Becomeanof

fi
cer
.bl
ogspot
.com
 2

OBJs

Bor
derGeo

1. Bor
derofPaki
stani
sdi
str
ibut
edi
ntof
oll
owi
ng:
-
a. East
ernbor
der
b. West
ernbor
der
c. Coast
alar
ea
2. East
ernbor
deri
ncl
udesf
oll
owi
ng:
-
a. Nor
ther
nSect
or.
b. Kashmi
rSect
or.
c. Cor
ri
dor
sofRav
i-
ChenabandRav
i-Beasandar
eaSout
hofSut
lej
.
d. Deser
tSect
or.
3. West
ernbor
deri
ncl
udesf
oll
owi
ng:
-
a. Pak-
AfghanBor
der
.
b. Pak-
Ir
anBor
der
.
4. Paki
stanshar
esbor
der
swi
thChi
naof523kmsi
nthenor
th.
5. Paki
stanshar
esbor
der
swi
thI
ndi
aof2240kmsi
ntheeast
.
6. Paki
stanshar
esbor
der
swi
thAf
ghani
stanof2430kmsi
nthewest
.
7. Paki
stanshar
esbor
der
swi
thI
ranof909kmsi
nthesout
hwest
.
8. Paki
stanhascoast
all
i
neof1046kmsal
ongAr
abi
ansea.
9. Paki
stanhasanor
th-
sout
hlongi
tudi
nal
conf
igur
ati
onst
ret
chi
ngf
orappr
oxi
mat
ely1500
kmsandal
i
mit
edeast–westdept
hofappr
oxi
mat
ely450kmsal
ongLi
neRahi
m Yar Khan-
Chaman.
10. Br
oadl
yspeaki
ng,
Riv
erI
ndusdi
vi
dest
hecount
ryi
ntot
wol
ongi
tudi
nal
hal
ves;
the
East
ernhal
fcomposedoft
hePl
ainsf
ormedi
ntor
ivercor
ri
dor
s,f
aci
l
itat
ingcombi
ned ar
ms
oper
ati
onsandt
heWest
ernhal
fcomposedoft
hemount
ainsr
angesofSul
emanand Ki
rt
har
wi
tht
hei
rof
fshoot
saf
for
dingadequat
epr
otect
ionandr
est
ri
cti
ngany of
fensi
vei
ntonar
row
andeasi
l
ydef
endabl
eval
l
eys.
11. Ty
pesofexi
sti
ngbor
der
sbet
weenI
ndi
aandPaki
stan:
-
a. Li
neofAct
ual
Cont
act
.
b. Li
neofCont
rol
.
c. Wor
kingBoundar
y.

GoodLuck!
 3

d. I
nter
nat
ional
Bor
der
.
12. St
art
ingf
rom Si
achenGl
aci
eri
nthenor
tht
il
lNJ9842,
140Kmst
heboundar
yis
r
efer
redt
oast
heLi
neofAct
ual
Cont
act
.
13. Li
neofAct
ual
Cont
acti
svi
olabl
eandnotr
ecogni
sedbyanyi
nter
nat
ional
orbi
l
ater
al
agr
eement
.(
True)
14. Li
neofCont
rol
,commonl
yknownasLOC,
iti
sthedi
vi
dingl
i
nebet
weenAzadKashmi
r
andI
ndi
anHel
dKashmi
r.
15. LOCSt
art
sfr
om NJ9842i
nthenor
thi
trunsupt
oThakuChak i
nthesout
h-at
otal
l
engt
hofabout700kms.
16. Fr
om ThakuChaki
ntheNW upt
oAbhi
alDogar
ani
ntheeast
,forappr
oxi
mat
ely200
Kmst
hebor
deri
sknownasWor
kingBoundar
y.
17. LOCi
srecogni
zedt
hroughSi
mlaAgr
eement
.
18. Wor
kingbdr
yisade-
fact
obor
derbet
weenI
ndi
aandPaki
stant
il
lresol
uti
onoft
he
Kashmi
rIssue.
19. I
nter
nat
ional
bor
derbet
weenPaki
stanandI
ndi
arunsov
eral
engt
hof2240Kms.
20. I
nter
nat
ional
bor
deri
sanundi
sput
edi
nter
nat
ional
l
yrecogni
sedpar
toft
hebor
derexcept
t
heSi
rCr
eekar
eat
otheext
remesout
h.
21. Nor
ther
nsect
oroft
heEast
ernbor
deri
sboundedbyI
ndr
aKol
iPassi
nKar
akor
am
Rangei
nthenor
thandAnzbar
iinAst
orear
eai
nthesout
h.
22. Const
ruct
ionofKar
akor
am Hi
ghway
,li
nki
ngPaki
stanwi
thChi
napr
ovi
desani
mpor
tant
r
eli
efar
ter
yforPaki
stan.
23. Paki
stanhassuper
iorst
rat
egi
cor
ient
ati
on,
par
ti
cul
arl
yinKar
gil
areawher
eitt
hreat
ens
I
ndi
anLi
neofCommuni
cat
iont
oSi
achen.
24. Tr
anf
ront
ierDr
as,
Kar
gil
andLehandci
sfr
ont
ierGi
l
git
,Ast
oreSkar
duandKhapl
uar
e
i
mpor
tantcommuni
cat
ioncent
resi
ntheNor
ther
nsect
orofEast
ernbor
der
.Tr
ue
25. Kashmi
rsect
oroft
heNor
ther
nbor
deri
sboundedbyAnzbar
iint
henor
thandRi
ver
Chenabi
nthesout
h.
26. Jur
aBul
gei
shel
dbyPaki
stan,
itpr
ovi
desdept
handsecur
it
ytoownLofCand
t
hreat
enst
hebaseofI
ndi
anTangdharSal
i
ent
.
27. Bedor
iBul
gei
sofi
mmenseoper
ati
onal
adv
ant
aget
oPaki
stanasi
tout
fl
ankst
heUr
i
Sal
i
enti
nthenor
thandMendharEncl
avei
nthesout
h.
28. Ni
ki
alBul
gei
shel
dbyPaki
stani
tneut
ral
i
zesMendharEncl
avebyposi
ngat
hreatt
oit
s
basef
rom t
hesout
h.
29. Conf
igur
ati
onoft
heNi
ki
alBul
geal
sof
aci
l
itat
esoper
ati
onsagai
nstRaj
aur
iint
heeast

GoodLuck!
 4

andJhangarEncl
avei
nthesout
h.
30. Tr
ansf
ront
ierPi
rPanj
alRangecausesaser
iouschoki
ngef
fectandBani
hal
Passi
s
t
heonl
yli
nkbet
weennor
ther
nandsout
her
npar
tsofI
HK.
31. Thel
ocat
ionofMangl
aDam andMar
alaHW aswel
lasv
ulner
abi
l
ityofourLi
neof
Communi
cat
ionaccent
uat
eoursensi
ti
vi
ty.
32. Theent
ir
eKashmi
rSect
ori
ssui
tabl
eonl
yfori
nfant
rypr
edomi
nantoper
ati
ons,
howev
er,
i
nIf
ti
khar
abadar
eauseofar
mourbybot
hIndi
aandPaki
stan,
ispossi
ble.
33. Rav
i-ChenabCor
ri
dori
sboundedbyRi
verChenabi
nthenor
thandRav
iint
he sout
h.
34. Anot
herI
ndi
anv
ulner
abi
l
ityi
sMadhopurHW whi
chr
egul
ateswat
eri
nRi
verRav
iand
net
wor
kofcanal
sinRav
i-Beascor
ri
dor
.
35. On oursi
de,Mar
ala HW has i
mmense i
mpor
tance f
ort
he successf
ulconductof
def
ensi
veoper
ati
onsi
nRav
i-
Chenabaswel
lasRav
i-BeasCor
ri
dor
s.
36. Locat
edi
ntheext
remenor
th,
Mar
alaHW r
egul
ateswat
eri
ndef
enceor
ient
edcanal
s
f
lowi
ngf
rom Rav
i-Beascor
ri
dorr
ightupt
oRi
verSut
lej
.
37. Paki
stanenj
oyssuper
ior
it
yofst
rat
egi
cor
ient
ati
onbyt
hreat
eni
ngI
ndi
anLofCt
oIHK
andMadhopurHW.
True
38. TheshapeofShakar
gar
hSal
i
entasawhol
efor
cesI
ndi
atooper
ateonext
eri
or l
i
nes,
whi
chaf
for
dsheranoppor
tuni
tyf
orcl
assi
cdoubl
eenv
elopmentwi
thnor
thandsout
h pi
ncer
s
cl
osi
ngatPasr
uri
nit
ial
l
yandatGuj
ranwal
aorShahdar
a.
39. RaviChenabCor
ri
dori
ssui
tabl
eforcombi
nedar
msi
ntegr
atedoper
ati
onsbyei
ther
si
de.
True
40. Rav
iBeascor
ri
dori
sboundedbyRi
ver
sRav
iint
henor
thandBeas/Sut
lej
int
he sout
h.
41. Ter
rai
nofRBCf
avour
sdev
elopmentoft
wodi
rect
ional
thr
eatt
oLahor
efr
om Amr
it
sar
andKasur
/Rai
wind;
simul
taneousl
ythr
eat
eni
ngBal
l
oki
HW.
True
42. RBCout
fl
anksowndef
encei
nRCC.Tr
ue
43. Dev
elopmentofoper
ati
onsacr
ossRi
verRav
iinconj
unct
ionwi
thof
fensi
vei
nRCCcoul
d
behi
ghl
yadv
ant
ageoust
otheenemy
.Tr
ue
44. Ar
easout
hofSut
lej
isboundedbyRi
verSut
lej
int
henor
thandext
endsupt
oSal
amsar
i
nthesout
h.
45. Thear
eanor
thofFor
tAbbasi
sty
pical
plai
nswi
thhi
ghwat
ert
abl
easi
thasnumer
ous
i
rr
igat
ioncanal
s.Tr
ue
46. Ar
easout
hofSut
lej
aff
ordsl
argescal
eempl
oymentofmechani
sedf
orcesf
orwhi
ch
I
ndi
ahaspur
suedadev
elopment
alst
rat
egyf
ort
hel
astt
hreedecades.
True
47. Sul
aimanki
HW,
lyi
ngv
erycl
oset
othei
nter
nat
ional
bor
derf
ormst
henodal
poi
nt

GoodLuck!
 5

cont
rol
l
ingt
hef
lowofwat
eri
ntoRi
verSut
lej
andt
hecanal
syst
em sout
hofi
t.
48. At
hrusti
nSul
aimanki
areat
akest
heenemyst
rai
ghti
ntoourst
rat
egi
cdept
h.Tr
ue
49. Heav
ycr
ossi
ngsov
erRi
verSut
lej
arel
i
mit
edt
oSul
aimanki
,Mai
l
siSi
phonand
Bahawal
pur
.Tr
ue
50. Ther
ear
enol
ater
all
i
nksbet
weent
het
hreepar
all
elr
ail
wayl
i
nesast
ri
der
iver
sSut
lej
and
Rav
i.Swi
tchi
ngf
rom onet
otheot
heri
sonl
ypossi
blet
hroughLodhr
anand Samasat
a
whi
chi
sal
ongci
rcui
t,hencet
imeconsumi
ng.
51. Deser
tsect
orext
endsf
rom Sal
amsart
othecoast
li
ne.
52. Deser
tsect
orext
endsf
rom Sal
amsart
otheCoast
li
ne.
53. Ki
shangar
hsal
i
ent
,wi
thi
tscombi
nedbaseatRamgar
h,pr
ovi
desani
deal
jumpof
fpoi
nt
andbaseofoper
ati
ont
oIndi
aagai
nstRahi
myarKhan
54. Shahgar
hSal
i
enti
sanI
ndi
ansal
i
entbul
gingi
ntot
heNar
aGap
55. Khokhr
oparSal
i
enti
sanI
ndi
ansal
i
enti
nChhorSect
orwhi
chconsi
der
abl
yreducest
he
di
stancet
ogr
eenbel
tatChhor
.
56. Gadr
aSal
i
entdomi
nat
esanddi
rect
lyt
hreat
ensenemyLi
neofCommuni
cat
iont
o
Khokhr
oparSal
i
ent
57. Asl
ongasGadr
aSal
i
enti
shel
dbyownt
roops,
noof
fensi
vecanbedev
elopedbyt
he
enemyal
ongKhokhr
oparAxi
swi
thoutser
iousi
nter
fer
encebyus.
58. Nagar
par
karSal
i
enti
sLocat
edi
ntheext
remeSE,
itsdi
stanceanddi
ff
icul
tyt
oaccess,
makesi
trat
herdi
ff
icul
tforPaki
stant
opr
otect
.
59. Deser
tcoupl
edwi
thSCARP-
VI(
Sal
i
nit
yCont
rol
andRecl
amat
ionPr
oject
)pr
ojecti
n
Rahi
m YarKhanar
eaandNar
aGap,
aret
hebi
ggestobst
acl
esi
ntheDeser
tsect
or. Tr
ue.
60. I
ndi
aenj
oyssuper
iorst
rat
egi
cor
ient
ati
oni
ntheDeser
tzoneowi
ngt
oshor
tdi
stancet
o
mai
nLi
neofCommuni
cat
ionandGudduBar
rage.
61. Ter
rai
ndi
ctat
esaf
orwar
ddef
ensi
vepost
urei
nRahi
m YarKhanSect
or.I
nChhor Sect
or,
ar
ear
war
ddef
ensi
vepost
urewi
thav
iewt
ofor
cet
heenemyt
oext
endhi
sLi
ne of
Communi
cat
ionwasconsi
der
edappr
opr
iat
e.
62. Paki
stan’
sWest
ernBor
derst
art
ingf
rom t
heChi
nesebor
deri
nthenor
tht
otheAr
abi
an
Seai
nthesout
hst
ret
chesov
er3300kmscont
rol
l
ingKhy
berandBol
anPasses,
t
he t
radi
ti
onal
inv
asi
onr
out
esbet
weenCent
ral
Asi
aandt
heI
ndi
anSubcont
inent
.
63. TheDur
andLi
nei
.e.t
heboundar
ybet
weent
henBr
it
ishI
ndi
anowPaki
stanand
Af
ghani
stanwasest
abl
i
shedi
n1893.
64. Khy
berPass,
thel
argestandt
hemostr
enownedoft
hesei
s35Mi
l
esl
ongandconnect
s
Kabul
wit
hthePeshawarVal
l
ey.

GoodLuck!
 6

65. Paki
stan’
scoast
li
nei
swashedbyt
hewar
m wat
ersoft
heNor
thAr
abi
anSeaand
ext
endsf
rom t
heI
ndi
anbor
deratt
heeast
ernedgeoft
heI
ndusDel
taatSi
rCr
eekt
otheDasht
Ri
veratt
heI
rani
anbor
der
.
66. Thear
eaeastofKar
achi
ischar
act
eri
zedbynumer
ouscr
eeksf
ormedbyt
heI
ndus
Del
ta,whi
l
etowar
dst
hewestt
hecoasthassandybeaches.
67. Thear
eaeastofKar
achi
compr
isescr
eekswi
thMangr
ovef
orest
s.
68. Thear
eawestofKar
achi
hasbeachesconsi
der
edsui
tabl
eforl
andi
ngofsi
zeabl
e
amphi
biousf
orces.
True
69. I
ndi
anSLOCSofpr
ior
it
yint
erestt
ousar
ebet
weenKandl
aandMumbai
tot
hePer
sian
Gul
f.

GoodLuck!
 7

Fact
sAboutPaki
stan
1. Ri
ver
sofPaki
stan
a. Punj
ab
(
1) Jhel
um
(
2) Chenab
(
3) Rav
i
(
4) Sut
lej
(
5) Beas

b. Si
ndh
(
1) Hub
(
2) Mi
rNadi
(
3) Ar
lNasi
(
4) Mal
i
rNadi
c. Khy
berPakht
unkhuwa
(
1) I
ndus
(
2) Kabul
(
3) Swat
(
4) Chi
tr
al
(
5) Zhob
(
6) Panj
kor
a
(
7) Gomal
(
8) Kur
ram
d. Bal
ochi
stan
(
1) Hangol
(
2) Nar
i
(
3) Bol
an
(
4) Dasht
(
5) Mul
a
(
6) Rakhshan

GoodLuck!
 8

7) Pi
shi
nLor
a
2. Mount
ainPassesofPaki
stan

Ser
ial NameofPass Hei
ght B/
W
a. My
ztaghPass 19,
030f
t
b. Kar
akor
am Pass 18,
290“ Connect
sKashmi
randChi
na
c. KhanKunPass 16,
600“
d. Gomal
Pass Connect
sDIKhanwi
thGhazni
e. Bol
anPass Connect
sSi
ndhPl
ainwi
thQuet
ta
d. ZagarPass 16,
431”
f
. Ki
l
ikPass 15,
837”
g. Kunj
rabPass 15,
529” Connect
sPaki
stanwi
thChi
na
h. Mi
ntakaPass 15,
450“
i
. Dor
ahPass 14,
992”
j
. BabosarPass 14,
931” Connect
sAbbot
tabadandGi
l
igi
t
k. ShandurPass 12,
500” Connect
sChi
tr
alwi
thGi
l
git
l
. Lowar
iPass 12,
500” ConnectDi
rwi
thChi
tr
al
m. Bur
gohi
lPass 12,
480”
n. Khy
berPass 6,
916 ” Connect
sPaki
stan–Af
ghani
stan

3. Phy
siogr
aphy
a. Paki
stani
sdi
vi
dedi
ntosi
xphy
siogr
aphi
cal
div
isi
ons.
b. Thet
otal
areaofPaki
stan(
Excl
udi
ngAzadJammuandKashmi
r)796,
095
sqkm.
c. Paki
stanl
i
esbet
weent
hel
ati
tudes24Nand37N.
d. I
n1963boundar
yagr
eementwassi
gnedbet
weenPaki
stan-
Chi
na.
e. Ar
eaofWakhani
sundert
hecont
rol
ofAf
ghani
stan.
f
. TheBor
deragr
eementbet
weenPaki
stanandI
ndi
aonRunnofKuchhwas
si
ngedi
n1968.
g. Runnof
fKut
chboundar
yli
nei
sknownas24t
hpar
all
ell
i
ne.
h. I
n1972l
i
neofcont
rol
camei
ntoexi
stence.

GoodLuck!
 9

i
. I
nSi
mlaagr
eementt
hecease-
fi
rel
i
ne’
snamewaschangedasl
i
neof
cont
rol
.
j
. Tot
alar
eacov
eredbyFATAi
s27,
220sqkm.
k. Accor
dingt
oint
ernat
ional
lawPaki
stan’
ster
ri
tor
ial
seal
i
miti
s 12NM.
l
. Cont
agi
ouszoneofPaki
stani
sspr
eadov
er24NM.

4. MOUNTAI
NS/PLAI
NSANDDESERTS
a. TheKachhi
Sibi
plai
nisl
ocat
edi
nLowerI
nduspl
ain.
b. Ol
destmount
ainsoft
hewor
ldar
epr
esenti
nIndi
aandy
oungest
mount
ainsoft
hewor
ldar
epr
esenti
nPaki
stan.
c. Ther
angewhi
chsepar
atesChi
naf
rom Paki
stani
sKar
akor
am.
d. Ther
angewhi
chsepar
atesPaki
stanf
rom Af
ghani
stani
sHi
nduKush.
e. Thesal
trangei
ssi
tuat
edbet
weenr
iver
sSoanandJhehl
um.
f
. NangaPar
batmeansNakedmount
ain.
g. Fi
rstPaki
stani
tocl
i
mbt
heK-
2wasAshr
afAman.
h. Pami
rPl
ateaui
scal
l
edRoofoft
hewor
ld.
i
. Bol
anPassconnect
sSi
ndhPl
ainwi
thQuet
ta.
j
. BabusarPassconnect
sAbbot
tabadwi
thGi
l
git
.
k. Khoj
akPassconnect
sQi
l
aAbdul
l
ahwi
thCheman.
l
. Thet
otal
lengt
hofKhy
berPassi
s56km.
m. Mal
akandPassconnect
sPeshawarwi
thChi
tr
al.
n. Muzt
aghPassi
sthehi
ghestPassofPaki
stan.
o. Khy
berPakht
unkuwapr
ovi
ncehasnodeser
t.
p. Bal
ochi
stanpr
ovi
ncehast
hedeser
tKhar
an.
q. Ther
anki
ngofThardeser
tint
hewor
ldi
s9t
h.
Nei
ghbor
ingCount
ri
esofPaki
stan
I
ndi
a.
1. I ndi
aisacount
ryi
nSouthAsi
a.I
tisthesev
enth-
largestcountr
ybygeographi
cal
area,t
hesecond-
mostpopul
ouscountr
ywithov er1.2bill
ionpeopl
e,andthe
mostpopul
ousdemocr
acyint
heworl
d

2. Mainl
andIndiaisboundedbytheIndianOceanonthesouth,t
heArabianSeaon
t
hewest,andt heBayofBengalontheeast;andi
tisborder
edbyPakistantothe
west,Bhutan,the Peopl
e'
s Republi
c ofChina and Nepaltothe north;and

GoodLuck!
 10

Bangl
adeshandBur
mat
otheeast
.

3. IntheIndi
anOcean,mai nl
andIndiaandtheLakshadweepI sl
andsareint he
vi
cini
tyofSr
iLankaandtheMaldives,
whi
l
eI ndi
a'sAndamanandNicobarI
slands
sharemari
ti
mebor derwi
thThai
landandtheIndonesi
anisl
andofSumatrai
nt he
AndamanSea

4. I
ndi
ahasacoast
li
neof7,
517 
kil
omet
res(
4,700mi
).

5. Homet otheanci
entIndusVall
eyCiv
ili
sati
onandaregionofhi
stor
ict
rader
outes
andvastempir
es,theIndi
ansubconti
nentwasident
if
iedwit
hit
scommer ci
aland
cul
tur
alwealt
hformuchofi t
slonghistor
y

6. Indi
ai saf eder
alconst
it
uti
onalrepubl
i
c wi t
h a par
li
ament
ary democr
acy
consist
ingof28stat
esandsevenuni
onter
ri
tor
ies

7. mor
ethan300l
anguagesar
espoken,

8. TheIndi
aneconomyi st
heworld'
sel
event
hlargesteconomybynomi
nal
GDPand
thef
ourt
hlargestbypur
chasi
ngpowerpari
ty

9. Sincet
heint
roduct
ionofmar ket
-basedeconomicreformsin1991,I
ndi
ahas
becomeoneofthef
astestgr
owingmaj oreconomi
esi
nt hewor
ld,

10. I
tisthewor ld'
ssi hdef
xt act
orecogni
zednucl
earweaponsstat
eandhast he
t
hir
d-l
argeststandi
ngarmedfor
ceinthewor l
d,whi
leit
smi l
i
taryexpendi
ture
r
ankstenthintheworl
d.

11. I
tisaf
oundi
ngmemberoft
heUni
tedNat
ions,t
heNon-
Ali
gnedMov
ement
,the
Wor
ldTr
adeOr
gani
zat
ion,
theSout
hAsi
anAssoci
ati
onf
orRegi
onalCooper
ati
on,
t
heEastAsi
aSummi
t,t
heG20andt
heG8+5;
amemberoft
heCommonweal
thof
Nat
ions;
andanobser
verst
atei
ntheShanghai
Cooper
ati
onOr
gani
zat
ion.

Chi
na.̀

1. ThePeopl
e'
sRepubl
i
cofChi
na(
PRC)
,commonl
yknownasChi
na,i
sthemost
popul
ousst
atei
nthewor
ldwi
thov
er1.
3 bi
l
li
onpeopl
e.
2. Locat
edi
nEastAsi
a,Chi
nai
sasi
ngl
e-par
tyst
ategov
ernedbyt
heCommuni
st
Par
tyofChi
na(
CPC
3. ThePRCexer
cisesj
uri
sdi
cti
onov
er22pr
ovi
nces,f
iveaut
onomousr
egi
ons,f
our
di
rect
lyadmi
nist
eredmuni
cipal
i
ties(
Bei
j
ing,Ti
anj
i
n,Shanghai
,andChongqi
ng)
,

GoodLuck!
 11

andt
wohi
ghl
yaut
onomousspeci
aladmi
nist
rat
iver
egi
ons(
SARs)–HongKong
andMacau
4. capi
tal
cit
yisBei
j
ing
5. .
Atabout9.
6 mi
l
li
onsquar
eki
l
omet
res(
3.7 
mil
l
ionsquar
emi
l
es)
,thePRCi
sthe
wor
ld'
sthi
rd-orf
our
th-
lar
gestcount
rybyt
otalar
ea(
dependi
ngont
hedef
ini
ti
on
ofwhati
sincl
udedi
nthatt
otal
)andt
hesecondl
argestbyl
andar
ea
6. I
tsl
andscape i
s di
ver
se,wi
thf
orestst
eppes and deser
ts(
the Gobiand
Takl
amakan)i
nthedr
ynor
thnearMongol
i
aandRussi
a'
sSi
ber
ia,
andsubt
ropi
cal
f
orest
sint
hewetsout
hcl
oset
oVi
etnam,
Laos,
andBur
ma.
7. Thet
err
aini
nthewesti
sruggedandathi
ghal
ti
tudewi
tht
heHi
mal
ayasandt
he
Ti
an Shan mount
ainr
angesf
ormi
ng Chi
na'
snat
uralbor
der
swi
thI
ndi
a and
Cent
ral
Asi
a
8. I
ncont
rast
,mai
nlandChi
na'
seast
ernseaboar
disl
ow-
ly
ingandhasa14,
500-
ki
l
omet
re(
9,000mi
)longcoast
li
neboundedont
hesout
heastbyt
heSout
hChi
na
Seaandont
heeastbyt
heEastChi
naSeabey
ondwhi
chl
i
eTai
wan,Kor
ea,and
Japan
9. Theanci
entChi
neseci
vi
li
zat
ion—oneoft
hewor
ld'
sear
li
est
—fl
our
ishedi
nthe
f
ert
il
ebasi
noft
heYel
l
owRi
verwhi
chf
lowst
hrought
heNor
thChi
naPl
ain.
10. Formor
ethan6,
000y
ear
s,Chi
na'
spol
i
ticalsy
stem wasbasedonher
edi
tar
y
monar
chi
es(
alsoknownasdy
nast
ies)
11. Thel
astdy
nast
y,t
heQi
ng,endedi
n1911wi
tht
hef
oundi
ngoft
heRepubl
i
cof
Chi
na(
ROC)byt
heKuomi
ntang(
KMT)
,theChi
neseNat
ional
i
stPar
ty
12. Thef
ir
sthal
foft
he20t
hcent
urysawChi
napl
ungedi
ntoaper
iodofdi
suni
tyand
ci
vi
lwar
sthatdi
vi
ded t
he count
ryi
ntot
wo mai
n pol
i
ticalcamps 
–the
Kuomi
ntangandt
hecommuni
sts.
13. Maj
orhost
il
it
iesendedi
n1949,whent
hecommuni
stswont
heci
vi
lwarand
est
abl
i
shedt
hePeopl
e'
sRepubl
i
cofChi
nai
nmai
nlandChi
na
14. Si
ncet
hei
ntr
oduct
ionofmar
ket
-basedeconomi
cref
ormsi
n1978
15. Chi
na hasbecomet
hewor
ld'
sfast
estgr
owi
ng maj
oreconomy
,thewor
ld'
s
l
argestexpor
terandsecondl
argesti
mpor
terofgoods.
16. Chi
na i
sthe wor
ld'
s second l
argesteconomy by bot
h nomi
nalGDP and

GoodLuck!
 12

pur
chasi
ngpowerpar
it
y(PPP)andaper
manentmemberoft
heUni
tedNat
ions
Secur
it
yCounci
l
17. I
tisal
soamemberoff
ormal
/i
nfor
malmul
ti
lat
eralor
gani
zat
ionsi
ncl
udi
ngt
he
WTO,
APEC,
BRI
C,Shanghai
Cooper
ati
onOr
gani
sat
ion,
andG-
20.
18. Chi
nai
sar
ecogni
zednucl
earweaponsst
ateandhast
hewor
ld'
slar
gestst
andi
ng
ar
mywi
tht
hesecond-
lar
gestdef
ensebudget
.
19. Chi
na has been char
act
eri
zed as a pot
ent
ialsuper
powerby a numberof
academi
cs,
mil
i
tar
yanal
yst
s,andpubl
i
cpol
i
cyandeconomi
csanal
yst
s.

Af
ghani
stan

1. I
tisbor
der
edbyPaki
stani
nthesout
handeast
,Ir
ani
nthewest
,Tur
kmeni
stan,
Uzbeki
stanandTaj
i
kist
ani
nthenor
th,
andChi
nai
nthef
arnor
theast
.
2. Ar
chaeol
ogi
stshav
efoundev
idenceofhumanhabi
tat
ionf
rom asf
arbackas
50,
000BCE
3. Ur
banci
vi
li
zat
ionmayhav
ebeguni
nthear
eaasear
lyas3000t
o2000BC.
4. Thepol
i
ticalhi
stor
yofmoder
nAf
ghani
stanbegi
nsi
nthe18t
hcent
urywi
tht
he
r
iseoft
hePasht
unt
ri
bes(
knownasAf
ghansi
nPer
sianl
anguage)
,wheni
n1709
t
he Hot
akidy
nast
yrose t
o poweri
n Kandaharand Ahmad Shah Dur
rani
est
abl
i
shedt
heDur
rani
Empi
rei
n1747
5. Thecapi
talofAf
ghani
stanwasshi
ft
edi
n1776f
rom Kandahart
oKabulandpar
t
ofi
tst
err
it
orywascededt
onei
ghbor
ingempi
resby1893.
6. OnAugust19,1919,f
oll
owi
ngt
het
hir
dAngl
o-Af
ghanwarandt
hesi
gni
ngoft
he
Tr
eat
yofRawal
pindi
,thenat
ionr
egai
nedcont
rolov
eri
tsf
orei
gnpol
i
cyf
rom t
he
Br
it
ish
7. I
nDecember2001,
theUni
tedNat
ionsSecur
it
yCounci
laut
hor
izedt
hecr
eat
ionof
anI
nter
nat
ionalSecur
it
yAssi
stanceFor
ce(
ISAF)t
ohel
pmai
ntai
nsecur
it
yand
assi
stt
heKar
zai
admi
nist
rat
ion.
8. Thecount
ryi
sbei
ngr
ebui
l
tsl
owl
ywi
thsuppor
tfr
om t
hei
nter
nat
ional
communi
ty
whi
l
edeal
i
ngwi
tht
heTal
i
bani
nsur
gencyandwi
despr
eadpol
i
tical
cor
rupt
ion.

