An Assessment of Indoor Environmental Quality on Visual comfort and Perceived

Productivity of Senior High School Students in Notre Dame of Salaman Inc.: A Basis
on Sustainable Design for School Facilities

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

One of the most important things that buildings must do is provide a safe and comfortable
indoor environment. The quality of the indoor environment, which is defined by its main axes,
which are thermal, acoustic, and visual comfort, as well as the quality of indoor air, is a critical
factor not only for health reasons but also for the well-being and productivity of building
occupants. (Christina, et al., 2017). Among these parameters, lighting is one of the most basic
ones as it is a visible condition. All these Indoor Environmental quality and comfort factors
contribute to the occupant's overall comfort and, consequently, productivity. (Kaushik, et al.,

2020)
Figure 1 - Comfort and Productivity

Research revealed that good environmental conditions can boost people's productivity and
well-being, as students spend up to 70% of their school day sitting down, and they spend a lot
more time in the classroom than they do anywhere else. (Hinckson, et al., 2016). According to
(Bluyssen, 2013), visual discomfort can cause eyestrain, disrupt the circadian rhythm, and
damage the eye and skin via photochemical and thermal mechanisms. Therefore, natural light
and well-installed artificial light can benefit both users and annual energy consumption. If a
building is properly designed and oriented to gather enough daylight, the need for artificial light
can be reduced, reducing electricity usage and, as a result, lowering energy consumption. Well-
lit spaces are thought to improve user performance, mood, and productivity (KRITIKOU, 2018).
Visual comfort is an important consideration in educational buildings. It is directly related to the
well-being and learning of students. Studies have shown that the way lighting is set up can have
an immediate effect on how well students can see. (Yun-Shang, et al., 2020)

1. Study Area

Notre Dame of Salaman College Inc. is in Poblacion 1, Lebak Sultan Kudarat, 6 ° 37 ' 39 N
latitude, 124 ° 04 ' 02 E longtitude. As shown in Figure 2, the school includes five teaching
buildings and one office building. Total area of the school is 26,992.21 m²

Figure 1 – Notre Dame of Salaman Inc. (Source: Google Earth)

Figure 2– 3D view from the front of Senior and Junior Buildings (Source: Facebook)

1.1. PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES

 The selected building is Senior High building. On the ground floor, there are five grade 11
classrooms, two for STEM strand rooms and three for HUMMS strand rooms. The second floor
contains four rooms: one computer laboratory and three ABM strand rooms. The third floor has
six rooms, two offices, and four grade 12 classrooms.

2. RESEARCH PROBLEM STATEMENT

2.1. The importance of visual comfort in students

In today's developing world, interaction with light is a crucial part of a student's ability to focus
and learn new things. Students who work in classrooms with lots of light tend to do better than
those who work in places with less light. (Kirschner, 2019). Most schools, classroom serves as a
student's second home. When students are uncomfortable because of things like poor lighting, or
glare, it can lead to distractions that can make it hard for them to learn and focus. (Maria &
Prihatmanti, 2022). Therefore, lighting is an active component of the educational environment
that influences how all educational activities are carried out (Samiou, et al., 2020).

According to several studies on visual comfort, occupants may prefer different lighting
conditions depending on numerous factors. These parameters could be categorized into physical
characteristics of light (such as the amount of light, luminance distribution, illuminance, and its
uniformity, and glare); and other factors such as quality of the outside view.

3. RESEARCH QUESTION
• What is the relationship between the students' level of productivity and the indoor thermal
environment in terms of visual comfort?
Sub RQ: 1. How do the visual comfort affect the productivity levels of senior high students?
Sub RQ: 2. How important is the lighting conditions in terms of students’ visual comfort, and
productivity?

4. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

 to investigate the relationship between the quality of the indoor environment and the
level of visual comfort experienced by students and their level of productivity.
 to investigate how important is the lighting conditions in terms of students’ visual
comfort, and productivity by their own perceptions

5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is significant to the following:

 Architects. It will provide new knowledge into how important of Indoor Environmental
Quality specifically on Visual comfort on Students productivity in the Philippines.
 Academic Schools/Institution. The classroom environment has a direct impact on student
performance, making it vital for educational institutions.
  Government. In the Philippines, one of the goals of the government is to improve the
quality of education, and another goal is to improve the health of the students through the
implementation of improved facilities based on the design solutions of architects.

