LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET IN 3Is

(Inquiries, Investigation, Immersion)

Worksheet No. 5

Learner’s Name : ______________________________________________

Grade Level/Section: ______________________________________________
Date :______________________________________________

I. LEARNING SKILLS
A. Most Essential Learning Competency
Selects, cites and synthesizes related literature
B. Objective
Synthesizes information from relevant literature. (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-3)

II. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT

Synthesizing means integrating facts and information from various

sources to determine and show how the research works together .
Review usually means an overview summarizing major parts and bringing them
together to build a picture of what's out there.
Literature means the major writings especially scholarly writings – on the topic.
Depending on your field "the literature" can include all sorts of things: journal
articles, books, published essays, government reports, historical records, and
statistical handbooks.

Synthesis means to combine a number of different pieces into a whole. It is

about concisely summarizing and linking different sources in order to review the
literature on a topic, make recommendations, and connect your practice to the
research.
Synthesis usually goes together with analysis because you break down a
concept/idea into its important parts/points (analysis), so you can draw useful
conclusions or make decisions about the topic or problem (synthesis).

Synthesis helps to determine the following:

 Which sources overlap or share the same opinion/findings?
 Have you found any common traits or themes in the research literature?

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  What choice have you made about this dilemma? Why did you make that
choice and not another?
 What meaning or conclusions do you draw from the data on this topic?
 How might that new meaning change or reinforce your practice?
 Why is the piece of research evidence weak or strong?
 Using the statistics, facts, or knowledge in the research, what kind of story
have you crafted for the reader? What is your angle or your personal
interpretation of the evidence?
 How have you shown the reader which parts of the argument (or which
pieces of research) are most useful or most important?
Created by Cosette Taylor, Communications Instructor for the Faculty of Nursing at the University of Manitoba, Retrieved from:
https://umanitoba.ca/faculties/nursing/students/What_is_synthesis.pdf

Example of Synthesizing
Related Literatures
Author Concept/Meaningful Work
Knowles (1978) Builds upon learner’s life experiences, and links new
knowledge with previous life experiences
Seifert (2004) Contributes to confidence
Rogers(2002) Tasks meet an immediate need
Bandura(1997) Leads to task persistence
Craft(2005) Reflective journals can be meaningful to the student
What does the student I also find that I am more motivated to do “real life”
author think? nursing tasks that are meaningful to my future career

Synthesis of the related literatures:

Given the importance of meaningful learning in increasing student motivation and
task persistence (Bandura, 1997; Craft, 2005; Rogers, 2000; Seifert, 2004), it is
important to provide relevant and practical clinical teaching to clients.
Bandura (1997) and Rogers’ (2000) findings indicate that meaningful tasks are
more likely lead to the completion of learning tasks or the fulfillment of a need.
However, the learning process itself is more enjoyable when the task is important to the
learner. Nurses should take both the learning process and learning outcome into
consideration.

Paraphrasing is showing information in your own words and acknowledging

and citing the sources. It is one of the strategies to create a more reader-friendly
research.

How to paraphrase in five steps:

1. Read the passage several times to fully understand the meaning
2. Note down key concepts
3. Write your version of the text without looking at the original
4. Compare your paraphrased text with the original passage and make minor
adjustments to phrases that remain too similar

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 5. Cite the source where you found the idea
Example:
Original passage
“The number of foreign and domestic tourists in the Netherlands rose above
42 million in 2017, an increase of 9% and the sharpest growth rate since
2006, the national statistics office CBS reported on
Wednesday” (DutchNews.nl, 2018)

Paraphrased version
According to the national statistics office, the Netherlands experienced
dramatic growth in tourist numbers in 2017. More than 42 million tourists
travelled to or within the Netherlands that year, representing a 9% increase –
the steepest in 12 years (DutchNews.nl, 2018).
 The text is rewritten in your own words
 The meaning of the text did not change
 The source is cited correctly according to APA in-text citation rules

Paraphrasing tips
The five steps to paraphrasing may seem straightforward, but writing an idea in a
different way than the published version can be difficult. These are four tricks you can
apply to help you do so.
1. Start your first sentence at a different point from that of the original source
2. Use synonyms (words that mean the same thing)
3. Change the sentence structure (e.g. from active to passive voice, simple to
compound or complex, etc.)
4. Break the information into separate sentences

We have applied these four tips to the example below:

Original quote:
“But the hearing was about more than Facebook; it exposed a critical turning
point as the power, sophistication and potential exploitation of technology
outpaces what users, regulators or even its creators expected or seem prepared
to handle” (Roose & Kang, 2018, para. 11).