I
ran

GoodLuck!
 13

1. I
ran,of
fi
ci
all
ytheI
slami
cRepubl
i
cofI
rani
sacount
ryi
nCent
ralEur
asi
aand
West
ernAsi
a.
2. ThenameI
ranhasbeeni
nusenat
ivel
ysi
ncet
heSassani
aner
aandcamei
nto
usei
nter
nat
ional
l
yin1935,bef
orewhi
cht
hecount
rywasal
soknownt
othe
west
ernwor
ldasPer
sia
3. The18t
hlar
gestcount
ryi
nthewor
ldi
nter
msofar
eaat1,
648,
195km2(
636,
372
sqmi
),I
ranhasapopul
ati
onofov
er74mi
l
li
on.
4. I
rani
sbor
der
edont
henor
thbyAr
meni
a,Azer
bai
j
anandTur
kmeni
stan.AsI
rani
s
al
i
ttor
alst
ateoft
heCaspi
anSea,whi
chi
sani
nlandseaandcondomi
nium,
Kazakhst
anandRussi
aar
eal
soI
ran'
sdi
rectnei
ghbor
stot
henor
th.I
rani
s
bor
der
edont
heeastbyAf
ghani
stanandPaki
stan,ont
hesout
hbyt
hePer
sian
Gul
fandt
heGul
fofOman,
ont
hewestbyI
raqandont
henor
thwestbyTur
key
.
5. Tehr
an i
sthe capi
tal
,the count
ry'
slar
gestci
ty and t
he pol
i
tical
,cul
tur
al,
commer
cial
andi
ndust
ri
alcent
eroft
henat
ion
6. I
rani
sar
egi
onalpower
,andhol
dsani
mpor
tantposi
ti
oni
nint
ernat
ionalener
gy
secur
it
yandwor
ldeconomyasar
esul
tofi
tsl
arger
eser
vesofpet
rol
eum and
nat
ural
gas.
7. Theywer
esucceededbyt
heI
rani
anAchaemeni
dEmpi
re,t
heHel
l
eni
cSel
euci
d
Empi
reandt
wosubsequentI
rani
anempi
res,t
hePar
thi
ansandt
heSassani
ds,
bef
oret
heMusl
i
m conquesti
n651AD.
8. I
rani
an i
dent
it
ycont
inued despi
tef
orei
gn r
ulei
nthe ensui
ng cent
uri
esand
Per
siancul
tur
ewasadopt
edal
sobyt
heGhaznav
ids,
Sel
j
uq,
Il
khani
dandTi
mur
id
r
uler
s
9. At
urni
ngpoi
nti
nIr
an'
swast
heemer
gencei
n1501oft
heSaf
avi
ddy
nast
y—who
pr
omot
edTwel
verShi
'
aIsl
am ast
heof
fi
cialr
eli
gionoft
hei
rempi
re,
mar
kingone
of t
he most i
mpor
tant t
urni
ng poi
ntsi
nthe hi
stor
y of I
slam."
Per
sia'
s
Const
it
uti
onalRev
olut
ion"est
abl
i
shedt
henat
ion'
sfi
rstpar
li
amenti
n1906,
wit
hin
aconst
it
uti
onal
monar
chy
.
10. I
ranof
fi
cial
l
ybecameanI
slami
crepubl
i
con1Apr
il1979,f
oll
owi
ngt
heI
rani
an
Rev
olut
ion
11. I
rani
saf
oundi
ngmemberoft
heUN,
NAM,
OICandOPEC.

GoodLuck!
 14

12. Thepol
i
ticalsy
stem ofI
ran,basedont
he1979const
it
uti
on,compr
isessev
eral
i
ntr
icat
elyconnect
edgov
erni
ngbodi
es
13. Thehi
ghestst
ateaut
hor
it
yist
heSupr
emeLeader
.Shi
aIsl
am i
stheof
fi
cial
r
eli
gionandPer
siani
stheof
fi
cial
language

GoodLuck!
 15

GEO

GeoDef
ini
ti
ons
1. At
oll Ci
rcul
arar
rangementofcor
alr
ockssur
roundi
ngal
agoon.
2. Bay Par
tofacoast
li
newher
ethel
andcur
vesi
nwar
ds.
3. Cape Lar
gepi
eceofl
andt
hatst
icksouti
nthesea.
4. Cr
eek Nar
rowi
nletwher
easeacomesal
ongwayi
ntot
hel
and.

6. Lagoon Anar
eaofal
m seawat
ert
hati
ssepar
atedf
ormt
heoceanbyr
eef
s
orsand.
7. Reef
s Al
ongl
i
neofr
ocksorsandl
yi
ngcl
oset
othesur
faceoft
hesea.
8. Ocean.
Thegr
eat
estbodyofwat
eri
scal
l
edocean.Cont
inent
sar
esepar
ated
f
rom eachot
heroceans.

9. Gul
f. I
tisanar
rowpor
ti
onofseast
ret
chi
ngdeepi
ntot
hel
and.

10. St
rai
t. I
tisanar
rowst
ret
chofwat
erwhi
chl
i
nkst
woi
mpor
tantwat
erbodi
es’
i.
e
oceansf
orseas.

11. Cy
clone. Ar
egi
onofl
ow at
mospher
icpr
essur
esur
roundedbyhi
ghpr
essur
ein
whi
ch wi
nd ci
rcul
atei
n ant
i-
clockwi
se di
rect
ion i
n nor
ther
n
hemi
spher
e andcl
ockwi
sei
nsout
her
nhemi
spher
e.

12. Longi
tudes. I
magi
nar
yli
neswhi
chj
oinsnor
thandSout
hPol
e.

13. I
nter
nat
ional
Dat
eLi
ne. Thel
i
neappr
oxi
mat
ingt
othemer
idi
anr
80W.Wher
ethe
dat
echangesbyonedayasi
tiscr
ossed:t
hedat
eisonedayear
li
ert
oE.oft
hel
i
net
han
i
tist
otheW.
Atr
avel
ercr
ossi
ngt
hedat
eli
newest
war
dst
husl
osesaday
;hehast
o
adv
ancet
hecal
endar
,orexampl
efr
om Sat
urdayt
oSunday
.Si
mil
arl
y,at
rav
elercr
ossi
ng
t
hedat
eli
neeast
war
dsgai
ns’
atr
avel
ercr
ossi
ngt
hedat
eli
neeast
war
dsgai
nsadayhe
hast
oputbackt
hecal
endarf
orexampl
e,f
rom Sat
urdayt
oFr
iday
.Thi
sisbecauseona
j
our
neyeast
war
dsf
rom t
heGr
eenwhi
chmer
idi
anl
ocalt
imeadv
ancest
il
lr80E.i
s
r
eachedwheni
tis12hour
saheadofG.
M.Tsi
mil
arl
ymov
ingwest
war
dsl
ocalt
imei
s
r
etar
ed t
il
lr80 W.i
sreached,when i
tis 12 hour
s behi
nd G.
M.T Thus t
her
eis
appr
oxi
mat
ely24hour
sdi
ff
erencei
nti
mebet
weent
wopoi
ntspl
acedj
usteachsi
deof

GoodLuck!
 16

180W.(
orE.
)longi
tude–t
heI
nter
nat
ionalDat
eLi
ne.Somedev
iat
ionsofl
i
nef
rom t
he
180mer
idi
anhav
ebeenagr
eeduponi
nor
dert
oav
oidconf
usi
onofdat
esi
nisl
and
gr
oupsandl
andar
east
hatar
ecutbyt
hemer
idi
an.

14. Tr
opi
cofCancer
. Thepar
all
elofl
ati
tuder
oughl
y23.
5N i
ndi
cat
ing t
heext
reme
nor
ther
nposi
ti
onsatwhi
cht
hesunappear
sdi
rect
lyov
erheadatnoon.

15. I
sobar
s. I
magi
nar
yli
nesonmapj
oini
ngpl
aceshav
ingequal
atmospher
icpr
essur
e.

16. I
sot
her
ms. I
magi
nar
yli
nesonmapj
oini
ngpl
aceshav
ingt
hesamet
emper
atur
e.

17. Hy
drospher
e.Al
lthewat
erofear
thwhi
chnear
lycov
erst
het
hreequar
ter
sofear
th.

18. Li
thospher
e. Ther
igi
dpar
toft
heear
thcr
ustext
endi
ngt
oadept
hofabout65Km
bel
owt
hesur
face.

19. At
mospher
e.Theenv
elopeofai
rwhi
chsur
roundst
heear
thconsi
sti
ngofoxy
gen,
Ni
tr
ogenandCar
bondi
oxi
de.

20. Tr
opi
cofCapr
icor
n. Thepar
all
elofl
ati
tude,r
oughl
y23.
5Si
ndi
cat
ing t
heext
reme
sout
her
nposi
ti
onsatwhi
cht
hesunappear
sdi
rect
lyov
erheadatnoon.

21. OzoneLay
er.Thatpar
toft
heAt
mospher
eext
endi
ngf
rom about10Km (
6Mi
l
es)t
oabout50
Km (
30Mi
l
es)abov
etheear
th’
ssur
facewhi
chcont
ainsozone,
ort
hel
ayerwher
ethe
concent
rat
ionofozonei
sgr
eat
est
,atabout20-
25Km (
12-
15Mi
l
es),
eit
herbei
ngsomet
imes
knownast
he

I
NFOABOUTTHEWORLD

1. Land 29.
3%
2. Wat
er 70.
7%
LANDMASSOFCONTI
NENTS
1. Asi
a 29.
8%
2. Af
ri
ca 20.
3%
3. Nor
thAmer
ica 16.
2%
4. Sout
hAmer
ica 11.
9%

GoodLuck!
 17

5. Ant
arct
ica 9.
4%
6. Eur
ope 6.
7%
7. Aust
ral
i
aandOceani
a 5.
7%
Cont
inent
s
Asi
a.
1. Asi
aist
hewor
ld'
slar
gestandmostpopul
ouscont
inent
,locat
edpr
imar
il
yint
he
east
ernandnor
ther
nhemi
spher
es

2. I
tcov
ers8.
6% oft
heEar
th'
stot
alsur
facear
ea(
or29.
9% ofi
tsl
andar
ea)and
wi
thappr
oxi
mat
ely4bi
l
li
onpeopl
e,i
thost
s60% oft
hewor
ld'
scur
renthuman
popul
ati
on.

3. Dur
ingt
he20t
hcent
uryAsi
a'
spopul
ati
onnear
lyquadr
upl
ed

4. Asi
aist
radi
ti
onal
l
ydef
inedaspar
toft
hel
andmassofEur
asi
a—wi
tht
hewest
ern
por
ti
onoft
hel
att
eroccupi
edbyEur
ope—l
ocat
edt
otheeastoft
heSuezCanal
,
eastoft
heUr
alMount
ainsandsout
hoft
heCaucasusMount
ains(
ort
heKuma-
Many
chDepr
essi
on)andt
heCaspi
anandBl
ackSeas.

5. I
tisboundedont
heeastbyt
hePaci
fi
cOcean,
ont
hesout
hbyt
heI
ndi
anOcean
andont
henor
thbyt
heAr
cti
cOcean

6. Asi
aist
hebi
rt
hpl
aceofal
lwor
ldr
eli
gions.

Aust
ral
i
a
1. Aust
ral
i
aof
fi
ci
all
ytheCommonweal
thofAust
ral
i
a,i
sacount
ryi
ntheSout
her
n
Hemi
spher
ecompr
isi
ngt
hemai
nlandoft
heAust
ral
i
ancont
inent
,thei
slandof
Tasmani
aandnumer
oussmal
l
eri
slandsi
ntheI
ndi
anandPaci
fi
cOceans
2. N4Nei
ghbor
ingcount
ri
esi
ncl
udeI
ndonesi
a,EastTi
morandPapuaNewGui
nea
t
othenor
th,t
heSol
omonI
slands,Vanuat
uandNewCal
edoni
atot
henor
theast
andNewZeal
andt
othesout
heast

GoodLuck!
 18

3. Foratl
east40,
000y
ear
sbef
oreEur
opeanset
tl
ementi
nthel
ate18t
hcent
ury
,
Aust
ral
i
awasi
nhabi
tedbyi
ndi
genousAust
ral
i
ans,
whobel
ongedt
ooneormor
e
ofr
oughl
y250l
anguagegr
oups.

4. Af
terdi
scov
erybyDut
chexpl
orer
sin1606,
Aust
ral
i
a'seast
ernhal
fwascl
aimed
byBr
it
aini
n1770andi
nit
ial
l
yset
tl
edt
hroughpenalt
ranspor
tat
iont
othecol
ony
ofNew Sout
hWal
es,f
ormal
l
yfoundedon7Febr
uar
y1788(
alt
houghf
ormal
possessi
onoft
hel
andhadoccur
redon26Januar
y1788)
.

5. t
hecont
inentwasexpl
oredandanaddi
ti
onalf
ivesel
f-
gov
erni
ngCr
ownCol
oni
es
wer
eest
abl
i
shed

6. On 1 Januar
y 1901,t
he si
x col
oni
es became a f
eder
ati
on and t
he
Commonweal
thofAust
ral
i
awasf
ormed.

7. Thepopul
ati
oni
s22mi
l
li
on,
wit
happr
oxi
mat
ely60%concent
rat
edi
nandar
ound
t
hemai
nlandst
atecapi
tal
sofSy
dney
,Mel
bour
ne,
Bri
sbane,
Per
thandAdel
aide

8. Thenat
ion'
scapi
tal
cit
yisCanber
ra,
int
heAust
ral
i
anCapi
tal
Ter
ri
tor
y.
9. A pr
osper
ousdev
eloped count
ry,Aust
ral
i
aist
he wor
ld'
sthi
rt
eent
hlar
gest
economy
10. Aust
ral
i
aisamemberoft
heUni
tedNat
ions,G20,Commonweal
thofNat
ions,
ANZUS,
OECD,
APEC,
Paci
fi
cIsl
andsFor
um andt
heWor
ldTr
adeOr
gani
zat
ion

Eur
ope.
1. Eur
opei
s,byconv
ent
ion,
consi
der
edt
obeoneoft
hewor
ld'
ssev
encont
inent
s
2. Eur
opei
sgener
all
ydi
vi
dedf
rom Asi
atoi
tseastbyt
hewat
erdi
vi
deoft
heUr
al
Mount
ains,t
heUr
alRi
ver
,theCaspi
anSea,t
heCaucasusr
egi
on(
speci
fi
cat
ion
ofbor
der
s)andt
heBl
ackSeat
othesout
heast
3. Eur
opei
sbor
der
edbyt
heAr
cti
cOceanandot
herbodi
esofwat
ert
othenor
th,
t
heAt
lant
icOceant
othewest
,theMedi
ter
raneanSeat
othesout
h,andt
he
Bl
ackSeaandconnect
edwat
erway
stot
hesout
heast
.

GoodLuck!
 19

4. Eur
opei
sthewor
ld'
ssecond-
smal
l
estcont
inentbysur
facear
ea,
cov
eri
ngabout
10,
180,
000squar
eki
l
omet
res(
3,930,
000sqmi
)or2%oft
heEar
th'
ssur
faceand
about6.
8%ofi
tsl
andar
ea
5. OfEur
ope'
sappr
oxi
mat
ely50st
ates
6. Russi
aist
hel
argestbybot
har
eaandpopul
ati
on(
alt
hought
hecount
ryhas
t
err
it
oryi
nbot
hEur
opeandAsi
a),
7. whi
l
etheVat
icanCi
tyi
sthesmal
l
est
.
8. Eur
ope i
sthe t
hir
d-mostpopul
ous cont
inentaf
terAsi
a and Af
ri
ca,wi
tha
popul
ati
onof731mi
l
li
onorabout11%oft
hewor
ld'
spopul
ati
on.
9. Eur
ope,
inpar
ti
cul
arAnci
entGr
eece,
ist
hebi
rt
hpl
aceofWest
erncul
tur
e.
10. I
tpl
ayedapr
edomi
nantr
olei
ngl
obalaf
fai
rsf
rom t
he16t
hcent
uryonwar
ds,
especi
all
yaf
tert
hebegi
nni
ngofcol
oni
ali
sm
11. Bet
weent
he16t
hand20t
hcent
uri
es,Eur
opeannat
ionscont
rol
l
edatv
ari
ous
t
imest
heAmer
icas,
mostofAf
ri
ca,
Oceani
a,andl
argepor
ti
onsofAsi
a.
12. Dur
ingt
heCol
dWar
,Eur
opewasdi
vi
dedal
ongt
heI
ronCur
tai
nbet
weenNATO
i
nthewestandt
heWar
sawPacti
ntheeast
.
13. Eur
opeani
ntegr
ati
onl
edt
othef
ormat
ionoft
heCounci
lofEur
opeandt
he
Eur
opean Uni
on i
n West
ern Eur
ope,bot
h ofwhi
ch hav
e been expandi
ng
east
war
dsi
ncet
hef
all
oft
heSov
ietUni
oni
n1991.

Af
ri
ca
1. Af
ri
cai
sthewor
ld'
ssecond-
lar
gestandsecondmost
-popul
ouscont
inent
,af
ter
Asi
a
2. .Atabout30.
2mi
l
li
onkm²(
11.
7mi
l
li
onsqmi
)incl
udi
ngadj
acenti
slands,i
t
cov
ers6%oft
heEar
th'
stot
alsur
facear
eaand20.
4%oft
het
otal
landar
ea.
3. Wi
th1.
0bi
l
li
onpeopl
e i
n61t
err
it
ori
es,i
taccount
sforabout14.
72% oft
he
wor
ld'
shumanpopul
ati
on.
4. Thecont
inenti
ssur
roundedbyt
heMedi
ter
raneanSeat
othenor
th,bot
hthe
SuezCanalandt
heRedSeaal
ongt
heSi
naiPeni
nsul
atot
henor
theast
,the
I
ndi
anOceant
othesout
heast
,andt
heAt
lant
icOceant
othewest
.
5. Thecont
inenthas54sov
erei
gnst
ates,i
ncl
udi
ngMadagascar
,var
iousi
sland

GoodLuck!
 20

gr
oups,andt
heSahr
awiAr
abDemocr
ati
cRepubl
i
c,amemberst
ateoft
he
Af
ri
canUni
onwhosest
atehoodi
sdi
sput
edbyMor
occo.
6. Af
ri
ca,par
ti
cul
arl
ycent
raleast
ernAf
ri
ca,i
swi
del
yregar
dedwi
thi
nthesci
ent
if
ic
communi
tyt
obet
heor
igi
nofhumansandt
heHomi
nidaecl
ade(
greatapes)
,as
ev
idencedbyt
hedi
scov
eryoft
heear
li
esthomi
nidsandt
hei
rancest
ors,aswel
l
asl
ateronest
hathav
ebeendat
edt
oar
oundsev
enmi
l
li
ony
ear
sago–i
ncl
udi
ng
Sahel
ant
hropus t
chadensi
s,Aust
ral
opi
thecus Af
ri
cans,A.af
arensi
s,Homo
er
ect
us,H.habi
l
isandH.er
gast
er–wi
tht
heear
li
estHomosapi
ens(
moder
n
human)f
oundi
nEt
hiopi
abei
ngdat
edt
oci
rca200,
000y
ear
sago
7. Af
ri
cast
raddl
est
heequat
orandencompassesnumer
ouscl
i
mat
ear
eas;
iti
sthe
onl
ycont
inentt
ost
ret
chf
rom t
henor
ther
ntemper
atet
osout
her
ntemper
ate
zones.
8. TheAf
ri
canexpect
edeconomi
cgr
owt
hrat
eisatabout5.
0%f
or2010and5.
5%
i
n2011.
Nor
thAmer
ica
1. Nor
thAmer
ica i
sthenor
ther
ncont
inentoft
heAmer
icas,si
tuat
edi
ntheEar
th'
s
nor
ther
nhemi
spher
eandi
nthewest
ernhemi
spher
e
2. I
tisbor
der
edont
henor
thbyt
heAr
cti
cOcean,ont
heeastbyt
heNor
thAt
lant
ic
Ocean,ont
hesout
heastbyt
heCar
ibbeanSea,andont
hewestbyt
heNor
th
Paci
fi
cOcean;
Sout
hAmer
ical
i
est
othesout
heast
.
3. Nor
thAmer
icacov
ersanar
eaofabout24,
709,
000squar
eki
l
omet
ers(
9,540,
000
squar
emi
l
es)
,about4.
8%oft
hepl
anet
'
ssur
faceorabout16.
5%ofi
tsl
andar
ea
4. AsofJul
y2008,i
tspopul
ati
onwasest
imat
edatnear
ly529mi
l
li
onpeopl
e.I
tis
t
het
hir
d-l
argestcont
inenti
nar
ea,f
oll
owi
ngAsi
aandAf
ri
ca,andt
hef
our
thi
n
popul
ati
onaf
terAsi
a,Af
ri
ca,
andEur
ope.

Sout
hAmer
ica.
1. Sout
hAmer
icai
sthesout
her
ncont
inentoft
heAmer
icas,
sit
uat
edi
ntheWest
ern
Hemi
spher
eandmost
lyi
ntheSout
her
nHemi
spher
e,wi
thar
elat
ivel
ysmal
l
por
ti
oni
ntheNor
ther
nHemi
spher
e
2. I
tisbor
der
edont
hewestbyt
hePaci
fi
cOceanandont
henor
thandeastbyt
he

GoodLuck!
 21

At
lant
icOcean;
Nor
thAmer
icaandt
heCar
ibbeanSeal
i
etot
henor
thwest
.
3. Thewor
dAmer
icawascoi
nedi
n1507bycar
togr
apher
sMar
ti
nWal
dseemül
l
er
andMat
thi
asRi
ngmann,af
terAmer
igoVespucci
,whowast
hef
ir
stEur
opeant
o
suggestt
hatt
hel
andsnewl
ydi
scov
eredbyEur
opeanswer
enotI
ndi
a,butaNew
Wor
ldunknownt
oEur
opeans.
4. Sout
hAmer
icahasanar
eaof17,
840,
000squar
eki
l
omet
ers(
6,890,
000sqmi
),or
al
most3.
5%oft
heEar
th'
ssur
face
5. Asof2005,
itspopul
ati
onwasest
imat
edatmor
ethan371,
090,
000.
6. Sout
hAmer
icar
anksf
our
thi
nar
ea(
aft
erAsi
a,Af
ri
ca,andNor
thAmer
ica)and
f
if
thi
npopul
ati
on(
aft
erAsi
a,Af
ri
ca,
Eur
opeandNor
thAmer
ica)
.

Ant
arct
ica
1. Ant
arct
icai
sEar
th'
ssout
her
nmostcont
inent
,encapsul
ati
ngt
heSout
hPol
e.
2. I
tissi
tuat
edi
ntheAnt
arct
icr
egi
onoft
hesout
her
nhemi
spher
e,al
mostent
ir
ely
sout
hoft
heAnt
arct
icCi
rcl
e,andi
ssur
roundedbyt
heSout
her
nOcean
3. At14.
0mi
l
li
onkm2(
5.4mi
l
li
onsqmi
),i
tist
hef
if
th-
lar
gestcont
inenti
nar
eaaf
ter
Asi
a,Af
ri
ca,
Nor
thAmer
ica,
andSout
hAmer
ica
4. About98%ofAnt
arct
icai
scov
eredbyi
ce,
whi
chav
eragesatl
east1.
6ki
l
omet
res
(
1.0mi
)int
hickness.
5. Ant
arct
ica,onav
erage,i
sthecol
dest
,dr
iest
,andwi
ndi
estcont
inent
,andhast
he
hi
ghestav
erageel
evat
ionofal
lthecont
inent
s
6. Ant
arct
icai
sconsi
der
edadeser
t,wi
thannualpr
eci
pit
ati
onofonl
y200mm (
8
i
nches)al
ongt
hecoastandf
arl
essi
nland.
7. Ther
ear
enoper
manenthumanr
esi
dent
s,butany
wher
efr
om 1,
000t
o5,
000
peopl
eresi
det
hroughoutt
hey
earatt
her
esear
chst
ati
onsscat
ter
edacr
osst
he
cont
inent
8. t
hef
ir
stconf
ir
medsi
ght
ingoft
hecont
inenti
scommonl
yaccept
edt
ohav
e
occur
red i
n 1820 by t
he Russi
an expedi
ti
on of Fabi
an Got
tl
ieb v
on
Bel
l
ingshausenandMi
khai
lLazar
ev.
9. Thecont
inent
,howev
er,r
emai
nedl
argel
ynegl
ect
edf
ort
her
estoft
he19t
h
cent
urybecauseofi
tshost
il
eenv
ironment
,lackofr
esour
ces,
andi
sol
ati
on.

GoodLuck!
 22

10. Thef
ir
stf
ormaluseoft
hename"
Ant
arct
ica"asacont
inent
alnamei
nthe1890s
i
sat
tri
but
edt
otheScot
ti
shcar
togr
apherJohnGeor
geBar
thol
omew.
11. TheAnt
arct
icTr
eat
ywassi
gnedi
n1959byt
wel
vecount
ri
es;t
odat
e,f
ort
y-si
x
count
ri
eshav
esi
gnedt
het
reat
y
12. Thet
reat
ypr
ohi
bit
smi
l
itar
yact
ivi
ti
esandmi
ner
almi
ning,suppor
tssci
ent
if
ic
r
esear
ch,
andpr
otect
sthecont
inent
'
secozone.
13. Ongoi
ngexper
iment
sar
econduct
edbymor
ethan4,
000sci
ent
ist
sofmany
nat
ional
i
tiesandwi
thv
ari
ousr
esear
chi
nter
est
s.

FAMOUSPEAKSOFTHEWORLD

Eur
ope

1. MontBl
anc Fr
ance/I
tal
y 4807Met
ers
2. Et
na I
tal
y 3340Met
ers
3. BenNev
is UK 1343Met
ers
Af
ri
ca
1. Ki
l
imanj
aro Tanzani
a 5895Met
ers
2. MountKeny
a Keny
a 5199Met
ers
Nor
thAmer
ica
1. MtMcKi
nley USA/
laska 6194Met
ers
LANDLOWS
1. Caspi
anSea Eur
ope 28Met
ers
2. DeadSea Asi
a 4000Met
ers
3 LakeAssal Af
ri
ca 156Met
ers
4. LakeEy
reNor
th Oceani
a 16Met
ers
5. Deat
hVal
l
ey Nor
thAmer
ica 86Met
ers
6. Val
desPeni
nsul
a Sout
hAmer
ica 40Met
ers
OCEANS
1. Paci
fi
cOcean 49.
9%

GoodLuck!
 23

2. At
lant
icOcean 25.
7%
3. I
ndi
anOcean 20.
5%
4 Ar
cti
cOcean 3.
9%
Oceans
Paci
fi
cOcean
1. ThePaci
fi
cOceani
sthel
argestoft
heEar
th'
soceani
cdi
vi
sions.
2. I
text
endsf
rom t
heAr
cti
cint
henor
tht
otheSout
her
nOceani
nthesout
h,
boundedbyAsi
aandAust
ral
i
aint
hewest
,andt
heAmer
icasi
ntheeast
.
3. At165.
25mi
l
li
onsquar
eki
l
omet
res(
63.
8mi
l
li
onsquar
emi
l
es)i
nar
ea,t
his
l
argestdi
vi
sionoft
heWor
ldOcean– and,i
ntur
n,t
hehy
drospher
e– cov
ers
about46%oft
heEar
th'
swat
ersur
faceandaboutone-
thi
rdofi
tst
otal
sur
face.
4. Theequat
orsubdi
vi
desi
tint
otheNor
thPaci
fi
cOceanandSout
hPaci
fi
cOcean,
wi
tht
woexcept
ions:t
heGal
ápagosandGi
l
ber
tIsl
ands,whi
l
est
raddl
i
ngt
he
equat
or,
aredeemedwhol
l
ywi
thi
ntheSout
hPaci
fi
c
5. TheMar
ianaTr
enchi
nthewest
ernNor
thPaci
fi
cist
hedeepestpoi
nti
nthe
Paci
fi
candi
nthewor
ld,
reachi
ngadept
hof10,
911met
res(
35,
797f
t).
6. ThePaci
fi
cOceanwassi
ght
edbyEur
opeansear
lyi
nthe16t
hcent
ury
,fi
rstby
t
heSpani
sh expl
orerVasco NúñezdeBal
boawho cr
ossed t
heI
sthmusof
Panamai
n1513andnamedi
tMardel
Sur(
Sout
hSea)
.
7. I
tscur
rentnamewasgi
venbyPor
tugueseexpl
orerFer
dinandMagel
l
andur
ing
t
heSpani
shexpedi
ti
onofwor
ldci
rcumnav
igat
ioni
n1521,whoencount
ered
cal
m seasdur
ingt
hej
our
neyandcal
l
edi
tTepr
ePaci
fi
cum i
nLat
in,meani
ng
"
paci
fi
c"or"
peacef
ulsea"
.

At
lant
icOcean
1. TheAt
lant
icOceani
sthesecond-
lar
gestoft
hewor
ld'
soceani
cdi
vi
sions.
2. Wi
that
otalar
eaofabout106,
400,
000squar
eki
l
omet
res(
41,
100,
000sqmi
),i
t
cov
ersappr
oxi
mat
elyt
went
yper
centoft
heEar
th'
ssur
faceandaboutt
went
y-si
x
per
centofi
tswat
ersur
facear
ea
3. Thef
ir
stpar
tofi
tsnamer
efer
stoAt
lasofGr
eekmy
thol
ogy
,maki
ngt
heAt
lant
ic
t
he"
SeaofAt
las"
.Theol
destknownment
ionof"
Atl
ant
ic"i
sinTheHi
stor
iesof

GoodLuck!
 24

Her
odot
usar
ound450BC
4. Anot
hernamehi
stor
ical
l
yusedwast
heanci
entt
erm Et
hiopi
cOcean,der
ived
f
rom Et
hiopi
a,whosenamewassomet
imesusedasasy
nony
mforal
lofAf
ri
ca
andt
husf
ort
heocean
5. The At
lant
ic Ocean occupi
es an el
ongat
ed, S-
shaped basi
n ext
endi
ng
l
ongi
tudi
nal
l
ybet
weent
heAmer
icast
othewest
,andEur
asi
aandAf
ri
cat
othe
east
.
6. Asonecomponentoft
hei
nter
connect
edgl
obalocean,i
tisconnect
edi
nthe
nor
tht
otheAr
cti
cOcean(
whi
chi
ssomet
imesconsi
der
edaseaoft
heAt
lant
ic)
,
t
othePaci
fi
cOceani
nthesout
hwest
,theI
ndi
anOceani
nthesout
heast
,andt
he
Sout
her
n Ocean i
nthe sout
h.(
Otherdef
ini
ti
ons descr
ibe t
he At
lant
ic as
ext
endi
ngsout
hwar
dtoAnt
arct
ica.
)
7. Theequat
orsubdi
vi
desi
tint
otheNor
thAt
lant
icOceanandSout
hAt
lant
icOcean.
I
ndi
anOcean
1. TheI
ndi
anOceani
sthet
hir
dlar
gestoft
hewor
ld'
soceani
cdi
vi
sions,cov
eri
ng
appr
oxi
mat
ely20%oft
hewat
eront
heEar
th'
ssur
face
2. I
tisboundedont
henor
thbyt
heI
ndi
ansubcont
inent
;ont
hewestbyEastAf
ri
ca;
ont
heeastbyI
ndochi
na,t
heSundaI
slands,andAust
ral
i
a;andont
hesout
hby
t
heSout
her
nOcean(
or,
dependi
ngondef
ini
ti
on,
byAnt
arct
ica)
3. Asonecomponentoft
hei
nter
connect
edgl
obalocean,t
heI
ndi
anOceani
s
del
i
neat
edf
rom t
heAt
lant
icOceanbyt
he20°eastmer
idi
anr
unni
ngsout
hfr
om
CapeAgul
has,
andf
rom t
hePaci
fi
cbyt
hemer
idi
anof146°
55'
east
.
4. Thenor
ther
nmostext
entoft
heI
ndi
anOceani
sappr
oxi
mat
ely30°nor
thi
nthe
Per
sianGul
f.
5. Thi
soceani
snear
ly10,
000ki
l
omet
res(
6,200mi
)wi
deatt
hesout
her
nti
psof
Af
ri
caandAust
ral
i
a;i
tsar
eai
s73,
556,
000squar
eki
l
omet
res(
28,
350,
000sqmi
),
i
ncl
udi
ngt
heRedSeaandt
hePer
sianGul
f
6. The ocean'
svol
ume i
s est
imat
ed t
o be 292,
131,
000 cubi
c ki
l
omet
res
(
70,
086,
000mi
).
7. Smal
lisl
andsdott
hecont
inent
alr
ims.I
slandnat
ionswi
thi
ntheoceanar
e
Madagascar
,the wor
ld'
sfour
thl
argesti
sland;Reuni
on I
sland;Comor
os;

GoodLuck!
 25

Sey
chel
l
es;
Mal
div
es;
Maur
it
ius;
andSr
iLanka
8. Thear
chi
pel
agoofI
ndonesi
abor
der
stheoceanont
heeast
.