 Students. Through this Research, the aspiring Architects in the Philippines will further
enhance the design of a classroom building, especially Visual comfort, as a preventive
measure to Students productivity. It increases the knowledge and experience through
interacting with the senior architects and other professionals involve in the process
through different activities to be held by different organizations and firms.
 General Public. It assists them to comprehend the diversity and complexity of
Architecture and the profession.
 Future Researchers. The findings of the study will be used as a point of reference by
researchers.

6. Theoretical Framework
7. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

A conceptual framework for studying the indoor environmental quality on Visual comfort and
students’ productivity.

8. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This thesis will examine the relationship of Indoor Environmental Quality on the Visual Comfort
and Perceived Productivity of Senior High School Students at Notre Dame of Salaman Inc. The
classroom is emphasized because it is the most important environment for learning. The data
collection for this thesis will be limited to observations and interviews with teachers and students
to collect their viewpoints.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

IMPORTANCE OF VISUAL COMFORT IN PRODUCTIVITY (SYSTEMATIC REVIEW)

Visual comfort is mostly about the amount of light, glare, color contrast, and color. Most of the
energy is taken in by a black surface, while most of the spectrum is reflected by a white surface.
Color contrast is an important part of being able to see things clearly. There is a link between
contrast and understanding, which is easier when there is more contrast. Also, the glare makes it
hard to see the object, which is not what you want. As shown, the level of light, the level of
illuminance, and the brightness all depend on what the space is used for. Since the eye has two-
thirds of the nerve fibers that go into the central nervous system, visual perception is the most
important one. But other senses, like sound, touch, and smell, could also be used to understand a
space. (Boduch, et al., 2009)
Visual comfort is an emotional state of well-being caused by the brightness of the environment.
(Thuillier, 2017) Research shows that productivity requires comfort, but being comfortable
doesn't always lead to being productive. Most building guidelines focus on comfort, but they
don't say that they want to increase productivity (Lina & Deng, 2006). Visual comfort is
dependent on the nature and intensity of both natural and artificial light. Our biological clock is
affected by daylight. It is established for millions of years based on the movement of the sun
(sunrise and sunset). It regulates our physiology and output (Aries, 2005) (Giarma, et al., 2017).
Studies show that thermal and indoor air quality have the most effect on how comfortable and
productive people are (Amit, et al., 2020). Nonetheless, Visual comfort and lighting levels also
have a direct impact on occupant health and have a significant impact on indoor occupant
comfort and productivity (Li & Tsang, 2008).
Visual comfort is important for health and productivity. A good visual environment makes
people feel comfortable because tasks are easy to see, and their eyes don't have to work too hard.
(Kapoor, et al., 2021)

VISUAL COMFORT IN NATURALLY VENTILATED CLASSROOMS

(ARGUMENTATIVE REVIEW)

According to (Standard European, 2002), visual comfort is "a subjective state of visual
well-being caused by the visual surroundings." Good visual environment makes people feel good
because they can see well enough to do their jobs and their eyes don't have to work too hard.
Visual comfort is important for health and productivity (Veitch, 2013)
(Abdou, 1997) discussed how the physical environment, specifically lighting, can affect
people's health, happiness, and productivity. (J. K, 2003) explored that there is a difference in
opinions; some people claim that illuminance, color, and lighting have no effect on them, while
others claim that these factors have a direct impact on their mood. As a result, such people's
performance suffers greatly because of mood swings. Inadequate lighting can have a variety of
mental and physical effects, resulting in a low-quality building. (Figueiro & Hanford, 2013) also
supported the concept that illumination level, lighting spectral distribution, and design have the
capacity to alter the mood of building users, and therefore their performance. The study
explained how the employment of bold hues and ample lighting can make a building's
inhabitants more at ease and content (Ocvirk, 2009). (Newsham, et al., 2010) discovered
experimentally that good lighting control and bright lights can potentially improve occupant
mood and thus performance. Therefore, classrooms must be designed to accommodate all
possible functions at all different levels. Rather than focusing light on specific areas of the
classroom, overall classroom illumination is important for improving positive attitudes in
teachers and students (John & Timothy, 2005)
To summarize, it is critical to research visual comfort today. Visual comfort is an
important aspect of human health and well-being, especially in today's world where many people
spend a significant amount of time in front of screens and under artificial lighting.

