RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering, Architecture and

Technology

Activity No. 2

An Introduction
To the
Telecoms-Trainer 101

Submitted by:
Dumagcao, Laurence Robert R.
Estrella, Winter Mark O.
Fabian, Jerome E.
CEIT-29-501E

Submitted to:
Prof. Jenny Aruta
 II. Theoretical Discussion

As its name implies, the Emona Telecoms-Trainer 101 is used to help people learn
about communications and telecommunications principles. It lets you bring to life the
block diagrams that fill communications textbooks. A “block diagram” is a simplified
representation of a more complex
circuit. An example is shown in
Figure 1 below.

Block diagrams are used to explain

the principle of operation of electronic
systems (like a radio transmitter for
example) without worrying about how
the circuit works. Each block
represents a part of the circuit that
performs a separate task and is named according to what it does. Examples of common
blocks in communications equipment include the adder, filter, phase shifter and so on.

The Emona Telecoms-Trainer 101 has a collection of blocks (called modules) that you
can put together to implement dozens of communications and telecommunications
block diagrams.

This experiment is in three stand-alone parts (2-1, 2-2 and 2-3) and each introduces you
to one or more of the trainer’s analog modules.

Two signals that are in phase with each other are synchronized. That is, they go up and
down at the same time.

Two signals that are out of phase are not synchronized. That is, they are out of step
with each other. An example of two signals that are out of phase is shown in Figure 3
below.
Phase difference describes how much two signals are out of phase and is measured in
degrees (like degrees in a circle). Signals that are in phase have a phase difference of
0°. Signals that are out of phase have a phase difference > 0° but < 360°.

A sine wave is a repetitive signal with the shape shown in Figure 2.

A cosine wave is simply a sinewave that is out of phase with another sinewave by
exactly 90°. A sinewave and a cosine wave are shown in Figure 3. (They’re not marked
because, in this case, it doesn’t matter which one is which.)

2.1 The Master Signals, Speech and Buffer modules

2.1.1 The Master Signals module
The Master Signals module is an AC signal generator or oscillator. The module
has six outputs providing the following:
 Analog Digital

● A 2kHz sine wave ● A 2.083kHz square wave

● A 100kHz sine wave ● An 8.33kHz square wave

● A 100 kHz cosine wave ● A 100kHz square wave

Each signal is available on a socket on the module’s faceplate that’s labelled

accordingly.

It is critical to the operation of several communications and telecommunications

systems that there be two (or more) sine waves that are the same frequency but out of
phase with each other. Figure 3 below shows examples of pairs of sine waves that are
out of phase by different amounts.

It’s a useful skill in communications and telecommunications to be able to measure the

phase difference between signals. The next part of the experiment gives you practice at
this by getting you to measure the phase difference between the Master Signals
module’s 100kHz SINE and COSINE outputs.

The number of divisions between the two signals as shown in Figure 5 is called the
“difference”.

Phase difference describes how much two signals are out of phase and is measured in
degrees (like degrees in a circle). Signals that are in phase have a phase difference of
0°. Signals that are out of phase have a phase difference > 0° but < 360°.

It can be calculated using the equation below.

2.1.2 The Buffer module

Amplifiers are used extensively in communications and telecommunications
equipment. They’re often used to make signals bigger. They’re also used as an
interface between devices and circuits that can’t normally be connected. The Buffer
module in the Emona Telecoms-Trainer 101 is an amplifier that can do both.
 The measure of how much bigger an amplifier’s output is compared to its input is
called gain (AV). An amplifier’s gain can be expressed as a simple ratio and is calculated
using the equation:

Importantly, if the amplifier’s output signal is upside-down compared to its input then a
negative sign is usually put in front of the gain figure to highlight this fact.

The Buffer module’s gain is variable. Usefully, it can be set so that the output
voltage is smaller than the input voltage. This is not amplification at all. Instead it’s a
loss or attenuation.

Amplifiers work by taking the DC power supply voltage and using it to make a
copy of the amplifier’s input signal. Obviously then, the DC power supply limits the size
of the amplifier’s output. If the amplifier is forced to try to output a signal that is bigger
than the DC power supply voltages, the tops and bottoms of the signal are chopped off.
This type of signal distortion is called clipping.

Clipping usually occurs when the amplifier’s input signal is too big for the amplifier’s
gain. When this happens, the amplifier is said to be overdriven. It can also occur if the
amplifier’s gain is too big for the input signal.

Headphones are low impedance devices – typically around 50W. Most electronic
circuits are not designed to have such low impedances connected to their output. For
this reason, headphones should not be directly connected to the output of most of the
modules on the Emona Telecoms-Trainer 101.
However, the Buffer module has been specifically designed to handle low impedances.
So, it can act as an interface between the modules’ outputs and the headphones to let
you listen to signals.

2.2 The Adder and Phase Shifter module

2.2.1 The Adder module
Several communications and telecommunications systems require that signals
be added together. The Adder module has been designed for this purpose.