Sout
her
nOcean
1. TheSout
her
nOcean,al
soknownast
heGr
eatSout
her
nOcean,t
heAnt
arct
ic
Oceanandt
heSout
hPol
arOcean,compr
isest
hesout
her
nmostwat
ersoft
he
Wor
ld Ocean,gener
all
ytaken t
o be sout
h of60°
Slat
it
ude and enci
rcl
i
ng
Ant
arct
ica
2. I
tisusual
l
yregar
dedast
hef
our
th-
lar
gestoft
hef
ivepr
inci
pal
oceani
cdi
vi
sions.
3. Thi
soceanzonei
swher
ecol
d,nor
thwar
dfl
owi
ngwat
ersf
rom t
heAnt
arct
icmi
x
wi
thwar
mersub-
Ant
arct
icwat
ers.
4. Geogr
apher
sdi
sagr
eeont
heSout
her
nOcean'
snor
ther
nboundar
yorev
eni
ts
ex
ist
ence,wi
thsomeconsi
der
ingt
hewat
erspar
toft
heSout
hPaci
fi
c,Sout
h
At
lant
ic,
andI
ndi
anOceansi
nst
ead
5. Ot
her
sregar
dthe Ant
arct
ic Conv
ergence,an ocean zone whi
ch f
luct
uat
es
seasonal
l
y,assepar
ati
ngt
heSout
her
nOceanf
rom ot
heroceans,
rat
hert
hant
he
60t
hpar
all
el.
6. TheI
nter
nat
ionalHy
drogr
aphi
cOr
gani
zat
ion(
IHO)hasnoty
etr
ati
fi
edi
ts2000
def
ini
ti
onoft
heoceanasbei
ngsout
hof60°
S.
7. I
tsl
atestpubl
i
sheddef
ini
ti
onofoceansdat
esf
rom 1953;t
hisdoesnoti
ncl
ude
t
heSout
her
nOcean
Ar
cti
cOcean

1. TheAr
cti
cOcean,l
ocat
edi
ntheNor
ther
nHemi
spher
eandmost
lyi
ntheAr
cti
c
Nor
thPol
arRegi
on,i
sthesmal
l
est
,andshal
l
owestoft
hewor
ld'
sfi
vemaj
or
oceani
cdi
vi
si
ons
2. TheI
nter
nat
ionalHy
drogr
aphi
cOr
gani
zat
ion(
IHO)r
ecogni
zesi
tasanocean,
al
thoughsomeoceanogr
apher
scal
li
ttheAr
cti
cMedi
ter
raneanSeaorsi
mpl
ythe
Ar
cti
cSea,
classi
fyi
ngi
tasoneoft
hemedi
ter
raneanseasoft
heAt
lant
icOcean
3. Al
ter
nat
ivel
y,t
heAr
cti
cOceancanbeseenast
henor
ther
nmostpar
toft
heal
l
-
encompassi
ngWor
ldOcean

GoodLuck!
 26

4. Al
mostcompl
etel
ysur
roundedbyEur
asi
aandNor
thAmer
ica,
theAr
cti
cOceani
s
par
tl
ycov
eredbyseai
cet
hroughoutt
hey
ear(
andal
mostcompl
etel
yinwi
nter
)
5. TheAr
cti
cOcean'
stemper
atur
eandsal
i
nit
yvar
yseasonal
l
yast
hei
cecov
er
mel
tsandf
reezes;i
tssal
i
nit
yist
hel
owestonav
erageoft
hef
ivemaj
oroceans,
duet
olow ev
apor
ati
on,heav
yfr
eshwat
eri
nfl
ow f
rom r
iver
sandst
reams,and
l
i
mit
ed connect
ion and out
fl
ow t
o sur
roundi
ng oceani
c wat
ers wi
th hi
gher
sal
i
nit
ies
6. Thesummershr
inki
ngoft
hei
cehasbeenquot
edat50%

HI
GHESTMOUNTAI
NS
Ev
erest Chi
na/Nepal 8848Mt
rs
GodwenAust
en Chi
na/Kashmi
r 8611Mt
rs
Kanchenj
unga I
ndi
a/Nepal 8598Mt
rs
Lhost
e Chi
na/Nepal 8516Mt
rs
Makal
u Chi
na/Nepal 8481Mt
rs
Chooy
u Chi
na/Nepal 8201Mt
rs
Dhaul
agi
ri Nepal 8172Mt
rs
Manasl
u Nepal 8156Mt
rs
NangaPar
bat Kashmi
r 8126Mt
rs
Gasher
brum Chi
na/Kashmi
r 8068Mt
rs
Br
oadPeak I
ndi
a 8051Mt
rs

BI
GESTI
SLANDSOFTHEWORLD
Gr
eenl
and Gr
eenl
and
NewGui
nea I
ndonesi
a/PapuaNewGui
nea
Bor
neo Sout
hEastAsi
a
Madagascar I
ndi
anOcean
Baf
fi
nIsl
ands Canada

GoodLuck!
 27

Sumat
ra I
ndonesi
a
Honshu Japan
Gr
eatBr
it
ian UK
Vi
ctor
aIs Canada
El
l
esmer
eIs Canada

LONGESTRI
VERS
Ni
l
e Medi
ter
ranean 4140Mi
l
es
Amazon At
lant
ic 3990Mi
l
es
Yangt
ze Paci
fi
c 3960Mi
l
es
Mi
ssi
sippi
–Mi
ssour
i Gul
fofMexi
co 3740Mi
l
es
Yeni
seyAngar
a Ar
cti
c 3445Mi
l
es
ObI
rt
ysh Ar
ti
c 3360Mi
l
es
HwngHo Paci
fi
c 3005Mi
l
es
Zai
r/Cango Paci
fi
c 2900Mi
l
es
Amur Paci
fi
c 2800Mi
l
es
Mekong Paci
fi
c 2795Mi
l
es

FAMOUSRI
VERSOFTHEWORLD
Eur
ope
Vol
ga Caspi
anSea 2300
Danube Bl
ackSea 1770
Ur
al Caspi
anSea 1574
Dni
eper Vol
ga 1420
Don Vol
ga 1240
Rhi
ne Nor
thSea 820
El
be Nor
thSea 710

GoodLuck!
 28

Vi
stul
a Bal
ti
cSea 675
Thames
Asi
a
I
ndus I
ndi
anOcean 1925Mi
l
es
Br
ahmaput
ra I
ndi
anOcean 1800Mi
l
es
Euphr
ates I
ndi
anOcean 1675Mi
l
es
Ur
al Caspi
anSea 1575Mi
l
es
Ganges I
ndi
anOcean 1560Mi
l
es
I
rr
awaddy I
ndi
anOcean 1250Mi
l
es
Ti
gri
s I
ndi
anOcean 1180Mi
l
es
FAMOUSLAKESOFTHEWORLD
Caspi
anSea Asi
a
LakeSuper
ior Canada
LakeVi
ctor
ia EastAf
ri
ca
LakeHur
on Canada/USA
LakeMi
chi
gan USA
Ar
alSea Kazakhst
an/Uzbeki
stan
LakeTangany
ika Cent
ral
Afr
ica
Gr
eatBearl
ake Canada
LakeBai
kal Russi
a
LakeMal
awi EastAf
ri
ca
Tr
enches
PACI
FICOCEAN
Mar
ianat
rench 11022Met
ers
TongaTr
ench 10822Met
ers
JapanTr
ench 10554Met
ers
Kur
ilTr
ench 1542Met
ers

GoodLuck!
 29

Mi
ndanao 10497Met
ers
ATLANTI
COCEAN
Puer
toRi
co(
Mil
waukeeDeep) 9200Met
ers
Cay
manTr
ench 7680Met
ers
Gul
fofMexi
co 5203Met
ers
Medi
ter
ranean 5121Met
ers
Bl
ackSea 2211Met
ers
Nor
thSea 310Met
ers
Bal
ti
cSea 294Met
ers
I
NDI
ANOCEAN
Jav
aTr
ench 7450Met
ers
RedSea 2266Met
ers
Per
sianGul
f 73Met
ers
ARCTI
COCEAN
Mol
l
yDeep 5608Met
ers

St
rai
ts

1. Ber
ing. - Connect
sBer
ingseawi
thAr
cti
cseaWal
es(
USA)
andRussi
aConnect
ingAsi
a&USA.
2. Messi
na. - Separ
ati
ngmai
nlandI
tal
yfr
om t
hei
slandofSi
cil
yand
connect
ingt
heTy
rrheni
anSeawi
tht
heI
oni
anSea.
3. Hor
muz. - Per
sianGul
fandAr
abi
an.
4. Mal
acca. - I
ndi
anOcean,
Mal
ayapeni
nsul
aandI
slandof
Sumat
ra–800msl
ong
5. Ti
ran. - Gul
fofAqabaandRedSeaf
urt
herl
eadst
oIsr
ael
i
Por
tEl
at
6. Dov
er - Bet
weenUKandHol
l
and,
clai
se

GoodLuck!
 30

7. Fl
ori
da - Bet
weenUSAandCuba(
Atl
ant
icocean)
Bahamas
8. Dr
akest
rai
t- Joi
nsPaci
fi
coceant
oAt
lani
c(SofChi
l
e)
9. Gi
bral
tar - Joi
nsAt
lant
ict
oMedi
ter
ranean
10. Makassar - I
nIndonesi
ajoi
nsj
avaseat
oCel
ebessea
11. Ot
rant
o - Bet
weenAdr
iat
icseaandMedi
ter
raneansea(I
tal
y
andAl
bani
a)
12. Babel
Mandab. St
rai
tb/
wAr
abi
anPeni
nsul
a&Af
ri
caconnectRed
Seawi
thGofAden.
13. BaseSr
ait
. ConnectTasmanSeawi
thI
ndi
anOcean.B/
W
Tasmani
a&Aust
rl
ia.
14. Bel
l
eIsl
e. ConnectAt
lant
icwi
thGofStLawr
encei
nCanada.
15. Ber
ingSt
rai
t. ConnectBer
ingSeawi
thAr
cti
cOcean.Separ
ates
Asi
afr
om NAmer
ica.
16. Bospor
us. ConnectBl
ackSea&Mar
mar
aSea.Separ
atesAsi
an
Tur
keyf
rom Eur
opeant
urkey
.
17. Br
ist
olChannel
. I
nletofAt
lant
ic,
Engl
and.
18. CookSt
rai
t. NZ,
connect
sTasmanSeawi
thPacf
icOcean.
19. Dar
danel
l
es. ConnectAegeanSeawi
thMar
mar
aSea.b/
wAsi
an
Tur
key&Gal
l
ipol
i
.
20. Dav
isSt
rai
t. ConnectNAt
lant
icwi
thBaf
fi
nBay
.
21. Dov
erSt
rai
t. B/
W Engl
and&Fr
anceconnect
sEngl
i
shChannel
wi
thNor
thSea.
22. St
rai
tofFl
ori
da. B/
W Fl
ori
da&Cuba,
li
nksAt
lant
icOcanwi
thGof
Mexi
co.
23. Fov
eauxSt
rai
t. NZ.
24. St
rai
tofGi
bral
tar
. ConnectMedi
ter
raneanwi
thAt
lant
ic.B/
W NAf
ri
ca&
Spai
n.
25. Gol
denGat
e. W Cal
i
for
nia,
Separ
atesSonFr
ancescobayf
rom
Paci
fi
c.
26. St
rai
tofHor
muz. Li
nksPer
sianGul
fwi
thGofOman&Ar
abi
anSea.
27. St
rai
tofJuanDeFuca. B/
W Washi
ngt
onUS&Canda.Paci
fi
caOcean.

GoodLuck!
 31

28. Kat
tegat
. B/
W Sewen&Denmar
k.Li
nksNor
thSeawi
thBal
ti
c
Sea.
29. Kor
eaSt
rai
t. Li
nksEastSeawi
thEastChi
naSea,
B/W Sout
h
Kor
ea&Japan.
30. St
rai
tofMagel
l
an. B/
W At
lant
ic&Paci
fi
cinAr
gent
ina&Chi
l
e.
31. St
rai
tofMal
acca. B/
W Thai
l
and,
Mal
ysi
a&I
ndonesi
a.Connect
AndamanSa&SChi
naSea.
32. St
rai
tofMessi
na. B/
WIt
lay&Si
cil
y.ConnectTy
rrheni
anSeawi
th
I
oni
onSea.
33. Or
esund. (
TheSound)
.NEur
ope.ConnectSt
rai
tofKat
hegat
wi
thBal
ti
cSea.
34. St
rai
tofOt
rant
o. ConnectAdr
iat
icwi
thI
oni
anSea,
b/wI
tl
ay&Al
bani
a.
35. Pal
kSt
rai
t. B/
WIndi
a&Sr
iLanka.
36. Skager
rak. B/
W Nor
way&Seeden&Denmar
kconnect
sNor
th
Seawi
thBal
ti
cSea.
37. SundaSt
rai
t. I
ndonesi
a,B/
WIndi
anOcean&Jav
aSea
38. Tai
wanSt
rai
t. B/
W Tai
wan&Chi
na.Li
nksSChi
naSeawi
thEChi
na
Sea.
39. St
rai
tofTi
ran. Gul
fofAqabawi
thRedSea.Saudi
Arabi
a.
40. Tor
resSt
rai
t. B/
W Aust&NewGui
nea.
41. Zanzi
barChannel
. I
ndi
anOceanb/
wZanzi
bar
.
I
mpor
tantGeogr
aphi
cLocat
ions
Adr
iat
icSea
1. TheAdr
iat
icSeai
sabodyofwat
ersepar
ati
ngt
heI
tal
i
anPeni
nsul
afr
om t
he
Bal
kanPeni
nsul
a andt
hesy
stem oft
heApenni
neMount
ainsf
rom t
hatoft
he
Di
nar
icAl
psandadj
acentr
anges
2. TheAdr
iat
icSeai
sanor
thwest
-t
o-sout
heastar
m oft
heMedi
ter
raneanSea.
3. Thewest
erncoasti
sIt
ali
an,
whi
l
etheeast
erncoastr
unsal
ongSl
oveni
a(47km)
,
Cr
oat
ia(
5,835km)
,Bosni
aandHer
zegov
ina(
26km)
,Mont
enegr
o(294km)
,and
Al
bani
a(295km)
.
4. Maj
orr
iver
sjoi
ningt
heAdr
iat
icar
etheReno,Po,Adi
ge/
Etsch,Br
ent
a,Pi
ave,

GoodLuck!
 32

Soča/
Isonzo,
Zrmanj
a,Kr
ka,
Cet
ina,
Ner
etv
a,andDr
in(
Dri
ni)
.

AegeanSea
1. TheAegeanSeai
sanel
ongat
edembay
mentoft
heMedi
ter
raneanSeal
ocat
ed
bet
ween t
he sout
her
n Bal
kan and Anat
oli
an peni
nsul
as,i
.e.
,bet
ween t
he
mai
nlandsofGr
eeceandTur
key
.Int
henor
th,i
tisconnect
edt
otheMar
mar
a
SeaandBl
ackSeabyt
heDar
danel
l
esandBospor
us.
2. TheAegeanRegi
onconsi
stsofni
nepr
ovi
ncesi
nsout
hwest
ernTur
key
,inpar
t
bor
der
ingont
heAegeanSea.
3. Theseawast
radi
ti
onal
l
yknownasAr
chi
pel
ago,
thegener
alsenseofwhi
chhas
si
ncechangedt
oref
ert
otheAegeanI
slandsand,
gener
all
y,t
oanyi
slandgr
oup
becauset
heAegeanSeai
sremar
kabl
efori
tsl
argenumberofi
slands.

Ar
abi
anSea.
1. TheAr
abi
anSeai
sar
egi
onoft
heI
ndi
anOceanboundedont
heeastbyI
ndi
a,on
t
henor
thbyPaki
stanandI
ran,ont
hewestbyt
heAr
abi
anPeni
nsul
a,ont
he
sout
h,appr
oxi
mat
ely
,byal
i
nebet
weenCapeGuar
daf
uii
nthenor
theast
ern
Somal
i
aandKany
akumar
iinI
ndi
a
2. Someoft
heanci
entnamesoft
hisbodyofwat
eri
ncl
udeSi
ndhuSagar(
Seaof
Si
ndh)andEr
ythr
aeanSea.

Ar
afur
aSea.
1. TheAr
afur
aSeal
i
eswestoft
hePaci
fi
cOceanov
erl
yi
ngt
hecont
inent
alshel
f
bet
weenAust
ral
i
aandNewGui
nea.

Bal
ti
cSea
1. TheBal
ti
cSeai
sabr
acki
shmedi
ter
raneanseal
ocat
edi
nNor
ther
nEur
ope,
f
rom 53°
Nto66°
Nlat
it
udeandf
rom 20°
Eto26°
Elongi
tude.
2. I
tisboundedbyt
heScandi
nav
ianPeni
nsul
a,t
hemai
nlandofEur
ope,andt
he
Dani
shi
sl
ands.

GoodLuck!
 33

3. I
tdr
ainsi
ntot
heKat
tegatbywayoft
heØr
esund,t
heGr
eatBel
tandt
heLi
tt
le
Bel
t.
4. TheBal
ti
cSeai
sconnect
edbyman-
madewat
erway
stot
heWhi
teSeav
iat
he
Whi
teSeaCanal
,andt
otheNor
thSeav
iat
heKi
elCanal
.

Bl
ackSea
1. TheBl
ackSeai
sani
nlandseaboundedbyEur
ope,Anat
oli
aandt
heCaucasus
andi
sul
ti
mat
elyconnect
edt
otheAt
lant
icOceanv
iat
heMedi
ter
raneanand
AegeanSeasandv
ari
ousst
rai
ts
2. TheBosphor
usst
rai
tconnect
sitt
otheSeaofMar
mar
a,andt
hest
rai
toft
he
Dar
danel
l
esconnect
sitt
otheAegeanSear
egi
onoft
heMedi
ter
ranean
3. Thesewat
erssepar
ateeast
ernEur
opeandwest
ernAsi
a
4. TheBl
ackSeaal
soconnect
stot
heSeaofAzovbyt
heSt
rai
tofKer
ch.

Car
ibbeanSea
1. TheCar
ibbeanSeai
saseaoft
heAt
lant
icOceansi
tuat
edi
nthet
ropi
csoft
he
West
ernhemi
spher
e.
2. I
tisboundedbyMexi
coandCent
ralAmer
icat
othewestandsout
hwest
,tot
he
nor
thbyt
heGr
eat
erAnt
il
les,
andt
otheeastbyt
heLesserAnt
il
les.
3. Theent
ir
ear
eaoft
heCar
ibbeanSea,
thenumer
ousi
slandsoft
heWestI
ndi
es,
andadj
acentcoast
s,ar
ecol
l
ect
ivel
yknownast
heCar
ibbean.
4. TheCar
ibbeanSeai
soneoft
hel
argestsal
twat
erseasandhasanar
eaof
about2,
754,
000km²(
1,063,
000sq.mi
.)
.
5. Thesea'
sdeepestpoi
nti
stheCay
manTr
ough,bet
weent
heCay
manI
slands
andJamai
ca,
at7,
686m (
25,
220f
t)bel
owseal
evel
.
6. TheCar
ibbeancoast
li
nehasmanygul
fsandbay
s:t
heGul
fofGonâv
e,Gul
fof
Venezuel
a,Gul
fofDar
ién,
Gol
fodel
osMosqui
tosandGul
fofHondur
as.
Cor
alSea.

1. TheCor
alSeai
samar
ginal
seaof
fthenor
theastcoastofAust
ral
i
a.
2. I
tisboundedi
nthewestbyt
heeastcoastofQueensl
and,
ther
ebyi
ncl
udi
ngt
he

GoodLuck!
 34

Gr
eatBar
ri
erReef
,int
heeastbyVanuat
u(f
ormer
lyt
heNewHebr
ides)andby
NewCal
edoni
a,andi
nthenor
thappr
oxi
mat
elybyt
hesout
her
next
remi
tyoft
he
Sol
omonI
slands
3. I
tmer
geswi
tht
heTasmanSeai
nthesout
h,wi
tht
heSol
omonSeai
nthenor
th
andwi
tht
hePaci
fi
cOceani
ntheeast
.
4. Ont
hewest
,itconnect
swi
tht
heAr
afur
aSeat
hrought
heTor
resSt
rai
t
5. Theseai
schar
act
eri
sedbyi
tswar
m andst
abl
ecl
i
mat
e,wi
thf
requentr
ains
andt
ropi
cal
cycl
ones
6. I
tcont
ainsnumer
ousi
slandsandr
eef
s,aswel
last
hewor
ld'
slar
gestr
eef
sy
stem,
theGr
eatBar
ri
erReef(
GBR)
,whi
chwasdecl
aredaWor
ldHer
it
ageSi
te
byUNESCOi
n1981
7. Al
lpr
evi
ousoi
lexpl
orat
ionpr
oject
swer
eter
minat
edatt
heGBRi
n1975,and
f
ishi
ngi
srest
ri
ctedi
nmanyar
eas
8. Ther
eef
sandi
sl
andsoft
heCor
alSeaar
epar
ti
cul
arl
yri
chi
nbi
rdsandaquat
ic
l
i
feandar
eapopul
art
our
istdest
inat
ion,
bot
hnat
ional
l
yandi
nter
nat
ional
l
y.

EastChi
naSea.
1. TheEastChi
naSeai
samar
ginalseaeastofChi
na.I
tisapar
toft
hePaci
fi
c
Oceanandcov
ersanar
eaof1,
249,
000km²or750,
000squar
emi
l
es.

RedSea.
1. TheRedSeai
saseawat
eri
nletoft
heI
ndi
anOcean,l
yi
ngbet
weenAf
ri
caand
Asi
a.
2. Theconnect
iont
otheoceani
sint
hesout
hthr
ought
heBabelMandebst
rai
t
andt
heGul
fofAden.I
nthenor
th,t
her
eist
heSi
naiPeni
nsul
a,t
heGul
fof
Aqaba,
andt
heGul
fofSuez(
leadi
ngt
otheSuezCanal
).
3. TheRedSeai
saGl
obal
200ecor
egi
on
4. Occupy
ingapar
toft
heGr
eatRi
ftVal
l
ey,t
heRedSeahasasur
facear
eaof
r
oughl
y438,
000km²(
169,
100squar
emi
l
es)
.
5. I
tisabout2250km (
1398mi
l
es)l
ongand,
ati
tswi
destpoi
nt,
is355km (
220.
6
mi
l
es)wi
de

GoodLuck!
 35

6. I
thasamaxi
mum dept
hof2211met
res(
7254f
eet
)int
hecent
ralmedi
an
t
rench,
andanav
eragedept
hof490met
res(
1,608f
eet
).
7. Theseai
sthehabi
tatofov
er1,
000i
nver
tebr
atespeci
es,
and200sof
tandhar
d
cor
als.I
tist
hewor
ld'
snor
ther
nmostt
ropi
cal
sea
RossSea.
1. TheRossSeai
sadeepbayoft
heSout
her
nOceani
nAnt
arct
icabet
ween
Vi
ctor
iaLandandMar
ieBy
rdLand.
2. I
twasdi
scov
eredbyJamesRossi
n1841.
3. I
nthewestoft
heRossSeai
sRossI
slandwi
tht
heMt
.Er
ebusv
olcano,i
nthe
eastRoosev
eltI
sland.
4. Roal
dAmundsenst
art
edhi
sSout
hPol
eexpedi
ti
oni
n1911f
rom t
heBayof
Whal
es,
whi
chwasl
ocat
edatt
heshel
f.
5. I
nthewestoft
heRosssea,McMur
doSoundi
sapor
twhi
chi
susual
l
yfr
eeof
i
cedur
ingt
hesummer
.
6. Thesout
her
nmostpar
toft
heRossSeai
sGoul
dCoast
,whi
chi
sappr
oxi
mat
ely
t
wohundr
edmi
l
esf
rom t
heGeogr
aphi
cSout
hPol
e
7. Al
llandmassesi
ntheRossSeaar
ecl
aimedbyNewZeal
andt
ofal
lundert
he
j
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heRossDependency
,butaf
ew non-
Commonweal
thnat
ions
r
ecogni
zet
hiscl
aim.
SeaofJapan.
1. TheSeaofJapani
samar
ginalseaoft
hewest
ernPaci
fi
cOcean,bet
weent
he
Asi
anmai
nland,
theJapanesear
chi
pel
agoandSakhal
i
n.
2. I
tisbor
der
edbyJapan,
Nor
thKor
ea,
Russi
aandSout
hKor
ea.
3. Li
ket
heMedi
ter
raneanSea,i
thasal
mostnot
idesduet
oit
snear
lycompl
ete
encl
osur
efr
om t
hePaci
fi
cOcean.
4. Thi
sisol
ati
onal
sor
efl
ect
sint
hef
aunaspeci
esandi
nthewat
ersal
i
nit
y,whi
ch
i
slowert
hani
ntheocean.
5. .Few r
iver
sdi
schar
gei
ntot
heseaandt
hei
rtot
alcont
ri
but
iont
othewat
er
exchangei
swi
thi
n1%.
6. The seawat
eri
s char
act
eri
zed byt
he el
evat
ed concent
rat
ion ofdi
ssol
ved
oxy
gent
hatr
esul
tsi
nhi
ghbi
ologi
cal
product
ivi
ty

GoodLuck!
 36

7. f
ishi
ngi
sthedomi
nanteconomi
cact
ivi
tyi
nther
egi
on
8. Thei
ntensi
tyofshi
pment
sacr
osst
heseahasbeenmoder
ateowi
ngt
opol
i
tical
i
ssues,buti
tisst
eadi
l
yincr
easi
ngasar
esul
toft
hegr
owt
hofEastAsi
an
economi
es.
9. A cont
rov
ersyexi
stsaboutt
heseaname,wi
thSout
hKor
eapr
omot
ingt
he
appel
l
ati
onEastSea
Sout
hChi
naSea
1. TheSout
hChi
naSeai
samar
ginalseat
hati
spar
toft
hePaci
fi
cOcean,
encompassi
nganar
eaf
rom t
heSi
ngapor
eandMal
accaSt
rai
tst
otheSt
rai
tof
Tai
wanofar
ound3,
500,
000km²
.
2. Dependi
ngonmeasur
ement
,iti
sthel
argestorsecondl
argestbodyofwat
er
af
tert
hef
iveoceans.
Yel
l
owSea
1. TheYel
l
ow Seai
sthenamegi
vent
othenor
ther
npar
toft
heEastChi
naSea,
whi
chi
samar
ginal
seaoft
hePaci
fi
cOcean
2. I
tisl
ocat
edbet
weenmai
nlandChi
naandt
heKor
eanPeni
nsul
a.
3. I
tsnamecomesf
rom t
hesandpar
ti
clesf
rom GobiDeser
tsandst
ormst
hat
t
urnt
hesur
faceoft
hewat
ergol
deny
ell
ow.
4. I
nNor
thKor
eaandSout
hKor
ea,
theseai
ssomet
imescal
l
edt
heWestSea.
5. Thei
nner
mostbayoft
heYel
l
owSeai
scal
l
edt
heBohai
Sea(
prev
iousl
yPechi
hli
BayorChi
hli
Bay
).
6. I
ntoi
tfl
ow bot
htheYel
l
ow Ri
ver(
thr
oughShandongpr
ovi
nceandi
tscapi
tal
Ji
nan)andHai
He(
thr
oughBei
j
ingandTi
anj
i
n).
7. Deposi
tsofsandandsi
l
tfr
om t
hoser
iver
scont
ri
but
etot
heseacol
or.
St
rai
tofGi
bral
tar
1. TheSt
rai
tofGi
bral
tari
sanar
rowst
rai
tthatconnect
stheAt
lant
icOceant
othe
Medi
ter
raneanSeaandsepar
atesSpai
ninEur
opef
rom Mor
occoi
nAf
ri
ca.
2. Thenamecomesf
rom Gi
bral
tar
,whi
chi
ntur
nor
igi
nat
esf
rom t
heAr
abi
cJebel
Tar
iq,
albei
ttheAr
abnamef
ort
heSt
rai
tisBabel
-Zakator"
Gat
eofChar
it
y"
3. I
tisal
soknowner
roneousl
yast
heSt
rai
tsofGi
bral
tar
,orSTROG (
Str
aitOf
Gi
bral
tar
),i
nnav
aluseandas"
Pil
l
arsofHer
cul
es"i
ntheanci
entwor
ld.

GoodLuck!
 37

4. Eur
opeandAf
ri
caar
esepar
atedby7.
7nmi(
14.
3km;8.
9mi
)ofoceanatt
he
st
rai
t'
snar
rowestpoi
nt
5. TheSt
rai
t'
sdept
hrangesbet
ween300and900m (
980and3,
000f
t)whi
ch
possi
blyi
nter
act
edwi
tht
hel
owermeanseal
eveloft
hel
astmaj
orgl
aci
ati
on
20,
000y
ear
sbef
orepr
esentwhent
hel
eveloft
heseawasbel
i
evedt
obel
ower
by110–120m (
360–390f
t).
6. Fer
ri
escr
ossbet
weent
het
wocont
inent
sev
erydayi
nasl
i
ttl
eas35mi
nut
es.
TheSpani
shsi
deoft
heSt
rai
tispr
otect
edunderEl
Est
rechoNat
ural
Par
k.
St
rai
tofMal
acca
1. TheSt
rai
tofMal
accai
sanar
row,805km (
500mi
l
e)st
ret
chofwat
erbet
ween
t
he Mal
ay Peni
nsul
a(Peni
nsul
arMal
aysi
a)and t
he I
ndonesi
an i
sland of
Sumat
ra.
2. I
tisnamedaf
tert
heMal
accaSul
tanat
ethatr
uledov
ert
hear
chi
pel
agobet
ween
1414t
o1511.

Tai
wanSt
rai
t.
1. TheTai
wanSt
rai
torFor
mosaSt
rai
t(f
ormer
lyBl
ackDi
tch)i
sa180-
km-
wide
(
111.
85-
mil
e-wi
de)st
rai
tbet
weenChi
naandTai
wan
2. Thest
rai
tispar
toft
heSout
hChi
naSeaandconnect
stoEastChi
naSeat
othe
nor
theast
3. Thenar
rowestpar
tis131 
km (
81.
4 mi
.)wi
de.
Bosphor
us
1. TheBosphor
usorBospor
usal
soknownast
heI
stanbulSt
rai
tisast
rai
tthat
f
ormspar
toft
heboundar
ybet
weenEur
opeandAsi
a
2. I
tisoneoft
heTur
kishSt
rai
ts,
alongwi
tht
heDar
danel
l
es
3. Thewor
ld'
snar
rowestst
rai
tusedf
ori
nter
nat
ionalnav
igat
ion,i
tconnect
sthe
Bl
ackSeawi
tht
heSeaofMar
mar
a(whi
chi
sconnect
edbyt
heDar
danel
l
est
o
t
heAegeanSea,
andt
her
ebyt
otheMedi
ter
raneanSea)
.

Al
goaBay
1. Al
goaBayi
sawi
dei
nletal
ongt
heSout
hAf
ri
caneastcoast
,some425mi
l
es

GoodLuck!
 38

(
683ki
l
omet
res)eastoft
heCapeofGoodHope
2. I
tisboundedi
nthewestbyCapeReci
feandi
ntheeastbyCapePadr
one.
3. Thebayi
supt
o436m deep.
4. Thehar
bourci
tyofPor
tEl
i
zabet
hissi
tuat
edadj
acentt
othebay
,asi
sthenew
Coegadeepwat
erpor
tfaci
l
ity
Bot
anyBay
1. Bot
anyBayi
sabayi
nSy
dney
,NewSout
hWal
es,
afewki
l
omet
ressout
hoft
he
Sy
dneycent
ral
busi
nessdi
str
ict
2. TheCooksRi
verandt
heGeor
gesRi
verar
ethet
womaj
ort
ri
but
ari
est
hatf
low
i
ntot
hebay
3. Twor
unway
sofSy
dneyAi
rpor
text
endi
ntot
hebay
.
4. On29Apr
il1770,
Bot
anyBaywast
hesi
teofJamesCook'
sfi
rstl
andi
ngofHMS
Endeav
ouront
hecont
inentofAust
ral
i
a,af
terhi
sext
ensi
venav
igat
ionofNew
Zeal
and.
5. Lat
ert
heBr
it
ishpl
annedBot
anyBayast
hesi
tef
orapenalcol
ony
.Outoft
hese
pl
anscamet
hef
ir
stEur
opeanhabi
tat
ionofAust
ral
i
aatSy
dneyCov
e.

