iterations. (Default is 0.00001)

■ Min Damping Factor. Convergence tolerance for the damping factor of the
pressure and composition changes between iterations. The composition
calculation will fail if the computed damping factor is less than the tolerance.
(Default is 0.001)
■ Min Depth Interval for Calc. The minimum depth interval allowed in the
composition calculation. If the computed depth interval is less than this
minimum value, the calculation will be reported as a failure. (Default is 1)
■ Max Depth Interval for Calc. The maximum depth interval allowed in the
composition calculation. If the user specified depth interval is greater than this
value, the compositions at additional intermediate depths will be performed
with this depth interval between the user specified depths. (Default is 100)
■ Depth Interval Reduction Scale. The factor for reducing the size of depth
interval when a composition calculation fails. If the composition calculation
which failed was of size of ΔD, the next intermediate composition calculation
will be of size ΔD times this factor. (Default is 0.2)
■ Debug Output Option. The user may request additional output of

composition calculation by turning on the debug output option.
❑ ON. Activate printing of detailed calculation output.
❑ OFF. Deactivate printing of detailed calculation output (Default).
7.3.22 CO2TAB: Properties of Carbon Dioxide Saturated Water

Properties of carbon dioxide saturated water are calculated using correlations in
this test. The correlations are shown in Section 5.2.7. These properties include
carbon dioxide solubility, formation volume factor, compressibility and viscosity.
In addition to the tabular and graphical reports, a file named “co2tab.log” is
written at the end of calculation. This file contains the properties of carbon
dioxide saturated water that can be exported directly to VIP-COMP.

Figure 7-95 shows the input menu for calculating properties of carbon dioxide
saturated water.
Figure 7-95: Calculating Properties of Carbon Dioxide Saturated Water
■ Format of Data Table. Alpha label specifying the table format to enter
carbon dioxide saturated water properties. This is required input. (Default is
SATWAT) Only SATWAT option will generate enough data in “co2tab.log”
file to be used by VIP-COMP, and is explained in the documentation.
Seven options are available:
❑ SATWAT saturated water properties of solubility, formation volume

factor, compressibility and viscosity as a function of pressure at specified
temperature and salinity.
❑ PTTAB solubility of carbon dioxide in water as a function of pressure

(row entry) and temperature (column entry) at a specified salinity.
❑ TPTAB solubility of carbon dioxide in water as a function of temperature

(row entry) and pressure (column entry) at a specified salinity.
❑ PSTAB solubility of carbon dioxide in water as a function of pressure

(row entry) and salinity (column entry) at a specified temperature.
❑ SPTAB solubility of carbon dioxide in water as a function of salinity (row

entry) and pressure (column entry) at a specified temperature.
❑ TSTAB solubility of carbon dioxide in water as a function of temperature

(row entry) and salinity (column entry) at a specified pressure.
❑ STTAB solubility of carbon dioxide in water as a function of salinity (row

entry) and temperature (column entry) at a specified pressure.
■ Salinity Units. The brine salinity units. There are two options

❑ WT% weight percent of solid
❑ PPM parts per million of solid
This is required input. (Default is WT%)
■ Temperature Units. The temperature units which are the same for all
temperature measurements in this test. This is required input. (Default is F)
■ Pressure Units. The pressure units which are the same for all pressure
■ Laboratory Data. The laboratory measured data for SATWAT option include
salinity, temperature and properties of carbon dioxide saturated water.
Figure 7-96 shows the input menu for entering laboratory measured data for
SATWAT option.
Figure 7-96: Laboratory Measured Data for SATWAT Option
■ Salinity (WT%). Salinity of the brine in the units shown in parentheses. This
is required input. (Default is 0)
■ Temperature. The temperature at which all data are measured. This is

■ Properties of CO2. The laboratory measured data for carbon dioxide

Saturated Water saturated water include solubility, formation volume factor,
compressibility and viscosity. The detailed entries are discussed later.
■ Weight Factor. The regression weight factors for the measured data of carbon
dioxide saturated water. (Default is 1)

Figure 7-97 shows the input menu for entering measured data of carbon dioxide
saturated water.
Figure 7-97: Measured Data of Carbon Dioxide Saturated Water
■ Pressure. Pressures at which data were measured. The pressures must be in

decreasing order. This is required input.
■ Rsw. solubility of carbon dioxide in water at the specified pressure,

temperature and salinity. The units are scf/stb if the pressure units are psia and
are scm/stcm if the pressure units are kpa.
■ Bw. Formation volume factor of carbon dioxide saturated water. The units are
rb/stb if the pressure units are psia and are cm/stcm if the pressure units are
kpa.
■ Cw. Compressibility of carbon dioxide saturated water. The units are inverse
of pressure units.
■ Viscosity. Viscosity of carbon dioxide saturated water in cp.
7.3.23 Steam Vaporizatn: Multiple Contact Steam Vaporization

A multiple contact steam vaporization (MCSVAP) test is a stepwise batch
experiment which can be calculated as a prediction or through regression where
experimental data is matched.
A specified initial amount of oil and optionally a specified initial amount of water
are charged into the PVT cell. For each contact, a specified amount of steam (or
water) is injected into the PVT cell and the fluids are brought to equilibrium at a
temperature, pressure and cell volume such that a vapor phase is formed. A liquid
water phase may or may not be formed. The total cell volume, the amount of
vapor phase formed at equilibrium and the equilibrium gas, oil and water
saturations are measured. Then the vapor phase is completely removed from the

PVT cell and is flashed to standard conditions. The produced amounts of gas, oil
and water are measured.
The amounts of initial oil and water, the injected steam, and produced fluids may
be expressed in mass (default), volumetric or molar units. For the volumetric unit
option, the units are cubic centimeter (cc). The initial volume of oil, and the
produced volumes of gas, oil and water are measured at standard conditions. The
volumes of initial water and injected steam are expressed in terms of H2O cwe
(cold water equivalent). Only the vapor phase volume at equilibrium is measured
at PVT cell conditions. For cases in which the initial oil is saturated at standard
conditions, the volumetric unit option should not be used. This condition is not
checked by the program.
Optionally, oil viscosities of the initial oil (crude), and of the PVT cell oil and the
produced oil for any contact may also be calculated as predictions or through
regression to match experimental data. Care should be taken to insure that the
specified temperatures and pressures at which viscosities are to be calculated
correspond to undersaturated conditions for the relevant fluid composition. This is
not checked by the program.
The program utilizes rigorous three phase flash algorithms for equilibrium
calculations both in the PVT cell and the separator. For most heavy oils, the fluid
in the separator will be an undersaturated oil/water mixture (no produced gas). If
this condition is detected by calculation of the bubblepoint, the separator flash
calculation is of course bypassed. Water is allowed to partition into the oil phase
in all equilibrium/bubblepoint calculations if the water-in-oil option has been
selected. Normally, H2O should not be defined as a component by the user. H2O
is defined implicitly and is treated by the equation of state as a component in the
gas and (optionally) oil phase with fixed properties which are consistent with
those used in VIP-THERM. The only properties associated with H2O which may
be modified by the user are the binary interaction coefficients.

Figure 7-98 shows an example of the main input menu for simulating the
MCSVAP test.
Figure 7-98: Simulating the MCSVAP Test
■ Composition. The composition of the initial oil in mole fraction. This is

required input.
temperature measurements in this test. This is required input. (Default is F,
degree Fahrenheit.)
■ Stream Unit. The stream units which are the same for all stream
measurements in this test, including the amounts of initial oil and water, the
injected steam, and produced fluids. This is required input. (Default is G,
grams.)

■ Standard Pressure. Standard pressure. (default is 14.7)
■ API Gravity of Initial Oil (APIo). The API gravity of the initial oil. Use
only if initial oil is undersaturated.
■ Weight Factor/APIo. The regression weight factor of the measured API

gravity of the initial oil. (Default is 1)
■ Initial Quantity of Oil in Cell. Initial amount of oil in PVT cell in the units
specified by Stream Unit. This is required input. (Default is 100)
■ Initial Quantity of H2O in Cell. Initial amount of water in PVT cell in the
units specified by Stream Unit. (Default is 0)
■ Lab Measurements (Lab Data). The laboratory measured MCSVAP data at

each contact including temperature, pressure, amount of water injected, total
cell volume, amount of vapor phase at equilibrium, gas and oil Z-factors, oil
and water saturations, water mole fractions in the oil and gas phases, amount
of oil, gas and water produced, and the API of the produced oil. The detailed
table entries are discussed later.

measured MCSVAP data. (Default is 1)
■ Viscosity Measurements. The measured viscosities of the initial oil and of

the PVT cell oil and the produced oil for any contact. The detailed table
Figure 7-99 shows an example of the data table for entering laboratory measured
MCSVAP data.
Figure 7-99: Laboratory Measured MCSVAP Data

■ Temperature. Temperature for each contact. This is required input.
■ Pressure. Pressure for each contact. This is required input.
■ H2O Injected. Amount of H2O injected into PVT cell for each contact in the
units specified by Stream Unit. This is required input.
■ Cell Vol(cc). Total cell volume in cc for each contact at equilibrium after
injection of H2O.
■ Cell Vapor. Amount of equilibrium vapor formed for each contact and then
withdrawn in the units specified by Stream Unit.
■ Gas Z-factor. Z-factor of equilibrium vapor formed for each contact.
■ Oil Z-factor. Z-factor of equilibrium cell oil for each contact.
■ Oil Satn. PVT cell oil saturation in fraction at equilibrium for each contact
before withdrawal of vapor.
■ Water Satn. PVT cell liquid water saturation in fraction at equilibrium for
each contact before withdrawal of vapor.
■ H2O M.F./Oil. Mole fraction of H2O in the PVT cell oil phase for each
contact before withdrawal of vapor. This number is calculated only if the
water-in-oil option is activated.
■ H2O M.F./GAS. Mole fraction of H2O in the PVT cell vapor phase for each
contact before withdrawal of vapor. This number is calculated only if the
water-in-oil option is activated.
■ Oil Prod. Amount of oil produced at standard conditions for each contact in
the units specified by Stream Unit.
■ GAS Prod. Amount of gas produced at standard conditions for each contact
in the units specified by Stream Unit.
■ Water Prod. Amount of liquid water produced at standard conditions for

each contact in the units specified by Stream Unit.
■ Prod Oil API. API gravity of produced oil for each contact.