MIXED METHOD (METHODOLOGICAL REVIEW)

Mixed methods are often used to correlate the relationship between indoor environment quality
on visual comfort and students’ productivity. Both objective and subjective experiences can be
used in both quantitative and qualitative research methods. In quantitative research, objective
experiences are typically the primary focus, but subjective experiences can also be used to a
limited extent, such as with surveys or questionnaires that include Likert scales or other
measures of subjective experience. In qualitative research, subjective experiences are often the
primary focus, but objective experiences can also be used to provide context or support for the
subjective experiences of participants.
In a study authored by (Aimilios & Chryso, 2016), the researchers presented herein uses both
qualitative and quantitative research tools to measure how well daylight works and how
comfortable it is to look at in a typical classroom in Cyprus. On the other hand, the method used
by Hong, Kim, and Yang, was also a mixed-method approach, including subjective and
objective data collection of IEQ, which is rarely used to show the relationships with perceived
productivity. This study looks at how step seats, a unique building design feature, affect space
use and perceived productivity (Hong, et al., 2021).
Overall, using a mixed methods approach can provide a more holistic understanding of the
complex relationship between visual comfort and students' productivity, which can inform the
design of learning environments that promote optimal learning outcomes.

DAYLIGHT AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHT (GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW)

Daylight and artificial light are important factors in the design and operation of school buildings
in Asia. In this geographical review, we will explore the current state of research and practice
regarding daylight and artificial light in school buildings in Asia, with a focus on their effects on
human health and academic performance, and the strategies to optimize their use.

In Asia, Schools can have trouble with both natural and artificial light because tall buildings can
block natural light and make shadows. This can make it hard for people to get enough natural
light, which can cause several health problems (Read, 2017). Moreover, In hot and humid
climate, air conditioning and electric fans use almost 20% of all the electricity that buildings use
(IEA, 2018). The lack of awareness and technical capacity among stakeholders, including
architects, engineers, and educators, can be a barrier to adoption (Alayón, et al., 2022)

Despite these challenges, several studies have shown the positive effects of daylight and artificial
light on students' academic performance and well-being in Asia. For example, a study done in
Japan found that students in classrooms with more natural light did better on mental tasks and
felt less stressed and tired than those in classrooms with less natural light (Curricullum overload,
2018). Similarly, a study done in Taiwan found that using LED lighting in classrooms helped
students read faster and more accurately, reduced eye strain and headaches, and had a positive
effect on their moods (Moyano, et al., 2020)

In Asia, school buildings are designed and run with both natural light and artificial light in mind.
Even though there are problems and limits, several studies have shown that sustainable and
healthy lighting practices help students do better in school and feel better about themselves. By
using both natural and artificial light in the best way possible, we can improve the quality and
longevity of school buildings in Asia and help future generations be happy and successful.

VISUAL COMFORT AND STUDENT PRODUCTIVITY (THEORITICAL REVIEW)

Environmental psychology has investigated visual comfort and student productivity. Several
studies have investigated the relationship between lighting and student performance, with some
finding that poor lighting conditions can negatively impact academic achievement (Abdolreza, et
al., 2016) (Ramen, et al., 2021).For example, In a 2015 study, Li and colleagues discovered that
high-quality lighting significantly improved reading speed and accuracy in middle school
students (Brian Liebel, 2014)

Further to lighting, studies have demonstrated that dynamic LED lighting and daylighting have
an impact on students' productivity (Zhang, et al., 2020). For example, a study by (Katzir, et al.,
2013) found that font size and line spacing significantly influenced reading speed and
comprehension. Similarly, a study by (Ozcelik, et al., 2009) discovered that using color coding
in educational materials can improve recall and memory.