HudsonBay
.
1. HudsonBayi
sal
argebodyofwat
eri
nnor
theast
ernCanada
2. I
tdr
ainsav
eryl
argear
ea,
about3,
861,
400squar
eki
l
omet
res(
1,490,
900sqmi
),
t
hati
ncl
udes par
ts ofOnt
ari
o,Quebec,Saskat
chewan,Al
ber
ta,mostof
Mani
toba,sout
heast
ern Nunav
ut,aswel
laspar
tsofNor
th Dakot
a,Sout
h
Dakot
a,Mi
nnesot
a,andMont
ana
3. Asmal
l
erof
fshootoft
hebay
,JamesBay
,li
est
othesout
h.

Ar
uIsl
ands.
1. TheAr
uIsl
andsar
eagr
oupofaboutni
net
y-f
ivel
ow-
ly
ingi
slandsi
ntheMal
uku
pr
ovi
nceofeast
ernI
ndonesi
a.
Ber
mudaTr
iangl
e.
1. TheBer
mudaTr
iangl
e,al
soknownast
heDev
il
'sTr
iangl
e,i
sar
egi
oni
nthe
west
ernpar
toft
heNor
thAt
lant
icOceanwher
eanumberofai
rcr
aftand

GoodLuck!
 39

sur
facev
essel
sal
l
egedl
ydi
sappear
edmy
ster
iousl
y
2. Popul
arcul
tur
ehasat
tri
but
ed t
hesedi
sappear
ancest
othepar
anor
malor
act
ivi
ty by ext
rat
err
est
ri
albei
ngs.Document
ed ev
idence i
ndi
cat
es t
hata
si
gni
fi
cant per
cent
age of t
he i
nci
dent
s wer
e i
naccur
atel
yrepor
ted or
embel
l
ishedbyl
ateraut
hor
s,andnumer
ousof
fi
cialagenci
eshav
est
atedt
hat
t
henumberandnat
ureofdi
sappear
ancesi
nther
egi
oni
ssi
mil
art
othati
nany
ot
herar
eaofocean.
Engl
i
shChannel
1. TheEngl
i
shChannel
isanar
m oft
heAt
lant
icOceant
hatsepar
atesGr
eat
Br
it
ainf
rom nor
ther
nFr
ance,
andj
oinst
heNor
thSeat
otheAt
lant
ic.
2. I
tisabout560km (
350mi
)longandv
ari
esi
nwi
dthf
rom 240km (
150mi
)at
i
tswi
dest
,toonl
y34km (
21mi
)int
heSt
rai
tofDov
er.
3. I
tist
hesmal
l
estoft
heshal
l
owseasar
oundt
hecont
inent
alshel
fofEur
ope,
cov
eri
nganar
eaofsome75,
000km2(
29,
000sqmi
).
Gul
fofAden
1. TheGul
fofAdeni
slocat
edi
ntheAr
abi
anSeabet
weenYemen,ont
hesout
h
coastoft
heAr
abi
anPeni
nsul
a,andSomal
i
aint
heHor
nofAf
ri
ca.I
nthe
nor
thwest
,itconnect
swi
tht
heRedSeat
hrought
heBab-
el-
Mandebst
rai
t,
whi
chi
sabout20mi
l
eswi
de.
2. Thewat
erwayi
spar
toft
hei
mpor
tantSuezCanalshi
ppi
ngr
out
ebet
weent
he
Medi
ter
raneanSeaandt
heAr
abi
anSeai
ntheI
ndi
anOceanwi
th21,
000shi
ps
cr
ossi
ngt
hegul
fannual
l
y
3. Thegul
fisknownbyt
heni
ckname"
Pir
ateAl
l
ey"duet
othel
argeamountof
pi
rat
eact
ivi
tyi
nthear
ea.

Gul
fSt
ream
1. TheGul
fSt
ream,t
oget
herwi
thi
tsnor
ther
next
ensi
ont
owar
dsEur
ope,t
he
Nor
thAt
lant
icDr
if
t,i
sapower
ful
,war
m,andswi
ftAt
lant
icoceancur
rentt
hat
or
igi
nat
esatt
het
ipofFl
ori
da,
andf
oll
owst
heeast
erncoast
li
nesoft
heUni
ted
St
atesandNewf
oundl
andbef
orecr
ossi
ngt
heAt
lant
icOcean
2. Atabout40°
0′N 30°
0′W40°
N 30°
W,i
tspl
i
tsi
ntwo,wi
tht
henor
ther
nst
ream
cr
ossi
ngt
onor
ther
nEur
opeandt
hesout
her
nst
ream r
eci
rcul
ati
ngof
fWest

GoodLuck!
 40

Af
ri
ca

Hor
nofAf
ri
ca

1. The Horn ofAf r

ica i
s a peninsul
ai n EastAfr
ica thatjuts hundreds of
kil
ometersi
ntotheArabianSeaandl i
esalongthesouthernsideoft heGul
fof
Aden.I
2. Iti
stheeaster
nmostprojecti
onoftheAfri
canconti
nent.
3. Itcover
sapproximatel
y2, 000,
000km²( 772,200sqmi )andisi nhabi
tedby
about100.
2mi
l
li
onpeopl
e(Et
hiopi
a:75mi
l
li
on,
Somal
i
a:10mi
l
li
on,
Eri
tr
ea:
4.5
mi
l
li
on,
andDj
i
bout
i:0.
7mi
l
li
on)
.

Seas
1. RossSea. Sout
hExtensi
onofPaci
fi
cOcean.B/
W Vi
ctor
ialand
ontheWest&MarieBy
rdLandontheEast.
2. Weddel
lSea. Ar
m ofSouthAtlant
icOcean,
Sout
hofFal
kl
and
I
slands.
SeasofAr
cti
cOcean.
1. Bar
ent
sSea. Nor
thofNor
way
,Fi
nland&Russi
a.
2. Beauf
ortSea. Nor
thofCanada,
Alaska,
WestofCanada.
3. Kar
aSea. Nor
thofRussiaB/W Nor
ayaZembl
yaI
sland&Yemel
Peninsula.
4. Lapt
evSea. Nor
thofSi
ber
iaRussi
a–EastofTaymy,
Peni
nsul
a,
WestofNewSiber
ianI
slands.
5. Whi
teSea. Ar
m ofBar
ent
sSea.Sout
hofKol
aPeni
nsul
a.
SeaofAt
lant
icOcean
1. Car
ibbeanSea. Sout
hofJamai
ca,
Hai
ti
,Nor
thofPanama,
Col
ombi
a.
2. Engl
i
shChannel
. Sout
hofUK,
Nor
htofFr
ance.
3. I
ri
shSea. EastofI
rel
and,
WestofUK.

GoodLuck!
 41

4. Nor
thSea. EastofUK,WestofDenmar
k,Nor
way
.Nor
thof
Nether–land.
5. Sar
gassoSea. B/
W EastofWestI
ndi
es&Azores.Onl
ySea
border
edof oceancur
rent
srat
hert
hanby
l
and.

SeasofI
ndi
anOcean
1. AndamanSea. EastofAndaman&NicobarIsl
ands,Sout
hof
My anmar,
WestofThail
and,Malay
sia,
Nor
thof
Sumat r
a.
2. Ar
abi
anSea. Sout
hofIr
an,
Paki
staneastofAr
abi
anPeni
nsul
a,
I
ndi
a.
SeasofPaci
fi
cOcean
1. Ar
afur
aSea. Nor
thofAustrali
aSout
hofNewgui
nea,
Eastof
Indonesia.
2. Ber
ingSea. Nor
thofAl
eut
ianIsl
andsSout
hofRussia,
Eastof
Kamchatka&ChukchiPeni
nsul
a,westof
Al
aska.
3. Cel
ebesSea. Nor
thofI
ndonesi
a,sout
hofPhi
l
ippi
nes.
4. Chi
naSea
a. EastChi
naSea. Sout
hofSouthKor
eaEastofChi
na,
Tai
wan.
b. Sout
hChi
naSea. Nor
thofBarnesIdnonesi
a,Sout
hofChi
na,
Taiwan,EastofViet
nam,WestofPhi
l
ippi
nes.
5. Cor
alSea. NEofAustr
ali
a,Sout
hofSol
omonIslands,New
Guineas.WestofNewHebr
idesIslands.
6. I
nlandSea. I
nJapan.B/WIslandsofHonshu,
Shi
koku&
Kyushu.
7. Phi
l
ippi
neSea. Nor
thofPhi
l
ippi
neI
slandsSout
hofJapan.
8. SeaofJapan/
EastSea. Nor
th&WestofJapan,
Sout
hofRussi
aeastof
N&SKorea.
9. SeaofOkhot
sk. Nor
thofKur
ilI
slandsSout
hof
/Russi
a,Eastof
Russi
a,WestofKamchatkaPeni
nsulaRussi
a.
10. Sul
uSea. Nor
thofBor
neo,
sout
h&EastofPhi
l
ippi
ne

GoodLuck!
 42

I
slands&EastofPal
wanI
slands.
11. TasmanSea. EastofAust
ral
i
a,Tasmani
a,WestofNZ.
12. Yel
l
owSea. Sout
h&EastofChi
na,
WestofKor
ea.
I
nlandsSea
1. Ar
alSea. NofUzbeki
stan–SofKazakhst
an.
2. Bal
ti
cSea. Sur
roundedbySweden, Fi
nland,Estoni
a,
Latr
ia,
Lit
huani
a,Russia,Poland&Ger
many
.
3. Bl
ackSea. NofTur
key
,SoUkrai
neW ofBul
gar
iaWoof
Geor
gia,
Russi
a.
4. Caspi
anSea. Lar
gestI
nlandbodyofwateri
nworl
d,NofIan
SofKazakhst
an,EofRussi
a,Azer
bai
janW of
Turkmeni
stan.
5. HudsonBay
. I
nCanada.NofOnt
ari
oSofSouthampton
Isl
ands,
EofKeewat
inW ofQuebec.
6. Medi
ter
raneanSea.I
nlandSeaofEur
opean,
Asi
a&Af
ri
ca.
7. RedSea. Separ
atesAr
abia,Peninsul
a,West
ernasi
a
fr
om NEAfrica.NEofEgyptCri
ter
ia–SW of
SaudiArabia.
8. SeaofAzor
. SofUkr
aineW ofRussi
a.
9. SeaofMar
mor
a. Separ
atesEur
opeanPar
t

Medi
ter
raneanSea
1. Adr
iat
icSea. B/
W easterncoastofI
tal
y&west
erncoastof
Balkanpeni
nsul
a.
2. AegeanSea. B/
W Gr
eece&Tur
key
.
3. I
oni
anSea B/
W Gr
eece,
Albani
a&I
tal
y,Si
cil
y.
4. Li
gur
iaSea. Sout
hofIt
aly.O/
WIsl
andsofCor
sica,
Alba&
I
tal
y.
5. Ty
rrt
reni
anSea. Par
ti
all
yEnclosedbyIt
ali
anPeni
nsul
a,Si
cil
y,
Sar
dinia&Corsi
ca.

I
mpGul
fs

GoodLuck!
 43

1. Gul
fofAqaba Bet
weenSaudi
Arabi
aandEgy
pt
2. Gul
fofBot
hni
a Bet
weenSwedenandf
inl
and
3. Gul
fofCal
i
for
nia Mexi
co
4. Cambay
(Khambhat
) I
nIndi
a;NofMombai
5. Per
sianGul
f Bet
weenI
ranandUAE
6. Gul
fofMannar Bet
weenSr
il
ankaandI
ndi
a
7. Gul
fofOman Bet
weenPaki
stanandOman
8. Gul
fofCor
int
h. Ar
m ofI
oni
anSeab/
wPel
oponnesus,
Cen
Gr
eece&EuboaGr
eece.
9. Per
sianGul
f. Ar
abi
anSea,
SW Asi
a,b/
wAr
abi
anPeni
nsul
a
&I
ranBahr
ain,
UAE,
Saudi
Arabi
a,Qaar
,
Kuwai
t,I
ran,
Iraq,
Oman.
Mi
scGul
fs

1. Gul
fofBot
hni
a. Ar
m ofBat
li
cSea,
b/wFi
nlandonE&Sweden
onW.

2. Gul
fofCal
i
for
nia. Ar
m ofpecif
icOceanb/wMexi
co&Peni
nsul
a
ofBaj
aCalif
orni
a.

3. GofCor
int
h. Ar
m ofIonianSea.b/
wPel
oponnesus&Cen
Greece&EuboeaGr
eece.

4. GofFi
nland. Ar
m ofBal
ti
cSea, b/
wFinlandonN&Est oni
a
&RussiaonS.Li
nkedwithCaspi
an&Bl ack
Sea.

5. GofFonseca. I
nletofPacif
ic,
W CenAmeri
ca,b/
wEI
Salvador
,Hondur
as&Nicar
agua.

6. GofGui
nea. Ar
m ofAt
lant
ic,
W Af
ri
cab/
wLi
ber
ia&Gabon.

7. GofAden. Ar
m ofArabi
anSea,b/wYemen&Somali
a
andDi
gibout
i.Li
nksAr
abi
anSeawit
h
RedSea.

9. GofBat
abano. I
nCuba.

10. GofBot
hia. B/
W Boot
hiaPeni
nsul
a&Baffi
nsl
ands
Canada.Ar
cti
cOcean.

GoodLuck!
 44

11. GofCar
pent
ari
a. Ar
m ofAr
afur
aSea,
Nor
ther
nAust
.

12. GofGdansk. I
nBal
ti
cSea,
Pol
and&Russi
a.

13. GofKut
ch. Ar
abi
aSea,
WIndi
a.

14. GofKhambhat
. Ar
abi
anSea,
WI ndi
ab/wKat
hiawaPeni
nsul
a
&Mainl
and Indi
a.

15. GofKot
or. Ser
bia&Mont
enegr
o,Adr
iat
icSea.

16. GofLi
on. Medi
ter
raneanSea,
SFr
ance.

17. GofManner
. I
ndi
anOcean,
b/wI
ndi
a&Sr
iLanka.

18. GofMexi
co. At
lant
icOcean,
b/wUS,
Cuba&Mexi
co.

19. GofOman. Ar
abi
anSea,b/wIr
an&Omanledst
oPer
cian
Gul
fthroughSt
rai
tofHor
moz.

20. GofPat
ari
. I
oni
anSea,
Greece.

21. GofRi
ga. Bal
ti
cSea,
b/wEst
oni
a&Lat
via.

22. GofSal
erno. Ty
rrheni
anSeaSI
tl
ay.

23. GofThai
l
and. SChi
naSea,b/
wThai
l
and&Cambodi
aand
Vi
etnam.

24. GofSi
dra. Medi
terr
aneanSea,
oncoastofLi
byaNear
Benghazi
.

25. GofSuez. RedSea,

NEEgy
pt.

26. GofTonki
n. Al
soGofBacdo.SChinaSea,Viet
nam,
Chi
na&Chi
neseIsl
andofHainon.

27. GofVenezuel
a. Car
ibbeanSea,
Venezuel
a.

28. GofI
zmi
r. I
zmi
r,Tur
key
.

29. Per
sianGul
f. Ar
abi
anSea,
SW Asia,b/wArabianPeninsul
a
&Ir
anBahr ai
n,UAE,SaudiArabi
a,Qaar,
Kuwai
t,I
ran,I
raq,Oman.

30. SpencerGul
f. I
ndi
anOcean,
SAust
.

GoodLuck!
 45

Bay
s

1. Bay
sInI
rel
andSea
a. AbuQi
r. Bayi
nNor
ther
nEgy
ptb/
wRoset
tamout
hof
Ni
l
eRi
ver&Al
exandr
ia.
b. BayofNapl
es. I
nletofTy
rrheni
anSeaSout
hCenI
tal
y.
c. Fr
ischesHaf
f. I
nNor
ther
nPol
and&Sout
hWest
ern
Kal
i
ningr
adObl
ast,
Russi
a.Bal
ti
cSea.
d. JamesBay
. Sout
her
nExt
ensi
onofHudsonBay
.

2. Bay
sInorNearAr
cti
cOcean
a. HudsonBay
b. Pr
udhoeBay
. Nor
ther
nAl
aska,
anar
m ofBeauf
artSea.
3. Bay
sInorNearAt
lant
icOcean
a. Baf
fi
nBay
. Ar
m ofNor
thAt
lant
icOceanB/
W Gr
eenl
and
andSev
eral
lar
geI
slandsofNor
th
East
ern Canada.
b. Bar
negatBay
. I
nletofAt
lant
icOcean,
East
ernNewJer
sey
.
c. BayofBi
scay
. VastI
nletofAt
lant
ic,
Sout
heast
erEur
ope,
Bounded ont
heN&EbyFr
ance&Sby
Spai
n.
d. BayofCampeche. Sout
her
nMexi
co,
Inl
etofGul
fofMexi
co.
e. BayofFundy
. Ti
dal
Inl
etofNor
ther
nAt
lant
ic,
B/W New
Br
unswi
ck&Nov
aScot
iaSout
heast
ern
Canada.
f
. Bi
ghtofBeni
n. WestAf
ri
ca,
West
ernpar
tofGul
fof
Gui
nea.Ext
endsf
rom mout
hofVol
ta
Ri
vert
o Mout
hofNi
ger
.
g. Bi
ghtofBi
afr
a. Al
soBi
ghtofBor
ny.West
ernAf
ri
ca,
East
ern
Par
tofGul
fofGui
nea.Fr
om mout
hof
Ni
ger Ri
vert
oCapeLopez,
Gabon.

GoodLuck!
 46

h. Bi
scay
neBay
. I
nletofAt
lant
ic,
Sout
heastFl
ori
da,
(Mi
ami
Beach)
.
i
. Buzzar
dsBay
. I
nletofAt
lant
ic,
Sout
heastMassachuset
ts.
j
. Car
diganBay
. I
nletofStGeor
ge’
sChannel
inI
ri
shSea,
West
ernWal
esUK.
k. CascoBay
. I
nletofAt
lant
ic,
Sout
hwest
erMai
ne,
USA.
l
. Chal
eurBay
. I
nletofGul
fofStLawar
enceSECanada.
m. ChesapeakBay
. I
nletofAt
lant
ic,
East
ernMar
tyLand&E
Vi
rgi
nia.
n. Del
awar
eBay
. Ar
m ofAt
lant
ic,
boundedonNEbyNew
Jer
sey
,SW byDel
war
e.
o. Fr
obi
sherBay
. I
nletofNor
thAt
lant
ic,
SEBaf
fi
nIsl
and
Canada.
p. Guant
anamoBay
.Inl
etofCar
ibbeanSeaSECuba,
near
Guant
anamo.
q. Massachuset
tsBay
. I
nletofAt
lant
ic,
EMassachuset
ts.
Bost
onUS.
r
. NewYor
kBay
. I
nletofAt
lant
ic,
ERhodesI
sland,
USA.
s. ScapaFl
ow. Nor
ther
nScot
tLand.Or
kneyI
slands.
t
. Tabl
eBay
. I
nletofAt
lant
ic,
SW Sout
hAf
ri
ca(
Har
borofCapeTown)
u. TheWash. I
nletofGul
fofMexi
co,
SW Al
abama,
US.
4. Bay
sInorNearI
ndi
anOcean.
a. Al
ogaBay
. SSout
hAf
ri
ca.
b. BayofBengal
. B/
WIndi
aonW,
Myanmar&Mal
ya
Peni
nsul
a onE.
c. Del
agoaBay
. SMozambi
que.
5. Bay
sInorNearPaci
fi
cOceans.
a. Bot
anyBay
. I
nletofTasmanSea,
EAust
,Near
Sy
dney
.
b. Br
ist
olBay
. Ar
m ofBear
ingSea,
SEAl
aska.

GoodLuck!
 47

c. CookI
nlet
. SAl
aska,
Separ
atesKenai
Peni
nsul
a
For
m Al
askaMai
nland.
d. Jer
visBay
. SEAust
,EcoastofNewSWal
es.
e. Mani
l
aBay
. I
nletofSout
hChi
naSeaand
Phi
l
ippi
nes.
f
. SanFr
anci
scoBay
. W Cal
i
for
nia.

6. Mi
sc
a. BayofAcr
e(Hai
fa) I
nsout
hofI
sreal
b. BayofBi
scay Bet
weenFr
anceandSpai
n
c. BayofDanzi
g Bet
weenRussi
aandPol
and
d. Whi
teBay NAt
lant
ic,
SECanada.
e. Bi
ghtofBeni
n. W Af
ri
ca,
from W par
tofGul
fof
Gui
nea,
From Vol
taRi
vert
oNi
ger
Ri
ver
.
f
. Gr
eatAust
ral
i
aBi
ght
. I
nletofI
ndi
anOceanbor
der
ingS
Aust
ral
i
a

Peni
nsul
as
a. AkamasPeni
nsul
a I
nCy
prus

b. Arabi
anPeninsul
a I
ncl
Saudi
aAr
abi
a,
Yemen,
Oman,UAE,Qatar,Kuwai
tand
Bahr
ain

c. Peni
nsul
aofBoot
hia I
nCanadabetweengul
fof
Boothi
aandJames
r
osest
rai
t

d. Peni
nsul
aofJut
land Denmar
k

e. Mal
aysi
a

GoodLuck!
 48

f
. Masandam Peni
nsul
a Oman

g. Si
nai
Peni
nsul
a Egy
pt

h. Iber
ianPeni
nsul
a Spai
n,Por
tugalandBr
it
ish
con Gibr
alt
ar

GENKNOWLEDGE

1. Amaz
on(
ri
ver
) 
inBr
azi
l
,rankedast
hel
argest
.
2. Ar
cti
cOcean,
 
smal
l
est
 of
 t
he 
fourwor
ldoceans.
3. I
ndi
anOcean,
thi
rdl
argestofEar
th'
sfouroceans.
4. Paci
fi
cOcean,
 
lar
gest
 and 
deepestoft
hewor
ld'
sfouroceans,cov
eri
ngmor
ethana
t
hir
doft
heear
th'
ssur
faceandcont
aini
ngmor
ethanhal
fofi
tsf
reewat
er.
5. PanamaCanal
,
 canal
 
all
owsv
essel
stot
rav
elbet
weent
hePaci
fi
candAt
lant
icoceans.
6. SuezCanalconnect
stheMedi
ter
raneanSeawi
tht
heGul
fofSuez,anar
m oft
heRed
Sea.
7. Ur
alMount
ainschai
nisi
nRussi
a.
8. Bal
ti
cSt
ates,
areEst
oni
a,Lat
via,
andLi
thuani
a.
9. Scandi
nav
ia,nameappl
i
edcol
l
ect
ivel
ytot
hreecount
ri
esNor
way,
Sweden,Denmar
k

GoodLuck!
 49

Fi
nland,
andI
cel
andar
ecal
l
edasScandi
nav
iancount
ri
es.
10. Gul
fCooper
ati
onCounci
l
(GCC)Bahr
ain,Kuwai
t,Oman,Qat
ar,SaudiAr
abi
a,andt
he
Uni
tedAr
abEmi
rat
es.
11. Famousr
iver
sofBal
ochi
stanar
eHi
ngol
,DashtandPi
shi
nLor
a.
12. Nar
rowpor
ti
onofSeaSt
ret
chi
ngdeepi
ntot
hel
andi
scal
l
edGul
f.
13. Bear
ingst
rai
tli
nksPaci
fi
cOceanwi
thAt
lant
icOcean.
14. St
rai
tofMal
accal
i
nksI
ndi
anOceanwi
thPaci
fi
cOcean.
15. Tot
alar
eaoft
heear
thi
s510mi
l
li
onsqKm.
16. Al
tai
mount
ainsar
elocat
edi
nMor
occo.
17. Tangany
kal
akei
ssi
tuat
edont
hebor
derofDemocr
ati
crepubl
i
cofCongoandTanzani
a.
18. NangaPar
bati
shi
ghestpeakofHi
mal
ayasmount
ainsi
nPaki
stan.
19. Thel
ongestr
iveroft
hewor
ldi
sNi
l
eri
ver
.
20. Thel
argestr
iveroft
hewor
ldi
sAmazon.
21. St
rai
tofHor
nuzl
i
nksPer
sianGul
fwi
thGul
fofOman.
22. Maur
it
iusI
slandsar
esi
tuat
edi
nIndi
anOcean.
23. Nor
thPol
eofear
thi
soccupi
edbyAr
cti
cocean.
24. ThePami
rsar
eal
soknownasRoofoft
hewor
ld.
25. TheCapeRout
econnect
sLondonandFr
eet
own.
26. Al
exandr
iai
sthef
amousseapor
tofEgy
pt.
27. Smal
l
estPl
anetofsol
arsy
stem i
sknownasMer
cur
y
28. Tor
resst
rai
tconnect
sNewGui
neawi
thAust
ral
i
a.
29. SuezCanal
li
nksRedSeawi
thMedi
ter
ranenSea.
30. BandarAbbasi
sthef
amousseapor
tofI
ran.
31. Ri
odeJaner
ioi
sthef
amousseapor
tofBr
azi
l
.
32. Tot
alar
eaofPaki
stani
s796095.
33. Paki
stani
slocat
edbet
ween2330’
Nto37Nand61Et
o7530’
E.
34. Hei
ghtofK-
2is28250f
eet
.
35. Hi
ghestpeakofHi
mal
ayasi
sNangaPar
bat
.
36. I
nduswat
ert
reat
ywassi
gnedi
n1960bet
weenI
ndi
aandPaki
stan.
37. Mangl
adam i
sconst
ruct
edonr
iverJhel
um.
38. Lengt
hofcommonbor
derbet
weenPaki
stanandI
rani
s905Km.
39. Dr
iestpl
aceofPaki
stani
sNokundi
Bal
ochi
stan.
40. Hi
ghestpl
aceofsal
trangei
sSakesar
.
41. Babusarpassconnect
sAbbot
tabadandGi
l
git
.

GoodLuck!
 50

42. Lawar
ipassconnect
sdi
randChi
tr
al.
43. Hi
ghestpeakofSul
emanr
angei
sknownasTakht
-e-
Sul
eman.
44. Dar
gai
passconnect
sMar
danandMal
akand.
45. LakeSai
ful
Mal
uki
ssi
tuat
edi
nKaghanv
all
ey.
46. Hamun-
e-Mashkel
ist
hel
argestdr
ylakeofBal
ochi
stan.
47. Ri
verKabul
flowsf
rom Af
ghani
stanandj
oinsI
ndusatAt
tock.
48. War
sakdam i
sconst
ruct
edonr
iverKabul
.
49. Sukharbar
ragei
sconst
ruct
edonr
iverI
ndus.
50. Seaf
ront
ageofPaki
stani
s1046Km.
51. Si
rCr
eeki
ssi
tuat
edi
ntheSout
hEastofKar
achi
.
52. I
rani
ssur
roundedont
henor
thbycaspi
ansea.
53. I
ranconsi
stsof30pr
ovi
nces.
54. I
ndi
aiscompr
ised28st
atesand7Uni
ont
err
it
ori
es.
55. Tot
alnumberofpr
ovi
ncesofChi
nai
s22.
56. Af
ghani
stanconsi
stsof34pr
ovi
nces.
57. Rav
iist
heshor
testr
iverofPaki
stan.
58. Onwhi
chdayandwhi
chy
eardi
dAmer
icadecl
arei
tsel
fani
ndependentcount
ry?4t
h
Jul
y1776
59. Whi
chexpl
orerdi
scov
eredt
hesea-
rout
etoI
ndi
abyr
oundi
ngt
heCapeofGoodHope?
VascodeGama

60. Whi
chU.
SPr
esi
dentwasassassi
nat
edi
n1865?Abr
aham Li
ncol
n
61. Whi
chi
slongert
heDanubeorVol
gar
iver
?Vol
ga
62. Thel
argestmuseum i
nthewor
ldi
stheAmer
icanMuseum ofNat
ural
Hist
ory
.
63. Thel
owestmount
ainr
angei
nthewor
ldi
stheBuenaBhai
l
e.
64. Thecount
ryknownast
heLandofCakesi
sScot
land.
65. Thepl
aceknownast
heGar
denofEngl
andi
sKent
.
66. Theol
dnameofTai
wanwasFar
mosa.
67. Mont
real
issi
tuat
edont
hebankofRi
verOt
tawa.
68. Theci
tyofBonni
sinGer
many
.
69. Thet
it
leofDeser
tFoxwasgi
vent
oFi
eldMar
shal
Erwi
nRommel
.
70. Thel
argestai
rpor
tint
hewor
ldi
stheKi
ngKhal
i
dInt
ernat
ional
Air
por
t,Saudi
Arabi
a.
71. Thel
argestbayi
nthewor
ldi
sHudsonBay
,Canada.
72. Thel
argestpeni
nsul
aint
hewor
ldi
sAr
abi
a.

GoodLuck!
 51

73. Thel
argestgul
fint
hewor
ldi
sGul
fofMexi
co.
74. Thel
argestr
ail
wayt
unnel
int
hewor
ldi
stheOshi
mizuTunnel
,Japan.
75. Thewor
ld'
slonel
i
esti
slandi
stheTr
ist
andacunha.
76. Adol
fHi
tl
erwasbor
ninAust
ri
a.
77. Thecount
rywhoseNat
ional
Ant
hem hasonl
ymusi
cbutnowor
dsi
sBahr
ain.
78. Thel
argestci
nemai
nthewor
ldi
stheFoxt
heat
re,
Det
roi
t,USA.
79. Thecount
rywher
ether
ear
enoCi
nemat
heat
resi
sSaudi
Arabi
a.
80. Theci
tywhi
chwast
hecapi
tal
oft
heanci
entPer
sianEmpi
rewasPer
sepol
i
s.
81. WHO(
Wor
ldHeal
thOr
gani
zat
ion)i
slocat
edatGenev
a.
82. FAOi
slocat
edatRomeandLondon.
83. UNI
DOst
andsf
orUni
tedNat
ionsI
ndust
ri
alDev
elopmentOr
gani
zat
ion.
84. UNI
DOi
slocat
edatVi
enna.
85. WMOst
andsf
orWor
ldMet
eor
ologi
cal
Organi
zat
ion.
86. WMOi
slocat
edatGenev
a.
87. I
nter
nat
ional
Civ
ilAv
iat
ionOr
gani
zat
ioni
slocat
edatMont
real
.
88. TheAngel
Fal
l
sisl
ocat
edi
nVenezuel
a.
89. TheVi
ctor
iaFal
l
sisl
ocat
edi
nRhodesi
a.
90. Theaer
opl
aneswer
eusedi
nwarf
ort
hef
ir
stt
imebyI
tal
i
ans.(
14Oct
.1911)
91. Sl
aver
yinAmer
icawasabol
i
shedbyAbr
aham Li
ncol
n.
92. Thef
amousI
slandl
ocat
edatt
hemout
hoft
heHudsonRi
veri
sManhat
tan.
93. Thecount
rywher
emi
l
itar
yser
vicei
scompul
sor
yforwomeni
sIsr
ael
.
94. Thef
amouspai
nti
ng'
MonaLi
sa'
isdi
spl
ayedatLouv
remuseum,
Par
is.
95. Theear
li
ernamef
ort
omat
owasLov
eappl
e.
96. Thef
ir
stPr
esi
dentofUSAwasGeor
geWashi
ngt
on.
97. Thef
amouswor
ds'
Veni
Vidi
Vici
'wer
esai
dbyJul
i
usCaesar
.
98. Thenumberofcount
ri
eswhi
chpar
ti
cipat
edi
nthef
ir
stOl
ympi
cGameshel
dat
At
hens wasni
ne.
99. Mer
cur
yisal
soknownasQui
ckSi
l
ver
.
100. Thecount
rywhi
chbui
l
tthef
ir
stpower
ful
longr
anger
ocket
sisGer
many
.
101. Thel
argestt
empl
eint
hewor
ldi
sAngkorWati
nKampuchea.
102. Thel
argestst
rai
tint
hewor
ldi
sTar
tarSt
rai
t.
103. TheMohenj
o-Dar
orui
nsar
efoundi
nLar
kanaDi
str
ictofSi
nd,
Paki
stan.
104. Thel
argestci
tyofAf
ri
cai
sCai
ro.
105. TheKal
ahar
iDeser
tisl
ocat
edi
nAf
ri
ca.

