Capillary Blood Sampling National Recomm

Review
Capillary blood sampling: national recommendations on behalf of the Croatian

Society of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine
Jasna Lenicek Krleza*1,2, Adrijana Dorotic1,3, Ana Grzunov1,2, Miljenka Maradin1,4
1Croatian Society of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Working Group for Capillary Blood Sampling, Zagreb, Croatia
2Children’sHospital Zagreb, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Zagreb, Croatia
3University Hospital for Infectious Diseases Dr. Fran Mihaljevic, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Haematology, Zagreb,
Croatia
4General Hospital Karlovac, Department of Medical Biochemistry Laboratory, Karlovac, Croatia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract
Capillary blood sampling is a medical procedure aimed at assisting in patient diagnosis, management and treatment, and is increasingly used
worldwide, in part because of the increasing availability of point-of-care testing. It is also frequently used to obtain small blood volumes for labora-
tory testing because it minimizes pain. The capillary blood sampling procedure can inluence the quality of the sample as well as the accuracy of test
results, highlighting the need for immediate, widespread standardization. A recent nationwide survey of policies and practices related to capillary
blood sampling in medical laboratories in Croatia has shown that capillary sampling procedures are not standardized and that only a small propor-
tion of Croatian laboratories comply with guidelines from the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) or the World Health Organization (WHO).
The aim of this document is to provide recommendations for capillary blood sampling. This document has been produced by the Working Group for
Capillary Blood Sampling within the Croatian Society of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Our recommendations are based on existing
available standards and recommendations (WHO Best Practices in Phlebotomy, CLSI GP42-A6 and CLSI C46-A2), which have been modiied based on
local logistical, cultural, legal and regulatory requirements. We hope that these recommendations will be a useful contribution to the standardizati-
on of capillary blood sampling in Croatia.
Key words: recommendations; capillary blood; blood specimen collection; standardization; preanalytical phase
Received: February 17, 2015 Accepted: September 08, 2015
Introduction
Capillary blood sampling, which refers to sam- patients in order to avoid the efects of blood vol-
pling blood from a puncture on the inger, heel or ume reduction (2) and reduce the risk of anemia
an earlobe, is increasingly common in medicine. It (3). Thus, 56% of all procedures in the neonatal
enjoys several advantages over venous blood unit are performed using capillary blood samples,
sampling: it is less invasive, it requires smaller making it the most frequent invasive procedure
amounts of blood volume and it can be performed performed during the neonatal period (4,5). Skin
quickly and easily. This technique has become puncture blood sampling is also recommended
more and more popular, especially with the wide- for adult patients with severe burns, those who are
spread use of point-of-care testing (POCT), which obese or older or anxious about sampling, those
has become the fastest growing area in laboratory with a tendency toward thrombosis, those whose
medicine (1). surface veins need to be spared for intravenous
therapy, those with fragile or inaccessible veins,
Obtaining blood by skin puncture instead of veni-
and those who self-test their blood, such as for
puncture can be especially important in pediatric
glucose (3).
http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/BM.2015.034 Biochemia Medica 2015;25(3):335–58
©Copyright by Croatian Society of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License
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335
Lenicek Krleza J. et al. Recommendation for capillary blood sampling
If carried out incorrectly, capillary blood sampling Recommendations

can cause inaccurate test results, pain and tissue
damage (6). In addition, the small volumes in- Recommendations on where to perform heel prick
volved and the variability in sample quality based sampling were published by Blumenfeld in 1979
on puncture site and technique make capillary (14) and continue to form part of the guidelines is-
sampling particularly susceptible to errors during sued by the CLSI and WHO. Since then, various na-
the pre-preanalytical phase, which are beyond the tional and international professional and regulato-
control of clinical laboratory personnel (7-9). This ry bodies have published standards and recom-
highlights the need for standardized procedures, mendations. The most relevant CLSI documents
yet capillary blood sampling procedures are not for capillary blood sampling are ‘Procedures and
standardized in Croatia (10,11). Devices for the Collection of Diagnostic Capillary
Blood Specimens’ (GP42-A6) (3), ‘Blood Gas and pH
In this country, capillary sampling is performed Analysis and Related Measurements’ (C46-A2) (15)
mainly by nurses, laboratory technicians, and indi- and ‘WHO Guidelines on Drawing Blood: Best
viduals with undergraduate degrees in laboratory Practices in Phlebotomy’ (13). Other standards and
medicine (11). While these individuals have theo- recommendations have been published as part of
retical and practical qualiications for performing ISO standards (16) and in CLSI document POCT07-
blood sampling procedures (12), most are not sys- P (17). The American National Academy of Clinical
tematically taught CLSI or WHO standardized pro- Biochemistry has issued Laboratory Medicine
cedures for capillary sampling. A recent survey of Practice Guidelines for POCT and POCT-based di-
medical laboratories in Croatia showed that 22% agnostics (18). Croatian standards for capillary
of laboratories do not provide their staf with writ- blood sampling have been published by the Croa-
ten procedures and instructions for capillary blood tian Chamber of Medical Biochemists (19). Despite
sampling, and only 30% of laboratories provide the existence of these various sets of recommen-
written instructions for the order of draw for cases dations, a recent nationwide survey of policies and
when multiple tubes with diferent additives are practices related to capillary blood sampling in
sampled (11). This argues for the need to develop medical laboratories in Croatia has indicated low
and promote standardized recommendations for compliance with CLSI and WHO guidelines (11).
medical staf across the country. These recom- Therefore the Working Group for Capillary Blood
mendations should be carefully elaborated based Sampling felt the need to prepare the present rec-
on medical evidence and provided in written form ommendations. The aim of this document is to
at every workstation. provide step-by-step recommendations for capil-
As a irst step towards the development and pro- lary blood sampling, as a irst step towards devel-
motion of standardized capillary sampling proce- oping and promoting standardized capillary sam-
dures, the Working Group for Capillary Blood Sam- pling procedures in Croatia. The document is in-
pling within the Croatian Society of Medical Bio- tended primarily for laboratory staf performing
chemistry and Laboratory Medicine has generated capillary blood sampling within medical biochem-
the following recommendations, based on thor- istry laboratories, but it may also help other medi-
ough review of the relevant literature, particularly cal and non-medical professionals who perform
World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines on capillary sampling.
Drawing Blood (13) and Clinical Laboratory Stand- These recommendations have been issued after a
ards Institute (CLSI) document GP42-A6 (formerly review of relevant literature on capillary sampling
H04-A6) (3), from which some material was adapt- procedures, and they are based primarily on WHO
ed by permission of the CLSI. These recommenda- Best Practices in Phlebotomy (2010) (13) and the
tions are intended primarily for laboratory staf following CLSI guidelines: ‘Procedures and Devices
who sample capillary blood, but they may also be for the Collection of Diagnostic Capillary Blood
useful for educating nurses and other medical pro- Specimens’ (GP42-A6), 6th Edition of Approved
fessionals.
Biochemia Medica 2015;25(3):335–58 http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/BM.2015.034