Figure 7-100 shows the menu for entering viscosity data.
Figure 7-100: Viscosity Data
■ Minimum Viscosity (cp). The minimum value of viscosity used for plotting
viscosity vs. temperature data on logarithmic scale:
ln ( ln ( μ + 1 – μ min ) ) = A + B ln ( T )
where T is absolute temperature. The default value is 0.2. This value will be
internally reset to 0 if any input or calculated viscosity value is less than the
input value.
■ Initial Oil Viscosity(cp). The data table for the measured viscosity of the
initial oil.
■ Cell Oil Viscosity(c). The data table for the measured viscosity of the PVT
cell oil.
■ Produced Oil Viscosity(cp). The data table for the measured viscosity of the
produced oil.

Figure 7-101 shows the data table for entering the measured initial oil viscosity.
Figure 7-101: Measured Initial Oil Viscosity
■ Temp. Temperature of the measured viscosity. The temperature units are the
same as those defined in the MCSVAP main menu.
■ Pres. Pressure of the measured viscosity. The temperature units are the same
as those defined in the MCSVAP main menu.
■ Viscosity. Measured viscosity (cp) of the initial oil.
initial oil.

Figure 7-102 shows the data table for entering the measured PVT cell oil
viscosity. The same data format is also used for produced oil viscosity.
Figure 7-102: Measured PVT Cell Oil Viscosity
■ Contact No. Contact number in the multiple contact steam injection test.
■ Temp. Temperature of the measured viscosity. The temperature units are the
same as those defined in the MCSVAP main menu.
■ Pres. Pressure of the measured viscosity. The temperature units are the same
as those defined in the MCSVAP main menu.
■ Viscosity. Measured viscosity (cp) of the PVT cell oil.
PVT cell oil.

7.3.24 Two Phase Isothermal Flash

This test allows the user to flash a specific composition at a constant temperature
and pressure. The resulting output will be the phase mole fractions and phase
compositions and properties.
The user may choose one of three flash calculation techniques:
■ Successive substition
■ Newton-Raphson
■ Gibbs free energy minimization
Figure 7-61 shows the test parameter input table.
Figure 7-103: Laboratory Measurements

required input.
measurements in this test. This is required input. (Default is °F)


pressure, oil(liquid) phase mole fraction, gas z-factor, oil z-factor, oil
viscosity, gas viscosity, oil density, and gas density. The detailed table entries
are discussed later. The pressure column of this table is required input.



■ Gas Compositions (GComp). The produced gas phase compositions in mole

fraction at the pressure stages.

Figure 7-62 displays the laboratory data input table.
Figure 7-104: Laboratory Measurements Vertical List
■ Pressure. The pressure at which flashes are to be done. This is required

input.
■ LMol Frc. Liquid (oil) phase mole fraction at the pressure stages.
■ Gas Z-Fac. The gas z-factors measured at the pressure stages.
■ VISCg. The gas viscosities measured at the pressure stages, in centipoise.

■ DENg. The gas densities measured at the pressure stages, in gm/cc.


Chapter
8
8.1 Introduction
The Run menu contains items for activating laboratory test calculations, selecting
phase behavior calculation methods, and specifying control parameters for phase
behavior calculations. There are six items in the Run menu:
■ GO
■ Calc Method
■ Psat Tol
■ Flash Tol
■ Expansion Tol
■ Debug
Except for the GO item, a window for entering data will be displayed when an
item is selected. The GO entry is used to activate the phase behavior calculation.
The remaining menu items are used to select calculation parameters.
The default values for the phase behavior calculation parameters in DESKTOP-
PVT are adequate for most fluid systems. However, for difficult near-critical fluid
systems, some parameters in the saturation pressure and flash calculations may
need to be changed. DESKTOP-PVT allows the user to change any of these
parameters for any of the simulated tests. The changes in a test will effect only
that particular test. Each test may have its own set of parameters for phase
behavior calculations.
R5000.0.1 Calculation of Laboratory Procedures 8-175

8.2 Activate Calculation

DESKTOP-PVT calculations are activated by selecting GO. No input data is
required. When the calculation procedure is completed, DESKTOP-PVT is ready
to display the graphic reports for reviewing results. In addition to activating
calculation, DESKTOP-PVT saves the input data in memory into a file named
dtpvt.ini. As discussed in Section 3.2, the input information stored in dtpvt.ini is
loaded into memory when the user selects the Last Run item in the File menu. The
capability to recall the last run data can be used, for example, to restore input data
after a system crash.
8.3 Selection of Calculation Method

The Calc Method option allows the user to select alternative flash and viscosity
calculation methods. For flash calculations in DESKTOP-PVT, the user may
select the Newton-Raphson method (NEWTON), the method of accelerated
successive-substitution (SS) or the Gibbs energy minimization method (GIBBS).
The Newton-Raphson method is the default. The fluid viscosity can be
calculated using the Lohrenz, Bray and Clark (LBC) viscosity correlation
(default), a viscosity correlation described by Reid, Prausnitz and Sherwood
(RPS), the Pedersen et al. (VISPE) viscosity correlation, or the Twu viscosity
correlations [TWU1 or TWU2]. Figure 8-105 is an example of the calculation
method selection window. This menu is displayed when the Calc Method item is
selected.
Figure 8-105: Calculation Method Selection Panel
8-176 Calculation of Laboratory Procedures R5000.0.1

8.4 Control Parameters for Saturation Pressure Calculation

The Psat Tol option is used for changing any of the parameters which control the
convergence of the saturation pressure calculation. Figure 8-106 is an example of
the selection window for specifying saturation pressure calculation parameters.
This window is displayed when the Psat Tol option is selected. For each
laboratory procedure, seven parameters can be changed for controlling the
convergence of the saturation pressure calculation.
Figure 8-106: Control Parameters for Saturation Pressure Calculation
■ Max Iter. The maximum number of iterations. (Default is 40)
■ Max Dp. The maximum change in pressure (psia) for an iteration. (Default is
500)
■ Max Dz. The maximum change in composition for an iteration. (Default is

0.05)
■ Tol Dp. Convergence tolerance for pressure (psia) change between iterations.
(Default is 0.01)
■ Tol Dz. Convergence tolerance for composition changes between iterations.

(Default is 0.000001)
■ Tol Kval. Convergence tolerance for the heavy component K-value. The
saturation pressure calculation will fail if the heavy component K-value is
greater than 1.0 - tolerance. (Default is 0.00001)
■ Tol DampF. Convergence tolerance for the damping factor of the pressure
and composition changes between iterations. The saturation pressure
calculation will fail if the damping factor is less than the tolerance. (Default is
0.00001)

8.5 Control Parameters for Flash Calculation

The user may change any of the parameters which control the convergence of the
flash calculations by selecting Flash Tol. Figure 8-107 is an example of the
selection menu for specifying the flash calculation parameters. For each
laboratory procedure, six parameters can be changed for controlling the
convergence of the flash calculations.
Figure 8-107: Control Parameters for Flash Calculation
■ Max Iter. The maximum number of iterations. (Default is 20)
■ Max Dz. The maximum change in composition and liquid/vapor fraction for
an iteration. (Default is 0.05)
■ Max DLV. The maximum deviation in liquid/vapor fraction from the limiting
values of zero and one for an iteration. (Default is 0.01)
■ Tol Dz. Convergence tolerance for composition and liquid/vapor changes

between iterations. (Default is 0.000001)
■ Tol Kval. Convergence tolerance for the heavy component K-value. The flash
calculation will fail if the heavy component K-value is greater than 1.0 -
tolerance. (Default is 0.00001)
■ Tol DampF. Convergence tolerance for the damping factor of the

composition and liquid/vapor fraction changes between iterations. The flash
calculation will fail if the damping factor is less than the tolerance. (Default is
0.00001)

8.6 Control Parameters for Expansion Tests

The Expansion Tol option is used for improving flash calculation convergence in
constant composition expansion, constant volume depletion, and differential
expansion procedures. The parameters in the Expansion Tol window are used to
control the pressure interval used in flash calculation for the three laboratory
procedures. Figure 8-108 is an example of Expansion Tol window.
Figure 8-108: Control Parameters for Expansion Test
■ Max Expn Dp. The maximum pressure interval allowed, in psia, in flash
calculation of the expansion tests. If the pressure drop in a expansion test
stage is greater than this interval, additional intermediate flashs will be
performed with this pressure decrement between the specified pressure stages.
(Default is 500)
■ Dp Factor. The factor for reducing the size of a pressure interval when an
intermediate flash fails. If the flash which failed was of size ΔP, the next
intermediate flash calculation will be of size ΔP times this factor. (Default is
0.1)
■ Min Expn Dp. The minimum pressure interval, in psia, to be used in flash
calculation. If the pressure decrement is less than this interval, the calculation
will be reported as a failure. (Default is 0.001)

8.7 Debug Output

The user may request additional output of saturation pressure and flash
calculations using the Debug option. This output provides detailed information for
each iteration of the calculations with phase compositions, z-factors, residuals,
and scale factors for each pressure stage. The volume of output can be quite large,
so the user is cautioned to use this option with discretion. Figure 8-109 is an
example of the Debug selection menu. The default Debug option is OFF, i.e., no
additional output for both saturation pressure and flash calculations. This Debug
option can be activated by entering ON for the corresponding laboratory
procedure in the selection menu.
Figure 8-109: Debug Option Selection Panel

Chapter
9
9.1 Introduction
Graphic and tabular reports for the calculated results are created from the Report
menu. At the termination of the phase behavior calculation, the program is ready
to proceed to the Graphics option in the Report menu, and the results are ready to
be examined. In addition, the user can generate reports by retrieving a database
file. See Sections 2.7, 3.6, and 3.7 for more information about database file
manipulation. There are fourteen options in the Report menu.
■ Graphics
■ GraTitle
■ SavGraph
■ GetGraph
■ Table
■ PrtTable
■ SavTable
■ GetTable
■ SaveEOS
■ SaveKval
■ SaveVisc
■ SaveZgrd
■ SavCO2T
■ SaveBOE
R5000.0.1 Report - Calculation Results 9-181

9.2 Graphics
The graphic module provides an environment for users to graphically display
calculated results and observation data. This is an interactive environment that
provides a wide range of control over the graphical presentation of calculated
results and observation data. The graphic module is activated by selecting
Graphics from the Report menu.
9.2.1 Selecting Test Procedure for Plot