GoodLuck!
 52

106. ThePat
agoni
andeser
tisl
ocat
edi
nAr
gent
ina.
107. Themostdensel
ypopul
atedI
slandi
nthewor
ldi
sHonshu.
108. Thet
wonat
ionsHai
tiandt
heDomi
nionRepubl
i
ctoget
herf
ormt
heI
slandofHi
spani
ola.
109. Thel
argestaut
opr
oduceri
ntheUSAi
sGener
alMot
ors.
110. Thel
argestaut
opr
oduci
ngnat
ioni
sJapan.
111. Thef
ir
stcount
ryt
oissuest
ampswasBr
it
ain.
112. ThePent
agoni
slocat
edatWashi
ngt
onDC.
113. Thewor
ld'
slar
gestcarmanuf
act
uri
ngcompanyi
sGener
alMot
ors,
USA.
114. Thewor
ld'
sbi
ggestmanuf
act
urerofbi
cycl
esi
sHer
ocy
cles,
Ludhi
ana.
115. Thewor
ld'
sol
destunder
groundr
ail
wayi
satLondon.
116. TheWhi
teHousewaspai
ntedwhi
tet
ohi
def
ir
edamage.
117. Thel
argestoi
lpr
oduci
ngnat
ioni
nAf
ri
cai
sNi
ger
ia.
118. Thel
ongestr
iveri
nRussi
aandEur
opei
sVol
gaRi
ver
.
119. Thef
ir
stEmper
orofGer
manywasWi
l
hel
m.
120. Thel
astFr
enchMonar
chwasLoui
sNapol
eonI
II
.
121. "
Hist
oryi
sBunk"wassai
dbyHenr
yFor
d.
122. Thet
erm'
ast
rol
ogy
'li
ter
all
ymeansSt
arSpeech.
123. Togoi
ssi
tuat
edi
nAf
ri
ca.
124. Coal
isal
soknownasBl
ackDi
amond.
125. Thef
ir
str
ulerwhost
art
edwargamesf
orhi
ssol
dier
swasGenghi
sKhan.
126. Thel
i
ght
estknownmet
ali
sLi
thi
um.
127. TheAt
acamaDeser
tisl
ocat
edi
nNor
thChi
l
e.
128. Thef
ounderofUSAwasGeor
geWashi
ngt
on.
129. Thechemi
cal
nameofl
aughi
nggasi
sNi
tr
ousoxi
de.
130. ThePaki
stani
Presi
dentwhodi
edi
nanai
rcr
ashwasZi
a-ul
-Huq.
131. TheI
nter
nat
ional
cour
tofJust
icei
slocat
edi
nHague,
Hol
l
and.
132. Theheadquar
ter
sofWor
ldBanki
slocat
edatWashi
ngt
onDC.
133. Theol
destr
esi
dent
ial
uni
ver
sit
yofBr
it
aini
stheOxf
ordUni
ver
sit
y.
134. Thenameoft
hel
argecl
ockont
het
oweroft
heHouseofPar
li
amenti
nLondoni
scal
l
ed
Bi
gBen.
135. Pr
adoMuseum i
slocat
edi
nMadr
id.
136. Thenumberofkey
sinanor
dinar
ypi
anoi
sEi
ght
yei
ght
.
137. TheKi
l
imanj
arov
olcanoi
ssi
tuat
edi
nTanzani
a.
138. Thei
nvent
iont
hati
sconsi
der
edt
ohav
ebui
l
tAmer
icai
sDy
nami
te.

GoodLuck!
 53

139. Whi
chcount
rydecl
aresi
ndependenceon18t
hFeb2008?-Kosov
o.
140. Whati
sthesci
ent
if
icnameofVi
tami
nC?-Ascor
bicAci
d
141. Whati
sthef
ull
for
m ofGPRS?-Gener
alPacketRadi
oSer
vice
142. Whi
chwast
hef
ir
stuni
ver
sit
yest
abl
i
shedi
nthewor
ld?-Nal
andaUni
ver
sit
y
143. Thef
ir
stPr
imemi
nist
erofBangl
adeshwasMuj
i
burRehman
144. Thel
ongestr
iveri
nthewor
ldi
stheNi
l
e
145. Thel
ongesthi
ghwayi
nthewor
ldi
stheTr
ans–Canada
146. Thel
ongesthi
ghwayi
nthewor
ldhasal
engt
hof8000Kms
147. Thehi
ghestmount
aini
nthewor
ldi
stheEv
erest
148. Thecount
ryt
hataccount
sfornear
lyonet
hir
doft
het
otalt
eakpr
oduct
ionoft
he
wor
ldi
sisMy
anmar
149. Thebi
ggestdeser
tint
hewor
ldi
stheSahar
aDeser
t
150. Thel
argestcof
feegr
owi
ngcount
ryi
nthewor
ldi
sBr
azi
l
151. Thecount
ryal
soknownas"
count
ryofCopper
"isZambi
a
152. Thenamegi
vent
othebor
derwhi
chsepar
atesPaki
stanandAf
ghani
stani
s
Dur
andLi
ne.
153. Ther
iverVol
gaf
lowsouti
ntot
heCaspi
anSea.
154. Thecol
destpl
aceont
heear
thi
sVer
koy
anski
nSi
ber
ia.
155. Thecount
rywhi
chr
ankssecondi
nter
msofl
andar
eai
sCanada.
156. Thel
argestI
slandi
ntheMedi
ter
raneanseai
sSi
cil
y.
157. Ther
iverJor
danf
lowsouti
ntot
heDeadSea.

158. Thebi
ggestdel
tai
nthewor
ldi
stheSunder
bans

159. Thecapi
tal
cit
ythatst
andsont
her
iverDanubei
sBel
grade
160. TheJapanesecal
lthei
rcount
ryasNi
ppon

161. Thel
engt
hoft
heEngl
i
shchannel
is564Kms
162. Thewor
ld'
sol
destknownci
tyi
sDamascus.
163. Theci
tywhi
chi
sal
soknownast
heCi
tyofCanal
sisVeni
ce.
164. Thecount
ryi
nwhi
chr
iverWangchuf
lowsi
sMy
anmar
165. Thebi
ggestI
slandoft
hewor
ldi
sGr
eenl
and
166. Theci
tywhi
chi
sthebi
ggestcent
ref
ormanuf
act
ureofaut
omobi
l
esi
nthewor
ld

GoodLuck!
 54

i
sDet
roi
t,
USA
167. TheCt
ywhi
chi
slar
gestpr
oducerofmanganesei
nthewor
ldi
sUSA
168. Thecount
rywhi
chi
sthel
argestpr
oducerofr
ubberi
nthewor
ldi
sMal
aysi
a.
169. Thecount
rywhi
chi
sthel
argestpr
oduceroft
ini
nthewor
ldi
sMal
aysi
a.
170. The r
iverwhi
ch car
ri
es maxi
mum quant
it
y ofwat
eri
ntot
he sea i
sthe
Mi
ssi
ssi
ppi
.
171. Theci
tywhi
chwasoncecal
l
edt
he`
For
biddenCi
ty'
wasPeki
ng.
172. Thecount
rycal
l
edt
heLandofRi
singSuni
sJapan.
173. MountEv
erestwasnamedaf
terSi
rGeor
geEv
erest
.
174. Thev
olcanoVesuv
iusi
slocat
edi
nIt
aly
.
175. Thecount
ryknownast
heSugarBowl
oft
hewor
ldi
sCuba.
176. Thel
engt
hoft
heSuezCanal
is162.
5Kms.
177. Thel
owestpoi
ntonear
thi
sthecoast
alar
eaofDeadSea.
178. TheGur
khasar
etheor
igi
nal
inhabi
tant
sofNepal
.
179. Thel
argestoceanoft
hewor
ldi
sthePaci
fi
cOcean.
180. Thel
argestbel
li
nthewor
ldi
stheTsarKol
kol
atKr
eml
i
n,Moscow.
181. Thewor
ld'
slar
gestdi
amondpr
oduci
ngcount
ryi
sSout
hAf
ri
ca.
182. Aust
ral
i
awasdi
scov
eredbyJamesCook.
183. Thef
ir
stGov
ernorGener
alofPaki
stani
sMuhammadAl
iJi
nnah.
184. Dubl
i
nissi
tuat
edatt
hemout
hofr
iverLi
ff
ey.
185. Theear
li
ernameofNewYor
kci
tywasNewAmst
erdam.
186. TheEi
fel
towerwasbui
l
tbyAl
exanderEi
ff
el.
187. TheRedCr
osswasf
oundedbyJeanHenr
iDur
ant
.
188. Thecount
rywhi
chhast
hegr
eat
estpopul
ati
ondensi
tyi
sMonaco.
189. Thenat
ional
flowerofBr
it
aini
sRose.
190. Thenat
ional
flowerofChi
nai
sNar
cissus.
191. Theper
manentsecr
etar
iatoft
heSAARCi
slocat
edatKhat
mandu.
192. Thegat
ewayt
otheGul
fofI
rani
sSt
rai
tofHor
muz.
193. Thef
ir
stI
ndust
ri
alRev
olut
iont
ookpl
acei
nEngl
and.
t
h
194. Wor
ldEnv
ironmentDayi
sobser
vedon5 June.
195. Thef
ir
stRepubl
i
canPr
esi
dentofAmer
icawasAbr
aham Li
ncol
n.

GoodLuck!
 55

196. Thecount
ryf
amousf
orSambadancei
sBr
azi
l
.
197. Si
ngapor
ewasf
oundedbySi
rThomasSt
amf
ordRaf
fl
es.
198. Theear
li
ernameofSr
iLankawasCey
lon.
199. TheUNOwasf
ormedi
nthey
ear1945.
200. UNOst
andsf
orUni
tedNat
ionsOr
gani
zat
ions.
t
h
201. Thei
ndependencedayofSout
hKor
eai
scel
ebr
atedon15 August
.
202. `
LastJudgement
'wast
hef
ir
stpai
nti
ngofanI
tal
i
anpai
nternamedMi
chel
angel
o.
203. Par
adi
seRegai
nedwaswr
it
tenbyJohnMi
l
ton.
204. Thef
ir
stPr
esi
dentofEgy
ptwasMohammedNequi
b.
205. Thef
ir
stmant
oreachNor
thPol
ewasRearPear
y.
206. Themostf
amouspai
nti
ngofPabl
oPi
cassowasGuer
mica.
207. Thepr
imar
ypr
oducerofnewspr
inti
nthewor
ldi
sCanada.
208. Thef
ir
stexpl
orert
oreacht
heSout
hPol
ewasCapRonal
dAmundson.
209. Theper
sonwhoi
scal
l
edt
hef
atherofmoder
nIt
alyi
sSGar
ibal
di.
t
h
210. Wor
ldl
i
ter
acydayi
scel
ebr
atedon8 Sep.
211. Thef
ounderofmoder
nGer
manyi
sBi
smar
ck.
212. Thecount
ryknownast
hel
andoft
hemi
dni
ghtsuni
sNor
way
.
213. Thepl
aceknownast
heRoofoft
hewor
ldi
sTi
bet
.
214. Thef
ounderoft
heChi
neseRepubl
i
cwasSanYatSen.
215. Thef
ir
stPaki
stani
tor
ecei
vet
heNobel
Pri
zewasAbdul
Sal
am
216. Thef
ir
stwomanPr
imeMi
nist
erofBr
it
ainwasMar
gar
etThat
cher
.
217. Thef
ir
stSecr
etar
yGener
aloft
heUNOwasTr
ygv
eLi
e.
218. Thescul
ptoroft
hest
atueofLi
ber
tywasFr
eder
ickAugust
eBar
thol
di.
219. Thepor
tofBakui
ssi
tuat
edi
nAzer
bai
j
an.
220. JohnFKennedywasassassi
nat
edbyLeeHar
ryOswal
d.
221. Thel
argestr
iveri
nFr
ancei
sLor
e.
222. Thef
ir
stnegr
otobeawar
dedt
heNobel
PeacePr
izewasRal
phJohnsonBunche.
223. Thepr
inci
pal
expor
tofJamai
cai
sSugar
.
224. NewYor
kispopul
arl
yknownast
heci
tyofSky
scr
apper
s.
225. Madagascari
spopul
arl
yknownast
heI
slandofCl
oves.
226. Thecount
ryknownast
heLandofWhi
teEl
ephanti
sThai
l
and.

GoodLuck!
 56

227. Thecount
ryknownast
heLandofMor
ningCal
misKor
ea.
228. Thecount
ryknownast
heLandofThunder
bol
tsi
sBhut
an.
229. Thehi
ghestwat
erf
all
sint
hewor
ldi
stheSal
toAngel
Fal
l
s,Venezuel
a.
230. Ni
cknameofNewYor
kci
tyi
sBi
gAppl
e.
231. I
nwhi
chspor
tdopl
ayer
stakel
ongandshor
tcor
ner
s?Hockey
232. Whowast
hey
oungestPr
esi
dentoft
heUSA?Theodor
eRoosev
elt
233. Wor
ld’
slar
gestsal
tlake Caspi
an (
LakeGenev
a,LakeSuper
ior
,LakeOnt
ari
o,
Caspi
anSea,
Aral
Sea,
LakeChad)
.
234. Wor
ld’
slongestr
iverNi
l
e(Amazon,
Nil
e,
Indus,
Missi
ssi
ppi
,Rhi
ne,
Vol
ga)
.
235. Wor
ld’
ssecondhi
ghestmount
ainK2(
Lhot
se,
3Kanchenj
unga,
Godwi
nAust
en(
K
2)
, NangaPar
bat
,Makal
u).
236. Wor
ld’
slar
gestocean PACI
FICOCEAN.
237. Wor
ld’
slar
gestdeser
tSahar
a(Gobi
,Kal
ahar
i,Thar
,Sahar
a).
238. Nar
rowpor
ti
onofSeaSt
ret
chi
ngdeepi
ntot
hel
andi
scal
l
edGul
f.
239. Bear
ingst
rai
tli
nksPaci
fi
cOceanwi
thAt
lant
icOcean.
240. St
rai
tofMal
accal
i
nksI
ndi
anOceanwi
thPaci
fi
cOcean.
241. Tot
alar
eaoft
heear
thi
s510mi
l
li
onsqkm.
242. Al
tai
mount
ainsar
elocat
edi
nMor
occo.
243. Tangany
kal
akei
ssi
tuat
edont
hebor
derofdemocr
ati
crepubl
i
cofCongo and
Tanzani
a.
244. NangaPar
bati
shi
ghestpeakofHi
mal
ayasmount
ainsi
nPaki
stan.
245. Thel
ongestr
iveroft
hewor
ldi
sNi
l
e.
246. Thel
argestr
iveroft
hewor
ldi
sAmazon.
247. St
rai
tofHor
muzl
i
nksPer
sianGul
fwi
thGul
fofOman.
248. Maur
it
iusI
slandsar
esi
tuat
edi
nIndi
anOcean.
249. Nor
thPol
eofear
thi
soccupi
edbyAr
cti
cocean.
250. ThePami
rsar
eal
soknownasRoofoft
hewor
ld.
251. ThecapeRout
econnect
sLondonandFr
eet
own.
252. Al
exandr
iai
sthef
amousseapor
tofEgy
pt.
253. Smal
lestPl
anetofSol
arsy
stem i
sknownasMer
cry
.
254. Tor
resst
rai
tconnect
sNewGui
neawi
thAust
ral
i
a.

GoodLuck!
 57

255. SuezCanal
li
nksRedSeawi
thMedi
ter
ranen.
256. BandarAbbasi
sthef
amousseapor
tofI
ran.
257. Ri
odeJaner
ioi
sthef
amousseapor
tofBr
azi
l
.
258. Tot
alar
eaofPaki
stan796095.
259. Paki
stani
slocat
edbet
ween2330’
Nto37Nand61Et
o7530’
E.
260. Hei
ghtofK-
2is28250f
eet
.
261. Hi
ghestpeakofHi
mal
ayasi
sNangaPar
bat
.
262. I
nduswat
ert
reat
ywassi
gnedi
n1960bet
weenI
ndi
aandPaki
stan.
263. Mangl
adam i
sconst
ruct
edonr
iverJhel
um.
264. Lengt
hofcommonbor
derbet
weenPaki
stanandI
rani
s805Km.
265. Dr
iestpl
aceofPaki
stani
nsNokundi
Bal
ochi
stan.
266. Hi
ghestpl
aceofsal
trangei
sSakesar
.
267. Babusarpassconnect
sAbbot
tabadandGi
l
git
.
268. Lawar
ipassconnect
sdi
randChi
tr
al.
269. Hi
ghestpeakofSul
emanr
angei
sknownasTakht
-e-
Sul
eman.
270. Dar
gai
passconnect
sMar
danandMal
akand.
271. LakeSai
ful
Mal
uki
ssi
tuat
edi
nKaghanv
all
ey.
272. Hamun-
e-Makhkel
ist
hel
argestdr
ylakeofBal
ochi
stan.
273. Ri
verKabul
flowsf
rom Af
ghani
stanandj
oinsI
ndusatAt
tock.
274. War
sakdam i
sconst
ruct
edonKabul
.
275. Sukharbar
ragei
sconst
ruct
edonr
iverI
ndus.
276. Si
rCr
eeki
ssi
tuat
edi
ntheSout
hEastofKar
achi
.
277. I
rani
ssur
roundedont
henor
thbyCaspi
ansea.
278. I
ranconsi
stsof30Pr
ovi
nces.
279. I
ndi
aiscompr
ised28st
ates.
280. Tot
alnumberofpr
ovi
ncesofChi
nai
s22.
281. Af
ghani
stanconsi
stsof34pr
ovi
nces.
282. Ravi
ist
heshor
testr
iverofPaki
stan.
283. Pami
rknotconnect
sKunl
unShan,
TienShanandHi
nduKush.
284. Gaspr
om i
sRussi
anEner
gyGi
ant
.
285. Ar
abLeaguecompr
isedof22Nat
ions.

GoodLuck!
 58

286. EhudOl
mer
tist
hePM ofI
srael
.
287. MosheKat
sav– exI
sraelPr
esi
dentr
esi
gnedduet
othechar
gesofsexual
cr
imes.
288. Wor
ldbankl
aunchedf
ir
stel
ect
roni
cnewsl
ett
erknownase-
Newsl
ett
er.
289. EastTi
morhas55seat
sinPar
li
ament
.
290. 40%ofpat
ienti
nPaki
stansuf
ferf
rom wat
erbor
ndi
seases.
291. Chi
nai
sthel
argestwheatpr
oduci
ngcount
ryi
nwor
ld.
292. The l
atestamendmentmade i
nthe const
it
uti
on ofPaki
stan i
s known as
Ei
ght
eent
hAmendment
.
293. I
magi
nar
yli
nesdr
awnf
rom nor
thPl
etoSout
hPol
ear
eknownasl
ati
tudes. T
294. Maur
it
iusI
slandsar
esi
tuat
edi
nPaci
fi
cOcean. F(
Indi
anOcean)
t
h
295. 38 Par
all
elsepar
atesNor
thKor
eaf
orm Sout
hKor
ea. T
296. BaypfBi
scayi
sthei
mpbayofAt
lant
icOcean. T
297. Hai
tii
sthei
mpI
slandofPaci
fi
cOcean. F(
Car
ibbean)
298. Hudsonbayi
ssi
tuat
edi
nthenor
thofCanada. T
299. Ti
ti
cacai
sthei
mpl
akeofAr
gent
ina. F(
Locatbor
derofPer
uand
Bol
i
via)
300. Appal
achi
anMount
ainsar
elocat
edi
nUSA. T
301. Col
oradoPl
ateaui
slocat
edi
nCanada. F(
Amer
ica)
302. Sal
weeni
sthei
mpr
iverofThai
l
and. T
303. Takl
aMakandeser
tissi
tuat
einTur
key
. F(
Chi
na)
304. Dasht–e-Kav
iri
sthei
mpdeserofYemen. F(
Ir
an)
305. Sout
hPol
eofear
thi
soccupi
edbywat
er. F(
Ice)
306. Rhi
nei
sthei
mpr
iverofGer
many
. T
307. Gr
eatDi
vi
dingRangi
slocat
edi
nAust
ral
i
a. T
308. Khunj
rabpassconnect
sPaki
stanwi
thcent
ral
Asi
anst
ates. T
309. Tor
resst
rai
tconnect
snewGui
neawi
thAust
ral
i
a. T
310. SuezCanal
li
nksRedSeawi
thMedi
ter
ranean. T
311. Hei
ghtofMtEv
erest29028f
eet
. F(29029f
t)
312. Amazonr
iverout
fl
owi
nPaci
fi
cocean. T
313. Thet
otal
lengt
hofI
PIgasPi
pel
i
nePr
ojecti
s2300km. T

GoodLuck!
 59

314. Nor
thKor
eahadnotshutdowni
tsnucl
earr
eact
or. F
315. I
ndi
awi
l
ldepl
oyi
tsMI
-17andMI
G-29i
nTaj
i
kist
an. T
316. YEMYI
Nwasadev
ast
ati
ngcy
clonewhi
chcausedal
ossofmi
l
li
onofr
upeesi
n
Paki
stan T
317. Khar
toum i
sthecapi
tal
ofSudan. T
318. Ki
ngZahi
rShahofAf
ghani
standi
edatanageof92. T
319. Si
rtom Dav
iswast
hePr
esi
dentofCookI
slands. F
320. I
nPaki
stanonl
y60%hav
eanaccesst
ocl
eandr
inki
ngwat
er. F
321. St
affGr
affwont
her
ecor
dWi
mbl
edonWomenSi
ngl
eti
ti
lesF
322. Tot
alnumberofdi
str
ict
sinPaki
stani
s111 F
323. Et
isal
atpur
chased26%shar
esofPTCL. T
324. Si
tar
e-i
-Jur
ati
sthehi
ghestmi
l
itar
yawar
d. F
t
h
325. Saddam Hussai
nwashangeddeat
hon30 Dec2006. T
326. Enci
rcl
etheCor
rectAnswer

a. Euphr
atesandTi
gri
sar
etheI
mpRi
ver
sof
:
(
1) I
raq
(
2) Tur
key
(
3) I
ran

b. LakeAr
ali
ssi
tuat
edi
n:
(
1) Kazakhst
an
(
2) Tur
kmeni
stan
(
3) Russi
a
c. Kal
ahar
iDeser
tisLocat
edI
n:
(
1) Uganda
(
2) Bot
swana
(
3) Rwanda
d. Congoi
sthef
amousr
iverof
:
(
1) Congo
GoodLuck!
 60

(
2) Democr
ati
cRepubl
i
cofCongo
(
3) Bur
undi
e. l
akeVi
ctor
iai
ssi
tuat
edi
nthecont
inentof
:
(
1) Af
ri
ca
(
2) Eur
ope
(
3) Nor
thAmer
ica
f
. Mur
rayandDar
li
ngar
etheI
mpRi
ver
sof
:
(
1) Aust
ral
i
a
(
2) NewZeal
and
(
3) Romani
a

GoodLuck!
 61

g. St
rai
tofGi
bral
tarl
i
nks:
(
1) Medi
ter
raneanSeaandAt
lant
icOcean.
(
2) I
ndi
anOceanandMedi
ter
raneanSea.
(
3) Paci
fi
cOceanandMedi
ter
raneanSea.
h. Amazoni
sthei
mpr
iverof
:
(
1) Br
azi
l
(
2) Ar
gent
ina
(
3) Col
ombi
a
i
. AndamanandNi
cobarI
slandsar
esi
tuat
edi
n:
(
1) I
ndi
anOcean
(
2) Paci
fi
cOcean
(
3) At
lant
icOcean
j
. Py
reneesmount
ainsar
elocat
edi
n:
(
1) Russi
a
(
2) Spai
n
(
3) Sweden
k. Bal
kansmount
ainsar
elocat
edi
n:
(
1) Bul
gar
ia
(
2) I
tal
y
(
3) Spai
n
l
. Gobi
deser
tisl
ocat
edi
n:
(
1) Mongol
i
a
(
2) Russi
a
(
3) Af
ghani
stan
m. Deadseai
slocat
edbet
ween:
(
1) Jor
donandSy
ria
(
2) Jor
donandI
srael

GoodLuck!
62

GoodLuck!
 63

n. Ber
ingSeaSepar
ates:
(
1) Asi
afr
om Amer
ica
(
2) Asi
afr
om Eur
ope
(
3) Asi
afr
om Af
ri
ca
o. El
bruzmount
ainsar
elocat
edi
n:
(
1) I
ran
(
2) I
raq
(
3) Af
ghani
stan
p. K-
IIMi
rist
hehi
ghestpeakof
:
(
1) Hi
ndKushMt
ns
(
2) Kar
akor
am Mt
ns
(
3) Hi
mal
ayas
q. LongestRi
veroft
heWor
ldi
s:
(
1) Ni
l
e
(
2) Amazon
(
3) Hwang-
ho
r
. AndesMount
ainsar
elocat
edi
n:
(
1) Af
ri
ca
(
2) Nor
thAmer
ica
(
3) Sout
hAmer
ica
s. Vol
gai
sthel
ongestRi
verof
:
(
1) Eur
ope
(
2) Sout
hAmer
ica
(
3) Af
ri
ca
t
. LakeLadogai
ssi
tuat
edi
n:
(
1) Russi
a
(
2) Sweden

GoodLuck!
 64

(
3) Fi
nland
u. The‘
Midni
ghtSun’
isaphenomenonof
:
(
1) Thenor
ther
npor
ti
onofAr
cti
cCi
rcl
e
(
2) Theent
ir
eAr
cti
cci
rcl
e
(
3) TheAnt
arct
icCi
rcl
e
v
. TheTheor
yofCont
inent
alDr
if
twasf
ir
stgi
venby
:
(
1) Al
fr
edWegener
(
2) Wer
nerHei
senber
g
(
3) Wi
l
hel
m Roent
gen
w. Pwav
esi
sat
erm associ
atedwi
th:
(
1) Oceans
(
2) Ear
thquakes
(
3) Wi
nd
x. Whi
choft
hesei
sthemostpr
edomi
nanti
nthecomposi
ti
onofat
mospher
e:
(
1) Oxy
gen
(
2) Ni
tr
ogen
(
3) Wat
erVapour
y
. Whi
choft
hef
oldoesnotf
orm par
toft
heEar
th’
sat
mospher
e:
(
1) Li
thospher
e
(
2) Tr
opospher
e
(
3) Mesospher
e
z. Theozonel
ayerpl
aysr
olef
oror
gani
cli
feear
th:
(
1) Benef
ici
al
(
2) Har
mful
(
3) Nat
ural
aa. Whi
choft
hef
oli
snotaf
act
ori
ndet
ermi
ningcl
i
mat
e:
(
1) Longi
tude

GoodLuck!
 65

(
2) SnowLi
ne
(
3) Al
ti
tude
I
NTLORG

1. Uni
tedNat
ions. 24Oct4550Member
snow192.
a.Secr
etar
iat
. Di
rect
orat
eofUNOps.HQSt
affof4730.Wor
ksunderSG.
b.GenAssy
.Wor
ld’
sfor
um f
ordi
scussi
ngmat
ter
saf
fect
ingpeaceandsecur
it
y.
191member
s.
c.Securi
tyCouncil
.Primaryi
nstrforesbandmaintinlpeace.Permit
tedt
osen
UNf or
est opaggressi
on.15member s.5xpermanent,10elect
edbyGenassy
for2xyrs.Ninevotemajori
tyreqfordecisi
on.
d.ECOandSoci
alCounci
l
. 54memberf
or30y
rsel
ect
edbyGenAssy
.

2. Agenci
esoft
heUN
a. I
LO - I
ntl
LabourOr
g.
b. FAO - FoodandAgr
iOr
gofUN.
c. I
MESCO - UNEdu,
Sci
ent
if
icandCul
tur
alOr
g.
d. WHO - Wor
ldHeal
thOr
g.
e. WB - Wor
ldBank.
f
. I
MF - I
ntel
Monet
aryFund.
g. I
CAO - I
ntl
CivAv
iat
ionOr
g.
h. UPU - Uni
ver
sal
Post
alUni
on.
i
. I
TU - I
ntl
Tel
ecomm Uni
on.
j
. WMO. - Wor
ldMetOr
g.
k. I
MO - I
ntl
Mar
it
imeOr
g.
l
. WI
PO - Wor
ldI
ntel
l
ect
ual
Proper
tyOr
g.
m. I
FAD - I
ntl
Fundf
orAgr
iDev
.
n. UNI
DO - UNI
ndust
ri
alDevOr
g.
o. LAEA - I
ntl
Atomi
cEner
gyAgency
.

GoodLuck!
 66

p. WTO - Wor
ldTr
adeOr
g.
I
NTLORGS
1. ADB. AsianDevBank.1996,
27r
egional
and14Non
regi
onalMembers.HQMani
la.
2. APEC. Asi
anPaci
fi
cECOCoop.1989-
18members.
FreeTradei
nmembersby2030.
3. Al
ArabLeague. Mar1945,
22member
sHQCai
ro.
4. ACCAr
abCoopCounci
l
. 1989HQAmman.
5. ASEAN. Associ
ati
onofSoutheastnat
ions1967.
Bangkok.9membersHQJakar t
a.
6. ASPAC. Asi
anandPaci
fi
cCounci
l
.1966.9xmember
s
7. AMOEC. Af
ri
canMal
agasyOr
gforEcoCoop.
8. CACM. CenAmer
icanCommonmar
ket
.
9. CARI
COM. Car
ibbeanCommuni
tyandCommonMar
ket
.
10. Col
omboPl
an. 1951,
26Member
sHQCol
ombo.
11. CommonWeal
th. 1931.
UKAustandNZ.
53member
sHQLondon
12. Counci
lofEur
ope. 1949.
34member
s.HQSt
rasbour
g(Fr
ance)
13. CI
S. Commonweal
thofI
ndependentSt
ates.1991.
12CARmembersinclRussi
a.
14. CCTA. Commi
ssi
onf
orTechCoopi
nAf
ri
ca.
15. D8. Dev
elopi
ng8.Jan97I st
anbul.Bangladesh,
Egypt
,Indonesia,
Iran,
Mal ay
sia,Niger
ia,
Pak
andTur key.
16. EACSO. EastAf
ri
canCommonSv
cOr
g.
17. ECSC. Eur
opeanCoal
andSt
eel
communi
ty.
18. EURATOM. Eur
opeanAt
omi
cEner
gyCommuni
ty.
19. EU. Eur
opeanUni
on. 1994.
20. EFTA. Eur
opeanf
reeTr
adeAssoci
ati
on.
21. ECO. EcoCoopOr
g1985HQTehr
an.
22. FPDA. Fi
vePowerDevAr
rangement
.71

GoodLuck!
 67

23. GCC. Gul

fCoopCounci
l
.1981.6member
s.
24. G8. Gr
oupof8.1985Canada,France,
Ger
many
,
It
aly
,Japan,
Russia,UK&US.
25. G-
15. 1989.
26. I
OC. I
ndi
anOceanCommi
ssi
on.
27. I
CJ. I
ntl
Cour
tofJust
ice.Genev
a.
28. I
CRC. I
ntl
Commi
tt
eeofRedCr
oss
29. I
NTERPOL. I
ntl
Cri
minal
Pol
i
ceOr
g.
30. I
CFTU. I
ntl
conf
eder
ati
onoff
reeTr
adeUni
on.
31. I
EA. I
ntl
Int
lener
gyAgency
.
32. LAI
A. Lat
inAmer
icanI
ntegr
ati
onAssoci
ati
on.
33. NAM. Non-
Ali
gnedMov.1961.
Bal
grade.116
member
s.
34. NI
FTI
ER. Nor
thAmer
icanFr
eeTr
adeAgr
eement
.
35. OAS. Or
gofAmer
icanSbat
es.
36. AU. Or
gofAf
ri
canUni
ty.1963.
53member
s.
37. OPEC. Or
gofPetr
oleum Exper
ti
ngCount
ri
es.
1960.12
member
s.
38. OECS. Or
gofEasbem Car
ibbeanSt
ates.
39. OECS. Agencyf
orProhi
bit
ionofNucWpnsi
nlat
in
Ameri
ca.
40. OI
C. Or
gofI
slami
cConf.1969Rabat
.57member
s.
HQJeddah.
41. OSCE. Or
gforSecur
it
y&Coopi
nEur
ope.
42. Sout
hPaci
fi
cFor
um. 1971.
43. SADC. Sout
hAf
ri
caDevCommuni
ty.
44. SAARC. Sout
hAsianAssociati
onf orRegionalCoop.
1985.Dhaka.7member s.Bangladesh,
Bhutan,Indi
a,Mal di
ves.Nepal,
Paki
stan&Sr
i Lanka.HQKat mandu.
45. UDEAC. CenAf
ri
canCust
oms&EcoUni
on

GoodLuck!
 68

46. UMA. Maghr

ebAr
abUni
on.
47. NATO. Nor
thAt
lant
icTreatyOrg.194927member
s
HQBr ussel
s( Bel
gium).
PALESTI
NIAN ORGS
1. Fat
ah.
2. Fi
day
een.
3. FLP.Popul
arFr
ontf
orLi
ber
ati
onofPal
est
ine.
4. PLF.Pal
est
ineLi
ber
ati
onFr
ont
.
5. PLO.Pal
est
ineLi
ber
ati
onOr
g.
6. PNC.Pal
est
ineNat
ional
Congr
ess.
I
mpor
tantOr
gani
zat
ions
Ar
abLeague.
1. TheAr ab League,off
ici
all
ycall
ed t
heLeagueofAr ab Stat
es,isa regi
onal
organi
sat
ionofAr abst
atesinNor
thandNor
theastAf
ri
ca,andSouthwestAsi
a

2. I
twas formed in Cai
ro on 22 March 1945 with si
xmembers:Egypt,Ir
aq,
Tr
ansj
ordan(
renamedJordanafter1946)
, Lebanon,
SaudiAr
abi
a,andSy
ria.