336
Standards (2008) (3), ‘Blood Gas and pH Analysis • cotton pads;

and Related Measurements’ (C46-A2), and the 2nd • gauze;
Edition of Approved Standards (2009) (15). • adhesive bandages or tape;
This document includes recommendations for • single-use gloves; and
each step in the skin puncture technique for tak- • container for disposal of used sampling devices
ing all types of capillary blood sample. It also in- after skin puncture.
cludes recommendations, based on recent litera- The workstation for capillary blood collection
ture, for minimizing the inluence of the limitations should preferably also include an automatic mix-
of capillary blood sampling. However, it does not ing device.
contain speciic recommendations that may be
For the analysis of gases in the blood samples of
appropriate for certain clinical applications where
blood capillaries, additional materials are needed
capillary sampling is often used, which include
and will be prescribed by Croatian national recom-
analysis of blood gases and acid-base balance,
mendations on blood gases and acid-base bal-
newborn screening, point-of-care testing, and glu-
ance.
cose self-monitoring. Readers are referred to the
specialized literature for more detailed discussions All supplies should be conirmed to be within the
of capillary sampling in speciic contexts. expiry date, and the blood sampling specialist
should enjoy unhindered access to all necessary
The recommendations are presented with the
supplies (3). According to European Council Direc-
steps of the sampling procedure irst, followed by
tive 2010/32/EU, all blood sampling devices must
explanation and discussion of relevant literature.
be engineered to adequate safety standards in or-
Sampling steps are summarized schematically in
der to minimize the risk of professional injury (21).
Figure 7. Item 24 contains recommendations about
the limitations of capillary sampling.
Recommendation 2: Hand disinfection
The draft of this document was sent to numerous
national and international experts for their com- To minimize risk of infection, all patients and all
ments and document was corrected, following samples must be treated and handled using stand-
their valuable suggestions. The list of their com- ard safety precautions. To avoid infection, Croatian
ments and corresponding changes in the Annex is national guidelines on hand hygiene in healthcare
an integral part of this document. facilities should be followed (22). These guidelines
recommend that workers sanitize their hands us-
Recommendation 1: Preparation of supplies ing warm water and soap or disinfection gels or
for capillary blood sampling foams immediately before their irst contact with
the patient. Similar recommendations can be
Before performing capillary blood sampling, every found in CLSI and WHO guidelines on capillary
workstation should be fully equipped with the fol- sampling (3,13).
lowing materials (3, 20):
• a written procedure for capillary blood sampling; Recommendation 3: Approaching the patient
• alcohol disinfectant (ethyl or isopropyl alcohol); The healthcare worker performing the skin punc-
• non-alcohol disinfectant (benzene) ture should identify him- or herself to the patient,
• lukewarm tap water; establish communication, gain the patient’s coni-
• test request form; dence and explain the procedure. The skin punc-
• capillaries and microcontainers with various ad- ture procedure must not be conducted without
ditives; the consent of the patient or accompanying per-
• capillary blood sampling device (retractable in- son. In that case, the attending physician should
cision device) with diferent blade lengths for be notiied and this must be recorded according
diferent incision depths; to facility policy. If the patient is a legal minor or is

337
unable to communicate, the worker should obtain • The following patient data are recommended
consent from the parent or accompanying person as appropriate patient identiiers: full patient
and explain the procedure to him or her (3). name, date of birth, address or health insurance
number in the case of outpatients.
Recommendation 4: Inspecting the test • Identiication should be done by engaging the
request form patient and asking open-ended questions such
The test request form should be inspected as de- as: “Please state your name.” and “Please state
scribed in the Croatian national recommendations your date of birth.”
for venous blood sampling (20). These national • The information obtained should be compared
guidelines are in accordance with ISO 15189 stand- with the information on the request form.
ards on quality and competence (23). • Any discrepancies should be reported, record-
The request form should include the following in- ed and resolved before sample collection.
formation: Barcode wristbands should be used if available be-
• patient name, surname, gender, date of birth, cause this type of identiication signiicantly re-
contact details (address, telephone number) duces misidentiications (26,27).
and unique identiier (health insurance number The options for correct patient identiication can
or personal identiication number); be limited in some cases, such as in unconscious
• requesting physician’s name, professional iden- or semi-conscious patients, young children, deaf
tiier code and contact details (address of pri- or cognitively impaired patients or non-native
mary healthcare provider or full name of hospi- speakers. In fact, capillary blood sampling often
tal ward); involves such patients because it is the recom-
• the speciic tests requested; and mended sampling method in pediatrics and for
• all clinically relevant information about the pa- follow-up blood oxygenation testing of intensive
tient and his or her condition that may inlu- care patients, many of whom are unconscious. In
ence how the sampling is performed or how such cases, the patient should be identiied with
the results will be interpreted, such as whether the assistance of the ward nurse, legal guardian,
the patient is scheduled for certain tests or parent or accompanying person. The question
therapies. should be phrased in an open-ended way, such as:
„Please state the child’s (or patient’s) name” and
Recommendation 5: Identifying patients “Please state the child’s (or patient’s) date of birth”.
Failure to correctly identify the patient may lead to The healthcare worker must not rely on a bed tag,
some serious diagnostic errors and afect patient crib card or charts placed on the bed, nearby ta-
management. Accurate patient identiication is bles or equipment. All data must match the data
therefore a crucial step during blood sampling. In- on the sampling request form, and the name of
ternational standards emphasize the use of at least the person who helped verify the patient’s identi-
two patient identiiers, which do not include the ty must also be documented (3,24).
patient’s room number or physical location, when-
ever “administering medications, blood, or blood Recommendation 6: Verifying patient
components; when collecting blood samples and preparation for skin puncture
other specimens for clinical testing; and when pro- Croatian national recommendations for venous
viding treatments or procedures” (24,25). blood sampling stipulate that laboratory staf
Patient identiication should be performed ac- should verify that the patient has been properly
cording to the following guidelines: prepared for blood collection. The necessary prep-
• For accurate patient identiication, at least two arations may depend on the speciic tests request-
and preferably three patient identiiers are nec- ed (20). The healthcare worker about to perform
essary. capillary blood sampling should verify whether

338
the patient is undergoing any therapy or has any

dietary restrictions or latex allergies (3).
In certain situations, capillary sampling requires
diferent patient preparation than venous sam-
pling. For example, when capillary samples will be
used to assess the efects of ventilatory changes or
to assess pulmonary function, a ventilation ‘steady
state’ is recommended. Detailed sampling recom-
madations in such cases will be a part of Croatian
national recommendations on blood gases and
acid-base balance.
Recommendation 7: Labeling the

microcollection device for capillary blood
collection
FIGURE 1A. Microcontainer FIGURE 1B. Capillary labelled
Capillaries and microcontainers should be labelled labelled with a barcode. with a barcode.
with appropriate small labels (Figure 1a-c). Wheth-
er the labelling is performed before or after sam-
pling depends on the policy of the healthcare in-
stitution. It is recommended that microcontainers
be labelled immediately after patient identiica-
tion and veriication of patient preparation for lab-
oratory testing, but before skin puncture. If micro-
containers are labelled after skin puncture, label-
ling should be performed immediately after blood
collection, in front of the patient, while he or she is
still sitting in front of the phlebotomist. Failure to
follow these procedures increases the risk that the
microcontainers will remain unlabelled (20).
The sample should be labelled with a barcode FIGURE 1C. A barcode containing at least two independent
identiiers.
sticker, and the barcode number should be tracea- The patient’s irst and last names and laboratory identiication
ble to the following information in the Laboratory number must be present on the label.
Informatics System (LIS):
• patient’s irst and last names;
• patient’s date of birth;
• Identiication of the health professional making
• laboratory identiication number; the skin puncture.
• patient’s health insurance number; The more information is printed on the microcon-
• patient’s address and telephone number; tainers, the lower is the risk of incorrect patient
• the name of physician who requested capillary identiication. Thus, capillary specimens should be
blood sampling; identiied using at least two independent identii-
• requested laboratory tests; ers. In addition, the patient’s irst and last names
• method of collection (venipuncture or skin and laboratory identiication number must be pre-
puncture); sent on the label (Figure 1c).
• time and date of sampling; and The size of the barcode sticker depends on the
type of microcollection device and the type of