Design of a classroom has been shown to have a big effect on how well students learn, how
comfortable they are visually, and how productive they are (Khaled, 2010). For example, a study
by (Nolé, et al., 2021) found that things like natural light and color in a classroom had a big
effect on how well students learned. Similarly, a study by (Rands & Gansemer-Topf, 2017)
demonstrated that classroom design elements such as flexible seating and interactive displays can
improve student engagement and productivity. A study at ISU discovered that converting a
traditional classroom with fixed seating into a more flexible space with technology improved
student engagement.

Overall, research indicates that visual comfort is an important factor to consider in educational
settings. Adequate lighting, appropriate font sizes and line spacing, and visually appealing
classroom environments can all boost student productivity and academic achievement.
 ILLUMINATING LIGHTING'S IMPACT ON STUDENT LEARNING (HISTORICAL
REVIEW)

Historically, there has been growing awareness of the importance of visual comfort in
classrooms. Research done in the middle of the 20th century on how lighting affected learning
led to the creation of standards for classroom lighting. Studies have shown that the way a
classroom is lit can affect how students act, perform, feel, focus, get motivated, concentrate, and
do their work (Mott, et al., 2012) . The objective of these standards was to make sure that
classrooms had enough light and the right levels of brightness to help students learn.

In the 21st century, improvements in lighting technology have opened up new ways to make
classrooms easier on the eyes (Chiou, et al., 2020). For example, Studies have shown that
incorporating natural light into classroom design, also known as daylighting, can improve
student performance. Daylighting has been found to increase students' test scores and promote
better health and physical comfort (Plympton, et al., 2000). Additionally, it can lead to increased
productivity and decreased energy and maintenance costs. One study specifically investigated the
impact of daylighting in classrooms on students' learning over an academic year and found that it
had a positive effect on their academic performance (Dahlan & Eissa, 2015)

Overall, the history of visual comfort in classrooms has been marked by a growing
understanding of how important it is and by advances in technology that have given us new ways
to improve it. But there are still problems with making sure that classrooms have enough light
and are set up so that students and teachers can see best.

EFFECT OF VISUAL COMFORT IN STUDENTS’ PRODUCTIVITY (INTEGRATIVE

REVIEW)

An integrative review of research on the effect of visual comfort on student productivity reveals
that a visually comfortable learning environment is essential for students' academic success. The
review of literature shows that inadequate lighting, glare, and discomfort caused by lighting and
temperature conditions in classrooms can negatively affect students' concentration, cognitive
function, and academic performance.

Several studies have shown that the right lighting can make students more alert, reduce eye strain
and tiredness, and make them more motivated to learn. Natural light in the morning and evening
has been shown to make people happier, give them more energy, make them more alert, and
make them more productive (Anon., 2017). Furthermore, Exposure to nature, such as natural
lighting and views of the outdoors, can help people think better and do better in school,
according to research. Exposure to nature has been linked to better attention, less stress, a better
mood, a lower risk of psychological stress, and better physical health (Weir, 2020)

Poor lighting can lead to several problems, such as slower reading and less understanding, more
mistakes, and less ability to pay attention (Golmohammadi, et al., 2021). Additionally,
(American Optemetric Association, n.d.) Glare from windows or digital displays can be
uncomfortable and distracting, which can lead to less work getting done and more eye strain.
This is called Digital Eye Strain or Computer Vision Syndrome.
Moreover, the effect of visual comfort on student productivity is not limited to lighting
conditions alone. According to (CDI Spaces, 2021), the design, colors, and arrangement of
furniture in a classroom can help students learn. Studies have shown that changing some of the
most important parts of a classroom can help students do better.

In conclusion, the integrative review of research shows that visual comfort is a crucial factor in
determining student productivity in the classroom. Schools must prioritize creating visually
comfortable and stimulating learning environments to enhance students' academic performance
and overall well-being.
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