3. Yemenj
oinedasamemberon5May1945.

4. Yemenj
oinedasamemberon5May1945.

5. Themai ngoalofthel eaguei sto"draw cl

osertherel
ati
onsbetweenmember
Stat
es and co-ordi
nat e collabor
ati
on between them,t o safeguard thei
r
i
ndependenceandsov ereignty
,andt oconsi
derinageneralwaytheaf f
air
sand
i
nterest
softheArabcount ri
es."

6. Throughinsti
tuti
onssuchast heArabLeagueEducational
,Cul
turalandSci
enti
fi
c
Organizati
on (ALESCO)and t he Economic and SocialCounciloft he Ar
ab
League'sCouncilofAr abEconomi cUnit
y(CAEU),t heArabLeaguef acil
i
tat
es
poli
tical
,economic,cul
tur
al,sci
ent
ifi
candsocialprogramsdesignedtopromote
theinter
estsoftheArabwor l
d

7. Eachmemberst at
ehasonev otei
ntheLeagueCounci
l
,whi
l
edeci
sionsar
e
bi
ndingonl
yfort
hosest
atest
hathav
evot
edfort
hem.

8. Theaimsofthel
eaguein1945weret
ostr
engt
henandcoor
dinat
et hepol
it
ical
,
cul
tur
al,
economi
c,andsoci
alpr
ogr
amsofi
tsmember
s,andt
omedi atedi
sputes

GoodLuck!
 69

amongt
hem orbet
weent
hem andt
hir
dpar
ti
es.

9. Fur
thermore,the si
gni
ng ofan agreementon JointDefense and Economi
c
Cooperat
ion on13 April1950 commit
ted t
hesignator
iesto coordi
nati
onof
mil
it
arydefensemeasures

Cent
ralTr
eatyOr
ganizat
ion
1. TheCent r
alTreat
yOr ganizat
ion(
alsoref
erredtoasCENTO,ori
ginalnamewas
Middl
eEastTreat
yOr gani
zati
onorMETO, alsoknownast
heBaghdadPact)was
adopt
edin1955byIran,Ir
aq,Paki
stan,
Turkey,andt
heUni
tedKi
ngdom.

2. Itwasdissolv
edin1979.U.S.pressur
eandpromisesofmili
taryandeconomic
aidwerekeyi nt
henegoti
ationsleadi
ngtot
heagr eement
,althought
heUnited
Statescoul
dnotini
ti
all
ypartici
pate"f
orpur
elytechni
calr
easonsofbudgeting
procedur
es."

3. I
n1958,t heUnit
edStatesjoi
nedthemi li
tarycommitt
eeoft
healli
ance.I
tis
gener
all
yviewedasoneofthel
eastsuccessfuloft
heCol
dWaral
li
ances.

4. The or
gani
zat
ion'
s headquar
ter
s wer
eini
ti
all
ylocat
ed i
n Baghdad (
Ir
aq)
1955–1958andAnkar
a(Tur
key
)1958–1979.Cy
pruswasal
so ani
mpor
tant
l
ocat
ionf
orCENTOduet
oit
sposi
ti
oni
ngwi
thi
ntheMi
ddl
eEastandt
heBr
it
ish
Sov
erei
gnBaseAr
eassi
tuat
edont
hei
sland.

Sout
heastAsi
aTr
eat
yOr
gani
zat
ion.

1. The Sout heast Asia Tr eat

y Organi
zat
ion (SEATO) was an i
nter
nat
ional
organizat
ionforcol l
ect
ivedefensewhi
chwassi gnedonSept
ember8,1954in
Manila
2. Thef ormalinst
it
utionofSEATOwasest abli
shedatameeti
ngoftr
eatypar
tner
s
i
nBangkoki nFebr uary1955.

3. Theorgani
zat
ion'
sheadquar
ter
swer
elocat
edi
nBangkok,Thai
l
and.SEATOwas
di
ssol
vedonJune30,1977

Commonweal
thofI
ndependentSt
ates

1. The Commonweal th ofIndependentStat

es (
CIS)isar egi
onalor
ganizat
ion
whosepar t
ici
pati
ngcountri
esar eformerSovi
etRepubl
i
cs,formedduri
ngt he
breakupoftheSovi
etUnion

2. TheCISi scomparabletoav erylooseassoci

ati
onofst at
esandi nnoway
comparabl
etoafederat
ion,
confeder
ati
onorsupra-
nat
ionalor
gani
sat
ionsuchas
theol
dEuropeanCommuni t
y.

GoodLuck!
 70

Eur
opeanUni
on.

1. TheEur
opeanUni
on(EU)i
saneconomicandpol
i
tical
uni
onof27memberst
ates
whi
charel
ocat
edpri
maril
yinEur
ope.

2. TheEUtracesit
sori
ginsfr
om theEur
opeanCoalandSt
eelCommunity(
ECSC)
andtheEuropeanEconomicCommunity(EEC)f
ormedbysixcount
ri
esinthe
1950s

3. TheMaast
ri
chtTr
eat
yest
abl
i
shedt
heEur
opeanUni
onunderi
tscur
rentnamei
n
1993.

4. The EU operat
es through a hybri
d sy
stem ofsupranati
onali
ndependent
i
nsti
tut
ionsandint
ergovernment
all
ymadedecisi
onsnegoti
atedbyt
hemember
st
ates

5. I
mpor t
antinsti
tut
ionsoftheEUincl
udetheEuropeanCommissi
on,t
heCounci
lof
theEuropeanUnion,theEuropeanCounci
l,t
heCourtofJust
iceoftheEur
opean
Union,
andt heEuropeanCentral
Bank

6. TheEur
opeanPar
li
amenti
sel
ect
edev
eryf
ivey
ear
sbyEUci
ti
zens

7. TheEUhasdev el
opedasingl
emarketthroughastandardi
sedsyst
em oflaws
whichappl
yinallmemberstatesi
ncl
udingt heabol
i
tionofpassportcont
rol
s
wit
hint
heSchengenar
ea.

8. A monetar
yunion,the eur
ozone,was est
abl
i
shed i
n 1999 and i
s cur
rent
ly
composedofsev
enteenmemberstates.

9. Throught
heCommonFor ei
gnandSecur
it
yPol
i
cyt
heEUhasdev
elopedal
i
mit
ed
rol
einext
ernal
rel
ati
onsanddef
ence

10. .Permanentdiplomati
cmi ssi
onshav ebeenest abli
shedar
oundt heworl
dand
theEUisrepr
esentedattheUnitedNati
ons,theWTO, t
heG8andt heG-
20.Wit
ha
combinedpopulati
onof500mi l
li
oninhabi
tants,theEUgeneratedanest
imated
21%(US$14.8tril
li
on)shar
eoft hegl
obaleconomy( GDPPPP)i n2009.

11. Asat
radi
ngbl
oct
heEUaccount
sfor20%ofgl
obal
impor
tsandexpor
ts.

I
nter
nat
ional
Organi
zat
ionf
orSt
andar
dizat
ion

1. TheI
nter
nat
ionalOr
gani
zat
ionf
orSt
andar
dizat
ion,wi
del
yknownasI
SO,i
san

GoodLuck!
 71

i
nter
nat
ional
-st
andar
d-set
ti
ngbodycomposedofr
epr
esent
ati
vesf
rom v
ari
ous
nat
ional
standar
dsor
gani
zat
ions.
2. Founded on Febr
uar
y 23,1947,t
he or
gani
zat
ion pr
omul
gat
es wor
ldwi
de
pr
opr
iet
aryi
ndust
ri
alandcommer
cial
standar
ds
3. I
thasi
tsheadquar
ter
sinGenev
a,Swi
tzer
land.

I
nter
nat
ional
RedCr
ossandRedCr
escentMov
ement
.Appr
oxi
mat
ely 97 mi
l
li
on
v
olunt
eer
s,member
sandst
affwor
ldwi
de

I
nter
nat
ional
Secur
it
yAssi
stanceFor
ce

1. The I
nter
nat
ionalSecur
it
y Assi
stance For
ce (
ISAF)i
s a NATO-
led secur
it
y
mi
ssi
oni
nAf
ghani
stanest
abl
i
shedbyt
heUni
tedNat
ionsSecur
it
yCounci
lon20
December2001byResol
uti
on1386asenv
isagedbyt
heBonnAgr
eement
.
2. I
tisengagedi
ntheWari
nAf
ghani
stan(
2001–pr
esent
).
3. I
SAFwasi
nit
ial
l
ychar
gedwi
thsecur
ingKabulandsur
roundi
ngar
easf
rom t
he
Tal
i
ban,alQaedaandf
act
ionalwar
lor
ds,soast
oal
l
owf
ort
heest
abl
i
shmentof
t
heAf
ghanTr
ansi
ti
onal
Admi
nist
rat
ionheadedbyHami
dKar
zai
.
4. I
nOct
ober2003,t
heUNSecur
it
yCounci
laut
hor
izedt
heexpansi
onoft
heI
SAF
mi
ssi
ont
hroughoutAf
ghani
stan,
andI
SAFsubsequent
lyexpandedt
hemi
ssi
oni
n
f
ourmai
nst
agesov
ert
hewhol
eoft
hecount
ry
5. Tr
oop cont
ri
but
orsi
ncl
ude Bel
gium,Bul
gar
ia,Denmar
k,Canada,t
he Uni
ted
St
ates,t
he Uni
ted Ki
ngdom,I
tal
y,Fr
ance,Ger
many
,the Net
her
lands,Spai
n,
Tur
key
,Ir
eland,Pol
and,Por
tugalandmostmember
soft
heEur
opeanUni
onand
NATOal
soi
ncl
udi
ngAust
ral
i
a,NewZeal
and,
Azer
bai
j
anandSi
ngapor
e.
6. Thei
ntensi
tyoft
hecombatf
acedbycont
ri
but
ingnat
ionsv
ari
esgr
eat
ly,
wit
hthe
Uni
tedSt
ates,Uni
tedKi
ngdom andCanadasust
aini
ngsubst
ant
ialcasual
ti
esi
n
i
ntensi
vecombatoper
ati
ons

NATO

GoodLuck!
 72

1. TheNor
thAt
lant
icTr
eat
yOr
gani
zat
ionorNATOi
sani
nter
gov
ernment
almi
l
itar
y
al
l
iancebasedont
heNor
thAt
lant
icTr
eat
ywhi
chwassi
gnedon4Apr
il1949
2. The NATO headquar
ter
s ar
ein Br
ussel
s,Bel
gium,and t
he or
gani
zat
ion
const
it
utesasy
stem ofcol
l
ect
ivedef
encewher
ebyi
tsmemberst
atesagr
eet
o
mut
ual
def
ensei
nresponset
oanat
tackbyanyext
ernal
par
ty.
3. Thef
ir
stNATOSecr
etar
yGener
al,
Lor
dIsmay
,famousl
yst
atedt
heor
gani
zat
ion'
s
goal
was"
tokeept
heRussi
ansout
,theAmer
icansi
n,andt
heGer
mansdown"
.
4. Doubt
sov
ert
hest
rengt
hoft
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
heEur
opeanst
atesandt
he
Uni
tedSt
atesebbedandf
lowed,al
ongwi
thdoubt
sov
ert
hecr
edi
bil
i
tyoft
he
NATO def
enceagai
nstapr
ospect
iveSov
ieti
nvasi
on—doubt
sthatl
edt
othe
dev
elopmentoft
hei
ndependentFr
enchnucl
eardet
err
entandt
hewi
thdr
awalof
t
heFr
enchf
rom NATO'
smi
l
itar
yst
ruct
uref
rom 1966.
5. On1Apr
il2009,member
shi
pwasenl
argedt
o28wi
tht
heent
ranceofAl
bani
a
andCr
oat
ia
6. Si
ncet
he11Sept
emberat
tacks,NATOhasat
tempt
edt
oref
ocusi
tsel
ftonew
chal
l
engesandhasdepl
oyedt
roopst
oAf
ghani
stanaswel
last
rai
ner
stoI
raq
7. TheBer
li
nPl
usagr
eementi
sacompr
ehensi
vepackageofagr
eement
smade
bet
weenNATOandt
heEur
opeanUni
onon16December2002.
8. Thecombi
nedmi
l
itar
yspendi
ngofal
lNATOmember
sconst
it
utesov
er70%of
t
hewor
ld'
sdef
encespendi
ng
9. TheUni
tedSt
atesal
oneaccount
sfor43% oft
het
otalmi
l
itar
yspendi
ngoft
he
wor
ldandt
heUni
tedKi
ngdom,Fr
ance,Ger
many
,andI
tal
yaccountf
oraf
urt
her
15%.

OPEC.

1. TheOr
gani
sat
ionoft
hePet
rol
eum Expor
ti
ngCount
ri
es(
OPEC)
,isacar
telof
t
wel
vedev
elopi
ngcount
ri
esmadeupofAl
ger
ia,Angol
a,Ecuador
,Ir
an,I
raq,
Kuwai
t,Li
bya,Ni
ger
ia,Qat
ar,SaudiAr
abi
a,t
he Uni
ted Ar
ab Emi
rat
es,and
Venezuel
a.
2. OPEChasmai
ntai
nedi
tsheadquar
ter
sinVi
ennasi
nce1965,andhost
sregul
ar
meet
ingsamongt
heoi
lmi
nist
ersofi
tsMemberCount
ri
es.I
ndonesi
awi
thdr
ew

GoodLuck!
 73

i
n2008af
teri
tbecameaneti
mpor
terofoi
l
,butst
atedi
twoul
dli
kel
yret
urni
fit
becameanetexpor
teri
nthewor
ldagai
n
3. .I
tal
sopur
suesway
sandmeansofensur
ingt
hest
abi
l
izat
ionofpr
icesi
n
i
nter
nat
ionaloi
lmar
ket
swi
thav
iew t
oel
i
minat
inghar
mfulandunnecessar
y
f
luct
uat
ions
4. OPEC'
sinf
luenceont
hemar
kethasbeenwi
del
ycr
it
ici
zed,si
ncei
tbecame
ef
fect
ivei
ndet
ermi
ningpr
oduct
ionandpr
ices.
5. Ar
abmember
sofOPECal
armedt
hedev
elopedwor
ldwhent
heyusedt
he“
oil
weapon”dur
ing t
he Yom Ki
ppurWarby i
mpl
ement
ing oi
lembar
goes and
i
nit
iat
ingt
he1973oi
lcr
isi
s
6. Thi
sexpl
anat
ionencompassesOPECact
ionsbot
hbef
oreandaf
tert
heout
break
ofhost
il
it
iesi
nOct
ober1973,andconcl
udest
hat“
OPEC count
ri
eswer
eonl
y
'
stay
ingev
en'
bydr
amat
ical
l
yrai
singt
hedol
l
arpr
iceofoi
l
.”
7. OPEC'
sabi
l
ityt
ocont
rol
thepr
iceofoi
lhasdi
mini
shedsomewhatsi
ncet
hen,
due
t
othesubsequentdi
scov
eryanddev
elopmentofl
argeoi
lreser
vesi
nAl
aska,
the
Nor
thSea,Canada,t
heGul
fofMexi
co,t
heopeni
ngupofRussi
a,andmar
ket
moder
nizat
ion
8. AsofNov
ember2010,OPECmember
scol
l
ect
ivel
yhol
d79% ofwor
ldcr
udeoi
l
r
eser
ves and 44% of t
he wor
ld’
s cr
ude oi
lpr
oduct
ion,af
for
ding t
hem
consi
der
abl
econt
rol
overt
hegl
obal
mar
ket
.
9. Thenextl
argestgr
oupofpr
oducer
s,member
soft
heOECDandt
hePost
-Sov
iet
st
atespr
oduced onl
y23.
8% and 14.
8%,r
espect
ivel
y,oft
hewor
ld'
stot
aloi
l
pr
oduct
ion.

Or
gani
zat
ionoft
heI
slami
cConf
erence

1. TheOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heI
slami
cConf
erence(
OIC)i
sani
nter
nat
ionalor
gani
sat
ion
wi
thaper
manentdel
egat
iont
otheUni
tedNat
ions,
wit
h57memberst
ates

Shanghai
Cooper
ati
onOr
gani
sat
ion

1. TheShanghaiCooper
ati
onOr
gani
sat
ionorSCO,i
sani
nter
gov
ernment
almut
ual
-
secur
it
yor
gani
sat
ionwhi
chwasf
oundedi
n2001i
nShanghaibyt
hel
eader
sof

GoodLuck!
 74

Chi
na,
Kazakhst
an,
Kyr
gyzst
an,
Russi
a,Taj
i
kist
an,
andUzbeki
stan.
2. Exceptf
orUzbeki
stan,t
heot
hercount
ri
eshadbeenmember
soft
heShanghai
Fi
ve,f
oundedi
n1996;af
tert
hei
ncl
usi
onofUzbeki
stani
n2001,t
hemember
s
r
enamedt
heor
gani
sat
ion.

Sout
hAsi
anAssoci
ati
onf
orRegi
onal
Cooper
ati
on.

1. The Sout
h Asi
an Associ
ati
on f
or Regi
onalCooper
ati
on (
SAARC) i
s an
or
gani
zat
ionofSout
hAsi
annat
ions,
foundedi
n1985anddedi
cat
edt
oeconomi
c,
t
echnol
ogi
cal
,soci
al,and cul
tur
aldev
elopmentemphasi
zi
ng col
l
ect
ive sel
f-
r
eli
ance
2. I
tssev
enf
oundi
ngmember
sar
eBangl
adesh,Bhut
an,I
ndi
a,t
heMal
div
es,Nepal
,
Paki
stan,
andSr
iLanka.
3. Af
ghani
stanj
oinedt
heor
gani
zat
ioni
n2007.
4. Meet
ingsofheadsofst
atear
eusual
l
yschedul
edannual
l
y;meet
ingsoff
orei
gn
secr
etar
ies,
twi
ceannual
l
y.Headquar
teri
nKat
hmandu,
Nepal
.

War
sawPact

1. TheWar
sawTr
eat
y(1955–91)i
sthei
nfor
malnamef
ort
heTr
eat
yofFr
iendshi
p,
Cooper
ati
onandMut
ualAssi
stance,commonl
yknownast
heWar
saw Pact
,
cr
eat
ingt
heWar
sawTr
eat
yOr
gani
zat
ion.
2. Thet
reat
ywasamut
ualdef
enset
reat
ysubscr
ibedt
obyei
ghtcommuni
stst
ates
i
nEast
ernEur
ope.
3. I
twasest
abl
i
shedatt
heUSSR’
sini
ti
ati
veandr
eal
i
zedon14May1955,i
n
War
saw,Pol
and.I
ntheCommuni
stBl
oc,t
het
reat
ywast
hemi
l
itar
yanal
ogueof
t
heCounci
lforMut
ualEconomi
cAssi
stance(
CoMEcon)
,theCommuni
st(
East
)
Eur
opeaneconomi
ccommuni
ty
4. TheWar
saw Tr
eat
ywast
heSov
ietBl
oc’
smi
l
itar
yresponset
oWestGer
many
’s
May1955i
ntegr
ati
ont
oNATOPact
,pert
hePar
isPact
sof1954.

GoodLuck!
 75

I
nter
nat
ional
Monet
aryFund.

1. TheI
nter
nat
ionalMonet
aryFund(
IMF)i
sthei
nter
gov
ernment
alor
gani
zat
iont
hat
ov
erseest
hegl
obalf
inanci
alsy
stem byf
oll
owi
ngt
hemacr
oeconomi
cpol
i
ciesof
i
tsmembercount
ri
es,i
npar
ti
cul
art
hosewi
thani
mpactonexchanger
ateand
t
hebal
anceofpay
ment
s
2. I
tisanor
gani
zat
ionf
ormedwi
thast
atedobj
ect
iveofst
abi
l
izi
ngi
nter
nat
ional
exchange r
ates and f
aci
l
itat
ing dev
elopmentt
hrough t
he enf
orcementof
l
i
ber
ali
si
ng economi
c pol
i
cies on ot
hercount
ri
es as a condi
ti
on f
orl
oans,
r
est
ruct
uri
ngorai
d.
3. I
tsheadquar
ter
sar
einWashi
ngt
on,
D.C.
,Uni
tedSt
ates
4. TheI
MF'
srel
ati
vel
yhi
ghi
nfl
uencei
nwor
ldaf
fai
rsanddev
elopmenthasdr
awn
heav
ycr
it
ici
sm f
rom somesour
ces.

Wor
ldBank.

1. Wor
ld Bank i
s an i
nter
nat
ionalf
inanci
ali
nst
it
uti
on t
hatpr
ovi
des l
oans t
o
dev
elopi
ngcount
ri
esf
orcapi
tal
progr
ammes.
2. TheWor
ldBankhasagoal
ofr
educi
ngpov
ert
y
3. TheWor
ldBankdi
ff
ersf
rom t
heWor
ldBankGr
oup,i
nthatt
heWor
ldBank
compr
isesonl
ytwoi
nst
it
uti
ons:t
heI
nter
nat
ionalBankf
orReconst
ruct
ionand
Dev
elopment(
IBRD)andt
heI
nter
nat
ional
Dev
elopmentAssoci
ati
on(
IDA)
4. Wher
east
hel
att
eri
ncor
por
atest
heset
woi
naddi
ti
ont
othr
eemor
e:I
nter
nat
ional
Fi
nanceCor
por
ati
on(
IFC)
,Mul
ti
lat
eral
Inv
est
mentGuar
ant
eeAgency(
MIGA)
,and
I
nter
nat
ional
Cent
ref
orSet
tl
ementofI
nvest
mentDi
sput
es(
ICSI
D).

MI
LHI
ST
GeoLi
nes

1. Manner
hei
m Li
ne. B/
wFi
nni
shandRussi
a

GoodLuck!
 76

2. Magi
notLi
ne. B/
wFr
anceandGer
many

3. Bar
levLi
ne. B/
wEgy
ptandI
srael
inar
eaofSuezcanal

4. Dur
andLi
ne. B/
wAf
ghani
stanandPaki
stan

5. St
ali
nLi
ne.

6. 38t
hPar
all
el. B/
wNor
thandSout
hKor
ea

7. Si
egf
ri
edLi
ne(
orWest
ernWal
l
). B/
wFr
anceandGer
many

8. McMahonLi
ne.b/
windi
aandchi
na

9. Cur
zonl
i
ne Pol
i
shandRussi
anf
ront
ier
10. 49par
all
el B/
wCanadaandus

Amer
icanCi
vi
lWar
:

1. TheAmer
icanCi
vi
lWar(
1861–1865)
,al
soknownast
heWarBet
weent
heSt
ates.

2. ElevenSout
her
nslav
est at
esdeclar
edt
heirsecessi
onf
rom t
heUnit
edStat
esand
formedtheConf
ederat
eStatesofAmer
ica,al
soknownas"theConf
eder
acy."Led
byJeffer
sonDavi
s,

3. I
nthepr
esi
dent
ial
elect
ionof1860,
theRepubl
i
canPar
ty,
ledbyAbr
aham Li
ncol
n

4. sev
enstatesdecl
aredt
hei
rsecessi
onf
rom t
heUni
onbef
oreLi
ncol
ntookof
fi
ceon
March4,1861.

5. Hosti
li
ti
esbeganonApr i
l12,1861,
whenConf
ederat
efor
cesat
tackedaU.
S.
mil
it
aryinst
all
ati
onatFortSumteri
nSout
hCarol
ina.

6. I
nSept
ember1862,Li
ncol
n'
sEmanci
pat
ionPr
ocl
amat
ionmadeendi
ngsl
aver
yin
t
heSout
hawargoal
,anddi
ssuadedt
heBr
it
ishf
rom i
nter
veni
ng.

7. Conf
eder
ater
esi
stanceendedaf
terLeesur
render
edt
oGr
antatAppomat
toxCour
t
HouseonApr
il9,
1865.

8. TheAmer
icanCi
vi
lWarwasoneoft
heear
li
estt
ruei
ndust
ri
alwar
s

9. I
tremai
nst
hedeadl
i
estwari
nAmer
icanhi
stor
y,r
esul
ti
ngi
nthedeat
hsof620,
000

GoodLuck!
 77

sol
dier
sandanundet
ermi
nednumberofci
vi
li
ancasual
ti
es.Tenper
centofal
l
Nor
ther
nmal
es20–45y
ear
sofagedi
ed,asdi
d30per
centofal
lSout
her
nwhi
te
mal
esaged18–40

10. Thesoci
al,pol
i
tical
,economi
candr
aci
ali
ssuesoft
hewardeci
siv
elyshapedt
he
r
econst
ruct
ioner
athatl
ast
edt
o1877.

BoerWar
s
1. TheBoerWar
swer
etwowar
sfoughtbet
weent
heBr
it
ishEmpi
reandt
het
wo
i
ndependentBoerr
epubl
i
cs,t
he Or
ange Fr
ee St
ate and t
he Sout
h Af
ri
can
Republ
i
c(Tr
ansv
aal
Republ
i
c).

2. TheFi
rstAngl
o-BoerWar(
1880–1881)
,al
soknownast
he"
Transv
aalWar
,"was
ar
elat
ivel
y br
iefconf
li
cti
n whi
ch Boer(
Descendant
s ofDut
ch set
tl
ers,
t
ransl
atesas'
Far
mer
')

3. TheSecondWar(
1899–1902)
,bycont
rast
,wasal
engt
hywar
—inv
olv
ingl
arge
number
s oft
roops f
rom manyBr
it
ish possessi
ons—whi
ch ended wi
tht
he
conv
ersi
onoft
heBoerr
epubl
i
csi
ntoBr
it
ishcol
oni
es(
wit
hapr
omi
seofl
i
mit
ed
sel
f-
gov
ernment
).

4. .TheSecondBoerWarwasamaj
ort
urni
ngpoi
nti
nBr
it
ishhi
stor
y,duet
owor
ld
r
eact
ionov
ert
heant
i-
insur
gencyt
act
icst
heBr
it
ishar
myusedi
nther
egi
on

5. Thi
swarl
edt
oachangef
rom "
spl
endi
disol
ati
on"pol
i
cyt
oapol
i
cyt
hati
nvol
ved
l
ooki
ngf
oral
l
iesandi
mpr
ovi
ngwor
ldr
elat
ions.

Chi
neseCi
vi
lWar
.

1. TheChi
neseCi
vi
lWarwasaci
vi
lwarf
oughtbet
weent
heKuomi
ntang(
KMTor
Chi
neseNat
ional
i
stPar
ty)
,thegov
erni
ngpar
tyoft
heRepubl
i
cofChi
naandt
he
Communi
stPar
tyofChi
na(
CPC)
,fort
hecont
rol
ofChi
nawhi
chev
ent
ual
l
yledt
o
Chi
na'
sdi
vi
sioni
ntot
woChi
nas,Republ
i
cofChi
na(
now commonl
yknownas

GoodLuck!
 78

Tai
wan)andPeopl
e'
sRepubl
i
cofChi
na(
Mai
nlandChi
na)
.
2. Thewarbegani
nApr
il1927
3. I
nmai
nlandChi
nat
oday
,thel
astt
hreey
ear
soft
hewar(
1947-1949)i
smor
e
commonl
yknownast
heWarofLi
ber
ati
on
4. The ci
vi
lwarcont
inued i
nter
mit
tent
lyunt
ilt
he Second Si
no-
Japanese War
i
nter
rupt
edi
t,r
esul
ti
ngi
nthet
wopar
ti
esf
ormi
ngaSecondUni
tedFr
ont
.
5. Japan'
scampai
gnwasdef
eat
edi
n1945,mar
kingt
heendofWor
ldWarI
I,and
Chi
na'
sful
l
-scal
eci
vi
lwarr
esumedi
n1946.
6. Af
ter a f
urt
her f
our y
ear
s,1950 saw a cessat
ion of maj
or mi
l
itar
y
host
il
it
ies—wi
tht
he newl
yfounded Peopl
e'
s Republ
i
c ofChi
na cont
rol
l
ing
mai
nland Chi
na (
incl
udi
ng Hai
nan I
sland)
,and t
he Republ
i
c of Chi
na'
s
j
uri
sdi
cti
onbei
ng r
est
ri
cted t
o Tai
wan,Penghu,Ki
nmen,Mat
suand sev
eral
out
lyi
ngFuj
i
anesei
slands.
7. Today
,thet
wosi
desoft
heTai
wanst
rai
thav
ecl
oseeconomi
cti
es.

Schl
i
eff
enPl
an.
1. TheSchl
i
eff
enPl
anwast
heGer
manGener
alSt
aff
'sear
ly20t
hcent
uryov
eral
l
st
rat
egi
cpl
anf
orv
ict
oryi
napossi
blef
utur
ewarwher
eitmi
ghtf
indi
tsel
f
f
ight
ingont
wof
ront
s:Fr
ancet
othewestandRussi
atot
heeast
.
2. TheSchl
i
eff
enPl
anwascr
eat
edbyCountAl
fr
edv
onSchl
i
eff
enandmodi
fi
ed
byHel
mut
hvonMol
tket
heYoungeraf
terSchl
i
eff
en'
sret
ir
ement
3. I
twasMol
tkewhoact
ual
l
yputt
hepl
ani
ntoact
ion,despi
tei
nit
ialr
eser
vat
ions
abouti
t.
4. Schl
i
eff
en'
slastwor
dswer
e"r
emembert
okeept
her
ightf
lankst
rong"
.

Wor
ldWarI
.
1. Begani
nthesummerof1914.Thef
ight
ingendedi
nNov
ember1918.
2. Mor
ethan70mi
l
li
onmi
l
itar
yper
sonnel
,incl
udi
ng60mi
l
li
onEur
opeans,wer
e
mobi
l
izedi
noneoft
hel
argestwar
sinhi
stor
y
3. Theassassi
nat
ionon28June1914ofAr
chdukeFr
anzFer
dinandofAust
ri
a
4. Fer
dinand'
sassassi
nat
ionbyaYugosl
avnat
ional
i
str
esul
tedi
naHabsbur
g

GoodLuck!
 79

ul
ti
mat
um agai
nstt
heKi
ngdom ofSer
bia
5. On28Jul
y,t
heconf
li
ctopenedwi
tht
heAust
ro-
Hungar
iani
nvasi
onofSer
bia,
f
oll
owedbyt
heGer
mani
nvasi
onofBel
gium,
Luxembour
gandFr
ance;
6. Addi
ti
onalf
ront
sopenedaf
tert
heOt
tomanEmpi
rej
oinedt
hewari
n1914,
Ital
y
andBul
gar
iai
n1915andRomani
ain1916.
7. TheRussi
anEmpi
recol
l
apsedi
n1917
8. Af
tera1918Ger
manof
fensi
veal
ongt
hewest
ernf
ront
,
9. Ger
many agr
eed t
o a cease-
fi
re on 11 Nov
ember1918,l
aterknown as
Ar
mist
iceDay
.
Wor
ldWarI
I:

1. Worl
dWarII
,ortheSecondWorldWar(oft
enabbr
evi
atedasWWI
IorWW2)
,
wasagl
obal
mil
it
aryconfl
i
ctl
ast
ingf
rom 1939t
o1945

2. I
twast hemostwidespr
eadwari
nhi
stor
y,wi
thmor
ethan100mi
l
li
onmi
l
itar
y
per
sonnelmobi
li
sed.

3. I
nast ateof"tot
alwar,
"themaj orpartici
pantsplacedt
hei
renti
reeconomic,
i
ndustr
ial
,andsci
enti
fi
ccapabil
i
tiesattheser vi
ceofthewaref
for
t,er
asi
ngthe
di
sti
ncti
onbetweenci
vil
ianandmi l
i
tar
yr esources

4. i
twasthedeadli
estconf
li
cti
nhumanhi
stor
y,r
esul
ti
ngi
n50mi
l
li
ont
oov
er70
mil
l
ionf
atal
i
ties.