339
barcode reader on the analyzer. It is important

that identiiers on the barcode sticker be clearly
legible.
If a laboratory does not have a LIS, and if labelling
samples with a barcode sticker is impossible, the
laboratory must establish its own uniform label-
ling system to ensure traceability to the patient in-
formation mentioned above.
Recommendation 8: Positioning the patient

Skin puncture should be performed when the pa-
tient is sitting. Chairs should have arm holders to
provide support and to prevent falls if the patient
loses consciousness. In addition, the patient
should not have any foreign objects in the mouth,
such as chewing gum or a thermometer, during
the skin puncture (3,20).
A pediatric patient should be immobilized with
the parent’s assistance (Figure 2). A parent should
be asked to sit in the phlebotomy chair and to
place the child in his or her lap. The parent should
then position his or her own legs around the
child’s in a cross-legged pattern, immobilizing the
child’s legs. The parent should take his or her own
arm opposite to that of the child’s arm receiving
the skin puncture, extend it across the child’s chest FIGURE 2. Recommended procedure for immobilizing a pediat-
and immobilize the child’s free arm by tucking it ric patient during capillary blood sampling.
under his or her own. The parent should use the A parent should sit in the phlebotomy chair and place the child
in his or her lap. For immobilizing the child’s legs, parent should
hand on this arm to secure the elbow on the child’s put own legs around the child’s in a cross-legged pattern. The
arm to receive the puncture, while using his or her parent should take own arm opposite to that of the child’s arm
other hand to secure the wrist on the child’s arm receiving the skin puncture, extend it across the child’s chest
and immobilize the child’s free arm by tucking it under own. To
to receive the puncture. The child’s hand on the secure the elbow on the child’s arm to receive the puncture, the
arm to be punctured should remain oriented with parent should use the same hand while using other hand to se-
the palm facing downward (13). cure the wrist on the child’s arm to receive the puncture.
Recommendation 9: Putting on gloves

Gloves must be worn when performing skin punc-
for infants and younger children. In young chil-
ture to minimize worker exposure to pathogens.
dren, whether the inger or heel is pricked de-
The golden rule is that new gloves should be worn
pends on the child’s weight and age, because the
for every patient (3,20,22).
distance between skin surface and bone varies
with age and body weight. Finger pricking is rec-
Recommendation 10: Selecting the skin
ommended for capillary sampling of children old-
puncture site
er than 6 months or children heavier than 10 kg,
Recommended skin puncture sites are the inger which corresponds to the average body weight of
for adult patients and older children and the heel a 12-month-old. For younger children, puncturing

340
the medial or lateral plantar surface of the heel is a

recommended. However, this site should not be
pricked if the child has already begun to walk. In
special situations, such as patients with extensive
burns, capillary blood should be sampled from ar-
eas of preserved skin, regardless of recommenda-
tions. Ultimately, the choice of puncture site de-
pends on the lancet/incision devices available,
blade length and incision depth.
10.1. Finger puncture

The following rules apply when capillary blood
sampling is performed from a inger: b
1. The puncture must be on the palm-up surface
of the distal segment (fingertip) of the middle
or ring finger (Figure 3a).
2. The puncture must be performed on the side
of the fingertip where tissue depth is sufficient
to prevent bone injury.
3. The puncture should be made across the fin-
gerprint, not parallel to it (Figure 3b).
4. Under no circumstances should capillary sam-
pling be performed: FIGURE 3. Recommendations for inger pricking.
a) on the smallest finger, because tissue depth The puncture must be on the palm-up surface of the distal seg-
ment (ingertip) of the middle or ring inger (a). The puncture
is insufficient to prevent bone injury; should be made across the ingerprint, not parallel to it (b).
b) on the thumb or index finger because these
are more sensitive than other fingers and
may have calluses or scars;
c) on swollen or previously punctured sites,
because the accumulated tissue fluid will feeding, skin-to-skin contact, swaddling com-
contaminate the blood sample; bined with positioning neonates upright. Also, su-
crose and non-nutritive sucking can be used to
d) on fingers of the hand where infusion is be- manage pain during the procedure (29-31). Local
ing performed; or (EMLA cream) or pre-emptive analgesia (paraceta-
e) on fingers on the side of the body where mol) is not recommended as they are inefective
mastectomy has been performed. (32,33).
The following rules apply when capillary sampling
10.2. Heel puncture is performed on an infant’s heel:
Preferred method for blood sampling in term neo-
1. The medial or lateral plantar surface of the heel
nates is venipuncture, since heel prick procedure is
(Figure 4) is the preferred puncture site for in-
more painful, less eicient, consumes more time
fants up to one year old, including premature
and requires more resampling (28).
newborns. In nearly all infants, the heel bone
When performing heel prick in newborns, pain re- (calcaneus) is not located below the skin in this
lief measures should be used, involving a mother area, so the heel bone is protected from injury
whenever is possible. Measures include breast- and related complications.

341
b) on swollen or previously punctured sites be-

cause the accumulated tissue fluid will con-
taminate the blood sample.
10.3. Earlobe puncture

Earlobe puncture is recommended for blood gas
analysis and will be described in Croatian national
recommendations for blood gases and acid-base
balance. The earlobe is also used occasionally in
sports medicine, such as for lactate monitoring, for
mass screening and in research studies (13). Rele-
vant recommendations for these speciic contexts
can be found in the specialized literature.
Recommendation 11.1: Selecting lancet

length
The recommended lancet length depends on
FIGURE 4. Recommendations for heel pricking. whether the patient is a child or adult and on the
The lateral limits of the calcaneus are marked by a line extend- depth of incision (Table 1).
ing posteriorly from a point between the 4th and 5th toes and
running parallel to the lateral aspect of the heel, as well as by a Retractable incision devices are recommended
line extending posteriorly from the middle of the big toe and because they minimize risk of patient and health-
running parallel to the medial aspect of the heel. The light blue care worker injury (3). Various retractable incision
area indicates the recommended puncture site. The red and
yellow areas indicate where puncture must not be performed. devices are available commercially, and they are
designed to control the blade length and depth of
incision.
Healthcare institutions should consider using a re-
tractable incision device with a blade slightly
2. Skin puncture on the plantar surface of the
shorter than the recommended incision depth.
heel must be performed at a depth of no more
This is because the pressure applied on the device
than 2.0 mm to prevent bone injury. This limit
during puncture results in an incision slightly
is based on the fact that the minimum distance
deeper than the nominal blade length. For exam-
between the skin and perichondrium is 2.4 mm
on the plantar surface and 1.2 mm over the
posterior surface; the vascular bed of the skin
lies 0.35-1.6 mm below the skin surface of the TABLE 1. Recommended incision depth depends on age and
recommended puncture site.
heel (3,13,14,34).
3. Under no circumstances should capillary sam- Recommended
Recommended
incision depth
pling be performed: puncture site
up to
a) on the posterior curved part of an infant’s Premature neonates
heel 0.85 mm
heel (red line, Figure 3) or the central area of (up to 3 kg)
the infant’s heel (yellow area, Figure 3) be- Infants under 6 months
heel 2.0 mm
cause of greater risk of injury to nerves, ten- of age
dons or cartilage due to the fact that the Child aged 6 months
inger 1.5 mm
to 8 years
distance between the skin and perichondri-
um is 1.2 mm, only half the value in recom- Child older than 8 years
inger 2.4 mm
and adults
mended puncture areas, or