DESKTOP-PVT simulates a variety of laboratory procedures with the multiple
runs option for all of the laboratory procedures. For the graphic reports, one set of
data for a laboratory procedure is displayed on the graphic device at a time. The
user must select a laboratory procedure for graphic presentation. The items
displayed in the selection window are identical to the test types specified in the
data input procedure. If the selected laboratory procedure has multiple runs
defined, a window with a list of run numbers will be displayed, and the user is
requested to select the desired run number. To select a test or run, click the button
beside the desired item and then click the OK button. Figure 9-110 is an example
of the laboratory-procedure selection menu for graphic presentation.
Figure 9-110: Selecting Test for Plot
When a laboratory procedure is selected for a graphic session, a Graphic Menu

Bar will be displayed at the bottom of the screen with a picture of the first plot
item automatically displayed on the graphic area. This selection menu gives a list
of plots available for the test and control items. The selection procedure for the
graphics menu depends on the hardware configuration.
1. Graphic Device with Cursor Device (Mouse):
Point to the desired item by moving the mouse pointer until it is on the desired
item. On some devices, the item will be highlighted. Press MB1 to make the
selection.
If the cursor device has buttons in addition to MB1, the use of other buttons
will be context dependent. However, it is generally true that MB3 and MB4 (if
9-182 Report - Calculation Results R5000.0.1

available) can be used to toggle on and off a help message for the highlighted
item. Pressing MB2 will clear away the menu area so it will not appear on a
screen dump. To redisplay the graphics selection menu area again press MB2.
2. Graphic Device with Only a Keyboard: (Not applicable for X-Window

Terminals)
Point to the desired item by using the left and right arrow keys, and press the
Enter key to select the item. The user may type the first few letters which are
unique enough to distinguish one item from another to make a selection.
Toggle the help message with the ? key.
The exact items of the Graphic Menu Bar are dependent on laboratory procedures.
Figure 9-111 is an example plot with the Graphic Menu Bar. Usually, the first
several items in the menu are the fluid properties available for review. A selection
of these items will immediately display the corresponding plot on the screen. The
solid curve with dots represents the calculated results. The dots indicate the
calculated points. The observation data points, if present on the same plot, will be
shown as cross marks. If there are too many menu items to fit in one row, >>
MORE will be displayed at both ends of the menu. The >> MORE item indicates
additional items are available for selection. The user can position the cursor on >>
MORE to display additional items for selection.
Figure 9-111: Example Plot with Graphic Menu Bar
The last two items on the graphics selection menu are CONTRL and EXIT. The
EXIT item allows the user to quit the current graphic session for the selected
laboratory procedure, and return to the previous menu for selecting another

laboratory procedure for graphic reports. The CONTRL item provides a method
for users to manipulate graphic attributes interactively.

9.2.2 Interactive Graphic Control

The CONTRL item in the graphics selection menu provides a way for the user to
interactively manipulate the graphic attributes. Any attribute changes will be
immediately reflected on the screen. Only the attributes of color and line-type, are
preserved when the user selects another property plot. Any changes in color and
line type stay effective until the user exits the graphic report session. Figure 9-112
shows an example plot with the Control item selected on Graphic Menu Bar.
Figure 9-112: Example Plot with the Control Item Selected on the Graphic Menu Bar

ZOOM
The ZOOM option allows the user to select and display sections of the plot scene
for close detail observations. Several options (Figure 9-113) are provided to
specify the area of interest.
Figure 9-113: Example Plot with Zoom Control Option
■ IXscale. The IXscale option allows the user to specify the horizontal extent
(x-axis) to be zoomed interactively. The graphic cursor will be overlayed with
a vertical line to indicate the area boundary. To define the desired boundary,
position the vertical line at the desired location of the first boundary and press
MB1. Move the vertical line to the second boundary position and press MB1.
The zoomed picture will be displayed upon specification of both boundaries.
■ IYscale. The IYscale option allows the user to specify the vertical extent (y-
axis) to be zoomed interactively. The graphic cursor will be overlayed with a
horizontal line to indicate the area boundary. To define the desired boundary,
position the horizontal line at the desired location of the first boundary
position and press MB1. Move the vertical line to the second boundary
position and press MB1. The zoomed picture will be displayed upon
specification of both boundaries.

■ WINDOW. The WINDOW option allows the user to zoom the interested
rectangular area interactively. When this option is selected, the following
prompt appears below the Menu Bar:
Point to Origin of Window
Position the cursor at the lower left corner of the desired area and press MB1.
The following prompt will appear:
Point to Extent of Window
Expand the window from the lower left to the upper right until the required
window area is achieved and press MB1. The scene will be redrawn with only
the windowed area in the scene.
■ KXscale. The KXscale option allows the user to specify the horizontal extent
(x-axis) to be zoomed through keyboard entry. When KXscale is selected, the
following prompt appears above the graphic area:
Enter scale min & max for x-axis:
The user must enter two values indicating the new x-axis extent. Enter the
minimum value first followed by a space, then enter the maximum value and
press the Enter key.
This feature is most useful when the user wishes to zoom out the plotting area.
The zoomed picture will be displayed upon completing keyboard entries.
■ KYscale. The KYscale option allows the user to specify the vertical extent (y-
axis) to be zoomed through keyboard entry. When KYscale is selected, the
following prompt appears above the graphic area:
Enter scale min & max for y-axis:
The user must enter two values indicating the new y-axis extent. Enter the
minimum value first followed by a space, then enter the maximum value and
press the Enter key.
This feature is most useful when the user wishes to zoom out the plotting area.
The zoomed picture will be displayed upon completing keyboard entries.
■ RESTORE. The RESTORE option is used to return the zoomed picture to its
original scales.
■ HIGHER. The HIGHER option returns the user to the previous menu.

VALUE
The VALUE option provides a means of obtaining X, Y plot location data from
the plot scene. The following prompt will appear:
Select Point [1=Select, 2=Escape]
Position the cursor at the desired location within the scene and press MB1. The
value(s) for the selected point are presented below the menu bar. Two y-axis
values will be shown; however, the value of RY-axis, which shows the value of
the right-hand side y-axis, is immaterial. When the user is finished, press MB2 to
exit the value option.
L_TYPE
The L_TYPE option allows the user to change the line style. The line style can
vary from a solid line to different length line segments. The change will be
effective through the entire graphic report session until a different line style is
selected. To change the line style, select L_TYPE and continue depressing MB1
until you find the desired line style.
COLOR
The COLOR option allows the user to change the line color. The change will be
effective through the entire graphic report session until a different line color is
selected. To change the color, select color and continue depressing MB1 until you
find the desired color.

TEXT
The TEXT option allows the user to add text to the display screen at any location.
This feature provides a mechanism for the user to customize his plots. When the
Text option is selected, the following options (Figure 9-114) will be displayed on
the Graphic Menu Bar.
Figure 9-114: Example Plot with Text Edit Option
■ ADD. The ADD option allows the user to add text to the screen. The
following prompt will appear above the graphic area:
Enter Text:
Type in the desired text (up to 80 characters per line) and press the Enter key.
The following prompt will appear:
Enter Scale Factor [Default=1.0]:
This prompt allows you to set the size of the text before it is added to the
screen. A default size will be used if you press Enter; otherwise, enter the
desired size. Then the following prompt will appear:
Select Bottom-Center Point For Text
Position the cursor at the location around which the text should be centered.
Press MB1 and the text will be drawn on the screen.

NOTE: Up to 50 lines of text can be added to the screen.
■ MOVE. The MOVE option allows the user to change the location of text.
When MOVE is selected, the following prompt appears below the Menu Bar:
Point To Text With Cursor [1=Select 2-4=Escape]
The selected text will be highlighted and the following menu appears:
OK HIGHER
Select OK if the highlighted text is the appropriate text to be moved. The

following prompt will appear below the Menu Bar:
Select Bottom-Center Point For Text
Position the cursor at the desired new location and press MB1. The text will
be moved to the new location.
■ SCALE. The SCALE option provides a way to change the scale (size) of text.
When SCALE is selected, the following prompt appears below the Menu Bar:
Position the cursor over the desired text and press MB1. The selected text will
be highlighted (highlighting is yellow on multi-color screens). Select OK
from the next menu to confirm the selection. The following prompt will
appear:
Enter Scale Factor:
Enter the desired new scale factor. For example, with the current text scale
displayed considered 1, a scale factor entry of 2 will double the text size. An
entry of 0.5 will halve the size.
■ DELETE. The DELETE option allows the user to remove user defined text
from the plot. When DELETE is selected, the following prompt appears
below the Menu Bar:
Position the cursor over the desired text and press MB1. The selected text will
be highlighted. Select OK from the menu to confirm the deletion.
■ REDRAW. To refresh the screen and remove the effects of text being moved,
etc., select the REDRAW option.
PRINTER
Selection of the PRINTER option will produce output for the PRINTER device.
The output will be saved in a postscript file named psout.ps in the directory in

which the program was started. This file may be automatically routed by the
VIPPRINTER command to the print queue specified by the environment variable
VIPPOST.
REDRAW
To refresh the screen, and remove the effects of graphic attributes being changed,
select the REDRAW option.
HIGHER
This option will return the user to a higher level menu, i.e., to graphic item
selection menu.

9.3 GraTitle - Running Title for Plot

GraTitle provides a way for users to customize the title of the plot. The title will
be placed on the top of the plot for identification purposes. Upon selection of this
item, a text entry data field will be displayed. The user can enter up to 50
characters to identify the plot.
NOTE: This option is not available while in Graphics mode. Access this option prior
to selecting Graphics in the Report menu or exit Graphics and proceed to the
GraTitle option.
9.4 SavGraph - Save Graphic Report to File

The calculated results, as well as the corresponding raw input data, can be saved
into a database file for future reference. The SavGraph option is used to save these
data into a database file. Upon selecting SavGraph, a Filebox pop-up window will
be displayed for entry of a filename. The file extension ".dbf" is suggested, though
not restricted, since the file retrieving mechanism in GetGraph uses this file
extension as a default filter to display a file list for selection. The total length of
the filename allowed is restricted to 12 characters.
NOTE: This option is not available while in Graphics mode. Access this option prior
to selecting Graphics in the Report menu or exit Graphics and proceed to the
SavGraph option.