2.2.2 Phase Shifter module

Several communications and telecommunications systems require that the signal
to be transmitted (speech, music and/or video) is phase shifted. Crucial to being able to
implement these systems in later experiments is the ability to phase shift any signal by
almost any amount. The Phase Shifter module has been designed for this purpose.

2.3 The Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) module

As its name implies, the VCO module is an oscillator like the Master Signals
module. However, the VCO module is different in two ways:

● The VCO module has only two outputs (1 analog and 1 digital) whereas
the Master Signals module has six (3 analog and 3 digital).
● The VCO module’s output frequency is variable whereas the frequency of
the Master Signal module’s outputs is fixed (at 2kHz, 8kHz and 100kHz).

Apparently, the VCO module’s output frequency can be changed manually using
its Frequency Adjust control. The frequency can also be changed electronically by
varying the size of a voltage on the module’s VCO INPUT.
III. Answer to Questions
2.1 The Master Signals, Speech and Buffer modules
2.1.1 The Master Signals module

1. The theoretical phase shift between a sine wave and a cosine wave is 90°. If
your measurement isn’t exactly 90°, what could explain the difference?
- Apparently, the phase shift between the sine wave and the cosine wave that we
have measured is exactly 90°. But to answer the question, it might be because of
an inaccurate measurement or counting of the difference that might result in
being unable to achieve the theoretical phase shift.

2.1.2 The Buffer module

2. Calculate the Buffer module’s gain (on its present gain setting).
- Av = -3v

3. Calculate the Buffer module’s new gain.

- -0.53v

4. In terms of the gain figure, what’s the difference between gain and attenuation?
- A gain is a bigger output than its input as it obtains additional voltage while
attenuation is a smaller output than its input as it has loss voltage.

5. What do you think the output signal would look like if the buffer’s gain was
sufficiently large?
- The output signal’s amplitude will be significantly bigger than the input signal.
6. Why is the Master Signals module’s 100kHz SINE output inaudible?
- Because human’s ear can only perceive 20Hz to 20kHz frequency any higher
than that will be inaudible.

2.2 The Adder and Phase Shifter modules

2.2.1 The Adder module

1. What aspect of the Adder module’s performance does the G control vary?
- It is the amplitude of the Adder module’s output that the G control varies.

2. What is the range of gains for the A input?

- 0v to 2.83v gains

3. Compare the results in Tables 1 and 2. What can you say about the Adder
module’s two inputs in terms of their gain?
- As shown in the table, both gains of the two inputs range from zero to less than
three volts and have no significant differences.

4. What is the relationship between the amplitude of the signals on the Adder
module’s inputs and output?
- The input has been amplified and resulted to even higher output voltage clearly it
gains voltage.

2.2.2 The Phase Shifter module

5. This module’s output signal can be phase shifted by different amounts
o but it always leads the input signal.
o but it always lags the input signal.
 and can either lead or lag the input signal.
 2. Is the Phase Shifter module capable of shifting a signal by 360°?
Tip: If you’re not sure, repeat steps 31 to 33.

- Yes it is capable of shifting a signal by 360°.

2.3 The Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) module

1. What happens to the Variable DCV module’s VDC output when you turn the VDC
control clockwise?
- The VDC output goes to the crest of the signal or the highest amplitude of the
signal that can be seen through the scope’s display.

2. What happens to the frequency of the VCO module’s output when you turn the
VDC control clockwise?
- Nothing happens to the frequency of the VCO module’s output.

3. What happens to the Variable DCV module’s VDC output when you turn the VDC
control anti-clockwise?
- The VDC output goes to the trough of the VCO module’s output.

4. What happens to the frequency of the VCO module’s output when you turn the
VDC control anti-clockwise?
- Nothing happens to the frequency of the VCO module’s output.
 IV. DATA AND RESULTS
2.1 The Master Signals, Speech and Buffer modules
2.1.1 The Master Signals module

Table 1 Output voltage Period Frequency

2kHz SINE 4v 4.8div (100µs/div) 2.084kHz

100kHz COS 4v 5div (2µs/div) 100kHz

100kHz SINE 4v 5div (2µs/div) 100kHz

Period = 2div

Difference = 0.5

Table 2

Φ difference between the

900
SINE and COS outputs

2.1.2 The Buffer module

Table 3

Input voltage Output voltage

1.41v 4v
 Table 4

Input voltage Output voltage

1.42v 0.75v

2.2 The Adder and Phase Shifter modules

2.2.1 The Adder module

Table 1 Input voltage Output voltage Gain

2.83v 8v 2.83v
Maximum
Input A
0v 0 0
Minimum

Table 2 Input voltage Output voltage Gain

2.83v 8v 2.83v
Maximum
Input B
0v 0v 0v
Minimum

Table 3

Adder’s output voltage 16v

 2.2.2 The Phase Shifter module
2.3 The Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) module

Table 1 Output voltage

SINE output 5v

Table 2 Minimum frequency Maximum frequency

RANGE in LO 0Hz 17.00kHz

RANGE in HI 69.99kHz 130.2kHz

V. Proofs of Experiment
a. Fabian’s Proofs of Experiment
VI. Conclusion