342
ple, if the incision depth should be less than 2.4 puncture site and should always be performed
mm in the case of older children and adults, the when the capillary blood sample will be used to
longest blade should be 2.2 mm (13). Regardless of analyze pH and blood gases. The arterialization
the incision device selected, the incision depths in procedure involves covering the puncture site
Table 1 should be respected. with a warm, moist towel or other warming device
In pediatric and neonatal patients, applying strong at a temperature of 42 °C or less for 3-5 min prior
pressure to the incision device should be avoided to puncture. This increases arterial blood low to
in order to prevent the puncture from being deep- the puncture area up to 7-fold (3). Creams contain-
er than necessary and thereby damaging bone or ing a hyperemic or vasodilatory agent can be used
nerves. The major blood vessels of the skin are lo- for arterialization. A warm, well-vascularized punc-
cated 0.35-1.6 mm beneath the skin surface (3), ture area usually provides adequate sample vol-
and the distance between the skin surface and ume without the need to apply pressure to the
bone in a 3-kg baby is 3.2 mm on the medial or lat- surrounding tissue.
eral heel (13). Therefore, punctures that are 2.0- A survey of medical laboratories in Croatia sug-
mm deep should penetrate the major skin vascu- gests that 88% of laboratories never apply arteri-
lature without puncturing bone (35). The posterior alization before capillary sampling (11).
heel and toe should be avoided as puncture sites
because the distance between the skin surface Recommendation 13: Cleansing the skin
and the bone in each case is only 2.33 or 2.19 mm, puncture site
respectively, which means greater risk of bone
damage (3,13). The skin puncture site must be properly cleansed
using sterile cotton or gauze and disinfected with
Recommendation 11.2: Selecting a a 70% aqueous solution of isopropanol (3,20). Af-
microcollection device for capillary blood ter these steps, the puncture area must be dried to
allow the antiseptic to take efect and to prevent
collection
discomfort due to residual alcohol.
We recommend plastic microcollection devices for Povidone iodine should not be used for capillary
capillary blood specimens. Various microcollec- skin puncture (13) because it can contaminate
tion devices are commercially available, and they blood and lead to inlated measurements of po-
are designed to control the volume of capillary tassium, phosphorous or uric acid (36).
blood and to contain diferent additives. Micro-
containers with diferent additives usually bear Recommendation 14: Performing skin
color-coded caps similar to those on venous sam- puncture
pling tubes. The most appropriate microcollection
device depends on the tests requested. The micro- The retractable incision device is placed upon the
container or capillary must be illed with the cor- cleaned and disinfected skin surface at the punc-
rect volume of capillary blood to ensure the cor- ture site. We recommend that the patient’s hand
rect inal blood-additive ratio. be held irmly to prevent sudden movement. The
incision should be made quickly and appropriately
Recommendation 12: Arterialization of the according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
puncture site A pediatric patient should be immobilized with
the assistance of the parent or nurse as described
We recommend performing arterialization when
in Recommendation 8. The child should be kept
the capillary blood sample will be used for blood
warm throughout the procedure, leaving only the
gas analysis or when the puncture area (hand/in-
extremity of the skin puncture area exposed.
ger or heel) is cold or circulation is poor. Arteriali-
zation increases the arterial blood low at the

343
Recommendation 15: Elimination of the irst Recommendation 16: Capillary blood

drop of capillary blood sampled collection
It is crucial to wipe away the irst drop of blood After a site is punctured and wiped, a second drop
with clean gauze, which the healthcare worker of blood forms. When the tip of the microcollec-
should hold in his or her hand during sampling. tion device touches the drop, blood lows into the
This applies to all capillary sampling situations, ex- microcollection device by capillary action or the
cept when the manufacturer of a POCT device gravity-low principle, depending on the type of
speciically requires testing the irst drop of blood, microcollection device (Figure 5a-b). Blood low
as is the case for some self-test glucometers (3). can be enhanced by holding the puncture site
The irst drop of blood contains interstitial and in- downwards and applying gentle pressure to the
tracellular luid that can contaminate the blood tissue near the puncture site.
sample.
FIGURE 5. Recommended steps in capillary blood collection.

After site puncture, wiping and elimination of the irst drop, a second drop of blood forms. The healthcare worker touches the tip of
the microcollection device to the drop, and blood lows by capillary action when microcollection device is capillaries (or if microcon-
tainer have adapter for capillary sampling) or the gravity-low principle for microcollection device without adapter.

344
If blood low stops during collection, gently tap- Suspected or conirmed injuries or contamination
ping the microcontainer on a hard surface can with patient blood should be handled according
move the blood to the bottom of the tube and re- to institution policies (3,20).
start capillary collection (3). Excessive massaging
or squeezing of the puncture site should be avoid- Recommendation 18: Filling, closure and
ed in order to prevent hemolysis, contamination of mixing of microcollection device for capillary
the blood with interstitial and intracellular luid, blood samples
and obstruction of blood low.
Capillaries and microcontainers for capillary blood
16.1: Order of draw in capillary blood collection collection should be illed with blood according to
the manufacturer’s recommendations. Underill-
When collecting more than one capillary blood
ing can cause sample dilution in the case that the
samples, special attention must be paid to the or-
additive is a liquid anticoagulant, as well as chang-
der of draw, which difers from the standards for
es in cellular morphology due to excess anticoagu-
venipuncture.
lant. Conversely, overilling can cause clot forma-
Multiple capillary blood samples should be col- tion due to insuicient anticoagulant.
lected in the following order (3):
After sample collection, microcollection devices
1. samples for blood gas analysis; should be capped immediately to prevent expo-
2. ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) samples; sure to the air, especially if the blood sample will
3. samples with other additives, and be used for blood gas analysis.
4. samples without additives (serum). Capped samples should immediately be mixed to

prevent clotting. The mixing procedure should fol-
This order of draw is essential to minimize the ef- low the recommendations of the microcollection
fect of platelet clumping. device manufacturer. In the case of blood gas
If more than two capillary blood samples are analysis, mixing can be performed as follows: After
needed, venipuncture should be requested be- the capillary has been illed, the capillary end that
cause it may provide more accurate laboratory re- was submerged in the drop of blood should be
sults (13). closed with the end cap. A metal mixing bar is in-
When blood is collected on ilter paper in new- serted into the tube, and the other end of the cap-
born screening programs, samples should be col- illary is closed. The sample is mixed by moving the
lected separately and from diferent puncture sites metal bar using a magnet. The magnet should be
in order to prevent blood sample quality from be- moved from one end of the capillary to the other
ing afected by clotting, smearing, contamination, ive times (38) (Figure 6a). Figure 6b. shows the
scratching or abrading that can occur during capil- mixing of microcontainer with adapter for capil-
lary blood spotting (3,37). lary sampling. Number of inversion mixing de-
pend of microcollection device manufacturer. Vig-
Recommendation 17: Disposal of incision orous shaking should be avoided because it can
device for capillary blood collection cause hemolysis (3).
Incision devices must be immediately discarded Recommendation 19: Bandaging the skin
into a puncture-resistant container with a lid and a after capillary sampling
prominent biohazard label that satisies local reg-
ulations. We recommend using only safety devices After capillary blood collection and while mixing
for capillary blood sampling. All disposable equip- the tube, the healthcare worker should apply di-
ment used in skin puncture should be disposed of rect pressure to the wound with a clean gauze pad
according to the manufacturers’ recommenda- and he or she should slightly elevate the extremi-
tions. ty. The person performing the collection, the pa-