9.5 GetGraph - Get Graphic Report from File

The database saved in the SavGraph option can be retrieved by the GetGraph
option. The data retrieved will be ready for a report session, i.e., the user can go
directly to the Graphics option without invoking the calculation process.
However, since the input data used to generate the results will be retrieved as well,
the data in memory prior to the retrieving process will be overwritten. The user
needs to be aware of this situation to avoid accidentally destroying input data.
After selecting the GetGraph option, a Filebox pop-up window will be displayed
showing a list of files with the extension ".dbf". To select the desired file, double-
click on the filename.
9.6 Table - Review Tabular Report

After the calculation task is completed, a text output file will be generated. The
Table item provides a way for users to review the calculated results in table format
without leaving the DESKTOP-PVT environment. After reviewing the result, the
user should click the close menu item on the menu bar of the text window to close
the table window. If the user choose to keep the window and a new calculation run
has been performed, the window content will be updated only if the user hit this
Table button again.
9.7 PrtTable - Print Tabular Report

The table of calculated results can be sent to a printer for hardcopy. No data entry
is required.
9.8 SavTable - Save Tabular Report to File

The table of calculated results can be saved in a text file for future reference. The
SavTable option is used to save these data in a text file. After selecting SavTable,
a Filebox pop-up window will be displayed for users to enter a filename. The file
extension ".tab" is suggested, though not restricted, since the file retrieving
mechanism in GetTable uses this file extension as a default filter to display a file
list for selection. The total length of the filename is restricted to 12 characters.

9.9 GetTable - Get Tabular Report from File

The calculated results saved in the SavTable option can be retrieved by the
GetTable option. The data retrieved will be ready for a report session, i.e., the user
can go directly to the Table item without invoking the calculation process.
After selecting the GetTable option, a Filebox pop-up window will be displayed
showing a list of files with the extension ".tab". To select the desired file, double-
click on the filename.
9.10 SaveEOS - Save PVT (EOS) Properties to File

The equation-of-state (EOS) file can serve as an interface to other simulators, e.g.,
VIP-COMP. When the calculations are completed, an EOS output file will be
created, however, it is not automatically saved unless this option is selected.
An EOS file contains EOS descriptions for a fluid such as component names,
critical properties and composition, etc. The functions SaveEOS, Load EOS and
Append EOS can be used to transfer the EOS descriptions of a run to another.
9.11 SaveKval - Save K-value Tables to File

DESKTOP-PVT writes a disk file which contains K-value tables for use in VIP-
ENCORE. The format of the file is syntactically correct for input into VIP-
ENCORE for isothermal tests and into VIP-THERM for thermal tests. However,
the file is not automatically saved until the user tells DESKTOP-PVT to do so.
The SaveKval option is used to save the K-value tables file. After selecting
SaveKval, a Filebox pop-up window will be displayed for users to enter a
filename. The file extension ".kvf" is suggested, though not restricted. The total
length of the filename is restricted to 12 characters. This file will contain the K-
value tables from all constant volume depletion tests, differential expansion tests,
separator tests, and distillation tests.

9.12 SaveVisc - Save Component Viscosity Tables to File

A component viscosity file is generated if the crude oil viscosity table in the
Distillation Test and one of the Twu viscosity correlations (TWU1 or TWU2) are
specified. This file will contain computed component viscosity data at the
conditions specified in the crude oil viscosity table of the Distillation Test. The
format of the file is syntactically correct for input into VIP-THERM. However,
the file is not automatically saved until the user instructs DESKTOP-PVT to do
so. The SaveVisc option is used to save the component viscosity file. After
selecting SaveVisc, a Filebox pop-up window will be displayed for users to enter
a filename. The file extension".vsf" is suggested, though not restricted. The total
length of the filename is limited to 12 characters.
9.13 SaveZgrd - Save Composition-vs-Depth Table to File

A Composition-vs-Depth file will be generated if the test of Composition
Variations with Depth (ZGRAD) is selected. This file will contain computed
component compositions in mole fraction at the depths specified in the ZGRAD
test. The format of the file is syntactically correct for input into VIP-COMP.
However, the file is not automatically saved until the user instructs DESKTOP-
PVT to do so. The SaveZgrd option is used to save the composition file. After
selecting SaveZgrd, a Filebox pop-up window will be displayed for users to enter
a filename. The file extension".zgf" is suggested, though not restricted. The total
9.14 SaveCO2T - Save CO2-Saturated-Water-Property Table to

File
A file contains the properties of carbon dioxide saturated water will be generated
if the test of solubility of carbon dioxide in water (CO2TAB) is selected. The
format of the file is syntactically correct for input into VIP-COMP. However, the
file is not automatically saved until the user instructs DESKTOP-PVT to do so.
The SaveCO2T option is used to save the saturated water property file. After
selecting SaveCO2T, a Filebox pup-up window will be displayed for users to enter
a filename. The file extension “.co2” is suggested, though not restricted. The total
9.15 SaveBOE - Save Black Oil Table to File.

Selecting this option will save an ASCII keyword file that can be included within
a VIP-CORE input file. The file will define the black oil properties generated
from a constant volume depletion test. The default file name is boetab.inc, but any
name with a total length of 12 characters may be used.


Chapter
10
Tutorial
10.1 Introduction
This tutorial presents a complete step-by-step fluid characterization example. The
data required for entry into the program are presented in Tables 9-2 to 9-6. The
fluid characterization procedure is:
1. Heavy Ends Characterization
2. Default Fluid Predictions
3. Regression on Default Predictions
4. Component Pseudoization
5. Regression on Pseudoized Description
6. Regression on Viscosity data
10.2 Heavy Ends Characterization

The objective of this procedure is to describe the heavy components of the oil (the
Heptanes plus components) using the limited C7+ data. The heavy ends
characterization assumes the C7+ part of the oil can be described as an extended
distribution of components, using a smooth probability distribution function. This
extended description is lumped together into the desired number of heavy
components using mixing rules for critical properties and molecular weights. In
this tutorial example, the heavy ends will be described using three components.
1. Start DESKTOP-PVT, by typing dtpvt.
2. Select EOS from the Config menu and select Peng-Robinson Equation-of-
State.
3. Turn on the Heavy ends characterization option by selecting Heavy from the
Config menu and choose Yes.
4. Enter the heavy ends parameters by selecting Parameter from the Heavy
menu.
R5000.0.1 Tutorial 10-197

a. Enter the Molecular Weight, Specific Gravity, and Mole Fraction from
Table 9-2. The number of heavy components is specified by giving names
for the pseudo-components. The data entry window can be accessed by
selecting Pseudo-Component No. & Name. In this example, the three
pseudo-components will be named HVY1, HVY2, and HVY3. Add three
new lines to input the pseudo-component names.
NOTE: No data should be entered in the Pending category.
Enter the name of the pseudo components to be created. When finished,

click OK to return to the previous menu.
b. In this example, cut-off molecular weights between heavy component

groups will be specified. Select the option Bracket M.W. for Grouping.
Enter 125.00 as the Bracket No. 1 cut-off, and 300.00 as the Bracket No. 2
cut-off. Click OK to return to the previous menu.
c. For the option C6 to C7 M.W. Boundary, replace the default value 92 with
90.
d. For this example, default entries for all other options at this level will be
accepted. Click OK to return to the display window.
5. Calculate the pseudo-component properties by choosing Calculate from the

Heavy menu.
6. Inspect the calculated pseudo-component properties by selecting Review from

the Heavy menu. Click OK to return to the display window.
7. Save these calculated equation-of-state values in a separate file by selecting

Save EOS from the Heavy menu. Name the file HEAVY.EOS.
8. Save the data used to create this heavy ends characterization by selecting Save
from the File menu. Name the file HEAVY.DAT.
The HEAVY.EOS and HEAVY.DAT files are shown in Tables 9-7 and 9-8.
9. Select Heavy from the Config menu and choose No to turn off heavy ends
characterization.
10-198 Tutorial R5000.0.1

10.3 Default Fluid Predictions

This step will combine the results from the heavy ends characterization with the
pure component information to obtain a default fluid characterization.
1. If the program has been exited, start DESKTOP-PVT and select Peng-
Robinson Equation of State from the Config menu.(as in Steps 1-2 in the
Heavy Ends Characterization Section). If you have not exited the program,
proceed to step 2.
2. Select Test Type from the Config menu. Select Density, Sat Pressure, Cnst
Composition, Cnst Volume as the PVT experiments to be simulated. Click OK
to return to the display window.
3. Select System from the Component menu and choose the pure light
components corresponding to those shown in Table 9-2. Select CO2, C1, C2,
C3, NC4, IC4, NC5, IC5, C6, and click OK. The program will use the default
EOS properties for these components.
4. Load the EOS properties for the heavy components by selecting Append EOS
from the Component menu. Select HEAVY.EOS and click OK to return to the
display window. There will be a delay while the program retrieves the file.
5. Enter the pure component mole fractions as mole fractions derived from the
Well Stream Mole % figures in Table 9-2 into the Global reference
composition by selecting Composition from the Component menu.
NOTE: The values for HVY1, HVY2, and HVY3 should already be present.
Click OK to return to the display window. The sum of the mole fractions
should equal unity. If the message Sum of Composition Not Equal To 1.0,
Normalize? (Y/N) is displayed, the values were not entered correctly. Answer,
No to this question and check the input values. The example below shows
what the composition window should look like.
R5000.0.1 Tutorial 10-199

6. Enter the data for the individual tests to be simulated; Density, Constant
Composition, Saturation Pressure, and Constant Volume.
a. Select Density from the Tests menu.
Enter the composition, either re-type the overall composition, or press F2

and load the global reference composition. Click OK to return to the
previous menu. Change density unit to gm/cc (move mouse point to
Density Unit and click MB3, select gm/cc, and click OK).
NOTE: Before pressing F2, your mouse pointer must be on the entry box.
Enter the temperature of 276°F. Enter the Laboratory Measured values for
density at 6000 and 4375 psig from Table 9-3. Add as many columns as
necessary to input the data. Check to insure the density units are correct.
10-200 Tutorial R5000.0.1

Entries for quantities not measured, such as Z-factor and Liquid Viscosity
in this example, should be left as zero. Click OK to return to the previous
menu.
When finished click OK to return to display window.
b. Select Cnst Composition from the Tests menu.

