Exp8 Chem

Progressive Education Society’s
MODERN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Engineering Chemistry
EXPERIMENT No. 8
Spectroscopy
Aim :- To determine maximum wavelength of KMnO4, verify Beer’s Law

and find unknown concentration of given sample.
Theory :-
Electromagnetic spectrum: - The interaction of radiation and matter
takes place throughout the entire electromagnetic spectrum. The
wavelengths of radiations are as short as 10-9 nm to as long as 1000
km. The physical and chemical effects of the radiations are quite
different due to different energies of photons.
e.g. Absorption of a particular wavelength in the range 2.5 to 50
microns can cause vibration of certain covalent bond. Absorption of a
particular wavelength from UV-visible region 200 – 780 nm can bring
about excitation of electrons in a bond to higher energy. X-rays knock
out electrons from the energy levels closer to nucleus of atom and
converts the atom to ion. An electromagnetic radiation brings about
some kind of change in the nuclei, atoms or molecules on absorption,
but if the wave is not absorbed for any kind of change in the matter,
then the wave get transmitted trough the matter.
Principle of Spectroscopy: - When a monochromatic light is allowed
to pass through solution of a sample, the molecules or ions in the
sample may absorb part of the incident light intensity and remaining
intensity is transmitted. It is found that the solution does not absorb
the various incident monochromatic wavelengths to same extent.
There is certain wavelength, which is absorbed, maximum and it is
known as λ max. This wavelength is selected to analyse the sample by
spectrophotometers. The variation of absorption of light from a
particular spectrum is shown in fig.
For excitation of an electron from bond (C=C, C=O, C=N), certain
definite amount of energy depending upon strength of the bond is required
which is in the form of Photons of a particular radiation.
Photon energy
H = Plank’s constant
E = Energy
c = Velocity of light
= Frequency
λ = Wavelength
The shorter wavelength has greater amount of energy in the form of

photons of the radiation.
Beer-Lambert’s law of absorption :-
Lambert’s Law :-
The rate of decrease in intensity of radiation is directly proportional to
thickness of solution, when monochromatic light passes through a solution
of constant concentration.
Beer’s Law :- the rate of decrease in intensity of light is proportional to
concentration of solution for a fixed thickness of solution.
Lambert’s – Beer law can be stated as, absorption of a light by
solution, is directly proportional to the concentration of solution and the path
length.
Mathematically law can be written as,
∝
Where I0 = Intensity (radiant power) of the incident radiation.
dx = Path length
di = decrease in intensity of light
= I 0 - It
Intensity or radiant power is the number of photons per unit area per second.
Beer’s law can be written as,
∝
Combined Beer – Lambert’s law will be,
∝ .
∝ .
∝ . k is known as Absorptivity constant.

The term is defined as absorbance A and the transmittance T is
defined as .
path length is in cms., concentration is in gms/lit.
By taking unit concentration of sample in solution (c = 1 mole/lit) and unit
length of path (x = 1 cm) the absorbance observed will be the value of the
constant in Beer-Lambert’s equation.
The constant Beer-Lambert’s Law is known as (∈) molar

absorptivity or molar extinction coefficient. A plot of
absorbance (A) versus concentration (thickness of
cuvette fixed in a spectrometer) should be a straight
line passing through origin. The plot of %
transmittance versus concentration is as shown in fig.
Instrumentation of spectrophotometer :-
1) Source of Radiation
2) Monochromator
3) Slit
4) Sample holder
5) Detectors
a) Photo tube b) Photo multiplier tube
Quantitative Analysis Procedure :- Absorption

1) The instrument is put on after electrical connections
2) Then allow the instrument to warm up for about 15 minutes.
3) Select the proper wavelength for experiment corresponding to Concentration
gms/lit
maximum absorption.
4) Prepare a blank solution i.e. Solvents and Reagents mixture but
without the chemical whose concentration is to be determined.
5) Place the clean cuvette containing the blank solution in the socket
provided and adjust 100% transmittance.
6) Prepare 4-5 standard solutions of the sample which is to be
analysed quantitatively.
7) Note the absorbance for the known concentration solutions by
placing the solution one by one in the cuvette and putting the
cuvette in the socket inside the instrument.
8) Note the absorbance of unknown concentration sample solution.
9) Plot a graph of absorbance versus concentration, which is straight
line passing through origin and read the concentration of the
unknown corresponding to its absorbance from the graph.
UV Visible Spectroscopy: -
Fig.: Single beam UV – Visible Spectrophotometer.
Observation Table :-
Part I- Determination of λmax
Source of
Radiation P
λmax for KMnO4 solution = 528nm
Slit
Part II- Determination of unknown concentration of given

solution
Sr.No. Concentration(M) Absorbance
1 0.00009
2 0.0001
3 0.00027
4 0.0004
5 unknown
0.018
Graph:-
Absorbance
Unknown conc. =____
Concentration
Result :-
Concentration of unknown solution is ………………………………..

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Progressive Education Society’s

MODERN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Aim :- To determine maximum wavelength of KMnO4, verify Beer’s Law

The shorter wavelength has greater amount of energy in the form of

∝ . k is known as Absorptivity constant.

The constant Beer-Lambert’s Law is known as (∈) molar

Quantitative Analysis Procedure :- Absorption

Fig.: Single beam UV – Visible Spectrophotometer.

Part II- Determination of unknown concentration of given

Sr.No. Concentration(M) Absorbance

Unknown conc. =____

Concentration of unknown solution is ………………………………..

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