Paraphrased version:
The hearing made it apparent that the expectations of creators, regulators and
users have been rapidly eclipsed by technology in general, not only Facebook.
Such technologies now extend beyond what these parties are able to manage,
due to their immense influence, potential for exploitation and sophistication
(Roose & Kang, 2018, para. 11).

1. Start your first sentence at a different point from that of the original source
In the example, you can see that we started by introducing the context (the hearing)
followed by the last part of the original sentence: the expectations of creators,
regulators and users. In fact, the key pieces of information are mentioned in a
completely different order.

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 2. Use as many synonyms as possible
Synonyms are words or phrases that means the same thing. Our example uses
several synonyms:
 “exposed a critical turning point” → “made it apparent”
 “outpaces” → “rapidly eclipsed”

3. Change the sentence structure

For example, if the sentence was originally in the active voice, change it to passive.
The active voice is when a sentence is led by the subject (the thing doing the
action). When the object (the thing receiving the action) leads the sentence, that
sentence is written in the passive voice.
 “Technology outpaces what users, regulators or even its creators
expected” → “The expectations of creators, regulators and users have
been rapidly eclipsed by technology“

4. Break the information into separate sentences

Although paraphrasing will usually result in a word count roughly the same as an
original quote, you may be able to play with the number of sentences to make the
text different.
Source: Courtney Gahan (October 31, 2019) How to paraphrase sources. Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/how-to-paraphrase/. Retrieved July 25, 2020. Scribbr.

Formats in summarizing and paraphrasing

1. Idea Heading Format

The summarized idea comes before the citation
Example: Bench marking is a useful strategy that has the potential to help
public officials improve the performance of local services (Folz, 2004;
Ammons, 2001).

2. Author Heading Format

The summarized idea comes after the citation. The author’s name/s is/are
connected by an appropriate reporting verb.
Example: The study of Kabilan, Ahmad and Abidin (2010) shows that the students
perceived FB as an online environment to expedite language learning specifically
English. Donmus (2010) asserts that educational games on FB fecundate learning
process and make students’ learning environment more engaging.

3. Date Heading Format

The summarized idea comes after the date when the material was published.
Example: In their 2004 study on the impact of participatory development
approach, Irvin and Stansbury argue that participants can be valuable to the
participants and the government in terms of the process and outcomes of
decision making.

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 Source: Marian A. Habla (Jul 23, 2017). Basics in summarizing. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/marian10788/basics-of-summarizing. Retrieved July 25, 2020.

II. ACTIVITIES
A. Practice Tasks
Task 1: Read and analyze the given related literature below and identify the main
concept and its purpose. Write your answers in the table.
Based on the literature on science education, instructional characteristics are
associated with student achievement. The strongest instructional recommendation was
observed for instruction that emphasized laboratory inquiry or activity. Laboratory
inquiry was associated with higher and more equitable achievement among students
even if they were of different demographic profiles (Von Secker and Lissits,1999). A
number of studies have traced that meaning engagement of students with science
concepts and experimental procedures are some of the evidences of successful
achievement in Science( Campbell, Kaundda, Allie,Buffler and Lubben,2000).
MAIN CONCEPT PURPOSE

Task 2: Using your output in Practice task 1, construct a one (1) paragraph
synthesis of the given related literature.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Task 3: Search and choose two (2) related literatures which you are interested.
Get the title, objective, respondents and significant findings. Then, construct a one (1)
paragraph synthesis of the details that you have gathered.

Related Literature 1
Title of Study
Objective
Respondents
Significant Findings
Related Literature 2
Title of Study
Objective
Respondents