previous menu. Enter the temperature (276 °F) and Bubble Point Pressure
(4375 psig). Set Liquid Volume Fraction Type to saturation (while the
mouse pointer is over the data cell click MB3 to access the Liquid Volume
Fraction Type window. Click OK to return to the previous menu).
Under Laboratory Measurements enter the Relative Oil Volume and the
Volume of Liquid Phase between the bubble point and the first depletion
level. In continuously decreasing values of pressure, enter all the data
from Table 9-3 and enter the data from pressure 4375 to 3960 psig from
Table 9-5. Data entry into the test should exclude viscosity data.
Otherwise property regression would thereby include viscosity, thus
reducing the match of the other property data. Click OK to return to the
previous menu.
When finished click OK to return to the display window.
c. Select Sat Pressure from the Tests menu.

previous menu. Under Laboratory Measurements, enter the temperature
(276 °F) and Bubble Pt Pressure (4375 psig). Click OK to return to the
previous menu.
d. Select Cnst Volume from the Tests menu.

previous menu. Enter the temperature (276 °F), and Saturation Pressure
(4375 psig).
Next, name the lightest and heaviest components which contain heptanes
plus. In this example, First Heavy Component Name is HVY1 and the
Last Heavy Component Name is HVY3.
Under Laboratory Measurements enter the measured data. Add as many

columns as needed and enter the data for this test from Tables 9-4 to 9-5.
Enter the pressure, the gas z-factor, gas phase produced (gas phase
produced should be derived from the Gas Phase Produced Cum. % from
R5000.0.1 Tutorial 10-201

Table 9-4), and the oil volume fraction (oil volume fraction should be
derived from the Liquid Phase Volume % of Volume from Table 9-5).
Click OK to return to the previous menu.
7. Run the program by selecting Go from the Run menu.
8. View the results graphically by selecting Graphics from the Report menu. The
resulting figures should look like:
Figure 10-1 Liquid density from Density Test.
Figure 10-2 Saturation pressure from Saturation Pressure Test.
Figure 10-3 Liquid volume fraction from the Constant Composition

Expansion Test.
Figure 10-4 Cumulative gas produced from the Constant Volume

Depletion Test.
NOTE: For the Constant Composition Expansion, select SLIQ from the Graphics
Menu Bar to display the liquid saturation. For the Constant Volume
Depletion, select GPROD from the Graphics Menu Bar to display the
cumulative gas produced.
9. Save the data for this run by selecting Save from the File menu. Name the file
DEFAULT. DAT.
10-202 Tutorial R5000.0.1

10.4 Regression
As shown in Figures 10-1 to 10-4, the default predictions, using the combined
heavy ends characterization and the pure component data, often does a poor job
reproducing the experimental data. Therefore, regression on some of the equation
of state parameters is necessary. Start with the data in the file, DEFAULT.DAT.
We will regress on Omega A and Omega B for the 3 heavy components and C1,
and the binary interaction parameters for C1 with the 3 heavy components. The
order in which the regression variables are defined is not important. However,
please note that the regression variables are numbered as follows in this tutorial:
Regression Variable Number
Omega A-HVY1 1
Omega A-HVY2 2
Omega A-HVY3 3
Omega A-C1 4
Omega B-HVY1 5
Omega B-HVY2 6
Omega B-HVY3 7
Omega B-C1 8
Interact. Param. C1-HVY1 9
1. If the program has been exited, start DESKTOP-PVT, and retrieve the file,
DEFAULT.DAT, by selecting Open from the File menu. If you are continuing
from Section 10.3, skip this step as the data from DEFAULT.DAT is still
loaded in the program.
2. Turn on regression by selecting Regression from the Config menu and choose
Yes.
3. To set the regression variables select Variable from the Regres menu.
a. Select EOS Property and click OK. Enter the number for the regression
variable in the appropriate place in the EOS property table for regression
variables 1-8 (see above table). Click OK to return to the previous menu.
b. Select Binary Coeff and click OK. Enter the numbers for the binary
interaction parameter regression variables in the appropriate places in the
R5000.0.1 Tutorial 10-203

table for variables 9-11 (see above table). Click OK to return to the
previous menu.
c. Select Exit and click OK to return to the display window.
4. From the Regres menu select Limits. Leave the initial value for all the
variables as 1.0. Change the Minimum to 0.7 and the Maximum to 1.3 for all
the regression variables. This allows 30% change in each regression
variable.Click OK to return to the display window.
5. Select Control from the Regres menu. Change the Max Number of Iterations
to 20. Click OK to return to the display window.
6. Run the program by selecting Go from the Run menu. It will take
substantially longer to run this regression calculation compared with the
previously calculated default prediction.
7. The results can be viewed graphically by choosing Graphics from the Report
menu. The resulting figures should look like:

Expansion Test.

Depletion Test.
8. From the Report menu select Save EOS to save these calculated equation-of-
state values in a separate file. Name this file REGRESS.EOS.
9. Save the data for this run by selecting Save from the File menu. Name this file
REGRESS.DAT.
10-204 Tutorial R5000.0.1

10.5 Component Pseudoization

The twelve component description, with tuned equation of state parameters,
created in the previous sections is too detailed for most reservoir simulation
applications. It is usually necessary to pseudoize, or "lump", components together
to create a phase behavior description with less components. The goal of such a
process is to create an equation of state characterization which honors all the
compositional and PVT data. The procedure used in this program is based on a
method described by Coats (Ref: SPE 10512). This procedure is performed
internally within DESKTOP-PVT. The only required user specification is how the
components will be lumped. In this tutorial example, the 12 component
description will be lumped down to a 5 component description, and the
components will be grouped as follows:
Pseudo-Components Original Components
P1 CO2, C1
P2 C2, C3, IC4, NC4
P3 IC5, NC5, C6, HVY1
P4 HVY2
P5 HVY3
1. If the program has been exited, start DESKTOP-PVT, and retrieve the file
REGRESS.DAT by selecting Open from the File menu. If you are continuing
from Section 10.4, skip this step and goto step 3, as the data from
REGRESS.DAT is still loaded in the program.
2. Replace the equation of state characterization with the results from the
previous regression section by selecting Load EOS from the Component
menu and choosing REGRESS.EOS. There will be a delay while the program
processes the file.
3. Turn off regression by selecting Regression from the Config menu and
choosing No.
4. Check to insure that the properties have been loaded properly, by running the
program. Select Go from the Run menu. (This calculation should be very
fast.) View the results be selecting Graphics from the Report menu. The
picture for liquid saturation for the Constant Composition Expansion should
look like Figure 10-7. (You may wish to save this file by selecting Save from
the File menu and name the file FILENAME.DAT.)
5. Turn pseudoization on by selecting Pseudoization from the Config menu and

choosing Yes.
R5000.0.1 Tutorial 10-205

6. From the Pseudo menu select Pseudo Name. Click AddRowAfter five times
to add five new rows and fill in the rows with the names of the new pseudo-
components. Click OK to return to the display window.
7. From the Pseudo menu select Parameter.
a. Select Original Composition to enter the composition being pseudoized.

Press F2, select Global Ref Comp and then select OK. Click OK to return
to the previous menu.
b. Enter the temperature (276 °F) and Bubble Pt Pressure (4375 psig).
c. Change Unit Pressure to psig by clicking the box cell with MB1. Select
PSIG and click OK to return to the previous menu.
d. Select Pseudo-Comp P1 Lump. Turn on CO2 and C1 by clicking the

button beside the desired option. Click OK to return to the previous menu.
e. Repeat the previous step to define each pseudo-component, P2, P3, etc.
(Refer to the table on the previous page.)
f. Click OK to return to the display window.
8. Select Calculate from the Pseudo menu to calculate the pseudo-component

properties.
9. Save the equation of state parameters in the file by selecting Save EOS from
the Pseudo menu. Name the file PSEUDO.EOS.
10. Save the file which created the pseudo components by selecting Save from the
File menu. Name the file CREATPSD.DAT.
11. Replace the existing 12 component equation of state characterization with the
newly created 5 component description by selecting Replace EOS from the
Pseudo menu.
12. By performing the previous step, the global reference composition has been
replaced with its corresponding pseudo-component values. This can be
checked by selecting Composition from the Component menu. Click OK to
return to the display window. All the compositions for the simulated tests,
however, must be reset.
13. Turn pseudoization off, by selecting Pseudoization from the Config, menu
and choosing No.
14. Re-enter the composition data for the individual tests to be simulated.
a. Select Density from the Tests menu. Select composition, press F2 and
load the global reference composition. Click OK to return to the previous
menu. All the remaining data should be correct. Click OK to return to the
display window.
10-206 Tutorial R5000.0.1

b. Select Cnst Composition from the Tests menu. Select composition, press
F2 and load the global reference composition. Click OK to return to the
previous menu. Click OK to return to the display window.
c. Select Sat Pressure from the Tests menu. Select composition, press F2 and
load the global reference composition. Click OK to return to the previous
menu. Click OK to return to the display window.
d. Select Cnst Volume from the Tests menu. Select composition, press F2
previous menu. Next, rename the lightest and heaviest components which
contain heptanes plus. The First Heavy Component Name is now P3 and
the Last Heavy Component Name is P5. Click OK to return to the display
window.
15. Run the program by selecting Go from the Run menu.
16. The results can be viewed graphically by selecting Graphics from the Report
menu. The resulting figures should look like:

Expansion Test.