345
her hands in accordance with local regulations

and procedures (22).
Recommendation 21: Recording relevant

information during sampling
Any nonconformity that occurs during skin punc-
ture must be recorded according to standard labo-
ratory procedures (20).
For example, excessive crying by babies can alter
blood gas tests (39,40), leading to under- or over-
estimates of pO2 and of oxygen saturation calcu-
lated from pO2 (3,41), as well as to overestimates of
FIGURE 6A. Capillary mixing. glucose and lactate concentrations (42). Therefore
After the capillary has been illed, a metal mixing bar is inserted
into the tube before ends of the capillary are closed. The sam-
such an event must be recorded on the laboratory
ple is mixed by moving the metal bar using a magnet. The mag- test report (3) with a note, such as “Excessive cry-
net should be moved from one end of the capillary to the other ing during capillary blood sampling. Caution when
ive times. interpreting pO2 values.”
Recommendation 22: Dry blood spot

tient or the accompanying person, should hold sampling
the pad on the puncture site for 30 sec to 1 min.
Dried blood spots are widely used in many bio-
After bleeding has stopped, a bandage can be ap-
analyses such as screening for inherited metabolic
plied to patients older than 2 years. Adhesive
diseases, diagnosis and treatment of infectious
bandages are not recommended for children
diseases, therapeutic drug monitoring, and phar-
younger than 2 years because they can irritate the
macokinetics studies. Spot homogeneity afects
skin (3,20).
accuracy, precision and analyte recovery. This ho-
mogeneity depends directly on hematocrit: blood
Recommendation 20: Glove removal
with low hematocrit spreads more rapidly and to a
Before proceeding to the next patient, the health- greater extent over the paper surface. Spot homo-
care worker should dispose of his or her gloves af- geneity also depends on the type of spotting pa-
ter capillary blood collection and then wash his or per (35).
FIGURE 6B. Mixing of microcollection devices with adapter for capillary sampling.
After microcontainer has been illed and adapter for capillary blood was removed, microcontainer have to be closed with device cup.
Inversion mixing have be preformed acording manufacturer’s instructions.

346
The following procedure is recommended for col- contains unknown proportions of blood from ven-
lecting dry spot blood samples (43): ules, arterioles and capillaries (3). Capillary blood
1. Clean the sampling site with lukewarm water. samples can also be contaminated to unknown
Avoid using alcohol-based skin cleansers on ba- extents by interstitial and intracellular luid (39). In
bies with immature skin (< 28 weeks), because fact, capillary blood is often sampled into multiple
they can cause burns and blisters (44,45). The microcollection devices at the same time and from
sampling site should be completely dry before the same puncture site in order to provide sui-
the sample is collected. The preferred sampling cient material for several analyses; the risk of con-
site in full-term and preterm infants is within tamination with interstitial or intracellular luid in-
the external and internal limits of the calcane- creases as sampling is repeated. Such multiple
us. sampling also increases the risk of hemolysis and
clotting (13).
2. Wash hands and put on gloves.
Hemolysis and lipaemia, which can signiicantly al-
3. Use an automated, arch-shaped incision device ter blood analysis results, cannot be detected in
to make a skin puncture to a depth of 2 mm or whole-blood capillary samples because some
less. analyses (e.g. POCT) can consume the entire sam-
4. Fill each circle on the blood spot card by allow- ple. Hemolysis can occur in such samples due to
ing a single blood drop to flow naturally from strong and repetitive squeezing (‘milking’) of the
the front to the back side of the card. Contact puncture site, as well as vigorous sample mixing
between the sampling site and the card must after collection (3). Milking poses particular dan-
be avoided. gers to assay reliability because it can cause not
5. Air-dry the blood spot away from direct sun- only hemolysis but also sample dilution with ex-
light or heat. tracellular luid (15).
If necessary, perform a second puncture on the Recommendation 24.1: Patients and laboratory
other foot or at a diferent place on the same foot. tests for which capillary blood sampling is not
recommended
Recommendation 23: Capillary blood
Capillary sampling is not recommended for dehy-
sampling for non-medical personnel
drated patients, patients with poor peripheral cir-
The preceding recommendations also apply to culation or edematous patients (3).
capillary blood sampling carried out by non-medi- Capillary sampling is not recommended for coag-
cal personnel using POCT instruments, which is ulation analysis or erythrocyte sedimentation rate
the case for most diabetic patients who self-moni- or for blood cultures (6). In all these cases, venous
tor blood glucose. blood sampling is recommended.
We recommend that non-medical personnel use Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and blood cultures
POCT instruments according to the manufactur- require large volumes of blood, making them inap-
er’s instructions, especially since the sampling pro- propriate for capillary blood sampling. According to
cedure may difer with the device, such as elimina- the Croatian Chamber of Medical Biochemists,
tion of the irst drop (see Recommendation 15). capillary sampling is not appropriate for determi-
nation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (45).
Recommendation 24: Minimizing the
Concentrations of potassium and calcium in capil-
inluence of the limitations of capillary blood
lary samples difer signiicantly from values in ve-
sampling
nous blood samples (46-49). Therefore, when ac-
Capillary blood sampling is associated with several curacy is critical, the concentrations of these ana-
disadvantages, many of which can lead to greater lytes in capillary blood should always be con-
risk of false test results. A capillary blood sample irmed by venous blood sampling.

347
1.
2. 3.
Preparation of supplies for
Hand disinfection Approaching the patient
capillarz blood sampling
6. 4.
5.
Veryfing patient preparation Inspecting the test request
Identifying patients
for skin puncture form
7.
Labeling the capillary tubes 8. 9.
and capillary blood Positioning the patient Putting on gloves
collection tubes
11.
12. 1) Selecting lancet length 10.
Arterialisation of the 2) Selecting a microcollection Selecting the skin
puncture site device for capillary puncture site
blood samples
13. 15.
14.
Cleaning the skin puncture Elimination of the first drop
Performing skin puncture
site of capillary blood sampled
18.
16.
Filling, closure and mixing
17. 1) Capillary blood collection
of capillary tube or
Disposal of incision device 2) Order of draw in capillary
microcontainer for
blood collection
capillary blood collection
19. 21.
20.
Bandaging the skin after Recording relevant
Glove removal
capillary sampling information during sampling
FIGURE 7. Steps in the skin puncture technique.

348
Recommendation 24.2: Requesting a venous or though clinically important diferences have been
arterial blood sample instead of a capillary blood reported in concentrations of glucose, potassium,
sample total protein, calcium, electrolytes, lactate dehy-
Venous blood samples or, if blood gases are re- drogenase and aspartate aminotransferase. Stud-
quested, arterial blood samples are recommended ies suggest that glucose levels are higher in capil-
instead of capillary blood samples when two at- lary blood samples (46,47,51). Glucose difuses
tempts at capillary sampling fail to give a satisfac- through the capillaries and is consumed by the
tory sample, and when more than two microcol- cells, so the glucose concentration should be high-
lection devices for capillary blood are needed for er in arteries (which feed the capillaries) than in
the laboratory tests requested (13). veins (where the capillaries drain). Potassium levels
in capillary blood samples can be lower (47), high-
If necessary, the puncture procedure can be re-
er (48) or even similar (46) to those in venous blood
peated at another site using new equipment (38).
samples. Levels of total proteins, calcium and elec-
trolytes are lower in capillary blood samples (46-
Recommendation 24.3: Rejection of capillary
48), while levels of lactate dehydrogenase and as-
samples with clots in anticoagulant microcollection
partate aminotransferase are higher (49).
devices
We recommend rejecting capillary samples with While CLSI document GP42-A6 (3) reports no sig-
clots in anticoagulant microcollection devices. niicant diferences in hematological parameters
Healthcare workers should not attempt to remove between capillary and venous blood values, other
the clot from the sample. Instead, capillary blood studies have reported signiicant diferences.
sampling should be repeated. Platelet counts are generally lower in capillary
blood than in venous blood (52). Capillary values
Microclots in the specimen render it non-homoge- of hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Htc), white blood
neous, afecting the accuracy of analytical results, cells count (WBC), red bBlood cells count (RBC),
especially in hematological analysis. Erythrocyte mean corpuscular volumen (MCV), mean corpus-
lysis during clot formation can lead to falsely ele- cular hemoglobin (MCH), are signiicantly higher
vated potassium measurements made by blood than the corresponding venous values; whereas
gas analyzers that can also measure electrolytes. the capillary mean corpuscular hemoglobin con-
Clots can block the lowpath of the analyzer and centration (MCHC) value is lower (53). Blood smear
give erroneous results or even render the analyzer is also one of the most frequently performed tests
inoperable. on capillary blood. Native drop or EDTA capillary
This highlights the need for thorough mixing of blood from microconteiner can be used. There is
the blood specimen immediately upon collection no relevant literature data on the morphological
in order to avoid clot formation. In addition, gentle diferences between cells from capillary and ve-
mixing during collection can help prevent clot- nous blood sample.
ting, especially when capillary blood collection is These diferences highlight the need to compare
diicult (3,50). analyte concentrations in capillary blood samples
with reference values also from capillary blood.
Recommendation 24.4: Diferences in analyte
However, current practice is to compare capillary
concentrations between skin puncture and
blood results against reference values for venous
venipuncture samples
blood. We urge the clinical research community to
Laboratory test results based on capillary blood establish true reference values for analytes deter-
samples should be clearly marked as such on the mined in capillary blood samples. Until such refer-
laboratory reports. ence intervals are available, we recommend that
Diferences between venous and capillary blood all laboratory indings from capillary blood sam-
analyte concentrations are generally minor, ples be clearly marked as such.