5. Thewarisgeneral
l
yacceptedt
ohavebegunon1Sept ember1939,withthe
i
nvasi
onofPolandbyGermanyandSlov
aki
a,andsubsequentdecl
arat
ionsof
waronGermanybyFranceandmostoft
hecount
ri
esoftheBrit
ishEmpireand
Commonwealt
h.

6. I
nJune1941,theEuropeanAxi sl
aunchedaninvasi
onoft heSovi
etUni
on,
gi
vi
ngast ar
ttothelargestlandt
heatr
eofwari nhist
ory
,which,f
rom t
his
momenton,wast
yingdownt hemaj
orpartoft
heAxismil
i
tar
ypower.

7. InDecember1941,Japan,whi
chhadbeenatwarwi
thChi
nasi
nce1937,and
aimedtodominat
eAsia,

8. TheAxi sadvancewasst oppedin1942af

tert
hedef
eatofJapaninaseri
esof
navalbattl
esandaf terdefeat
sofEuropeanAxi
str
oopsinNor t
hAfri
caand,
decisi
vely
,atStal
ingr
ad

9. I
n1943,wit
haser i
esofGermandefeat
sinEast
ernEurope,
theAl
li
edi
nvasi
on
ofFasci
stI
tal
y,andAmeri
canvi
ctor
iesint
hePacif
ic,
theAxisl
ostt
hei
nit
iat
ive

GoodLuck!
 80

andunder
tookst
rat
egi
cret
reatonal
lfr
ont
s.

10. I
n1944,theWesternAl
li
esinv
adedFr
ance,
whil
et heSov
ietUni
onr
egai
nedal
l
t
err
it
ori
allossesandi
nvadedGer
manyandit
sall
ies.

11. ThewarinEuropeendedwi
ththecapt
ureofBerl
i
nbySovi
ettr
oopsand
subsequentGer
manuncondi
ti
onalsur
renderon8May1945.

12. TheJapaneseNavywasdef
eat
edbyt heUnitedSt
ates,andinv
asi
onoft
he
JapaneseArchi
pel
ago(
"HomeI
slands")becameimmi nent
.

13. Thewarendedwi
tht
het
otal
vict
oryoft
heAl
l
iesov
erGer
manyandJapani
n
1945.

14. TheUni
tedNati
ons(
UN)wasestabl
i
shedtof
ost
erint
ernat
ional
cooper
ati
on
andpr
eventf
utur
econf
li
cts(
suchasWorl
dWarII
I)
.

15. TheSovi
etUni
onandtheUni
tedStat
esemergedasri
valsuper
power
s,set
ti
ng
thest
agefort
heCol
dWar,whichwouldl
astfort
henext46years

Kor
eanWar
.

1. TheKoreanWar( 1950–armi st
ice,1953)wasami l
it
aryconf
li
ctbet weenthe
Republ
ic ofKor
ea,suppor ted byt he Uni
ted Nati
ons,and the Democrati
c
Peopl
e'
sRepubli
cofKor ea,supportedbythePeople'
sRepubli
cofChi na(PRC),
wit
hmili
tarymat
eri
alaidfrom theSov i
etUni
on

2. Thewarbeganon25June1950andanar
mist
icewassi
gnedon27Jul
y1953.

3. Thewarwasar esultoft
hephysi
caldi
visi
onofKoreabyanagreementoft
he
vi
ctor
iousAl
l
iesattheconcl
usi
onofthePacif
icWaratt
heendofWorldWarI
I.

4. TheKor
eanpeni
nsul
awasr
uledbyJapanf
rom 1910unt
ilt
heendofWor
ldWar
I
I

5. Fol
lowingt
hesur r
enderofJapanin1945,Americanadmini
str
ator
sdi
vi
dedt
he
peni
nsulaalongthe38t hParal
lel
,withUnitedSt at
estr
oopsoccupyi
ngt
he
souther
npartandSoviett
roopsoccupy
ingthenorther
npart
.

6. Thef ai
lur
et oholdfreeel
ect
ionst
hroughouttheKoreanPeni
nsul
ain1948
deepenedt hediv
isi
onbetweenthetwosi des,andt
heNorthestabl
i
sheda
Communi stgov
ernment.

7. Thesi
tuat
ionescal
atedi
ntoopenwar
far
ewhenNor
thKor
eanf
orcesi
nvaded

GoodLuck!
 81

Sout
hKor
eaon25June1950.

8. TheUnit
edNat i
ons,part
icul
arl
ytheUni
tedSt
ates,camet
otheai
dofSout
h
Kor
eainrepel
l
ingtheinv
asion

9. t
hePeopl
e'
sRepubl
i
cofChi
na(
PRC)ent
eredt
hewaront
hesi
deoft
heNor
th

10. I
n1953,t
hewarceasedwit
hanar mist
icethatr
estor
edt
hebor derbetweent
he
Kor
easneart
he38t
hParall
elandcreat
edtheKoreanDemili
tar
izedZone(DMZ),
a2.
5-mi
le(4.
0km)widebuff
erzonebetweenthetwoKoreas.

11. t
heKor
eanWarwasapr
oxywar
.

12. Fr
om amil
it
arysci
enceper
spect
ive,
itcombi
nedst
rat
egi
esandt
act
icsofWor
ld
WarIandWorl
dWarI I

13. I
tbeganwithamobi l
ecampaignofswi f
tinf
antr
yattacksf
oll
owedbyai
r
bombi
ngr
aids,
butbecameast
atict
renchwarbyJul
y1951.

Vi
etnam War
:

1. TheVietnam WarwasaColdWarmil
it
aryconf
li
ctt
hatoccur
redi
nViet
nam,
Laos,andCambodi
afrom 1Nov
ember1955 t
othefal
lofSai
gonon30Apri
l
1975.

2. Thiswarfoll
owedt heFir
stIndochi
naWarandwasf oughtbet
weenNort
h
Viet
nam,supportedbyitscommunistalli
es,andthegov er
nmentofSout
h
Viet
nam,suppor
tedbytheU.S.andot
heranti
-communi
stnati
ons

3. The Vi
etCong,a lightl
y armed South Vi
etnamese communist-
contr
oll
ed
commonfront
,lar
gel
yf oughtaguer
ri
ll
awaragai nstant
i-
communistfor
cesin
ther
egi
on.

4. TheViet
nam People'
sArmy(Nor
thVietnameseArmy)engaged i
namor
e
conv
enti
onal
war,atti
mescommi
tt
ingl
argeuni
tsint
obat
tl
e

5. U.S.andSout
hVietnameseforcesr
eli
edonai
rsuperi
ori
tyandover
whelming
fi
repowert
oconductsearchanddestr
oyoper
ati
ons,i
nvol
vi
nggroundforces,
arti
l
ler
yandai
rst
ri
kes.

6. TheNor t
hVi et
namesegov er
nmentv i
ewedthewarasacol oni
alwar
,fought
i
nit
ial
lyagainstFr
ance,backedbytheU.S.,andl
ateragai
nstSout
hVietnam,
whichitr
egardedasaU.S.puppetst
ate

7. U.
S.mi
l
itar
yadv
isor
sar
ri
vedbegi
nni
ngi
n1950

8. U.
S.i
nvol
vementescal
atedi
ntheear
ly1960s,wi
thU.
S.t
roopl
evel
str
ipl
i
ngi
n

GoodLuck!
 82

1961andt
ri
pli
ngagai
nin1962

9. U.
S.combatuni
tswer
edepl
oyedbegi
nni
ngi
n1965.

10. I
nvol
vementpeakedi
n1968attheti
meoftheTetOffensive.Aft
erthi
s,U.
S.
gr
oundfor
ceswerewi
thdr
awnaspar
tofapol
i
cycal
ledVietnamizat
ion.

11. Despit
ethePar
isPeaceAccor
ds,
signedbyal
lpar
ti
esi
nJanuar
y1973,
fight
ing
cont
inued

12. TheCase–ChurchAmendmentpassedbytheU.
S.Congr
essprohibit
eduseof
Ameri
canmili
taryaft
er15August1973,
unl
esst
hepresi
dentsecured
congr
essi
onalapproval
inadv
ance

13. Thecaptur
eofSaigonbytheNor
thVi
etnamesear
myi
nApr
il1975mar
kedt
he
endoftheViet
nam War.

14. Nor
thandSout
hVi
etnam wer
ereuni
fi
edt
hef
oll
owi
ngy
ear
.

15. Est
imat
esast
othenumberofVi
etnamesesol
dier
sandci
vi
li
anski
l
ledv
ary
f
rom l
ess t
han one t
o mor
ethan t
hree mi
l
li
on.Some 200,
000–300,
000
Cambodi
ans,20,
000–200,
000Laot
ians,and58,
159U.
S.ser
vicemember
sal
so
di
edi
ntheconf
li
ct.

Fal
kl
andsWar .
1. TheFalkl
andsWar,al
socall
edt
heFal
klandsConfl
ict
/Cri
sis,
wasfoughti
n1982
betweenArgent
inaandtheUnit
edKingdom (UK)ov ert
hedisputedFal
kl
and
I
slandsandSouthGeorgi
aandt
heSouthSandwichIsl
ands

2. TheFalkl
andIsl
andsconsistoftwolargeandmanysmal
lisl
andsi
ntheSout
h
Atl
ant
icOceaneastofAr genti
na;t
heirnameandsover
eignt
yovert
hem hav
e
l
ongbeendisputed

3. TheFalkl
andsWarstar
tedonFri
day ,2Apr
il1982,wi
ththeAr
gent
inei
nvasi
on
andoccupati
onoft
heFalkl
andI
slandsandSouthGeor
gia.

4. Br
it
ainlaunchedanav
alt
askforcet
oengagetheArgenti
neNav
yandAr
gent
ine
Ai
rForce,andret
aket
hei
slandsbyamphi
biousassaul
t

5. conf
li
ctendedwit
ht heArgenti
nesur
renderon14June1982,andt
hei
slands
remai
nedunderBr
it
ishcontrol
.

6. Thewarl ast
ed74day s.Itresult
edinthedeathsof257Br i
tishand649
Argenti
nesoldier
s,sai
l
ors,andairmen,
andthedeathsoft
hreeci
vi
lianFal
kl
and
I
slanders

GoodLuck!
 83

7. Thewarl ast
ed74day s.Itresult
edinthedeathsof257Br i
tishand649
Argenti
nesoldier
s,sai
l
ors,andairmen,
andthedeathsoft
hreeci
vi
lianFal
kl
and
I
slanders

8. Nei
therstat
eof f
icial
l
ydeclar
edwarandt
hef i
ght
ingwasl
argel
yli
mit
edt
othe
t
err
itor
iesunderdisputeandt
heSout
hAtl
ant
ic.

9. Thei
nit
ialinv
asionwaschar
act
eri
sedbyArgent
inaast here-
occupat
ionofi
ts
ownt
errit
ory,andbyt
heUKasaninvasi
onofaBrit
ishdependentt
err
it
ory

10. Asof2011,andasi thassi

ncethe19t
hcentur
y,Ar
genti
nashowsnosi gnof
rel
i
nquishi
ngitsclai
m.Theclai
mr emai
nedintheArgent
ineconst
it
uti
onaft
er
i
tsref
ormationin1994

11. Thepol
i
tical
eff
ect
soft
hewarwer
est
rongi
nbot
hcount
ri
es

12. Awav eofpatri

oti
csenti
mentsweptt hr
oughboth:theArgenti
nelossprompted
evenlargerpr
otest
sagainstther
ulingmil
it
arygovernment,whichhastenedi
ts
downfall
;intheUnitedKingdom,thegovernmentofPrimeMi ni
sterMargar
et
Thatcherwasbolst
ered.

13. I
thelpedThat
cher
'sgov
ernmentt
ovi
ctor
yinthe1983gener
alel
ect
ion,whi
ch
pr
iortot
hewarwasseenasbynomeanscer
tai
n.

14. Thewarhaspl
ayedani
mpor
tantr
olei
nthecul
tur
eofbot
hcount
ri
es,

15. Rel
ati
onsbet
weenArgenti
naandUKwererestor
edin1989undert
heumbrel
l
a
for
mulawhi
chstat
esthatt
heisl
ands'
sov
erei
gntydi
sput
ewouldremai
nasi
de.

Gul
fWarOne

1. ThePersi
anGul fWar(
August2,
1990–Februar
y28,1991),commonl yref
err
ed
toassi
mpl ytheGul
fWar ,
wasawarwagedbyaU.N.-
authori
zedcoalit
ionfor
ce
fr
om t
hirt
y-f
ournati
onsledbyBr
it
ainandt
heUni
tedStat
es,againstI
raq.

2. Thiswarhasal sobeenreferr
edto(bytheformerI
raqileaderSaddam Hussein)
ast heMot herofAllBatt
les,andiscommonl y,t
houghmi st
akenly
,knownas
Oper ati
onDesertStormfortheoperat
ionalnameoft hemi li
tar
yresponse,the
Fi
rstGul fWar,GulfWarI,ort heI
raqWar ,bef
orethet er
m becamei dentif
ied
wit
ht he2003-
2010IraqWar

3. TheinvasionofKuwai
tbyIraqitr
oopsthatbegan2August1990wasmetwi th
i
nter
nationalcondemnat
ion,and br oughtimmediat
e economic sanct
ions
agai
nstIraqbymembersoft heUNSecurit
yCounci
l.

4. U.
S.Pr
esi
dentGeor
geH.W.Bushdepl
oyedAmer
icanf
orcest
oSaudiAr
abi
a

GoodLuck!
 84

almost6mont hsaft
erwar
ds,andur
gedot
hercount
ri
est
osendt
hei
rown
forcest
othescene

5. Ar
oundUS$36bi
l
li
onoft
heUS$60bi
l
li
oncostwaspai
dbySaudi
Arabi
a.

6. Theini
ti
alconf
li
ctt
o expelIraqit
roopsf
rom Kuwai
tbeganwi
thanaer
ial
bombar
dmenton17January1991

7. Thi
swasf
oll
owedbyagr
oundassaul
ton23Febr
uar
y.

8. However
,Ir
aqlaunchedScudmi
ssi
l
esagai
nstcoal
i
tionmi
l
itar
ytar
get
sinSaudi
Ar
abiaandagainstI
srael
.

Kosov
oWar
.

1. Theter
m KosovoWarorKosovoConf
li
cti
susedt
odescr
ibet
wosequent
ial
,and
att
imesparal
l
el,ar
medconf
li
ctsi
nKosovo

2. From ear
ly1998to1999,t
hewarwasbet weent
hear
myandpol
i
ceofFR
Yugosl
avi
a,andt
heKosov
oLiber
ati
onAr
my.

3. Fr
om March24,1999toJune10,1999,NATOattackedYugoslavi
a,andethni
c
Al
bani
anmi l
it
antsconti
nuedbatt
leswit
hYugosl
avf orces,amidstamassi v
e
di
spl
acementofpopul
ati
oninKosovoest
imat
edt
obecl oseto1mi ll
i
onpeople.

4. Thewari n Kosovo wasbeli

eved t
o bethefi
rsthumani
tar
ianwarofnews
headl
i
nesformont hs,andgai
nedamassiveamountofcov
erageandat
tent
ion
fr
om thei
nter
nati
onalcommunityandmedi
a.

5. TheKosov
owarwasadi
rectr
easonf
ort
heKosov
oref
ugeecr
isi
s.

SecondGul
fWarorOper
ati
onI
raqi
Freedom.

1. The Ir
aq War ,Second Gul
fWarorOper at
ion IraqiFreedom wasa mi li
tar
y
campaign thatbegan on March 20,2003,wi tht he i
nvasi
on ofIr
aq by a
multi
nati
onalfor
celedbytroopsf
rom t
heUnitedSt atesundert
headminist
rati
on
ofPresi
dentGeorgeW.Bushandt heUnit
edKi ngdom underPri
meMi ni
sterTony
Blai
r.

2. In2002,t
heUnit
edNat i
onsSecur i
tyCounci
lpassedResoluti
on1441whi ch
cal
l
edforI
raqt
ocompl et
elycooper
atewit
hUNweaponi nspect
orst
ov er
ifyt
hat
i
twasnoti
npossessi
onofweaponsofmassdestruct
ionandcrui
semissi
les

3. Headweaponsi
nspect
orHansBl
i
xadv
isedt
heUN Secur
it
yCounci
lthatwhi
l
e

GoodLuck!
 85

Ir
aq'
scooperati
onwas" act
ive"
,itwasnot"uncondi
ti
onal"not"
immedi
ate"
.Iraq'
s
decl
arat
ionswit
hregardstoweaponsofmassdest ruct
ioncoul
dnotbev er
ifi
ed
atthe time,butunresolved t
asks concerni
ng I
raq's di
sar
mmentcoul d be
complet
edin"noty
ears,notweeks,butmonths"

4. I
n2008,t heUNHCRrepor
tedanest
imat
eof4.7mil
l
ionr
efugees(~16% oft
he
popul
ati
on)with2mill
i
onabroad(anumbercl
osetoCI
A proj
ect
ionsand2.7
mil
li
onint
ernal
l
ydi
spl
acedpeopl
e.

5. I
n2007, I
raqwassecondontheFai
ledSt
atesI
ndex;t
houghi
tsr
anki
nghassteadi
l
y
i
mpr ov
edsincethen,
movingtofi
ft
honthe2008list
,si
xthi
n2009,
andseventhi
n
2010.

6. I
nlate 2008,the U.
S.and Ir
aqigov
ernment
s appr
oved a St
atus ofFor
ces
Agr
eementeff
ecti
vethr
oughJanuar
y1,
2012.

7. TheIraqiPar
li
amentalsorati
fi
edaSt r
ategicFrameworkAgreementwit
htheU.S.,
ai
medatensur i
ngcooperat
ioninconst
it
utional
r i
ght
s,t
hreatdet
err
ence,
educat
ion,
ener
gydev el
opment
,andotherareas

8. I
nl at
eFebruary2009,newlyelectedU.
S.Presi
dentBarackObamaannouncedan
18-monthwit
hdrawalwindowforcombatforces,wit
happroxi
mat el
y50,
000t
roops
remaini
nginthecountry"toadviseandtr
ainIraqisecur
it
yforcesandtoprovi
de
i
ntell
i
genceandsurvei
ll
ance".

9. I
nl at
eFebruary2009,newlyelectedU.
S.Presi
dentBarackObamaannouncedan
18-monthwit
hdrawalwindowforcombatforces,wit
happroxi
mat el
y50,
000t
roops
remaini
nginthecountry"toadviseandtr
ainIraqisecur
it
yforcesandtoprovi
de
i
ntell
i
genceandsurvei
ll
ance".

10. I
nl at
eFebruary2009,newlyelectedU.
S.Presi
dentBarackObamaannouncedan
18-monthwit
hdrawalwindowforcombatforces,wit
happroxi
mat el
y50,
000t
roops
remaini
nginthecountry"toadviseandtr
ainIraqisecur
it
yforcesandtoprovi
de
i
ntell
i
genceandsurvei
ll
ance".

Yom Ki
ppurWar
.

1. TheYom KippurWar,RamadanWarorOctoberwaralsoknownast he1973Arab-

I
sraeliWarwasfoughtfr
om October6t
o25,1973,betweenIsr
aelandacoali
ti
on
ofArabstat
esledbyEgyptandSyri
a

2. Thewarbeganwhenthecoal
i
tionl
aunchedajoi
ntsur
pri
seat
tackonIsr
ael
onYom
Ki
ppur,
theholi
estdayi
nJudaism,
whichcoinci
dedwit
htheMusli
m hol
ymont
hof
Ramadan

3. Egypti
anandSyri
anf
orcescrossedceasefi
reli
nestoentertheIsr
ael
i
-hel
dSinai
Peninsul
aandGol
anHeight
srespect
ivel
y,whichhadbeencaptur
edandoccupi
ed

GoodLuck!
 86

si
ncet
he1967Si
x-DayWar

4. Theconf
li
ctledt
oanear-conf
rontat
ionbet
weent
het
wonucl
earsuper
power
s,t
he
Uni
tedSt
atesandtheSov
ietUnion

5. Thewarbeganwi thamassi veandsuccessf ulEgypti

anatt
ackacr osstheheav i
ly
for
ti
fi
edSuezCanaldur i
ngthef i
rstthreedays,aft
erwhichtheydugi n,
settl
ingint
o
astal
emate.TheSy r
iansattackedtheGol anHeightsatthesamet i
meandi nit
ial
ly
madet hr
eateni
nggainsagai nstthegr eat
lyoutnumberedIsraeli
s.Withi
naweek,
I
sraelr
ecoveredandlaunchedaf our-daycounter
-off
ensiv
e,dri
vingdeepintoSyria

6. By 24 Oct
ober,the Isr
ael
i
s had impr
oved t
hei
rposi
ti
ons consi
der
abl
y and
compl
etedt
heirenci
rcl
ementofEgy
pt'
sThir
dArmy.

7. Thi
sdevel
opmentprompt
ed super
powertensi
on,butasecond ceasef
ir
ewas
i
mposedcooper
ati
vel
yonOct
ober25toendthewar

8. Attheconcl
usi
onofhostil
it
ies,I
srael
ifor
ceswer e40 
kil
omet
res(
25mi
)fr
om
Damascusand101 
kil
omet
res(63mi )f
rom Cai
ro.

9. Egy
ptconti
nueditsdr
if
tawayf
rom t
heSov
ietUni
onandl
eftt
heSov
ietspher
eof
i
nfl
uenceent
ir
ely
.

PART–I
II(
IMPORTANTPERSONALI
TIES)
I
mpor
tantPer
sonal
i
ties

Al
exandert
heGr
eat
.

1. AlexanderI
IIofMacedon(20/21Jul
y356– 10/ 11June323BC) ,commonl
y
knownasAlexandert
heGreat
,wasakingofMacedonorMacedoni
a,

2. bytheageoft hi
rt
ywast hecr
eatorofoneofthelargestempi
resi
nanci
ent
hi
stor
y,st
ret
chi
ngfrom t
heMedi
ter
raneant
otheHinduKush

3. Bor
ninPel
l
ain356BC,
Alexanderwast
utor
edbyt
hef
amedphi
l
osopherAr
ist
otl
e.

4. In336BChesucceededhi
sfat
herPhi
l
ipI
IofMacedont
othet
hroneaf
terhewas
assassi
nat
ed.

5. Hesucceededinbeingawardedthegener
alshi
pofGreeceand,wi
thhi
sauthor
it
y
f
ir
mlyestabl
ished,
launchedthemil
it
arypl
ansforexpansi
onlef
tbyhi
sfat
her.

6. I
n334BChei
nvadedPer
sian-
rul
edAsi
aMi
norandbeganaser
iesofcampai
gns

GoodLuck!
 87

l
ast
ingt
eny
ear
s

7. Alexanderbr
oket hepowerofPer
siainaser
iesofdeci
siv
ebat
tl
es,
mostnot
abl
y
thebattl
esofIssusandGaugamela.

8. Subsequent
lyheov
ert
hrewt
hePer
sianki
ngDar
iusI
IIandconquer
edt
heent
ir
ety
ofthePersi
anEmpi
re.

9. Alexanderdied i
n Babyl
on i
n 323 BC,wit
houtreal
i
zing aser
iesofpl
anned
campaignsthatwouldhavebegunwit
haninvasi
onofArabi
a.

AbūRay
hānAl
-Bī
rūnī

1. Abual
-Ray
hanMuhammadi bnAhmadal-
Bir
unibor
n5Sept
ember973i
nKat
h,
Khwar
ezm,di
ed13December1048i
nGhazni
,

2. knownasAlber
oni
usi
nLat
in,
wasaPer
sianMusl
i
m schol
arandpol
ymat
hoft
he
11thcent
ury
.

3. theol
ogy .Hewasthef
ir
stMusli
m scholart
ost udyI
ndiaandtheBr
ahmini
cal
tradi
ti
on,andhasbeendescr
ibedast hefounderofIndol
ogy
,and"thefi
rst
anthropologi
st"
.

4. Hewasoneoft hefi
rstexponent
sofanexper
iment
almethodofinv
estigat
ion,
i
ntr
oducingthi
smethodintomechani
csandwhati
snowadayscal
l
edmi neral
ogy,
psy
chology,
andastr
onomy

5. The cr
aterAl
-Bi
runion t
he Moon i
s named af
terhi
m.TashkentTechni
cal
Uni
ver
sit
y(f
ormer
lyTashkentPol
ytechni
cInst
it
ute)i
sal
so namedaf
terAbu
Ray
hanal
-Bi
runiandauni
ver
sit
yfoundedbyAhmadShahMassoudi
nKapi
sai
s
namedaf
terhi
m.

Ami
rKhusr
ow

1. Ab'ulHasan Yami
n ud-
Din Khusr
ow (1253-
1325 CE)
,bet
terknown as Ami
r
Khusr
owwasanI ndi
anmusici
an,schol
arandpoet
.

2. Hewr
otepoet
rypr
imar
il
yinPer
sian,
butal
soi
nHi
ndav
i.

3. Thei
nvent
ionoft
het
abl
aisal
sot
radi
ti
onal
l
yat
tr
ibut
edt
oAmī
rKhusr
ow.

I
bnBat
tut
a
1. HajjiAbuAbdul
l
ahMuhammadI
bnBat
tut
a,orsi
mpl
yIbnBat
tut
a(Febr
uar
y25,

GoodLuck!
 88

1304–1368or1369),wasaMor occanBer
berIslami
cschol
arandtrav
elerwhoi
s
knownfortheaccountofhi
str
avelsandexcur
sionscal
l
edtheRihl
a.

Khal
i
lGi
bran

1. Khal ilGibr
an(January6,1883–Apr il10,1931)alsoknownasKahlil
Gibr
an,
wasaLebaneseAmer i
canarti
st,
poet,andwr i
ter
2. Hei schiefl
yknowni ntheEngl
ishspeakingwor l
dforhi
s1923bookThePr ophet
,
aseri
esofphil
osophicalessayswri
tt
eni nEngli
shpr ose.Anearl
yexampleof
I
nspir
ati
onalfi
cti
on,thebooksoldwelldespiteacool cri
ti
calr
ecept
ion,
and
becameextr
emel ypopulari
nthe1960scount ercul
ture.

3. Gi
brani
sthet
hir
dbest
-sel
l
ingpoetofal
lti
me,
behi
ndShakespear
eandLao-
Tzu.

MuhammadI bnMūsāal-Khwāri
zmī
1. AbūAbdal l
āhMuhammadi bnMusaal -Khwari
zmiwasaPer sianmat hemat
ici
an,
ast
ronomerandgeographer,
ascholarintheHouseofWisdom inBaghdad
2. I nthetwel
fthcentur
y,Lati
nt r
anslat
ionsofhi sworkont heI ndi
annumer al
s,
i
ntr
oducedthedecimalposi
ti
onalnumbersy st
em t
otheWest ernworl
d.

3. Hi
sCompendiousBookonCalculat
ionbyCompleti
onandBalanci
ngpr esent
ed
t
hefi
rstsy
stemat
icsol
uti
onofl
inearandquadr
ati
cequat
ionsi
nArabic.

4. Hi
scontr
ibuti
onshadagreati
mpactonlanguage."
Algebr
a"isderi
vedf
rom al
-
j
abr
,oneofthetwooper
ati
onsheusedt
osolvequadrat
icequat
ions.

5. Algor
ism andalgori
thm stem f
rom Algor
it
mi,t
heLat
inform ofhi
sname.His
namei stheorigi
nof( Spani
sh)guar
ismoandof(Port
uguese)al
gari
smo,bot
h
meaningdigi
t.

Must
afaKemal
Atat
ürk

1. MustafaKemalAt atürkwasaTur ki
sharmyoffi
cer
,revolut
ionar
yst at
esman,
wr
iter
,and founderoft he Republi
cofTurkey
,aswel last he f
ir
stTurki
sh
Pr
esident
.
2. At
atürkwasami li
taryoff
icerdur
ingWorl
dWarI .Foll
owingt hedefeatoft
he
Ot
tomanEmpi r
einWWI ,heledtheTurki
shnat
ionalmov ementintheTurki
sh
WarofIndependence

3. Thepr
inci
plesofAt
atür
k'sr
efor
ms,uponwhi
chmoder
nTur
keywasest
abl
i
shed,
ar
eref
err
edt
oasKemal
i
sm.

Adol
fHi
tl
er

GoodLuck!
 89

1. Adol
fHi t
ler(
20 Apr
il1889 – 30 Apr
il1945)wasan Aust
ri
an-
born Ger
man
pol
it
ici
an and t
he l
eaderoft he Nat
ionalSoci
ali
stGer
man Worker
s Part
y,
commonlyknownastheNaziPart
y.

2. HewasChancell
orofGermanyfr
om 1933to1945,andser
vedasheadofst
ate
asFühr
erundRei
chskanzl
erf
rom 1934t
o1945.

3. Adecor
atedveter
anofWorl
dWarI ,Hi
tl
erj
oinedthepr
ecur
soroft
heNaziPar
ty
(
DAP)in1919,andbecamel
eaderofNSDAPin1921

4. Heatt
emptedafai
ledcoupd'et
atknownastheBeerHal
lPut
sch,whi
choccur
red
att
heBür
gerbr
äukell
erbeerhal
li
nMunichonNovember8–9,1923

5. Hi
tl
erwasimprisonedforoneyearduet
othef
ail
edcoup,
andwr
otehi
smemoi
r,
"
MyStruggl
e",
whi l
eimpri
soned.

6. Aft
erhisrel
easeonDecember20,1924,hegainedsuppor
tbypromoti
ngPan-
Germani
sm, ant i
-semi
ti
sm, ant i-
capi
tal
i
sm, and anti
-communi
sm wi th
char
ismat
icorat
oryandpropaganda.

7. Hewasappoi ntedchancel
loronJanuar y30,1933,andtr
ansf
ormedtheWei mar
Republ
i
ci ntotheThir
dReich,asingl
e-part
ydictat
orshi
pbasedonthetot
ali
tar
ian
andautocrat
icideol
ogyofNazism.

8. .Toachi evethi
s,hepur suedaforeignpoli
cywiththedecl
aredgoalofsei
zi
ng
Lebensraum ("
li
vingspace")fort
heAr yanpeopl
e;dir
ecti
ngt
her esour
cesofthe
stat
et owards this goal
.Thisincluded t
he rear
mamentofGer many,which
culminatedi
n1939whent heWehrmachtinvadedPoland.

9. .Howev
er,wi
ththerev
ersaloftheNaziinv
asi
onoft
heSov
ietUni
on,t
heAl
l
ies
gai
nedt
heupperhandf
rom 1942onwards.

10. Int
hef i
nalday
soft hewar,dur
ingtheBatt
leofBerl
i
ni n1945,Hi
tl
ermarri
edhi
s
l
ong-t
imemi st
ressEvaBr aunand,toavoidcaptur
ebySov i
etf
orces,t
hetwo
committedsui
ci
delessthantwodayslat
eron30Apr i
l1945.