Depletion Test.
17. Save the data for this run by selecting Save from the File menu. Name the file
PSEUDO.DAT.
R5000.0.1 Tutorial 10-207

10.6 Regression After Pseudoization

The match of experimental data for undersaturated conditions is usually not as
good after performing the pseudoization step. In this example, Figures 10-7 and
10-8 display a much improved data match compared with Figures 10-11 and 10-
12. Again, regression can be used to tune the equation of state parameters. In this
section, regression will be on the analogous variables used in the previous
regression step. These variables are Omega A and Omega B for the 3 heaviest
components (P3, P4, and P5) and the lightest component (P1), and the binary
interaction parameters for the P1 with the 3 heaviest components. Therefore, the
following regression variables will be used:
Omega A-P3 1
Omega A-P4 2
Omega A-P5 3
Omega A-P1 4
Omega B-P3 5
Omega B-P4 6
Omega B-P5 7
Omega B-P1 8
Interact. Param. P1-P3 9
PSEUDO.DAT by selecting Open from the File menu. If you are continuing
from Section 10.5, Component Pseudoization, skip this step as the data from
PSEUDO.DAT is still loaded in the program.
2. From the Config menu select Regression and choose Yes to turn regression
on.
3. Select Variable from the Regres menu to set the regression variables.
variable in the appropriate place in the EOS property table for regression
variables 1-8 (refer to the above table).
10-208 Tutorial R5000.0.1

NOTE: There may already be numbers in this table. These are carried in the program
memory from the regression in Section 10.4. If numbers are present, they are
probably incorrect, and must be reset.
b. Select Binary Coeff and click OK. Enter the numbers for the binary
interaction parameter regression variables in the appropriate places in the
table for variables 9-11 (refer to the table on the previous page).
NOTE: As above, there may already be numbers in this table. If numbers are present,
they are probably incorrect and must be reset.
4. From the Regres menu select Limits. Leave the initial value for all the
variables as 1.0. Change the Minimum to 0.7 and the Maximum to 1.3 for all
the regression variables to allow for 30% changes in each regression variable.
Click OK to return to the display window.
5. From the Regres menu select Control. Change the Max Number Of Iterations
6. Run the program by selecting Go from the Run menu. This regression step
should be quicker than the regression step in Section 10.4, as the equation of
state characterization now uses only 5 components compared with 12 in
Section 10.4.
menu. Select Cnst Composition and click OK. From the Graphics Menu Bar
select SLIQ to display the liquid saturation. The picture for liquid saturation
for the Constant Composition Expansion should look like Figure 10-7.
8. From the Report menu select Save EOS to save these calculated equation-of-
state values in a separate file. Name this file PSDREG.EOS.
PSDREG.DAT.
10. Overwrite the equation of state parameters with the results of the regression
step by selecting Load EOS from the Component menu and select
PSDREG.EOS.
11. Turn regression off by selecting Regression from the Config menu and choose
No.
12. Run this file by selecting Go from the Run menu.
R5000.0.1 Tutorial 10-209

13. The results can be display by selecting Graphics from the Report menu and
should look like:

Expansion Test.

Depletion Test.
14. Save this in a separate file by selecting Save from the File menu. Name this
file 5CMPTUNE.DAT
10.7 Regression on Viscosity Data

The final step in data preparation is the calibration of the viscosity model. One of
the parameters which affect the viscosity calculation is the Critical
Compressibility Factors, Zc. In fact, Zc only affects the viscosity calculation. This
allows the viscosity to be tuned separately after all the other experimental data has
been matched. In this example, we will tune Zc for all 5 pseudo-components.
Therefore, the following regression variables will be used.
Zc Component P1 1
Zc Component P2 2
Zc Component P3 3
Zc Component P4 4
Zc Component P5 5
5CMPTUNE.DAT by selecting Open from the File menu. If you are
continuing from Section 10.6, Regression After Pseudoization, skip this step
as the data from 5CMPTUNE.DAT is still loaded in the program.
10-210 Tutorial R5000.0.1

2. Viscosity data is measured in a Constant Composition Expansion Experiment.

Therefore, select Test Type from the Config menu. Deselect all tests except
Cnst Composition by deleting the number beside the desired item. Click OK
to return to the display window.
3. From the Config menu select Regression and choose Yes to turn regression
on.
4. From the Regres menu select Variable to set the regression variables.
variable in the appropriate Zc column in the EOS property table. Note,
there may already be numbers in this table in the columns for Omega A
and Omega B. These are carried in the program memory from the
previous regressions. If they are present, they must be reset to zero. Click
OK to return to the previous menu.
b. Select Binary Coeff and click OK. Zero out any numbers which may be
present. Click OK to return to the previous menu.
5. Select Limits from the Regres menu. Set the Minimum to 0.5 and the
Maximum to 2.0 for all five variables. Click OK to return to the display
window.
6. From the Regres menu select Control. Change the Max Number of Iterations
7. Enter the data for the simulated experiment. From the Tests menu select Cnst
Cmposition.
a. Check that the composition has been set by pressing F5 while your mouse
pointer is over the desired item. If the composition is not set correctly (see
R5000.0.1 Tutorial 10-211

below), then copy the global reference composition by pressing F2. Click
OK to return to the display window.
b. Check that the temperature is set to 276 °F and the bubble point pressure
is 4375 psig.
c. Select Laboratory Measurements. Erase all the present data by pressing

DeleteRow until all the Pending Row is the only row left. Add 18 new
rows by pressing AddRowAfter or AddRowBefore. Enter the pressures
and oil viscosities from Table 9-6. Click OK to return to the previous
menu. Click OK to return to the display window.
8. From the Run menu select Go to run the program
menu. Select Cnst Composition and click OK. From the Graphics Menu Bar
select VISCo to display the oil viscosity. The picture for oil viscosity for the
Constant Composition Expansion should look like Figure 10-17.
10. Select Save EOS from the Report menu to save the calculated equation-of-
state values in a separate file. Name this file VISTUNE.EOS. This will be the
PVT file containing the equation of state parameters for input to a reservoir
simulator.
VISTUNE.DAT.
10-212 Tutorial R5000.0.1

Table 9-2: Compositional Data
Component Name Well Stream: Mole %
Carbon Dioxide 5.84
Methane 50.43
Ethane 9.65
Propane 8.75
iso-Butane 2.36
n-Butane 3.53
iso-Pentane 1.58
n-Pentane 1.37
Hexanes 2.29
Heptanes Plus 14.2
Heptanes Plus - Molecular Weight 183.
Heptanes Plus - Specific Gravity 0.8345
R5000.0.1 Tutorial 10-213

Table 9-3: Pressure-Volume Relations of Reservoir Fluid at 276 °F

(Constant Composition Expansion)
Pressure Relative Density

(Used in)
(PSIG) Volume gm/cc (Used in)
6000 0.92 CCEXP 0.4924 CCEXP
5000 0.9386 CCEXP
4500 0.9909 CCEXP
4375 (Bubble Pt) 1.0000 CCEXP 0.4530 CCEXP
4328 1.0052 CCEXP
4267 1.0117 CCEXP
4230 1.0158 CCEXP
4059 1.0368 CCEXP
3709 1.0883 CCEXP
3408 1.1472 CCEXP
2688 1.3595 CCEXP
1962 1.7834 CCEXP
1271 2.7310 CCEXP
951 3.6866 CCEXP
10-214 Tutorial R5000.0.1

Table 9-4: Depletion Study at 276 °F
M.W.
Pressure Gas Z-Factor Gas Phase
Heptanes Used In
(PSIG) Prod. (Cum %)
Plus
4375 183 Not Avail. 0 CVDEP
3700 138 0.893 8.753 CVDEP
3000 129 0.858 19.629 CVDEP
2200 120 0.860 35.179 CVDEP
1400 115 0.892 52.727 CVDEP
700 116 0.939 69.232 CVDEP
R5000.0.1 Tutorial 10-215

Table 9-5: Volume of Liquid Phase at 276 °F
Pressure Liquid Phase Volume

Used In
(PSIG) % of Volume at Bubble Pt
4375 (Bubble Pt) 100.00 CCEXP
4300 65.1 CCEXP
4150 57.0 CCEXP
3960 53.0 CCEXP
3700 (First Depletion 50.1 CVDEP

Level)
3000 45.0 CVDEP
2200 41.4 CVDEP
1400 37.6 CVDEP
700 33.3 CVDEP
10-216 Tutorial R5000.0.1

Table 9-6: Viscosity at 276 °F From a CCEXP Experiment
Pressure Liquid Viscosity

(PSIG) (Centipoise)
6200 0.106
5780 0.102
5415 0.098
4980 0.095
4620 0.093
4375 (Bubble Pt) 0.091
4225 0.099
4100 0.101
3900 0.105
3700 0.109
3400 0.114
3000 0.125
2600 0.137
2200 0.153
1800 0.172
1400 0.199
1000 0.231
700 0.260
R5000.0.1 Tutorial 10-217

Table 9-7: HEAVY.EOS File
EOS PR
COMPONENTS
HVY1 HVY2 HVY3
PROPERTIES
COMP MW TCPCZC ACENTRICOMEGAAOMEGAB
HVY1 107.94 570.43424.660.26346 0.30783 X X
HVY2 188.08 805.44278.660.24256 0.52090 X X
HVY3 397.52 1226.32147.940.20137 1.09954 X X
DJK C1
HVY1 0.037935
HVY2 0.049365
HVY3 0.065926
ENDEOS
C
C PLUS FRACTION PSEUDO COMPONENT COMPOSITIONS
C
COMPOSITION
0.044272 0.084232 0.013497
10-218 Tutorial R5000.0.1

Table 9-8: HEAVY.DAT File
SPLIT
MWPLUSGPLUS ZPLUSNGMWGRP
183.000.83450.14203 125.00300.00
PROPERTY CORRELATION SIMULATION
TC RIAZI-DAUBERT
PC RIAZI-DAUBERT
ACENTRICEDMISTER
ZC RIAZI-DAUBERT
CONMWI
MWC6C7 90.00
MWINC12.000
END
R5000.0.1 Tutorial 10-219

10-220 Tutorial R5000.0.1

R5000.0.1 Tutorial 10-221

10-222 Tutorial R5000.0.1

R5000.0.1 Tutorial 10-223

10-224 Tutorial R5000.0.1

Appendix
A
References
1. Wiebe, R.: “The Binary System Carbon Dioxide-Water Under Pressure,”
Chemical Reviews, 29 (1941) 475-481.
2. Malinin, S.D. and Savelyeva, N.I.: “The Solubility of CO2 in NaCl and CaCl2
Solutions at 25, 50, and 75° Under Elevated CO2 Pressures,” Geochemistry
International, (1972) 410-418.
3. Malinin, S.D. and Kurovskaya, N.A.: “Solubility of CO2 in Chloride

Solutions at Elevated Temperatures and CO2 Pressures,” Geochemistry
International, (1975) 199-201.
4. McRee, B.C.: “CO2: How It Works, Where It Works,” Petroleum Engineers,

(Nov. 1977) 52-63.
5. Rowe, A.M. and Chou, J.C.: “Pressure-Volume-Temperature-Concentration

Relation of Aqueous NaCl Solutions,” J. of Chemical and Engineering Data,
Vol. 15, No. 1 (1970) 61-66.
6. Parkinson, W.J. and De Nevers, N.: “Partial Model Volume of Carbon