349
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Croatian Society of tions. The authors are grateful to the CLSI for
Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine for granting permission to use their internationally
providing access to the CLSI guidelines on capil- copyrighted material.
lary sampling. The authors also thank Nora Nikol-
ac, PhD and Prof. Ana-Maria Simundic, PhD for crit- Potential conlict of interest
ical comments on the manuscript, as well as the None declared.
reviewers for useful commentaries and sugges-
Appendix - expert reviewer comments and author responses.
Reviewer comments Author responses

REVIEWER 1
1. Structure of the paper. The manuscript comprises three main chapters: Introduction, The section “Questions and
Recommendations, and Limitations. In the Recommendation section, the diferent Answers” replaced with
recommendations are numbered from 1 to 22, then there are three paragraphs (Dry Recommendations 21-24.
blood spot sampling, Capillary blood sampling for POCT, Recommended capillary blood
sampling procedures in speciic situations and in the presence of complications) and
then a section of Questions and Answers. For an easier reading, I suggest that these three
paragraphs should be numbered (from 23 to 25) as they also contain Recommendations;
furthermore I suggest including a heading for the Question and answering section.
2. Pain control in newborns. In my opinion, the issue deserves more attention in the paper, New text about pain control
since the heel pricks is a painful procedure. in newborns added to Section
10.2.
3. The low chart indicated as “Steps in the skin puncture technique” is Figure 7. The low chart indicated as
“Steps in the skin puncture
technique” correctly labeled as
Figure 7.
4. In the text the word “level” is used to indicate the blood concentration of analytes; the “Level” replaced with
term “concentration” is perhaps more appropriate. “concentration” throughout
text.
REVIEWER 2
5. Both CLSI and WHO documents should be referenced. CLSI and WHO documents now
referenced.
6. Reference (8) is wrong because the paper of Blumenfeld has been referenced as 22. All All references checked,
the involved references must be modiied accordingly, including the paper mentioned as corrected when necessary and
ref. 8. rearranged, including reference
8.
7. Even though it is self-explanatory (these are the recommendations and no other Suggestion accepted and point
approach is admitted), it could be useful to stress that no other disinfectant rather than a stressed in Recommendation
volatile alcohol must be used to do not afect the capillary blood sampling. 13.

350

8. Earlobe puncture. This approach is widely adopted in sports medicine to monitor lactate Text edited to mention this
concentrations that may provide a guide to an optimal training intensity. Ideally, lactate speciic use of earlobe puncture
concentrations should be measured during a training session and immediately reported in Recommendation 10.3.
to the athlete to ensure that the athlete is working at the desired intensity. In many
sports (e.g. cycling, ski, climbing, rowing) earlobe is the only or most accessible site. This
is probably outside the scope of the document. Otherwise it could be interesting to
mention this speciic ield of utilization of the earlobe puncture.
9. Reference (8) on Dried Blood Spots is probably wrong, because I can’t ind any All references checked,
information on the topic discussed here. corrected when necessary and
rearranged, including reference
8.
10. Reference (26) on spuriously haemolysis induced by wipe alcohol is probably wrong here Reference 26 corrected.
where Dried Blood Spots procedure is described. Please check.
11. Ref. 28 and 31 is the same, doubled. Please correct. All references checked,
corrected when necessary and
rearranged.
12. The same is for ref. 33 and 37, according to the same web address. Please check. All references checked,
rearranged.
13. In the references, when web address is cited often the typo Acessed for Accessed is Corrected.
found. Please correct.
14. In the references, some journal is cited with the full title instead of the oicial title References checked and all
abbreviation. Please check. journal titles now cited using
oicial abbreviations.
REVIEWER 3
15. Certain parts of the text are shaded gray. The assumption is that these are the speciic Gray sections removed
recommendations of the working group (WG) that have to be emphasized. Maybe and reformatted as
authors should consider having these parts additionally marked as: Recommendation 1, Recommendations.
Recommendation 2... Or entitle these for example as a Recommendation for the sample
labelling…etc. to clarify to the readers that these are speciic recommendations of this
Society.
Speciic comments and suggestions:
Text in the grey box. It is a little unclear whether this applies to every referral from or
just to speciic ones, because it is known that hospital referrals have no information for
example about the patient’s address but such data is possible to ind in an electronic
database associated with patients unique hospital number.
The text in the grey box. Do the all laboratories have possibility of generating a bar code?
Or perhaps do the authors thinking of a unique laboratory number which is associated
with appropriate information’s on patients? Is it number of insurance really necessary for
labelling capillary tubes?
16. Furthermore, in the individual sections it should be clearly emphasized what is the The Working Group’s
recommendation of the authors, or whether the authors for a particular procedure refer recommendation now
themselves to the guidelines that already exist in the literature. clearly emphasized in all
Recommendations.
17. My suggestion to the authors is harmonization of names and expressions in the Terminology harmonized
recommendations. For example through the all manuscript authors use diferent as “health worker” to refer
terminology for the personnel involved in phlebotomy or capillary blood drawn: to personnel involved in
healthcare blood sampling specialist, laboratory technicians, sampling specialist, patient phlebotomy or capillary blood
identiiers, healthcare professional, professional, healthcare worker, health worker, drawing.
workers. To my opinion this should be harmonized.