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 Significant Findings

Synthesis:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

B. Assessment
Synthesize the given related literature below. A rubric will be used in assessing your
output.
Body image issues have been widely associated with social media usage, particularly in young
women. The relation between media depictions and body image concerns is well-established; a meta-
analysis by Grabe, Ward and Hyde (2008) concluded that exposure to mass media is linked to body
image dissatisfaction among women. However, in an era of rapidly changing digital technologies, the
mass media paradigm is no longer adequate for understanding how people engage with images, and the
findings of older studies like this one may not be generalizable to younger generations. In light of this
changing landscape, researchers have become increasingly interested in the specific effects of social
media.
Perloff (2014) theorizes that the interactive aspects of social media may influence its impact on
body image, and mentions that young women are among the most active social media users. Several
empirical studies have focused on Facebook usage in adolescent girls (Tiggermann & Slater, 2013; Meier
& Gray, 2014) and in young adult women (Smith, Hames, & Joiner, 2013; Fardouly et al., 2015; Cohen,
Newton-John & Slater, 2017), while a systematic review by Holland and Timmerman (2016) confirmed a
relationship between social networking and body image for both women and men.
Across these studies, there is consistent evidence that body image issues are influenced not by
social media usage in general, but by engagement with the visual and interactive aspects of these
platforms. Nonetheless, there is a lack of robust research on more highly-visual social media (HVSM)
such as Instagram and Snapchat that have gained more recent popularity among younger generations.
Source: Shona McCombes. June 25, 2020. How to write a literature review. Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/literature-review/. Retrieved July 25, 2020. Scribb

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

IV. RUBRIC FOR SCORING

Indicators 5 4 3 2 1
1. Cited literature and studies are adequate and relevant to the research problem.
2. Related literature and studies are recent (five years ago to present year of the study)
3. Foreign literature, studies, literature and local studies are present.
4. Synthesis of the reviewed literature and studies is well-organized, concise (not too long nor
too short) and is based on the researchers’ logical analysis of the cited materials.
5. The sources of the cited literatures and studies are appropriately acknowledged and or
credited.
6. Proper format and mechanics are observed.
7. Correct grammar is observed.

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 Score
Adapted with revision: University of San Jose Recoletos (2016). Research Rubric for Final Oral Defense. Retrieved
from https://usjr.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Form-5b-Research-Rubrics-Final-Oral-Defense.pdf

V. REFERENCES
Cam Sur Senior High School English Teachers (2017). Contextualized Module on
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion. Camarines Sur Division.
Gahan, C. (2019). How to paraphrase sources. Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/how-to-paraphrase/. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
Scribbr.
Habla, M. A. (Jul 23, 2017). Basics in summarizing. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/marian10788/basics-of-summarizing. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
Kim, YS. (2018). The importance of literature review in research writing
Retrieved from https://owlcation.com/humanities/literature_review. Retrieved July 21,
2020.
Lyons, K. (2020). How to write a literature review. Retrieved from
https://library.concordia.ca/help/writing/literature-review.php. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
Concordia University Library.
McCombes, S. (2020). How to write a literature review. Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/literature-review/. Retrieved July 25, 2020. Scribbr.
Pubrica.com (2019). The importance of literature review in research writing.
Retrieved from https://medium.com/@pubricahealthcare/the-importance-of-literature-
review-in-research-writing-67f5af941650. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
Quizizz. Quiz on Literature Review. Retrieved from
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5de451e8644873001bc86394/review-of-related-literature.
Retrieved July 25, 2020.
Taylor,C. What is Synthesis? University of Manitoba. Retrieved from:
https://umanitoba.ca/faculties/nursing/students/What_is_synthesis.pdf
University of San Jose Recoletos (2016). Research Rubric for Final Oral Defense.
Retrieved from https://usjr.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Form-5b-Research-
Rubrics-Final-Oral-Defense.pdf. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
Upstate Library (June 2, 2020). Literature Review: Purpose of a Literature Review.
Retrieved from https://uscupstate.libguides.com/c.php?g=627058&p=4389968 .
Retrieved July 20, 2020.

Prepared by:
BELINDA T. NELLASCA, MT-I, Calabanga National HS, SDO Cam. Sur
JESSICA BOLALIN-RUBI, SHS T-II, Altamarino-Clasio HS, SDO Cam. Sur

Quality Assured by:

FE F. PERALTA, P-II, San Vicente NHS, SDO Cam. Sur
EDNA B. ALADANO, P-II, Gov. Mariano E. Villafuerte HS, SDO Cam. Sur
CHEENEE H. BUAL, Albay Division
JOVITO A. BRIONES JR., Albay Division
SANCHO M. BOLAÑOS JR., Albay Division
JAN ALDRIN C. BELISARIO, Albay Division

Reviewed by:

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 PRECIOSA R. DELA VEGA, EPS-I, SDO Cam. Sur
Illustrator/Layout Artist:
MARY JANE S. SAN AGUSTIN, T-II, Fundado ES, SDO Cam. Sur