Dioxide in Water Solutions,” I & EC Fundamentals, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Nov.
1969)709-713.
7. Sayegh, S.G. and Najman, J.: “Phase Behavior Measurements of CO2- SO2-
Brine Mixtures,” The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 65
(April 1987) 314-320.
8. Osif, T.L.: “The Effects of Salt, Gas, Temperature, and Pressure on the
Compressibility of Water,” SPE Reservoir Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Feb.
1988) 175-181.
9. Kestin, J., Khalifa, H.E., Abe, Y, Grimes, C.E., Sookiazian, H. and Wakeham,
W.A.: “Effect of Pressure on the Viscosity of Aqueous NaCl Solutions in the
Temperature Range 20-150 °C”, J. of Chemical and Engineering Data, Vol.
23, No. 4 (1978) 328-336.
10. Whitson, C. H. and Torp, S. B.: “Evaluating Constant Volume Depletion

Data”, JPT, (Mar., 1983), 610-620.
11. Coats, K. H.: “Simulation of Gas Condensate Reservoir Performance”, JPT,

(Oct., 1985), 1870-1886.
R5000.0.1 References A-225

A-226 References R5000.0.1

❖
000000Subject Index
A C
accelerated successive-substitution 8-176 calculation
acentric factor how activated 8-176
entry in property table 5-56 how to invoke 2-36
plotting 6-77 of phase envelope 4-46
use in heavy fraction 6-75 calculation method
annotation selecting 8-176
adding to a plot 9-189 carbon dioxide
API gravity data saturated water properties 5-64
entering for distillation test 7-141 carbon dioxide saturated water
appending an EOS file 5-54 entering property correlations 6-87
saving data in file 9-195
carbon dioxide solubility 5-64
how calculated 5-65
B Cavett correlation 6-75
click and drag
batch data file definition of 1-xix
definition of 2-36 CO2 saturated water 4-47
batch mode 2-25 component K-value
bibliography 1-xx, A-225 entering for distillation test 7-140
binary coefficients Component menu
specification of 5-58 Append EOS option 5-54
binary exponents Load EOS option 5-54
defining 5-58 overview of 5-51
binary interaction coefficients System option 5-51
entering for nonlinear regression 6-84, 6-85 User option 5-52
how to define 4-44 Volatile option 5-53
plotting 6-77 components
use in mixing rules 5-58 setting default 5-51
binary interaction coefficients of H2O user-defined 5-52
how to specify for thermal 4-48 volatile 5-53
blend API gravity data composition 4-49
entering for distillation test 7-141 loading from another test 5-53
boiling point temperature saving data in file 9-195
entry in property table 5-57 composition expansion procedure 4-46
plotting 6-77 composition source
bracket molecular weights 6-72 defining 4-47
bubble point pressure 4-46, 7-105 composition specification 4-49
of pseudo components 6-80 composition variation test 4-49
oil-water 7-132 composition variations with depth 4-47
R5000.0.1 Subject Index SI-227

compressibility data
of water, how calculated 5-68 generating table of 9-193
Config menu printing a table of 9-193
Binary Coeff option 4-44, 5-58 retrieving from database 9-193
Composition Sor option 4-47, 6-78 retrieving tabular data 9-194
EOS option 4-44 saving table of 9-193
Heavy option 4-49 saving to a database 9-192
overview of 4-43 data entry
Pseudoization option 4-47 general guidelines 2-27
Regression option 4-47 data file
Run Sequence option 4-49 how to open new 3-40
Run-Time Compos option 4-49 data set
System Info option 4-44 adding descriptive text 4-44
Test Type option 4-45 database file
Thermal option 4-48 definition of 2-37
Water-In-Oil option 4-49 how to open 3-40
confirmation dialog saving 3-40
how to use 2-32 debugging information 8-180
constant composition expansion test 4-49 defaults
constant composition test 7-108 component 5-51
constant volume depletion procedure 4-46, 7-111 density
constant volume depletion test 4-49 laboratory procedures 4-45
Control key combinations 1-xix liquid 7-101
correlation density correlation 5-64
Cavett 6-75 entering for nonlinear regression 6-88
Edmister 6-75 density units
Kesler-Lee 6-75 use as input in test procedures 7-96
Riazi-Daubert 6-75 derivative calculation
Riedel-Pitzer 6-75 in regression 6-92
use to calculate EOS 6-74 DESKTOP-PVT
Whitson 6-75 batch mode 2-25
critical pressure how to exit 3-41
entry in property table 5-56 Overview 1-21
plotting 6-77 starting the program 2-25
use in heavy fraction 6-75 dew point pressure 7-105
critical temperature of pseudo components 6-80
entry in property table 5-56 differential expansion procedure 4-46
plotting 6-77 differential expansion test 4-49, 7-118
critical z-factor differential liberation test 7-118
entry in property table 5-56 differential vaporization test 7-118
plotting 6-77 Display Window
crude viscosity data description of 2-26
entering for distillation test 7-143 distillate API gravity
cursor movement control 1-xx entering for distillation test 7-139
distillation curve
entering 7-136
distillation table
D use in heavy fraction 6-76
distillation test 4-46, 7-134
dat file extension 2-36 dtpvt.ini file 3-39, 3-41
SI-228 Subject Index R5000.0.1

first single carbon number

E entry of 6-72
flash calculation convergence
Edmister correlation 6-75 improving 8-179
enthalpy 4-46 flash calculations
gas, how to specify 5-59 control parameters for 8-178
of a gas mixture 7-127 flash expansion test 7-108
of a liquid mixture 7-129 flash liberation test 7-108
enthalpy units flash vaporization test 7-108
use as input in test procedures 7-97 fluid characterization
EOS data file tutorial on 10-199
appending 5-54 fluid composition
definition of 2-37 loading from another test 5-53
opening and loading 5-54 of pseudo components 6-79
EOS parameters requirements for tests 7-94
calculation for heavy fraction 6-74 unpseudoized 4-49
equation-of-state Fluid menu
calculation in heavy fraction 6-74 Binary Coeff option 4-45, 5-58
how to specify 4-44 Binary Exponent option 5-58
saving calculations 9-194 CO2TAB Correlation option 5-64
use in DESKTOP-PVT 1-21 Gas Enthalpy option 5-59
use in pseudoization 6-78 K-Value Correlation option 5-64
equation-of-state data file overview of 5-55
definition of 2-37 Pedersen Visc option 5-62
equation-of-state parameters Property option 5-56
appending for pseudo components 6-81 fluid properties
appending to a file 6-77 how to specify for thermal 4-48
entering for nonlinear regression 6-83 specifying 5-56
overwriting 6-77 fluid property table 5-56
overwriting for pseudo components 6-80 fluid temperature
review in table format 6-80 of pseudo components 6-79
review in tabular form 6-77 formation volume factor
saving 6-77 calculation for CO2 saturated water 5-67
saving for pseudo components 6-80 fraction characterization
use in DESKTOP-PVT 1-22
fugacity coefficient 7-131
function keys (F1, F2, etc.) 1-xx
F
File Box Pop-up
how to use 2-28 G
File menu
Exit option 3-41 gamma distribution function 6-70
Last Run option 3-39 alpha parameter 6-73
Load Database option 2-37, 3-40 for heavy fractions 6-70
New option 3-40 gas compressibility factor 4-45, 7-99
Open option 2-36, 3-40 gas enthalpy
overview of 3-39 how to specify 5-59
Save Database option 2-37, 3-40 of a mixture 7-127
Save option 2-36, 3-40 gas-oil ratio units
file types use as input in test procedures 7-96
summary of 2-36 Gibbs method 8-176

global reference composition 5-53

graphic analysis K
of heavy fraction 6-77
graphic attributes Kesler-Lee correlation 6-75
setting 9-185 K-value correlation
graphic module 9-182 specifying for nonlinear regression 6-86
K-values
entering for distillation test 7-140
how computed 5-64
H saving tables of 9-194
H2O Binary Coef menu
display of 5-58
H2O equation-of-state properties L
how loaded 4-48
hardware/software requirements 1-23 laboratory distillation test 7-134
heavy ends characterization laboratory procedures 4-49
tutorial on 10-197 bubble point pressure 4-46
heavy fraction CO2 saturated water 4-47
review results 6-77 common input data for 7-94
heavy fraction characterization 6-69 composition expansion 4-46
how to activate 4-49 composition variation 4-47
use in generating EOS data 2-37 constant volume depletion 4-46
heavy fraction properties density 4-45
entry of 6-70 differential expansion 4-46
Heavy function distillation test 4-46
overview 6-69 enthalpy 4-46
Heavy menu gas compressibility factor 4-45
Append EOS option 6-77 multiple contact vaporization 4-46
Calculate option 6-76 phase envelope calculation 4-46
Graphics option 6-77 saturation pressure 4-46
overview 6-70 separators 4-46
Parameter option 6-70 specifying other conditions 7-95
Replace EOS option 6-77 steam distillation 4-46
Review option 6-77 steam vaporization 4-47
Save EOS option 6-77 swelling test 4-46
hydrocarbon composition use in simulation data 1-22
variation with depth 7-156 vapor pressure 4-45
vaporization test 4-46
viscosity 4-46
water properties 4-46
I laboratory separator test
calculation of 7-151
ideal gas state 5-59 laboratory tests 4-49
input data last single carbon number
recalling from last simulation 3-39 entry of 6-72
input data file 2-36 line color
opening and reading 3-40 in plots 9-188
item selection panel line style
how to use 2-30, 2-31 in plots 9-188
iteration liquid density 7-101
for nonlinear regression 6-91