351

18. Special attention should be given to the order of presentation of certain facts in the Text edited according to the
particular chapters which consequently indicate certain recommendation of the Working reviewer’s suggestions, and
Group. I suggest to the authors to reorganize the paragraph. It would be better to start a new “Recommendations”
at irst with the known facts (In Croatia, capillary sampling...) and the recent indings section added.
(...A recent survey of clinical labs...) and then make a conclusion on whether is procedure
suiciently standardized, and consequently the need for setting the guidelines.
19. To my opinion, despite grammatically correct language the quality of the presentation Text edited according to
can be improved by using language that is more common in laboratory and in the reviewer’s suggestions,
accordance with the writing of the documents (recommendations). Speciic comments and the Working Group’s
are listed below. recommendations now
The term “popularity of” should be replaced by growing use or widespread use of…; clearly indicated in all
the term “How the sampling is performed” should be replaced by: The manner in which Recommendations.
sampling is performed or the way the sampling is performed ....; instead with use within.
Using the term that you felt the need for something is not common for this type of
manuscripts and gives the reader into thinking weather authors at all are standing
behind the recommendations. It would be better to use expressions like we want to
apply the present recommendations or similar.
Instead of accepts I suggest to the authors to state The Working Group for CBS suggests
the same procedure that is speciied in the Croatian national recommendations... or we
support the procedure…
Instead of parent use accompanying person or both
I suggest instead of constituents to use blood components
I suggest to rephrase the sentence into: A survey of medical facilities in Croatia revealed
that…
I suggest rephrasing the sentence as The above recommendations could be applied also
to capillary blood sampling for POCT.
I suggest changing expression of estimating coagulation with coagulation testing.
20. Speciic comment and suggestions: Text edited according to the
It would be desirable to avoid unnecessary repetition of words in a sentence such reviewer’s suggestions.
as those... sentences could be restructured: With severe burns, obese patients, older
patients or anxious patients, patients with a tendency toward thrombosis etc.
Only 78% ...well I suggest to omit he word only because 78% is not such a small percent.
Pg4Ln36-39 It should be taken into account that paths of the infections are multiple
(there are possibilities that staf could also transmit pathogens) and therefore I suggest
to change barring sentences in manner: In order to avoid infection standard precautions
should be followed.
Pg8Ln1-3. Every emergency situation requires immediate sampling, without speciic
preparation of the patients. In addition to blood gas measurements, it should be taken
into consideration that glucose measurement could be required, etc.
Pg8Ln31 this is not case only in the pediatric patients, I suppose that this could be related
to any patient that is unable to communicate.
Pg9Ln5 In the sentence is the word that is missing. (.....the lower is the risk....)
Pg9Ln9 I suggest to remove words: pieces of, these are not necessary
Pg9Ln27 To my opinion authors should also take into consideration hospital patients that
are unable to sitting, as well as adult patients (Pg9Ln 39) as it is stated at Pg10Ln44-49 or
if this chapter is related speciic to the children provide appropriate title: Positioning on
child patient
Whether all incision devices are retractable?
Pg17Ln29 Order of draw of what?
21 What about non-alcohol disinfectants and it is not clear on how do the lukewarm water Non-alcohol disinfectant is
should be provided as material at the workplace. added as well as lukewarm
tap water (for washing hands
and for the purposes of
arteriolisation proceedings).

352

22 Authors stated that capillary tubes should be labelled before skin puncture. Authors Recommendation 7 is
stated that capillary tubes should label after the blood collection because label can restructured. The labelling
interfere with collection. Please provide clearer information on this. is performed before or after
sampling depends on the policy
of the healthcare institution.
23 Pg14Ln10-24 It is not clear whether there is consensus on the recommended Table 1 is added for clearly and
puncture depth or not? If there is, I suggest to the authors to give information on logical order recommendation
logical order recommendation on depth from neonates to adults. In addition, what is on pucture depth.
recommendation of the Working group?
24 Pg2Ln10-30 It is not completely clear what the authors’ intendment to say in this The Working Group’s
paragraph. Do their recommendations have been issued in accordance with existing recommendations now
guidelines or do the Working group guidelines are taken from the above mentioned clearly indicated in all
guidelines, or do the authors previously studied above-mentioned guidelines in Recommendations.
order to set their own guidelines? Nevertheless, given that there is a chapter on
Recommendations, it would be desirable to put these information’s in section on
Recommendations.
Pg4Ln46-51 The sentence is not completely clear. I suppose that authors want to tell us
that recommendations similar to Croatian guidelines already exist as a part of CLSI and
WHO guidelines or the point was diferent?
National guidelines do not form part of the ISO, these could be in accordance with the
requirements of the standard ISO 15189.
Pg21Ln10-13 The title of the chapter is not completely in concordance to the text
provided in the chapter. The authors stated only possible complications due to sampling
but there are no recommendations on how to resolve them. The similar text is provided
in paragraph at Pg24 entitled Limitations of capillary blood sampling. My suggestion to
the authors is to restructure the title of the paragraph at Pg21 and align it with the text in
paragraph at Pg24.
25 Text in the grey box. It is a little unclear whether this applies to every referral from or Gray sections removed, and the
just to speciic ones, because it is known that hospital referrals have no information for corresponding text marked as
example about the patient’s address but such data is possible to ind in an electronic Recommendations.
database associated with patients unique hospital number.
The text in the grey box. Do the all laboratories have possibility of generating a bar code?
Or perhaps do the authors thinking of a unique laboratory number which is associated
with appropriate information’s on patients? Is it number of insurance really necessary for
labelling capillary tubes?
26 Ref 10,13,17,33,37,43 there are unequal space between the words in the references All references checked and
corrected when necessary.
REVIEWER 4
27 Comment on the text section related to the existing Croatian standards for capillary This reason, and several others,
blood sampling published by the CCMB, page 3, line 2: the existing recommendations now highlighted in order
available on the web page: http://www.hkmb.hr/povjerenstva/strucna-pitanja.html, to explain why the authors
are very concise, short and general and do not include all relevant factors that should decided to develop these
be taken into consideration for standardized procedures for capillary blood sampling. recommendations as a irst step
Further, it is unlikely to expect high compliance of all laboratories with international to national standardization.
guidelines published by CLSI and WHO in the absence of national guidelines and
recommendations. It is also an important reason for preparing recommendations in the
form of the article published in the national journal Biochemia Medica.
28 Suggestion for the sentence: “The capillary tubes and capillary blood collection tubes Text edited according to
should (rather than can) be labelled with labels”. But, these labels can be those used reviewer’s suggestion and
for tubes for venous blood sampling or can be appropriate small labels as presented at presented as Recommendation
Figures 1a and 1b. 7.

353

29 The most important comment and suggestion that should be corrected in the present More details given about
version of the manuscript is related to the text section on page 25, lines 14 to 34: the previous studies on diferences
previous results related to potential diferences of hematological parameters between between venous and capillary
capillary and venous blood samples should be more precise. The authors quoted analytical results. See also our
that several studies showed diferences of several hematological analytes while other response to Comment 38.
studies did not. What is the relevant information for the readers in the context of
the best evidence literature data? Is there any newer (recent) literature data related
to the comparison of platelet count in capillary and venous blood? Instead the term
“signiicantly higher”, the exact diferences should be listed if the data available from
the reference no. 48 or others. It is very important issue related to the capillary blood
sampling since the large number of samples for all pediatric population is obtained by
capillary sampling. On the other hand, for the same pediatric patient, sample for complete
blood count is often obtained by both, venous and capillary blood sampling during
hospitalization period. In any case, please, try to give much more precise information
related to this important issue on capillary sampling for complete blood count.
REVIEWER 5
30 In Introduction, word “increasingly” is repeated in the same section twice (line two and Text edited according to
line ive). I would suggest using some of synonyms: more and more, progressively, to an reviewer’s suggestion.
increasing extent, even more.
31 In Acknowledgments there are typewrite mistakes. It is not clearly stated if there is one Text corrected by a
author or more authors. In irst sentence it should stand: The authors are grateful (or: The native-speaking English editor.
author is grateful); Laboratory should be written with capital letter. In second sentence
only one author thanks Nora Nikolac, and then in third sentence there is more than one
author.
32 Reference 13 cannot be accessed on web page. All references checked,
rearranged.
33 Reference 14 cannot be accessed on web page, probably because of typewrite mistake All references checked,
and there is also another typewrite mistake - word Acessed instead of Accessed. corrected when necessary and
rearranged.
34 Reference 14: Croatian Chamber of Medical Biochemists. Instructions for capillary blood Title in the reference corrected
sampling and capillary tubes. http://www.hkmb.hr/povjerenstva/strucna-pitanja.html. and URL conirmed. To obtain
Acessed (accessed) January 15th 2015.) I corrected mistake and open web page but in my information on capillary blood
opinion it is not precise enough and I was not able to ind anything about capillary blood sampling, the user should scroll
sampling. I had also problems with web pages for references 24 and 25. down on the same page.
REVIEWER 6
35 Could the authors give some introductory sentence about steps involved in capillary Text edited according to
blood sampling before the irst paragraph on page 3, line 19? reviewer’s suggestion
and presented in new
“Recommendations” section.
36 The recommendations are very comprehensive, but can the authors provide a written Such text added to the
shorter version, similar to what is shown in Figure 7: Steps in the skin puncture Introduction.
technique? This could be used at every sampling workstation.
REVIEWER 7
37 Blood smear is also one of the tests mostly performed on capillary blood and I suggest Blood smear is including in
including it to the manuscript (fresh drop of patient’s blood or EDTA blood from Recommendation 24.5.
microteiner is recommended?).
38 Also, laboratory should not report the results of potassium and calcium from capillary Document focuses on capillary
blood except at the insistence of doctors after they meet with possible deviations. blood sampling, not on
post-analytical procedures.

