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Thermal Properties of Matter

1. The document discusses equations of state and gas laws that relate pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of substance for gases. It defines key terms like the ideal gas law and universal gas constant. 2. Sample problems demonstrate using the ideal gas law to calculate volume, temperature, and mass changes for gases under different conditions. 3. The molecular properties of matter are explained, including mole, Avogadro's number, molar mass, and heat capacities of gases and solids. Phase changes of materials are illustrated using pressure-temperature diagrams.

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103 views17 pages

Thermal Properties of Matter

1. The document discusses equations of state and gas laws that relate pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of substance for gases. It defines key terms like the ideal gas law and universal gas constant. 2. Sample problems demonstrate using the ideal gas law to calculate volume, temperature, and mass changes for gases under different conditions. 3. The molecular properties of matter are explained, including mole, Avogadro's number, molar mass, and heat capacities of gases and solids. Phase changes of materials are illustrated using pressure-temperature diagrams.

Uploaded by

abee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Thermal Properties of

Matter
Section 05

61
Equations of State
› Equation of State– physical quantities such as pressure (P),
temperature (T), volume (V), and amount of substance (n) to
describe the state of a material.

› Recall that:

m = mass, g
n = number of moles, mol
M = molar mass, g/mol

62
Behavior of Various Gases
1. At constant temperature and pressure, The volume is
proportional to the number of moles .
Avogradro’s Law

2. At constant temperature and number of moles, volume


varies inversely proportional to pressure.

Boyle’s Law

63
Behavior of Various Gases
3. At constant volume and number of moles, the pressure is
proportional to absolute temperature.
Gay-Lussac’s Law

All these relationships can be summarize as:

R = universal gas constant

Ideal Gas Law


64
Behavior of Various Gases

Ideal Gas Law

R = universal gas constant = 8.3145 J/mol·K


P = pressure, Pa
V = volume, m³
n = number of moles, mol
T = absolute temperature, K

65
Sample Problem
1. What is the volume of a container that holds exactly 1 mol of an
ideal gas at STP (standard temperature and pressure, T = 273.15K,
P= 1 atm)

66
Sample Problem
2. In an automobile engine, a mixture of
air and vaporized gasoline is compressed
in the cylinders before being ignited. A
typical engine has a compression ratio of
9.00 to 1; that is, the gas in the cylinders
is compressed to of its original volume
(shown in the figure). The intake and
exhaust valves are closed during the
compression, so the quantity of gas is
constant. What is the final temperature of
the compressed gas if its initial
temperature is 27 C and the initial and
final pressures are 1.00 atm and 21.7
atm, respectively?

67
Sample Problem
3. An “empty” aluminum scuba tank contains 11.0 L of air at 21 C
and 1 atm. When the tank is filled rapidly from a compressor, the air
temperature is 42 C and the gauge pressure is 2.10x107 Pa. What
mass of air was added? (Air is about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen,
and 1% miscellaneous; its average molar mass is 28.8 g/mol)?

68
The PV-Diagram
A plot that shows the behavior of
a material or substance in a
constant temperature (isotherm)
for a particular volume and
pressure.

69
Molecular Properties of Matter
› Mole
– 1 mol is the amount of substance that contains as many
elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of C-12.

› Avogadro’s Number,
– it is the number of molecules or atoms in 1 mol

70
Molecular Properties of Matter
› Molar Mass,
– the mass of 1 mol

When the molecule consist of a single atom, atomic mass is


often used instead of molar mass or molecular weight.

71
Sample Problem
Find the mass of
a. mass of a single hydrogen atom
b. mass of a single oxygen atom
c. mass of 1 molecule of water

72
Heat Capacities of Gases and Solids

CV = heat capacity at constant volume, J/mol·K

Ideal Gas of Point Diatomic Gas monoatomic solid


Particles

73
Molecular Speed
› The squared of the rms speed of a molecule is directly
proportional to trice of temperature and inversely proportional to
its mass.

k = Boltzmann Constant
  k = 1.3806x10-23 J/K

74
Phases of Matter
› An ideal gas is the simplest system to analyze from a molecular
viewpoint.
› The theoretical analysis of solids and liquids structure is a lot more
complicated than for gases.
› Substance/materials exist in different state based on their physical
quantities (temperature, pressure, and volume)

75
PT Phase Diagram
› This diagram shows the regions of temperature and pressure at which
various phases exist and where phase changes occur.

melting

freezing

condensation
vaporization
deposition
sublimation

76
PVT Surfaces

77

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