11. Whi
l
eHi
tl
eri
smostr
emember
edf
orhi
scent
ralr
olei
nWor
ldWarI
Iandt
he
Hol
ocaust
,hi
sgov
ernmentl
eftbehi
nd ot
herl
egaci
esaswel
l
,incl
udi
ng t
he
Vol
kswagen,
theAut
obahn,
jetai
rcr
aftandr
ockett
echnol
ogy
.

Ar
chi
medes.
1. Ar chimedes ofSy r
acuse was a Gr
eek mat
hemat
ici
an,phy
sici
st,engi
neer
,
invent
or,andast
ronomer

GoodLuck!
 90

2. Amonghisadvancesinphysicsaret
hefoundat
ionsofhy
drost
ati
cs,st
ati
csand
anexpl
anat
ionofthepri
nci
pleofthel
ever
.

3. Hei
scredi
tedwi
thdesigni
nginnov
ati
vemachi
nes,i
ncl
udi
ngsi
egeengi
nesand
t
hescr
ewpumpthatbearshi
sname.

4. He also def
ined the spi
ralbear
ing hi
s name,for
mulae forthe v
olumes of
sur
faces ofr ev
oluti
on and an ingeni
ous sy
stem forexpressi
ng ver
ylar
ge
numbers

5. Archi
medesdi edduri
ngtheSiegeofSyr
acusewhenhewaski
l
ledbyaRoman
soldi
erdespi
teorder
sthatheshoul
dnotbehar
med

6. .Archi
medeshadpr oventhatthespherehast wot hi
rdsoft hevolumeand
sur
faceareaofthecyli
nder(i
ncl
udi
ngt hebasesofthelatt
er)
,andregardedt
his
asthegreat
estofhi
smat hemati
calachi
evements.

7. Ther
elat
ivel
yfewcopi
esofAr
chi
medes'wr
it
tenwor
kthatsur
viv
edt
hrought
he
Mi
ddl
e Ages wer
e an i
nfl
uent
ialsour
ce ofi
deas f
orsci
ent
ist
s dur
ing t
he
Renai
ssance,
whi
l
ethedi
scov
eryi
n1906of

8. pr
evi
ousl
yunknownwor
ksbyAr
chi
medesi
ntheAr
chi
medesPal
i
mpsesthas
pr
ovi
dednewi
nsi
ght
sint
ohowheobt
ainedmat
hemat
ical
resul
ts.

Ar
ist
otl
e.
1. Ar i
stot
le(384BC–322BC)wasaGr
eekphi
l
osopher
,ast
udentofPl
atoand
t
eacherofAlexandert
heGr
eat

2. Hiswri
ti
ngscov
ermanysubj
ects,
incl
udi
ngphysi
cs,met
aphysics,poetr
y,t
heat
er,
music,logi
c,r
het
ori
c,l
ingui
sti
cs,poli
ti
cs,gover
nment,ethics,biol
ogy,and
zool
ogy.

3. Toget
herwithPl
atoandSocrat
es(Plat
o'steacher
),Ar
ist
otl
eisoneoft
hemost
i
mportantf
oundi
ngfi
guresi
nWesternphil
osophy.

4. Arist
otl
e'
sv i
ews on t he physi
cal sci
ences pr
ofoundl
y shaped medi eval
scholar
shi
p,andthei
rinfl
uenceextendedwelli
ntotheRenaissance,al
though
theywereul
ti
matel
yrepl
acedbyNewt oni
anphysi
cs.

5. ThoughAr
ist
otl
ewr
otemanyel
egantt
reat
isesanddi
alogues(
Cicer
odescr
ibed

GoodLuck!
 91

hi
sli
ter
aryst
yleas"
ari
verofgol
d")
,iti
sthoughtt
hatt
hemaj
ori
tyofhi
swr
it
ings
ar
enowl
ostandonl
yaboutone-
thi
rdoft
heor
igi
nal
wor
kshav
esur
viv
ed.

Geor
geBernar
dShaw
1. Geor geBernardShaw(26Jul
y1856–2Nov ember1950)wasanI
ri
shpl
aywr
ight
andaco-f
ounderoft
heLondonSchool
ofEconomi
cs.

2. Alt
houghhisfi
rstpr
ofi
tabl
ewr it
ingwasmusi candli
terar
ycri
ti
cism,i
nwhich
capaci
tyhewrotemanyhi ghl
yar t
icul
atepi
ecesofj
ournal
ism,hi
smaintal
ent
wasfordrama,
andhewr ot
emor ethan60plays.

3. Hebecameanaccompl i
shedor at
ori
nt hefur
theranceofi t
scauses,whi
ch
i
ncludedgai ni
ngequalr i
ghtsformenandwomen,al l
evi
ati
ngabusesofthe
workingclass,resci
ndi
ngprivat
eownershipofproducti
veland,andpr
omoti
ng
healt
hyli
festyl
es

4. In1898,Shaw mar
ri
edChar
lot
tePay
ne-
Townshend,af
ell
ow Fabi
an,whom he
sur
viv
ed

5. HeistheonlypersontohavebeenawardedbothaNobelPr i
zeforLit
eratur
e
(
1925)andanOscar(1938),f
orhi
scont
ri
buti
onstol
it
erat
ureandforhi
swor kon
t
hefi
lm Pygmal
ion(adapt
ionofhi
spl
ayofthesamename),r
especti
vel
y.

6. Shaw want
edt
oref
usehi
sNobelPr
izeout
ri
ghtbecausehehadnodesi
ref
or
publ
i
chonour
s,butaccept
edi
tathi
swi
fe'
sbehest
:sheconsi
der
edi
tat
ri
but
eto
I
rel
and.Hedi
drej
ectt
hemonet
aryawar
d,r
equest
ingi
tbeusedt
ofi
nance
t
ransl
ati
onofSwedi
shbookst
oEngl
i
sh.

Wi
l
li
am Shakespear
e.

1. Wil
li
am Shakespeare(bapt
ised26Apr il1564;di
ed23Apr
il1616)wasanEngli
sh
poetand playwri
ght,widelyr egar
ded as the gr
eat
estwr i
teri
nt he Engl
i
sh
l
anguageandt heworl
d'spre-eminentdramati
st

2. Hei
sof
tencal
l
edEngl
and'
snat
ional
poetandt
he"
Bar
dofAv
on"
.

3. Hissur
viv
ingwor
ks,i
ncl
udingsomecol
l
aborat
ion,consi
stofabout38pl
ays,
154
sonnet
s,t
wolongnar
rat
ivepoems,
andsev
eralotherpoems.

GoodLuck!
 92

4. Attheageof18,hemar
riedAnneHathaway
,wi
thwhom hehadt
hreechi
l
dren:
Susanna,
andt
winsHamnetandJudi
th.

5. .Between1585and1592,hebeganasuccessf
ulcar
eeri
nLondonasanact
or,
wri
ter,andpar
townerofapl
ayi
ngcompanycalledt
heLor
dChamberl
ain'
sMen,
l
aterknownastheKi
ng'sMen

6. Heappear
stohav
eret
ir
edt
oSt
rat
for
dar
ound1613,wher
ehedi
edt
hreey
ear
s
l
ater
.

7. Shakespear
epr
oducedmostofhi
sknownwor
kbet
ween1589and1613.

8. Hethenwrot
emainlyt
ragedi
esunt
ilabout1608,i
ncl
udi
ngHamlet,Ki
ngLear
,and
Macbeth,
consi
der
edsomeoft hef
inestworksint
heEngli
shl
anguage

9. Manyofhi splayswer epubl

ishedinediti
onsofv aryi
ngqual i
tyandaccuracy
duri
nghisli
fet
ime.In1623,t
woofhisf ormertheatr
icalcol
leaguespubli
shedthe
Fir
stFoli
o,acoll
ectededi
ti
onofhisdramat i
cwor kst hati
ncludedallbutt
woof
theplay
snowr ecogni
sedasShakespeare'
s

10. TheRomanti
cs,i
nparti
cul
ar,
accl
aimedShakespear
e'sgeni
us,
andtheVi
ctor
ians
worshi
ppedShakespear
ewi t
har ever
encethatGeor geBer
nar
dShaw cal l
ed
"bar
dol
atr
y

Ashoka
1. Ashoka( 304–232BC),popularl
yknownasAshokatheGr
eat
,wasanI ndian
emperoroftheMaury
aDy nastywhorul
edal
mostal
loft
heI
ndi
ansubcont
inent
fr
om 269BCt o232BC

2. Hisempi r
estr
etchedf r
om pr
esent
-dayPaki
stan,Af
ghani
stani
nthewest,t
othe
present
-dayBangladeshandtheIndianst
ateofAssam intheeast
,andasfar
southasnort
hernKer al
aandAndhra.

3. Heconquer
edt
heki
ngdom namedKal
i
nga

4. Ashoka was a dev

otee ofahi
msa (
nonv
iol
ence)
,lov
e,t
rut
h,t
oler
ance and
veget
ari
ani
sm

5. Hisname"aśoka"means" pai
nless,wi
thoutsor
row"i
nSanskr
it(
thepr
ivat
ivum
andśoka"
pain,
dist
ress"
).

6. Al
ongwi t
htheEdi
ctsofAshoka,hisl
egendi
srel
atedi
nthel
ater2ndcent
ury
Aśokāv
adāna(
"Nar
rat
iveofAsoka"
)

7. Ashokapl
ayedacr
it
ical
rol
einhel
pingmakeBuddhi
sm awor
ldr
eli
gion.

GoodLuck!
 93

8. Theemblem oft
hemoder
nRepubl
i
cofI
ndi
aisanadapt
ati
onoft
heLi
onCapi
tal
ofAshoka.

Gaut
amaBuddha.

1. Si
ddhārt
haGaut
amawasaspi
ri
tualt
eacherf
rom anci
entI
ndi
awhof
ounded
Buddhi
sm.

2. Thetimeofhisbi
rt
handdeat
hareuncertai
n:mostear
ly20th-
centuryhi
stor
ians
datedhisli
fet
imeas563BCEto483BCE,butmor erecentopiniondateshis
deathtobet
ween486and483BCEor,accordi
ngtosome,between411and400
BCE.

Chr
ist
opherCol
umbus.
1. Chr ist
opherColumbus(31Oct ober1451– 20May1506)wasanexpl orer
,
col
oni
zer,
andnavigat
orfrom t
heRepublicofGenoa,
innor
thwest
ernIt
aly
,whose
voy
agesacrosstheAt l
anti
cOceanl edtogeneralEur
opeanawarenessofthe
Ameri
canconti
nentsi
ntheWest ernHemispher
e.

2. Wit
hhi sfourvoyagesofexplorat
ionandsev eralatt
emptsatest abl
i
shinga
set
tlementontheislandofHispaniol
a,allf
undedbyI sabell
aIofCast i
le,he
i
nit
iated t
he pr
ocess ofSpanish col
onizat
ion which f
oreshadowed general
Eur
opeancoloni
zati
onofthe"
NewWor l
d".

3. Wit
hhi sfourvoyagesofexplorat
ionandsev eralatt
emptsatest abl
i
shinga
set
tlementontheislandofHispaniol
a,allf
undedbyI sabell
aIofCast i
le,he
i
nit
iated t
he pr
ocess ofSpanish col
onizat
ion which f
oreshadowed general
Eur
opeancoloni
zati
onofthe"
NewWor l
d".

4. Hisnameinhi
snati
ve15thcentur
yGenoeselanguagewasChr
ist
off
aCor
ombo
andtheI
tal
i
anl
anguagever
sionofthenameisCri
stofor
oCol
ombo

5. I
nthissoci
opoli
ti
calcl
i
mat
e,Col
umbus'
sfar
-f
etchedschemewont
heat
tent
ion
ofI
sabel
laIofCasti
l
e

6. Severelyunderesti
matingthecir
cumfer
enceoftheEarth,heest
imat
edt hata
westwar drout
ef r
om Iber
iatot
heIndi
eswouldbeshor
terthant
heover
landtr
ade
rout
et hroughArabia

7. Fol
lowinghisplot
tedcourse,hei
nsteadlandedwi
thi
ntheBahamasArchipel
ago
atalocalehenamedSanSal v
ador.Mist
akingt
hel
andsheencount
eredforAsia,
herefer
redtotheinhabi
tant
sas"indi
os"(Spani
shf
or"I
ndi
ans"
)

8. Theanni
ver
sar
yofCol
umbus'
s1492l
andi
ngi
ntheAmer
icasi
susual
l
yobser
ved

GoodLuck!
 94

asCol
umbusDayon12Oct
oberi
nSpai
nandt
hroughoutt
heAmer
icas,except
Canada.I
ntheUni
tedSt
atesi
tisobser
vedannual
l
yont
hesecondMondayi
n
Oct
ober
.

Dal
aiLama
1. TheDal aiLamai
saBuddhistleaderofr
eli
giousof
fi
cial
soft
heGel
ugor"
Yel
l
ow
Hat
"br
anchofTi
bet
anBuddhism

2. Thenamei sacombinat
ionoftheMongolianword"Dal
ai"meaning"Ocean"and
theTi
betanwor
d" Bl
ama"(wit
hasil
entb)meaning"chi
ef"or"
highpri
est.
"
3. "Lama"i
sageneralt
ermrefer
ri
ngtoTibet
anBuddhistt
eachers.

4. I
nr el
i
gioust
erms,theDal aiLamai
sbeli
evedbyhi
sdevoteest
obetherebir
thof
alongli
neoftul
kuswhoar econsi
der
edtobemanifest
ati
onsoft
hebodhisatt
va
ofcompassi
on,Avaloki
teśvara.

5. Forcertai
nperiodsofti
mebet
weent
he17t
hcent
uryand1959,t
heDalaiLamas
sometimesdi r
ectedtheTi
bet
anGover
nment
,whichadmi
nist
eredporti
onsof
Tibetf
rom Lhasa

6. The 14t
h DalaiLama remai
ns t
he head ofst
atef
ort
he Cent
ralTi
bet
an
Admini
str
ati
on("
Tibet
angover
nmenti
nexil
e")
.

7. Hehasi
ndi
cat
edt
hatt
hei
nst
it
uti
onoft
heDal
aiLamamaybeabol
i
shedi
nthe
f
utur
e,andal
sot
hatt
henextDal
aiLamamaybef
oundout
sideTi
betandmaybe
f
emal
e.

Genghi
sKhan

1. Genghi
sKhanwasthef
ounder,Khan(r
uler)andKhagan(
emperor
)oft
heMongol
Empir
e,whi
chbecamet
helargestcont
iguousempirei
nhi
stor
yaft
erhi
sdeat
h

2. Aft
erf oundingt
heMongolEmpireandbei
ngproclai
med" Genghi
sKhan",he
st
artedtheMongoli
nvasi
onst
hatwoul
dul
ti
matel
yresul
tint
heconquestofmost
ofEurasia.

3. These incl
uded r
aids orinvasi
ons ofthe Kara-
Khi
tan Khanat
e,Caucasus,
KhwarezmidEmpir
e, West
ernXiaandJindy
nasti
es

4. Thesecampai gnswereof t
en accompani
ed bywhol
esal
e massacr
esoft
he
ci
vil
ianpopul
ations–especi
all
yinKhwar
ezmia

GoodLuck!
 95

5. Bytheendofhisl
ife,t
heMongolEmpi
reoccupi
edasubst
ant
ialpor
ti
onof
Cent
ral
Asi
aandChi
na.

6. Bef
oreGenghi
sKhandi ed,heassi
gnedÖgedeiKhanashi ssuccessorandspl
i
t
hi
sempir
eintokhanat
esamonghi ssonsandgrandsons.

7. Hedi
edi
n1227af
terdef
eat
ingt
heWest
ernXi
a.

8. Hewasbur
iedi
nanunmar
kedgr
avesomewher
einMongol
i
aatanunknown
l
ocat
ion

9. Beyondhisgreatmili
tar
yaccomplishment
s,Genghi
sKhanalsoadvancedthe
MongolEmpireinotherways.Hedecreedtheadopt
ionoft
heUyghurscri
ptas
theMongolEmpir
e'swrit
ingsy
stem

10. I
thasbeenest i
matedt
hathiscampai
gnski
l
ledasmanyas40mi
l
li
onpeopl
e
basedoncensusdat
aofthet
imes.

11. Pr
esent
-dayMongol
i
ansr
egar
dhi
m hi
ghl
yast
hef
oundi
ngf
atherofMongol
i
a.

MaoZedong

1. MaoZedong,al
sotransl
i
ter
atedasMaoTse- t
ung (26December1893–9
Sept
ember1976),wasaChineserev
olut
ionary
,pol
i
ticalt
heori
standcommunist
l
eader

2. Heledt
hePeopl
e'sRepubl
i
cofChi
na(
PRC)f
rom i
tsest
abl
i
shmenti
n1949unt
il
hi
sdeat
hin1976

3. Hi
stheoret
icalcontr
ibut
iont o Mar
xism-Leni
nism,mi
li
tar
yst
rat
egi
es,andhi
s
br
andofCommuni stpoli
ciesar
enowcol l
ecti
vel
yknownasMaoi
sm.

4. Maor emai
nsacontrover
sialf
igur
etot
hisday
,wi
thacont
ent
iousl
egacyt
hati
s
subj
ecttof
ier
cedebate

5. ManyChi nesealso beli

evethatt hr
ough hi
spoli
cies,helai
dt heeconomic,
technologicaland cult
uralfoundati
ons ofmodern China,t
ransf
orming t
he
countryfrom anagr
ariansoci
etyint
oamaj orwor
ldpower.

6. Mao'
srul
efrom 1949t
o1976i
swi
del
ybel
i
evedt
ohav
ecausedt
hedeat
hsof40
t
o70mi l
l
ionpeople

7. .SinceDengXi
aopingassumedpowerin1978,manyMaoi
stpol
i
cieshav
ebeen
abandonedi
nfavourofeconomi
cref
orms.

GoodLuck!
 96

8. Maoi
sregar
dedasoneoft
hemosti
nfl
uent
ialf
igur
esi
nmoder
nwor
ldhi
stor
y,
andnamedbyTi
meMagazi
neasoneoft
he100mosti
mpor
tantpeopl
eoft
he
20t
hcent
ury
.

Mar
coPol
o.

1. Mar
coPolowasaChr i
sti
anmerchantf
rom theVenet
ianRepubl
i
cwhowr
oteI
l
Mi
li
one,
whichi
ntr
oducedEur
opeanstoCent
ralAsi
aandChina.

2. He l
earned aboutt
radi
ng whi
l
sthisfatherand uncl
e,Ni
ccol
ò and Maf
feo,
t
rav
ell
edt hr
oughAsi
aandmetKubl
aiKhan.

3. In1269,theyret
urnedtoVeni
cetomeetMar cof orthefir
stt i
me.Thethreeof
them embarkedonanepicj
our
neytoAsia,r
eturningafter24y ear
stofi
ndVenice
atwarwithGenoa;Marcowasi
mprisoned,
anddi ctatedhisstori
estoacel
lmate.

4. Hewasr el
eased i
n 1299,becameawealthymerchant
,mar
ri
ed and had 3
chi
l
dren.Hediedin1324,andwasbur
iedi
nSanLor
enzo.

5. I
tdocument
shi sfat
her'
sjour
neyt
omeettheKubl
aiKhan,whoaskedt
hem t
o
becomeambassador
s,andcommunicat
ewi
tht
hepope

6. I
tdocument
shi sfat
her'
sjour
neyt
omeettheKubl
aiKhan,whoaskedt
hem t
o
becomeambassador
s,andcommunicat
ewi
tht
hepope

7. Heal
sohadani
nfl
uenceonEur
opeancar
togr
aphy
,leadi
ngt
othei
ntr
oduct
ionof
t
heFr
aMauromap.

Napol
eonI
.

1. Napol
eonBonapart
e( 15August1769 
–5May1821)wasami li
tar
yandpolit
ical
l
eaderofFr
anceandEmper oroftheFr
enchasNapol
eonI
,whoseacti
onsshaped
Eur
opeanpoli
ti
csi
nt heear
ly19thcent
ury

2. Napol
eonwasbor ninCorsi
ca,Fr
ancetopar
entsofminornobl
eIt
ali
anancest
ry
andtr
ainedasanart
il
ler
yoff
iceri
nmainl
andFrance.

3. I
n1799,hestagedacoupd'
étatandi
nstal
ledhimsel
fasFi
rstConsul
;fi
vey
ear
s
l
atert
heFr
enchSenat
eprocl
aimedhim emperor
.

GoodLuck!
 97

4. TheFr enchi
nvasi
onofRussi
ain1812mar
kedat
urni
ngpoi
nti
nNapol
eon'
s
for
tunes

5. I
n1813,theSixthCoali
ti
ondefeat
edhi
sfor
cesatLeipzi
g;t
hefol
l
owingyeart
he
Coali
ti
oninvadedFrance,f
orcedNapol
eontoabdicateandexi
ledhi
mt othe
i
slandofEl
ba

6. Lessthanay earl
ater
,heescapedEl
baandr
etur
nedt
opower
,butwasdef
eat
ed
attheBatt
leofWaterl
ooinJune1815

7. Napoleonspentthelastsi
xyear
sofhi
sli
fei
nconf
inementbyt
heBr
it
ishont
he
i
slandofSaintHelena.

8. Anautopsyconcl
udedhediedofstomachcancer,t
houghStenForshuf
vudand
ot
herscient
ist
shavesi
nceconj
ect
uredhewaspoisonedwit
harseni
c.

9. hei
sal
sor
emember
edf
ort
heest
abl
i
shmentoft
heNapol
eoni
ccode,whi
chl
aid
t
headmi
nist
rat
iveandj
udi
cial
foundat
ionsf
ormuchofWest
ernEur
ope.

Pabl
oPi
casso

1. PabloDiegoJoséFr
anci
scodePaulaJuanNepomucenoMar í
adel osRemedios
Cipr
ianodelaSantí
simaTri
nidadRui
zyPicassoknownasPabl oRui zPi
casso
(25October1881– 8Apr i
l1973)wasaSpani shpaint
er,draughtsman,and
scul
ptorwholi
vedmostofhi
sadultl
if
einFr
ance.

2. Amonghi smostfamousworksar
etheprot
o-Cubi
stLesDemoi
sel
lesd'
Avi
gnon
(1907)andGuerni
ca(1937)
,hi
sport
ray
aloftheGermanbombingofGuerni
ca
duri
ngtheSpani
shCiv
ilWar

3. maki
nghi
m oneoft
hebest
-knownf
igur
esi
n20t
hcent
uryar
t.

Pl
ato
1. Pl ato( 428/427 BC – 348/ 347 BC),was a Cl assi
calGr eek phi
l
osopher
,
mathematici
an,wr
it
erofphil
osophicaldialogues,
andfounderoftheAcademyin
At
hens,thefir
sti
nsti
tut
ionofhigherl
earningintheWester
nwor ld.

2. Plat
owasor igi
nal
lyastudentofSocrat
es,andwasasmuchi
nfl
uencedbyhi
s
thi
nkingasbyhisappar
entl
yunj
ustexecuti
on.

3. Pl
ato'ssophi
sti
cat
ionasawr i
teri
sev i
dentinhi
sSocr
ati
cdi
alogues;t
hir
ty-
six
di
aloguesandthi
rt
eenl
ett
ershavebeenascr
ibedt
ohi
m.

GoodLuck!
 98

4. Plat
o's di
alogues have been used t
oteach a r
ange ofsubj
ect
s,i
ncl
udi
ng
phil
osophy,logi
c,et
hics,
rhetor
ic,
andmathemat
ics

Socr
ates

1. Socr
ates(
469BC–399BC)wasaCl
assi
cal
GreekAt
heni
anphi
l
osopher

2. ASai
nt,apr
ophetoft
he'
Sun-
God'
,at
eachercondemnedf
orhi
steachi
ngsasa
her
eti
c."
Yet
,the'
real
'Socr
ates,l
i
kemanyoft
heot
herAnci
entphi
l
osopher
s,
r
emai
ns,
atbest
,eni
gmat
icand,
atwor
st,
unknown.

VascoDaGama.

1. VascodaGama( 1460or1469–24December1524)wasaPortugueseexpl
orer
,
oneoft hemostsuccessf
uli
nt heAgeofDiscov
eryandt
hecommanderoft he
fi
rstshi
pstosai
ldi
rectl
yfr
om Europet
oIndi
a

2. Forashor
tti
mei
n1524hewasGov
ernorofPor
tugueseI
ndi
aundert
het
it
leof
Vi
cer
oy.

Wi
nst
onChur
chi
l
l.

1. SirWinst
onLeonardSpencer-Chur
chil
l (30November1874–24
January1965)wasaBriti
shpoli
ti
cianandst
atesmanknownforhi
sleader
shi
pof
theUnit
edKingdom dur
ingtheSecondWorldWar(WWII).

2. Hei
swi del
yregar
dedasoneoft hegr
eatwar
ti
mel
eader
s.Heser
vedaspr
ime
mi
nist
ertwi
ce(1940–45and1951–55)
.

3. Todate,heistheonl
yBri
ti
shprimemini
stert
ohaverecei
vedtheNobelPr
izein
Li
ter
ature,andhewasthefi
rstper
soncr
eatedanhonorar
ycit
izenoft
heUnited
St
ates

GoodLuck!
99

GoodLuck!
 100

WARS

WARSI
NINDI
ANSUBCONTI
NENT-
5

1. 1st Bat
tl
eofPani
pat(
21Apr1526) I
brahi
m Lodhi
andBabur

2. 2ndBat
tl
eofPani
pat(
5Nov1556) Bai
ram Khan(
regentf
orAbbar
)andI
tem
Chandr
aVi
bramadi
ty.

3. 3rdBat
tl
eofPami
pat(
1761) AhmedShahAbdal
iandMar
athas.

4. Bat
tl
eofKhanwa(
17Mar1527) BabarDef
eat
edRanaSongs.

5. Bat
tl
eofGhaghr
a(6May1529) Babardef
eat
edSul
tanMuhammadLodhi
.

6. Bat
tl
eofPl
assey Br
it
ishEastI
ndi
aCompanyVsSi
raj
Ud
Daul
ah.

7. BuxerWar(
1765) EastI
ndi
aCompanyVsBengal
.Rober
t
Cl
i
veVsMi
rJaf
arAl
iKhan.

8. 2ndMy
sor
eWar(
1780-
1784) Ki
ngdom ofGr
eatBr
it
ishVsMy
sor
e(Hy
der
Al
i
)

9. 3rdMy
sor
eWar(
1789-
92) Gr
eatBr
it
ishVsTi
puSul
tan.

10. 4thMy
sor
eWar(
1789-
1799) Gr
eatBr
it
ishVsTi
puSul
tan.

11. I
ndi
anWarofI
ndependence(
10May1857) Br
it
ishAr
myandEastI
ndi
aCompany
’s
Sepoy
sDef
eat
edRebel
l
iousEastI
ndi
a
Companysepoy
s,7I
ndi
anSt
atesand
I
ndi
anCi
vi
li
ans.

ARAB–I
SRAELWARS

1. Fi
rstAr
ab–I
srael
War(
May1948-
Mar I
srael
VsEgy
pt,
Syr
ia,
Iraq,
Jor
don,
Lebanon
1949) Saudi
Arabi
aandYemen.

GoodLuck!
 101

2. 2ndAr
abI
srael
War(
Oct1956-
Mar1957)or UK,
France,
Isr
ael
VsEgy
pt.
SuezCr
isi
s

3. 3rdAr
abI
srael
War(
5-10Jun1967)orSi
x– I
srael
VsEgy
pt,
Syr
ia,
Jor
danandI
raq.
DayWar

4. 4thAr
abI
srael
War(
6Oct-
26Oct1973)or I
srael
VsEgy
pt,
Syr
iaandI
raq.
Yom Ki
ppurWar

5. BoerWar
s(1899-
1902) Br
it
ishVsSout
hAf
ri
ca.

GoodLuck!
 102

FamousWar
s

Ser War Dur

ati
on Bel
l
iger
ent
s

1. Pel
oponnesi
anWar 431-
404BC Pel
oponnesi
anLeagueLedbySpar
ta
andDal
i
anLeagueLedByAt
hens.

2. Puni
cWar
s 264-
146BC RomeandCar
thage.

3. Gal
l
icWar
s 58-
51BC Jul
i
usCaesarandGal
l
icTr
ibes.

4. Cr
usades(
8War
s a. 1095-
1099 Chr
ist
ianEur
opeandMusl
i
ms
Agai
nstt
heMusl
i
ms) b. 1147-
1149
c. 1187-
1192
d. 1202-
1204
e. 1217-
1221
f
. 1228-
1229
g. 1248-
1254
h. 1270

5. Hundr
edYear
sWar 1337-
1453 HouseofVal
uesandHouseof
Pl
ant
agenet
.

6. Thi
rt
yYear
sWar 1618-
1648 Sweden,
Engl
and,
Franceet
conone
si
deandHol
yRomanEmpi
reOnt
he
ot
her
.

7. WarofSpani
sh 1701-
1714 Hol
yRomanEmpi
reandFr
ance,
Successi
on Spai
nandBav
ari
a.

8. Sev
enYear
sWar 1756-
1763 Pr
ussi
a,Aust
ri
aVsGr
eatBr
it
ain
Fr
ance,
andRussi
a.

9. Amer
icanWarof 1775-
1783 US,
FranceandSpai
nVsGr
eat
I
ndependence Br
it
ain.

10. Fr
enchRev
olut
ionar
y 1792-
1802 Fr
anceVsGr
eatBr
it
ain,
Prussi
a,
War Russi
a,Spai
net
c.

GoodLuck!
 103

11. Napol
eonWar
s

a. Bat
tl
eofAust
erl
i
tz 2Dec1805 Fr
anceLedbyNapol
eonRussi
aand
Aust
ri
aledbyAl
exanderandFr
anci
s
I
I.

b. Bat
tl
eofAuer
stedt
Fr
anceandPr
ussi
aNapol
eonand
14Oct1806 Fr
edr
ickWi
l
li
am I
I.

c. WaronRussi
a
24Junt
o12Dec1812 Fr
anceandRussi
aNapol
eonand
Al
exanderI

d. Bat
tl
eofLei
pzi
g
16-
19Oct1813
Fr
ance,
Ital
y,Nepl
esAust
ri
a,Vs

e. Warb/
wBr
it
ainand Pr
ussi
a,Russi
a

Fr
ance 1803-
1814
Br
it
ainandFr
ance

f
. Bat
tl
eofWat
erl
oo
18Jun1815
anceVs7thCoal
Fr i
tion(
Prussi
a+UK
+Net
her
landset
c)

12. Cr
imeanWar 1853-
1856 Fr
ance,
Ott
omanEmpi
reandBr
it
ain
VsRussi
anEmpi
reandBul
gar
ian

13. Fr
ancesco-
Prussi
an 19Jul
1870-
10May Fr
anceVsNor
thGer
man
1871 Conf
eder
ati
onandKi
ngdom of
Pr
ussi
a.

14. Amer
icanCi
vi
lWar 1861-
1865 USA(
Uni
on)VsConf
eder
ateSt
ates
ofAmer
ica.

15. Russo-JapaneseWar Feb1904-

Sep1905 Russi
aandJapan.

GoodLuck!
 104

16. Wor
ldWarI 28Jun1914-
11Nov Al
l
ied(
Russi
a,Fr
ance,
UK,
Canada,
1918 Aust
ral
i
a,I
tal
y,Japan,
andUSA)Vs
Cent
ral
Power
s(Ger
manyOt
toman,
Bul
gar
iaandAust
ri
an–Rumani
an
Empi
re)
.

17. Si
no- 1st) 1894-
JapaneseWar( 1895 Qi
ngDy
nast
yofCl
i
ngVsEmpi
reof
Japan.

Chi
naandJapan.
Si
no- 2nd)
Japenese( 7Jul
-9Sep1937

18. WW-
II 1Sep1939t
o2Sep Al
l
iesVsAxi
sUK,
USA,
USSRVs
1945 Ger
many
,It
aly
,Japan.

19. Kor
eanWar 25Jan1950t
o27Jul UNVsNor
thKor
eaandAl
l
ies
1953

20. Col
dWar 1947-
1991 USAandUSSR.

21. Vi
etnam War 1959-
1975 Sout
hVi
etnam+USA,
Sout
hKor
ea
Nor
thVi
etnam,
Sov
ietUni
on,
Nor
th
Kor
ea.

GoodLuck!