354

39 In abstract, one sentence is little clumsy: “How the sampling is performed can inluence Abstract edited and rearranged
the test results”. For abstract, it would be more appropriate to write: “The way of based on reviewer’s suggestion.
capillary sampling can inluence...”.or “The manner in which sampling is performed can
inluence...“.
REVIEWER 8
40 Expiry dates of all supplies - should they always be checked by the person performing Text edited according to
the skin puncture (similar to the H04-A6 document) or may they be checked in other reviewer’s suggestion and
ways? source added.
41 Latex allergy check - is this still valid as most countries have abandoned Latex gloves? This recommendation retained
because it forms part of
international standards (refs.
3 and 13) and because we are
unaware of reliable evidence for
or against use of latex gloves.
42 A notation needed that labelled capillary blood collection tube and labelled capillary Rendered unnecessary because
tube barcodes are congruent? of other changes.
43 Figure text to igure 5: Please specify the diferent steps also in igure legend. Text added to Figure 5
according to reviewer’s
comment.
44 Reference list - Please check that abbreviations of publications are correct and All references checked and
punctuation according to Biochemia Medica author instructions. corrected when necessary.
45 The lowchart step igure should be labelled as Figure 7! The low chart “Steps in the
skin puncture technique” now
referred to as Fig 7.
REVIEWER 9
46 Keywords: I suggest to include the keyword: guideline. “Recommendations” added
to keywords and all text
because this document is
recommendation for capillary
blood sampling, not gudeline.“
47 Recommendation 1.2: in my opinion the weight of the patient is more important than Both criteria (age and weight)
the age. recommended.
48 A recommend to add a checklist of what to do. Checklist of capillary blood
sampling presented as Figure 7.
REVIEWER 10
49 Page 4, irst paragraph: in the additional material “automatic mixing device” should be “Automatic mixing device”
added added as additional material in
Recommendation 1.
50 “Identifying the patient”- shouldn´t be the wrist band mentioned? Text edited according to
reviewer’s suggestion and
presented as Recommendation 5.
51 Page 12, paragraph 3, and point (b): the mistake in the text: “on the palm-up surface of Text edited and mistake
ingertips (!!) because the distance between the skin surface and bone in the newborns removed. Table 1 added to
varies from 1.2 to 2.2 mm, so typical lancet depth can easily injure the heel (!!) bone, and simplify data presentation.
because inger (!!) puncture in newborns…
52 Arterialization of the puncture site: Many authors support the use of dry heating of We recommend cleansing
the puncture site (not moist towel) as the wet skin make the blood drop forming more the skin puncture site after
diicult. arterialization.
53 “Bandaging the skin…”: I suppose to use the term of “accompanying person” instead of “Accompanying person” used
“parent” instead of “parent”.

355

54 Sentence: “If no satisfactory sample can be collected after two attempts, the health care Sentence edited according to
worker should consider venous blood sampling instead” - in many cases the arterial reviewer’s suggestion.
blood is more appropriate sample than venous one for acid-base, etc
55 Page 26, the second paragraph: the Sentence “Steps in the skin puncture technique” is Sentence removed.
without any sense here...
REVIEWER 11
56 Page 7 Line 37: In addition, clinical or laboratory staf about to perform... Sentence rearranged.
57 It is not always suitable to use these ingers because of calluses, scars in certain We prefer to retain our
professions e.g. brick layers, farmers hence may need to indicate that need to go to the recommendations because they
side of the inger where skin is thinner/softer or use of the small inger are consistent with all available
Point 4. a) In my experience the small inger in larger adults is perfectly ine. literature; the ifth inger is not
recommended for puncture
because of the short distance
between the skin surface and
bone.
58 The incision should be made quickly and appropriately according to the manufacturer’s Sentence edited.
instructions.
59 Page 24: Line 39: 2. excessive “milking” of the puncture site. Sentence edited.
60 Page 26 Line 24: The authors are grateful …. Text corrected by native
English-speaking editor.
REVIEWER 12
61 I think the paragraph considering who should NOT have performed capillary sampling We prefer not to make
ought to be placed earlier in the paper? statements about who cannot
perform capillary blood
sampling, since available
standards and regulations
stipulate only who can perform
such sampling.
62 The limitations would be better presented in a Table. We prefer to present this
information within the text.
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Review

Capillary blood sampling: national recommendations on behalf of the Croatian

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Received: February 17, 2015 Accepted: September 08, 2015

If carried out incorrectly, capillary blood sampling Recommendations

Biochemia Medica 2015;25(3):335–58 http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/BM.2015.034

Standards (2008) (3), ‘Blood Gas and pH Analysis • cotton pads;

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Biochemia Medica 2015;25(3):335–58 http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/BM.2015.034

the patient is undergoing any therapy or has any

Recommendation 7: Labeling the

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barcode reader on the analyzer. It is important

Recommendation 8: Positioning the patient

Recommendation 9: Putting on gloves

Biochemia Medica 2015;25(3):335–58 http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/BM.2015.034

the medial or lateral plantar surface of the heel is a

10.1. Finger puncture

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b) on swollen or previously punctured sites be-

10.3. Earlobe puncture

Recommendation 11.1: Selecting lancet

Biochemia Medica 2015;25(3):335–58 http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/BM.2015.034

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Recommendation 15: Elimination of the irst Recommendation 16: Capillary blood

FIGURE 5. Recommended steps in capillary blood collection.

Biochemia Medica 2015;25(3):335–58 http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/BM.2015.034

4. samples without additives (serum). Capped samples should immediately be mixed to

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her hands in accordance with local regulations

Recommendation 21: Recording relevant

Recommendation 22: Dry blood spot

Biochemia Medica 2015;25(3):335–58 http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/BM.2015.034

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FIGURE 7. Steps in the skin puncture technique.

Biochemia Medica 2015;25(3):335–58 http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/BM.2015.034

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Appendix - expert reviewer comments and author responses.

Reviewer comments Author responses

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Reviewer comments Author responses

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Reviewer comments Author responses

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Reviewer comments Author responses

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Reviewer comments Author responses

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Reviewer comments Author responses

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Reviewer comments Author responses

Biochemia Medica 2015;25(3):335–58 http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/BM.2015.034

http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/BM.2015.034 Biochemia Medica 2015;25(3):335–58

Biochemia Medica 2015;25(3):335–58 http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/BM.2015.034

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