liquid enthalpy
of a mixture 7-129 N
liquid water properties 7-131
list entry panel new data file
how to use 2-33, 2-34 how to open 3-40
Lohrenz, Bray and Clark 8-176 Newton-Raphson method 8-176
Lohrenz-Bray-Clark correlation nonlinear regression 6-69
alternatives to 5-62 entering control data 6-91
entering variables for 6-82
package included 1-21
tutorial on 10-203
M nonlinear regression calculation
overview of 6-82
manual non-volumetric observed data 6-92
overview of 1-xvii
MB1, MB2, etc.
definition of 1-xviii
Menu Bar O
description of 2-26
menu options observed data
how to select 2-27 use in regression 6-92
mixing rules oil composition
parameters used in 5-58 water-free 7-132
mole fraction Omega A,B
calculation of 6-70 entry in property table 5-56
entering for nonlinear regression 6-84 opening a database file 3-40
entry of 6-72 output
how to specify 4-49 quantity for regression 6-91
plotting 6-77 output file
review in table format 6-80 definition of 2-38
review in tabular format 6-77
mole fraction distribution
entry of 6-72
molecular weight P
calculation of 6-70
entering for distillation test 7-137 Parachor
entry in property table 5-56 entry in property table 5-57
entry of 6-71 Parkinson and De Nevers 5-67
minimum expected in heavy fraction 6-73 Passut-Danner ideal gas state 5-59
plotting 6-77 Pedersen method 8-176
molecular weight boundary Pedersen viscosity correlation
in heavy fraction 6-74 how to specify 5-62
molecular weight interval phase envelope
in heavy fraction 6-73, 6-74 calculation of 7-154
mouse buttons phase envelope calculation 4-46, 7-124
how to use 1-xviii
multiple contact steam vaporization test
thermal properties for 4-48
multiple contact vaporization test 4-46, 7-122
multistage separator
modeling of 7-149

plotting pseudoization
annotation of plots 9-189 detail discussion/activating 4-47
changing the line color 9-188 overview of 6-78
changing the line style 9-188 regression after
customized title 9-192 tutorial on 10-208
obtaining X, Y plot location data 9-188 tutorial on 10-205
retrieving data 9-193 use in DESKTOP-VIP 1-22
saving data 9-192
selecting lab procedures for 9-182
zooming the plot 9-186
pop-up windows Q
summary of 2-28
PostScript output file quitting DESKTOP-PVT 3-41
definition of 2-38
predictive mode
use in DESKTOP-PVT 1-21
pressure
R
critical of fluids 5-56 reference temperature
pressure units entry in property table 5-57
definition of 5-56 Regres menu
of pseudo components 6-80 Control option 6-91
use as input in test procedures 7-95, 7-97 Limits option 6-90
pressure-volume relations test 7-108 overview of 6-82
printer Variable option 6-82
setting up output 2-38 regression
PRINTER option 2-38 tutorial on 10-203
printing regression function
table of data 9-193 activating 4-47
properties regression variables
specifying for fluids 5-56 entering 6-88
property table how to specify for thermal 4-48
entering for fluids 5-56 setting initial value of 6-90
pseudo components 6-69 regression weight factors
entering data for 6-78 entering for distillation test 7-140
entering number and name 6-78 Reid, Prausnitz and Sherwood 8-176
specifying for heavy fractions 6-72 Report menu
Pseudo function GetGraph option 2-37, 9-193
overview 6-69 GetTable option 9-194
Pseudo menu Graphics option 9-182
Append EOS option 6-81 GraTitle option 9-192
Calculate option 6-78, 6-80 overview of 9-181
overview of 6-78 PrtTable 9-193
Parameter option 6-78 PrtTable option 2-38
Pseudo Name option 6-78 SaveCO2T option 9-195
Replace EOS option 6-80 SaveEOS option 9-194
Review option 6-80 SaveKval option 9-194
Save EOS option 6-80 SaveVisc option 9-195
pseudo-critical temperature SaveZgrd option 9-195
entering for nonlinear regression 6-86 SavGraph option 2-37, 9-192
SavTable option 9-193
Table option 2-38, 9-193

residue API gravity specific gravity

entering for distillation test 7-138 entry in property table 5-57
results entry of 6-72
displaying 9-182 plotting 6-77
results of calculation starting the program 2-25
how to view 2-36 steam distillation 4-46
Riazi-Daubert correlation 6-74 steam distillation test
Riedel-Pitzer correlation 6-75 overview of data requirements 7-146
Rowe and Chou 5-67 thermal properties for 4-48
Run menu steam vaporization 4-47
Calc Method option 8-176 steam vaporization test
Debug option 8-180 overview of 7-163
Expansion Tol option 8-179 sum-of-square
Flash Tol option 8-178 reduction in 6-92
Go option 8-176 swelling test 4-49, 7-117
overview of 8-175 swelling test procedure 4-46
Psat Tol option 8-177 system information
run numbers 4-49 adding 4-44
run sequence 4-50
how to specify 4-49
run-time composition option
how to activate 4-49 T
table entry panel
how to use 2-35
S table look-up
use to calculate EOS 6-74
salinity effects temperature
adjusting 5-67 boiling, entry of 5-57
saturation pressure 4-46 critical, of fluids 5-56
of pseudo components 6-80 reference, entry of 5-57
use in test procedures 7-105 temperature units
saturation pressure calculation definition of 5-56
controlling convergence 8-177 of pseudo components 6-79
thermal properties for 4-48 use as input in test procedures 7-95
saturation pressure type
of pseudo components 6-80
saving a database file 3-40
saving current data 3-40
Sayegh and Najman 5-67
SCN equation-of-state parameters 6-75
screen layout 2-26
search vector length
initializing for regression 6-91
Section 5.2.1 1-xx
separator, multistage
modeling of 7-149
separators 4-46
solubility
CO2, calculation of 5-65

Test menu
Cnst Composition option 7-108 V
Cnst Volume option 7-111
Density option 7-101 vapor pressure 4-45, 7-103
Differential option 7-118 vaporization test 4-46
Distillation option 7-134 VIPPOST variable 2-38
Gas Enthalpy option 7-127 VIPPSOUT variable 2-38
Liquid Enthalpy option 7-129 VIP-THERM
Multi-Contact option 7-122 activating Thermal option in PVT 4-48
overview of 7-93 defining volatile components 5-53
Phas Envlop option 7-124 water-in-oil option for 4-49
Phas Envlop/Full option 7-154 viscosity 4-46
Sat Pressure option 7-105 entering for nonlinear regression 6-85
Sat Pressure/H20 option 7-132 of fluid mixture 7-107
Separator/No Reg option 7-149 of water,calculation of 5-68
Separator/Reg option 7-151 regression tutorial 10-210
Steam Distillation option 7-146 saving data in file 9-195
Steam Vaporizatn option 7-163 viscosity correlation 8-176
Swelling option 7-117 specifying 5-62
Vapor Pressure option 7-103 use in pseudoization 6-78
Viscosity option 7-107 viscosity data
Water Property option 7-131 entering for distillation test 7-142
Z-Factor option 7-99 volume shift parameter
ZGRAD option 7-156 entering for nonlinear regression 6-84
test procedures entry in property table 5-57
specifying the type of 4-45 how computed 5-58
text plotting 6-77
adding to a plot 9-189 use in heavy fraction 6-76
text-entry window
how to use 2-29
thermal option
how to activate 4-48 W
title
customizing for a plot 9-192 water compressibility
tutorials how calculated 5-68
fluid characterization 10-199 water formation volume factor 5-65
heavy ends characterization 10-197 water properties 4-46, 7-131
nonlinear regression 10-203 water viscosity
overview of 10-197 how calculated 5-68
pseudoization 10-205 water-free oil composition 7-132
regression after pseudoization 10-208 water-in-oil option
regression on viscosity data 10-210 how to activate 4-49
Twu viscosity correlation 8-176 Watson characterization factor
for heavy fraction 6-74
use of 6-70
weight factor
U use as input in test procedures 7-97
weight fraction
unpseudoized fluid compositions entry of 6-72
how to specify 4-49 plotting 6-77
user-defined components 5-52 Whitson correlation 6-75

Z
z-factor 7-99
critical 5-56
plotting 6-77
zoom
plots 9-186


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DESKTOP-PVT™

Landmark Graphics Corporation

Multiple Item Selection Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-31

Run-Time Compos - Run-Time Composition Specification Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-49

Variable - Regression Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-82

ZGRAD: Composition Variations With Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-156

SaveVisc - Save Component Viscosity Tables to File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-195

R5000.0.1 List of Figures xi

Figure 4-10: Global Reference Composition Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-54

xii List of Figures R5000.0.1

Figure 6-37: Regression Limits Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-90

R5000.0.1 List of Figures xiii

Figure 7-66: Liquid Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-129

xiv List of Figures R5000.0.1

Figure 7-98: Simulating the MCSVAP Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-165

R5000.0.1 List of Figures xv

xvi List of Figures R5000.0.1

■ Introduction. A general description of DESKTOP-PVT’s functions,

■ Getting Started. An explanation of the DESKTOP-PVT interfaces including

■ Setup Simulation Environment. An explanation of the procedures for

■ Equation-of-State Properties. An explanation of the procedures for defining

■ Heavy/Pseudo/Regress. An explanation of the procedures for assigning

R5000.0.1 About This Manual xvii

■ Input Data for Laboratory Procedures. An explanation of the procedures

■ Calculation of Laboratory Procedures. An explanation of the procedures

■ Report - Calculation Results. An explanation of the procedure for creating

■ Tutorial. A complete step-by-step example of a fluid characterization using

Mouse Buttons (Interactive Graphics)

MB1 MB2 MB3 MB1 MB2 MB3 MB4

Three-Button Mouse Four-Button Mouse

Mouse Button Typical Uses

MB1 Used to select menu options, push buttons in the application

xviii About This Manual R5000.0.1

Mouse Button Typical Uses

Mouse Operation Instructions

Click Press MB1 and release rapidly.

Double-click Press MB1 two times rapidly.

Triple-click Press MB1 three times rapidly.

Control-click Hold down Control key and click once.

Shift-click Hold down Shift key and click once.

Select Click once or double-click at the indicated location.

Shade Drag the mouse pointer across a group of text, or double-

R5000.0.1 About This Manual xix

Cursor Movement Control Keys

For More Information...

■ DESKTOP-PVT Keyword Reference Manual.

xx About This Manual R5000.0.1

1.1 Program Function

DESKTOP-PVT can be used, in a purely predictive mode, to generate PVT

To aid in developing a fluid model that matches experimental data, a nonlinear

Any or all of the various laboratory procedures can be simulated in arbitrary

R5000.0.1 Introduction 1-21

necessary to specify fluid composition and various properties of individual

DESKTOP-PVT provides a method for calculating a heavy fraction

DESKTOP-PVT also provides a calculation to combine components through a

1. Components and compositions assignment

4. Automatic parameter adjustment

5. Heavy fraction characterization

In the next chapter, the commands to initialize DESKTOP-PVT operation, the

1-22 Introduction R5000.0.1